Physics

Practical
Project

Name -Vishesh Mohey

Class-12th -A
Roll No. -27
 ACKNOWLEDEGMENT
MERE WORDS WON'T BE ABLE TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE
AND THANKFULNESS FOR THE VARIOUS PEOPLE
WITHOUT WHOSE INVOLVEMENT THIS PROJECT
COUNLDN'T HAVE BEEN COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY.FIRST
OF ALL% I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY HEARTY
GRATITUDE FOR
MRS. Renu Aggarwal MY PHYSICS TEACHER WITHOUT
WHOSE SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE THIS VERY PROJECT
COULDN'T HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO
THANK MR. Upender OUR PHYSICS LAB ASSISTANT
WHO WAS ALWAYS THERE TO HELP US
OUT OURPROBLEMS.
 Certificate
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS PROJECT IS THE
BONAFIDE WORK OF VISHESH MOHEY OF CLASS

12th -A AND HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED AND IS

TAKEN TO BE AN ISSUE CONDUCTED BY THE C.B.S.E. IN
THE SESSION 2016-2017.

TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

EXTERNAL'S SIGNATURE

PRINCIPAL'S SIGNATURE
 AIM

To Construct a NAND
gate using
diodes and study it's
path of
current.
 MATERIAL
required

TWO DIODES
Two LED's
NPN transistor
Logic NAND Gate
Equivalence
T he logic or Boolean expression given for a logic NAND gate is that for Logical
Addition, which is the opposite to the AND gate, and which it performs on the
complements of the inputs. The Boolean expression for a logic NAND gate is
denoted by a single dot or full stop symbol, (.) with a line or Overline, ( ) over
the expression to signify the NOT or logical negation of the NAND gate giving us
the Boolean expression of:A.B=Q.
Then we can define the operation of a 2-input digital logic NAND gate as being:

If either A or B are NOT true, then Q is true

 The Universal NAND
Gate
The Logic NAND Gate is generally classed
as a Universal gate because it is one of
the most commonly used logic gate types.
NAND gates can also be used to produce any
other type of logic gate function, and in
practice the NAND gate forms the basis of
most practical logic circuits. By connecting
them together in various combinations the
three basic gate types of AND, OR and NOT
function can be formed using only NANDs,
for example.

Various Logic Gates using only

NAND Gate
 Transistor NAND Gate
A simple 2-input logic NAND gate can
be constructed using RTL Resistor-
transistor switches connected
together as shown below with the
inputs connected directly to the
transistor bases. Either transistor
must be cut-off OFF for an output at
Q.

INTRODUCTION
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows
some logical relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either
allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called a
gate.
A logic gate is an idealized or physical device
implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a
logical operation on one or more logic inputs and
produces a single logic output. The Logic Gates are
building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in
digital electronics to change on voltage level (input
voltage) into another (output voltage) according to
some logical statement relating them. Depending on
the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate,
one that has for instance zero rise time and unlimited
fan- out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device
Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or
transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also
be constructed using electromagnetic relays (relay
logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules,
or even mechanical elements. With amplification, logic
gates can be cascaded in the same way that Boolean
functions can be composed, allowing the construction
of a physical model of all of Boolean logic, and
therefore, all of the algorithms and mathematics that
can be described with Boolean logic. A logic gate may
have one or more inputs, but it has only one output.
The relationship between the possible values of input
and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table
called truth table or table of combinations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
I would like to declare the array of references
hereby and submit that I took help from following
sources-
1- Comprehensive Physics Practical A textbook
for Physics practicals ISBN 978-81-318-0384-4
2- Wikipedia.com- The Online Encyclopedia
indexing worlds best articles with genuine
references.
3- TCYonline.com -An online video tutorial and
educational centre.
4- Meritnation.com The leading educational site
in India.
5- http://projects.icbse.com/forums Online help
for CBSE projects.