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The propellant
Black powder Smokeless powder
Composition: Composition:
carbon, sulfur, potassium nitrate nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose
Fine or granular powder Cordite (nitroglycerine, gun cotton &
jelly), scales, rods or amorphous
•Sporting & Ghaffir (Schneider & •Sporting & Ghaffir (Greener) guns
Remington) guns •Service rifles, automatic pistols &
•Old revolvers recent revolvers
On ignition: 1gm 300 ml gas On ignition: 1gm 900 ml gas
Alkaline residue of: Neutral residue of:
Carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfides, Nitrates & nitrites
sulfates, thiosulfates, thiocyanates
Date of firing can be estimated by Date of firing can not be estimated by
chemical analysis of the residue chemical analysis of the residue
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The wads
External wad Internal wad
1. Rounded 1. Rounded
2. Thin (about 1mm thick) 2. Thick (about 1cm thick)
3. Made of cardboard 3. Made of felt
4. Functions: 4. Functions:
1. keeps shots in place 1. keeps shots in place
2. covers the shots 2. acts as a piston to the
shots
3. Separates between the
shots & the powder
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