PM 352 Assignment 2 Solutions

1. If a = 0, there are no solutions. If a = rei 6= 0, then z1 = log r +i( +2k) for some k Z. Hence
1
z = log r+i(+2k) for k Z. Thus this set of solutions contains complex numbers of arbitrarily
small modulus, so there are solutions in Ar for any r > 0. It follows that f (Ar ) = C \ {0}.

2. (a) Start with the right hand side

(eiz eiz ) (eiw + eiw ) (eiz + eiz ) (eiw eiw )
sin z cos w + cos z sin w = +
2i 2 2 2i
ei(z+w) + ei(zw) ei(z+w) + ei(zw) + ei(z+w) ei(zw) + ei(z+w) + ei(zw)
=
4i
e i(z+w) +e i(zw)
= = sin(z + w).
2i

ey ey ey ey ey + ey
(b) sin(iy) = =i = i sinh y and cos(iy) = = cosh y. So
2i 2 2
| sin(x + iy)|2 = | sin x cos(iy) + cos x sin(iy)|2 = | sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y|2
= sin2 x cosh2 y + cos2 x sinh2 y = sin2 x(1 + sinh2 y) + cos2 x sinh2 y
= sin2 x + sinh2 y.

The case of | cos(x + iy)|2 is similar.

eiz eiz
(c) If 2 = sin z = , let w = eiz and rearrange this identity to be w2 4iw 1 = 0.
2i
This quadratic
has two roots w = 2i 3 = (2 3)i. Now solve eiz = (2 3)i to get
iz = log(2 3) + i( 4 + 2k) for k Z. So z = 4 + 2k i log(2 3) for k Z.

3. If f = u + iv, then h := log |f | = log u2 + v 2 = 12 log(u2 + v 2 ). Compute
uux + vvx uuy + vvy
hx = and hy = .
u2 + v 2 u2 + v 2

(u2 + v 2 )(uuxx + u2x + vvxx + vx2 ) 2(uux + vvx )2

hxx =
(u2 + v 2 )2
and
(u2 + v 2 )(uuyy + u2y + vvyy + vy2 ) 2(uuy + vvy )2
hyy =
(u2 + v 2 )2
Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations vx = uy and vy = ux , we get
h = hxx + hyy
(u2 + v 2 )(uu + vv) + 2(u2 + v 2 )(u2x + u2y ) 2(uux vuy )2 2(uuy + vux )2
=
(u2 + v 2 )2
2(u2 + v 2 )(u2x + u2y ) 2(u2 u2x 2uvux uy + v 2 u2y + u2 u2y + 2uvux uy + v 2 u2x )
=
(u2 + v 2 )2
2(u2 + v 2 )(u2x + u2y ) 2(u2 u2x + v 2 u2y + u2 u2y + v 2 u2x )
= = 0.
(u2 + v 2 )2
Hence log |f | is harmonic.
4. (a) Suppose that g(z) is analytic on U such that g 0 (z) = f (z). Then dt d
g(eit ) = g 0 (eit )ieit =
it it
if (e )e . Therefore by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
Z 2 Z 2
it it d 2
f (e )e dt = i g(eit ) dt = ig(eit ) = i(g(1) g(1)) = 0.

0 0 dt 0
R 2 1 it R 2
(b) 0 eit e dt = 0 1 dt = 2 6= 0. By (a), there is no primitive for f (z) defined on A.
X 1 1
5. The geometric series f (z) = (z + 1)n = = provided |z + 1| < 1; i.e. the radius
1 (z + 1) z
n0
of convergence is 1. Using term by term differentiation, we obtain
d 1
1 X X
= 2 = n(z + 1)n1 = (n + 1)(z + 1)n .
dz z z
n1 n0

This is also valid on B1 (1). Differentiating a second time yields

d 1
2 X
= n(n + 1)(z + 1)n1 .
dz z 2 z3
n1

2(z+1)
+ 1)(z + 1)n1 =
P
Hence g(z) = (z + 1) n1 n(n z3
. This is valid in {z : |z + 1| < 1}.

6. Let z1 = z0 + Rei . To say that the power series converges absolutely at z means that

X
X
n
|an ||z1 z0 | = |an |Rn < .
n=0 n=0

Now un (z) = an (z z0 )n satisfies

kun kBR (z0 ) = sup{|un (z)| : |z z0 | R} = |an |Rn .
Since this sequence is summable, the Weierstrass M-test shows that the series
X X
an (z z0 )n = un (z)
n0 n0

converges uniformly on BR (z0 ) = {z : |z z0 | R}.

7. Without loss of generality, z0 = 0. Observe that for z 6= w in Br (0) with 0 < r < R,
f (z) f (w) X z n wn
= a1 + an .
zw zw
n2

Note that  z n wn 
 = |z n1 + z n2 w + + zwn2 + wn1 | < nrn1 .
 
zw

Hence
 f (z) f (w)  X
 > |a1 | n|an |rn1 .
 
zw

n2

Now the radius of convergence of n2 n|an |z n1 is R, and thus g(r) = n2 n|an |rn1 is a
P P

continuous function on [0, R) with g(0) = 0. Pick r1 (0, R) so that g(r1 ) < |a1 |/2. Then for
z, w Br1 (0), we have
 f (z) f (w)  |a1 |
 > |a1 | g(r1 ) > .
 
zw 2

In particular, f (z) 6= f (w).
A. (a) By Hadamards Theorem, 1/R1 = lim supn |an |1/n and 1/R2 = lim supn |bn |1/n . For
any r < R, there is an integer N so that
|an |1/n < 1/r and |bn |1/n < 1/r for all n N.
Equivalently, |an | < rn and |bn | < rn
for n N . Let C = max{1, |an |rn , |bn |rn : 0 n < N }.
n n
Then |an | Cr and |bn | Cr for all n 0. Hence
Xn n
X
|cn | |ak bnk | (Crk )(Crkn ) = (n + 1)C 2 rn .
k=0 k=0
Therefore 1
1/n
lim sup |cn |1/n lim sup (n + 1)C 2 rn
= .
n n r
By Hadamards Theorem, the radius of convergence is at least r. Since r < R is arbitrary, the
radius of convergence is at least R.
(b) If |z z0 | = r < R, then the series for f (z) and g(z) both converge absolutely. Thus
X
X
k
|ak |r |bl |rl < .
k=0 l=0
P P k l
Therefore the double series k=0 l=0 (ak z )(bl z )
converges absolutely. It follows that all rear-
rangements converge to the same sum. Therefore
X
X X
X n
k l
f (z)g(z) = (ak z )(bl z ) = (ak z k )(bnk z nk )
k=0 l=0 n=0 k=0

X n
X
X
= zn ak bnk = cn z n = h(z).
n=0 k=0 n=0

(c) Consider f (z) = n0 z n and g(z) = 1 z. Observe that f has radius of convergence 1, and
P
1
sums to f (z) = 1z . Hence h(z) = f (z)g(z) = 1, which has radius of convergence infinity.