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BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS Ia sillt:en
Chemical Composition (Avercge,"/o)
BOHTEB
Standards
Heat treatment femoerature. oC Applications
GRADE c Si Mn Cr Mo Ni V W
Hot forming 1 050 - 850 Cutting tools (dies and punches), blanking and
'K460 punching tools, thread cutting tools, woodworking
095 025 110 0,55 010 0,55 DIN : 1 2510 Annealing 710 - 750
AMUTIT S tools, machine knives for the wood, paper and
100MnCrW4 Stress relieving
Hardening
- 650
metal working industries, measuringtools, plastic
AlSl : 01 780 - 820
moulds.
BS : BO1
JIS : SKS 3 Ouenchant Afte. Hardening Average HRC alter tempering at..... 0C
I
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS lasOH|lJn
3OHLER
Chemical Composition (Average,o/o) Heat treatment Temperature, oC Applications
Standards
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo N V W Hot lorming 1 050 - 850 Cutting tools (dies and punches), blanking and punching
Annealing 800 - 850 tools Cold forming tools e g drawing, deep drawing and
(360 125 090 0.35 875 2.70 'i 18 Bohler Patent Steel extrusion tools, stamping tools, thread roling dies-
SODUR
Stress relieving - 650 Shear blades for metal, recycling ol plastics, papel
DIN Hardening 1040 - 1080
AISI
BS Quenchanl Atter Hardening Average HRC after tempering at....,
JIS 100 200 300 s00 520 550
oit
Salt bath 61 - 63 HRC 63 61 61 oz b5 64
AI, Nb Air Blast
oC
(390 247 055 040 4.20 380 0.20 9.00 1.00 Bohler Patent Steel Heat treatment Temperature, Applications
Cold work tools steel prcduced by the powder metallurgy method
DIN Hot forming 1100-900 Enraordinary high wear rcsistance, excelled toughness high-peilolmance
cfring tools Blanking and puncfting indusky: cofrinq tools for normal and
AISI Annealing 800 - 850 precis on b anking Cold lotming 4plicalions: Enrusion tooinq, Dlawing
BS and deep d rawl ng tools, Stamping too s Thread rollinq tools, Cold rolls Cold
Stress relieving 650 - 700 pilger rolling mandres, Compression mouldinq dies for the ceramics and
JIS Hardening 1050-1150 pharmaceutica ind0sties Knive: Paper and packaginq indusiries, Circular
knives, Shearing blades Plaslic procEssing iodudries: Enrudel nozzles
oC
Ouenchant Afler Hardening Average HFC after tempering at.....
oit 100 200 300 520 550 600
Salt bath
(zoo,zsolsoo-ssooc) 62 - 67 HRC
63 61 60 65 OJ 55
Qe=200 Air blast
Strll arr (< 25 mm g
o( Applications
(455 063 060 0.30 1 10 0.18 2.00 DIN : <1 2550> Heat treatmenl Temperature,
IilY EXTRA 60WCrV7 Hot iorming 1 050 - 850 Cutting tools (dies and punches) lor heavy plate Cold
AISI :-s1 Annealing 7'lo - 750 punches, cold shear blades, woodworking tools, shank
BS
Stress relieving - 650 tools lor pneumatic equipment, coining tools, hot work
JIS
Hardening 870 - 900 tools for low thermal stresses
oC
K51 0 1 '18 0.25 0.30 070 010 DIN : <1.2210> Heat treatment Temperature, Applications
SILVER '1
15CrV3
STEEL Hot Jorming 1 050 - 850
AISI
Annealing 710 - 750 Twist drills and taps, ejectors, punches, reamers,
BS
countersinks, engraving tools, metal cutting saws
JIS Stress relieving -650
Also available in stub steel finish
Hardening 780 - 81 o(water)
810 - 840(oil)
s600 090 410 500 1.80 6.20 DIN : <1 3343> Heat treatment Temperature,'C Applications
SUPER HS 6-5-2 C
RAPID : 1.3554 LW High speed steel with high wear resistance produced
Hot lorming 1100-900
EXrRA Mo by the powder metallurgy method for heavy-duty
AISI : -M2 reg C Annealing 770 - 840 machining tools e g for machining oJ nonlerrous
BS : BM2 Stress relieving 600 - 650 metals alloys, such as Ti and Al-alloys
Jrs : SKH 51 Hardening 1150-1200 Tools exposed to high compressive stresses, e g
in line blanking of high-strength materiats
Ouenchant Normal Tempering Obtainable Hardness atter
Temoeralure Temperinq
oit
Salt bath 540 - 570'c 64 - 66 HRc
Air blast
s705 092 410 500 1.90 6.20 4.80 DIN : <1 3243> Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
Mo RAPID
HS6-s-2-5
EXTHA 5()O Hot forming
Arsr : -M41 1100-900
Annealing
Turning and planing tools of all types, milling
BS : -8M35 770 - 840
Stress relieving cutters, twist drills, taps, woodworking tools,
Jrs : SKH55 600 - 650
Hardening and cold work tools
r 1 90 -1 230")
oit
Salt bath 550 - 580"C 64 - 66 HRC
Air blast
*) The toughness needed for cold work tools may require lower hardening temperatures
F
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS Iasdunn
Ghemical Composition (Average,%) Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
BOHLER
Standards
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo N v w Hot forming Heavy duty stressed hot work tools such as mandrels,
1100-900
Annealing e)atrusion dies and liners tor the extrusion press; upsetting
w302 039 110 0,40 520 1.40 DN : <1 2344> 750 - 800 dies for the manulacturing of screws, nuts, rivets, pins; die
0.95 Stress relieving
US 600 - 650 cqsting tools; insert for die blocks and hot working shear
X40CrMoV5-1 Hardening 1020 - 1080 blades; it offers the additional advantage of being suitable
ULTRA AS :-H 11
tor water cooling
lsodisc H13
lsobloc BS : BH '13 Ouenchant After Hardening Average HRC after tempering..... at oC
JIS :SKD 61 400 500 550 600 650 700
oit 52 - 56 HRC
Salt bath 52 - 56 HRC
54 54 50 40 32
Air blast 50 - 54 HRC
w335 038 0.65 170 260 260 075 DIN Heat treatmenl Temperature,oC Applications
lsobloc AISI New developed hot work tools steel under new patent,
2000 Hot lorming 1100-900
BS with higher mechanical properties compared to other
Annealing 750 - 800
JIS normal known hot work steel heavy duty stressed hot
Stress relieving 600 - 650 work such as press mandrels, extrusion dies, hot shear
Hardening 1040-1080 blades Used in aluminium industries, brass and
oil (up to 12mm0) copper, die casting, can stand up to 700 0C
M303 o27 0.30 065 14 50 1.00 085 B0HLER Patent Stel Heat treatmenl Temperature,oC Applications
EXTRA
Hot forming 1 0s0 - 850 lor chemically aggressive plastics (e g PVC)
lvlould
DIN and plastics containing abrasive fillers, E)drusion tools
Normalizing 850 - 900
AISI
+N BS
Annealing 800 - 850 BOHLER M303 EXTRA is a stainless martensitic
chromium steel, offering excellent toughness,
Hardening 1000-1030
JIS corrosion and wear resistance, good polishability
Quenchant After Hardenine Average HRC after tempering at.... oC
'100 200 300 400 500 600
oit
Salt bath 51 - 53 HRC
BOHLER M303 EXTRA is supplied in the hardened and Air blast 53 52 48 49 51 30
tempered condition (290-330 HB), no heat treatment is generally required
M461 0.13 030 200 035 350 120 1.20 BOHLER Patent Sleel
Condition ol supply Hardness Applications
EXTRA High-pr6ision plastic injection moulds e g br the
Precipitation
hardened 38 - 42 HRC production of (:)mera parts md elecfonic parts;
+ Special additions (stock standard) @mprsion moulds lor all typ6, e g ior plstic
Alternative
@ntainer; moulds for the pr@sing of elastomeF;
moulds for the production oJ packing rings
solution - 32 HRC (O-ring sls); moulds for the production ol type
annealed segments (rubber materials); high-precision
High hardness ol up to 44 HRC components ior mechanical engin@ring: very good
Supply condition = 38 - 42 HRC wear resistance
after precipitation hardened
'12
l-,
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS & soHlrn
Chemical Composition (Average,%) Hardening Structure after Hardness
e0HLen
Standards Temperature,oC Heat Treatment (average values) Applications
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo N Quenchant (Condition) HB/HV
N350 0.19 0.25 040 15.90 160 DIN <1 .4075> Naval construction, parts for
ANTINIT X17CrNi16-2 Fedte + Carbides max 295 marine engines and other
(annealed) machinery exposed to sea or
KWB <1.2787> 950 - 1 050 non-sea water ot steam For
X23CrNi17 oil, air severe servtce tn datfles,
AISI 431 as tempered structure yeast factories, starch and
BS s80 (H &r) paper miils, and Jor the optical
JIS SUS431 and glass industry
N335 0.38 040 065 16.00 100 080 DIN : <1 4122> Ferrite + Carbides max,280
(annealed)
KW35M Components lor mechanical,
X39CrMo17-1 l\ilartens ite
980 - 1 060 (hardened) 48 - 50 HRC marine and plant enginee'
Ars
BS oil lvlartensite
(H+T) 46 - 49 HRC parts, sucker rods, cutting
JIS
as tem P(fl 'AdTJtru ctu re
surgical instruments
N695 1.05 040 040 16 70 050 DN <1.3544> LW Ferrite + Carbides max 285
<1 4125> (annealed)
X105CrMo17 1000 - 1050
l\ilartensite + carbides Balls, rollm, neds and dngs
AIS -440F oil (hardened) ca 61 HRC
for @ruion Gistant bsings
440c
BS lvlartensite + carbides
(H+T) 57 - 60 HRC
JIS SUS44OC
<1 4401> Papei celluose and ayon ndusries
a1 20 005 o.50 't.40 7.OO 220 100 DIN
phoiogphic industry dyeng indu$ry,
ANTINIT max X5CrNiMol T-12-2 1020 - 1120
A(+LF.) meatprocessing indlslry, lrun juiGand
AISI 316 Ouenching temp
AS 4W (Ouenched) queur prodlction, di$illery equipmenl,
BS 3.16525 water, air hospibl equipment,surgicaland medid
JIS SUS31 6 inshumeni, spring components
A500 0.07 1.00 200 880 930 DIN <1.4314>LW For architectural purposes,
AS200 max max max <1 4301 > 1000-1100 household appliances, catering
A (+ L.F.)
X5CrNi18-10 Quenching temp
(Quenched) equipment, cutlery industry,
AISI 304 water, air
medical equipment, automotive
BS 304s31
industry, sanitary equipment
JIS SUS3O4
H&T : hardened and tempered lor good mechanical properties A = austenite
H + T : hardened and tempered for obtaining high hardness L E = low amounts of lerrite.
H550 0.09 170 120 19 5( 1150 DIN : <1.4828> solution and ceramic industries,
ANTITHERM X15CrNiSi20- 1 annealed 223 550 - 750 1 000 0c Thermocouples protecting
FF AlSl : -305 N/mm'?
tubes and tubular components
for petroleum industry
-308
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS Ia silugn
)ompositlon (Average,o/d Brinell Standard Hardening
BOHLER londilion ol T.S.
Hardness Ouenchant Applications
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo Ni supply (N/mmz) DN temp., oC
IHBI
42MnV7 820 - 840 o Wearing parts in mineral dressing
F1 80 040 025 1.70 0uenched 706 - 804 278 - 335 and hard material crushingplants:
cHRONtl Mill hammers, beater bars
VM screening and grinding rods and
pins, sheets, lining for hard
materials, crushing and materials,
handling equipment in mines,
quarries and similar applications
(chips, road metal) Bdhler-chronit
VM is prelerred for weldments
v930 020 080 150 100 050 Hardened 1 300 360 - 440 50351 820 - 850 o Construction where resistance to
cHRONT'l + wear is required, such as in
HM Tempered ov= 1150 earthmoving machines, transport
N/mm2 and grinding equipments,
scrapers, shredders and other
B=0005 similar machines
F500 0.28 080 150 1.00 050 ts0 0uenched 1 600 450 - 530 50351 820 - 850 o For the envisaged wear-exposed
cHRONtl + structures, e g excavaling, mining
SPECIAL Tempered and earthmoving machinery,
conveying, crushing and
pulverizing equipment, scrap
B = 0.00s pressing equipment
K700 123 0.40 '12.50 Quenched 800 - 1 000 200 - 400 <1 3401 > '1000 - 1 050 Water Various components lor crushing
]HRONOS X1 20Mnl 2
bulk material handling, ore dressing
- 1 3802
and processing equipment, such as
X1 20Mn1 3
crusherjaws, impact bars, impact
plales, hammers, breakers plates,
grizzly bars, liners, elevator buckets,
dredger teeth, scraper teeth, bucket
links, track rollers, secure box, etc
16
l--
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS & sonun
Chemical Composition (Average,o/.) Heat treatmenl femperature, oC Applications
BOHLER
Standards
GRADE c S Mn Cr Mo N v W
Hot lorming 1 050 - 850
Componenls wilh large and medium cross sedions, requning high
Annealing 8s0 - 890 lensrle sPength and touqhness, for aulomoNe ngrneering. gear
v330 034 030 070 11 020 DIN : <1 7220>
Stress relieving 680 - 720 and engine constrlction, e g crankshafrs, steering knuckles,
34CrM04 conneding rods, spindles, intermediate geare, pump and gar shafls
Hardening 840 - 870 (oil) The molybdenum addition makes the sleel insensitive to temper
AlSl :-4130 830 - 860 (water) brifileness
-4135
BS : -708437
Quenchanl After Hardening Average HRC after tempering at,....0C
(^-EN 1eB)
'100 200 300 400 s00 600
JIS :-SCM 1M
: -SCM 2M o s4 - s7 HRC
: -SCM 3M 57 56 53 49 42 38
vl55 034 030 060 150 o20 150 DN <1.6582> Heat treatment Temperature,oC Applications
vcN1s0 34CrNiI/o6 Highly stressed components with large cross sedions
<1 6583> Hot forming 050 - 850 for aircraft, automotive and mechanical engineering,
o ,mm Ov N/mnf Jrr N/mm' 35CrNiMoo Normalizing
1
19
F
lron - lron carbide equilibrium diagram (cementite) TERM AND DEFINITIONS FOR THE HEAT TREATMENT
OF FERROUS MATERIALS
This diagram shows the phases present under equilibrium conditions, i.e after Reference standards:
very slow heating or cooling, for differenttemperatures and carbon contents (liquid EN 10052 - 93
-o-crystal,a-crystal,7.-crystal,cementite) Dependingonthetimeofformation,the (supersedes DIN 17014 - 1 and EURONORM 52)
cemenlite phase is called primary or secondary cementite. Certain configurations
and phase arrangements lead to structures with specific names (pearlite = ferrite
+ cementite, "ledeburite" = f-crystal + cementiteor4-crystal + cementite). Definition for the thermomechanical treatment
of constructional steels
(acc. to Stahl-Eisen-Werkstoftblatt 082)
Thermochemical treament
The thermomechanical treatment is a hot lorming process in which both
IRON.CARBON EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM temperalure gradient and forming are controlledasafunctionoftime inorder
to achieve a specific material condition and, consequently material properties.
o 600
o
5 soo
d 34
E
Mass fraction of carbon %
o
E The normalizing forming operation has so far often been called temperature-
F controlled rolling
30 40 50 60 70 For both Jorming operations, i.e normalizing forming and thermomechanical
forming,theterm "controlled rolling" iscommon in international usage and in
lvlass fraction of cementite % the relevant technical literature
20 21
1. General def initions attain the required value.
I Heat treatment
A series of operations inthecourseof which a solidf6rrousproductistotally
or partially exposed to thermal cycles to bring about a change in its properties
Time in furnace
Period of time elapsing between introduction of a workpiece into the furnace and
its with drawal f rom the lurnace, e g time of the two stage of heating + soaking
and / or structure.
trhe Chemical composition of the material may possibly be modified during
Cooling
theseoperations (see thermochemical treatment)
Lowering the temperature of a workpiece
Heat treatment in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical
composition of the base metal by chemical reaction with the medium (e g.- Abkuhlverlauf
- of cycle.
Carburizing, nitriding). Temperature gradient a certain point within the
- as atofunction
workplace from the beginning
of time
the end of the cooling
Thermomechanical treatment
Operations in which plastic deformation is associated with heat treatment and
applied to austenite before or during its transformation in order to confer special Cooling curve
properties on its decomposition products. Graphical representation of the variation oI temperature as a function of time
However, with regard to the aplication of the various steel grades a clear defi- during cooling
nition by using separale terms is necessary.
Cooling time
Ausforming
The interval of time separating two characteristic temperatures on the cooling
Thermomechanical treatment of a ferrous product which consists ot plastically
curve. ll is always necessary to specify precrsely what the temperature are.
deforming the metastable austenite before subiecting it to the martensitic and/or
bainilic transformation.
Cooling rate
Heating Characterizes the variation in temperature as a Junction of time during
lncrease of the temperature of a ferrous product.
Overheating
Pleheatlng Heating carried out at such a high temperature thai excessive grain growth is
Operation consisting of rising the temperature of the ferrous product to one or produced.
more temperature, intermediate between the initial and the maximum An overheated letous ptoduct can be reclaimed by an appropriate heat
temperalure and holding it there for a certain time. treatment or by hot working
Surface heating Oversoaking
the first stage of heating of a ferrous product bringing its surface to the specified Soaking carried out for such a long time that excessive grain growth is produced.
temperature An overcoaked feftous product can be reclaimed by an approptiate heat
treatment ot by hot wotking
Tempelature equalization
The second stage of heating of a ferrous product to the specified temperature Decarburization
throughout the entire cross section of the ferrous product. Depletion of carbon Jrom the surface layer of a ferrous producl. This depletion
may be either partial; partial decarburization or nominally complete; complete
Through heating decarburization The sum of the two types of decarburization, partial and com-
Heating of a ferrous product from its initial temperature until the specified plete, is termed total decarburization.
temperalure is obtained.
It is the combination of the two stages defined above. Depth of decarburization
Distance between the surface of a Jerrous product and limit characterizing the
Soaklng thickness oJ the layer depleted in carbon.
Thepartofthethermal cycle during which the temperature is held constant Note-This limit diflers according to the type of decarburization (see decarbur-
,t is necessary to stipulate whethet the tempercture concerned is, fot example, ization) and can be unaltered base metal, or any other specified carbon content.
that of the furnace, that ol the prcduct suiace, that of the whole section of the
ptoduct or that of any othq patticulat point ol the prcduct Distortion
Any change in the shape and original dimensions of a ferrous product occurring
Heating-up time during heat treatment
Time required lor thetemperature of designated point of theproductto
Transf ormation temperature
') For both forming operation, i e. normalizing forming and thermomechanical The temperature at which a change o1 phase occurs and by extension, the
forming, the term "controlled rolling" is common in international usage and temperatures at which the transformation begins and ends when the
in the relevant technical literature. transJormation occurs over a range of temperature
The following principal temperatures can be distinguished for steels: Spheroidizing
Annealing, generally involving prolonged holding at a temperature in the region of Ac,,
Ae, : equilibrium temperature defining the lower limit ol existpnce ol austenite. possibly with oscillations around this temperature, in order to bring about the
Ae, : equilibrium temperature defining the upper limit ol existence o1ferrite. spheroidization of the preciptated carbides
Ae. : equilibrium temperature defining the upper limit oJ existence ot cementite in
_ a hypereutectoid steel. Grain coarsening
Ac, : temperature at which austenite begins to Jorm during heating Annealing catried out at a temperature well above Ac" for a soaking period sufficient to
Aca : temperalure at which ferrite completes its translormation to austenite during bring about grain growth, e g for improving machinability
heating
Ac- : temperature at which the cementite in a hypereutectoid steel dissolves Homogenizing
completely during heating. Prolonged high temperature annealing, intended to reduce by diffusion, to a greater
Arj : temperature at which austenite completes its transformation to ferrite and t
or lesser extent, the heterogeneities ol chemical composition due to the phenomenon
cementite during cooling of segregation
i
Ar3 : temperature at which ferrite begins to form during cooling
Ar. : temperature at which cementite begins to form in a hypereutectoid steel Normalizing
during cooling Heat treatment consisting of austenitizing followed by air cooling, generally aimed at
M" : temperature at which the austenite begins to transform to martensite during obtaining a uniform and line-grained structure with pearlite
cooling.
M, : temperature at which the austenite has completely transformed to martensite Grain refining
Heat treatment with the object of refining or making uniform the grain size ol a
during cooling.
ferrous product and comprising heating it at a temperature slightly above Ac. (Ac,
M" : temperature at which x % of the austenite has translormed to martensite during
for hypereutectoid steels), without prolonged soaking at this temperature, followed by
cooling.
cooling at a suitable rate
Note ln English the term "critical point" is also used
-
Recrystallizing
Time-Temperature-Transformation diagram (TTT diagram)
Heat treatment intended to cause new grains to develop by nucleation and growth,,in
Set ol curves drawn in a semi-logarithmic coordinate system with logarithmic a work-hardened metal, without a change in phase
time/temperature coordinates which define, for each level of temperature, the
beginning and end ol the transformation of ausienite under isothermal conditions.
Recovery
ln general, a complementary cuNe joins the points corresponding to the times at which
Heat treatment intended to cause at least partial recovery of the physical or
the proportion of transformed austenite reaches 5Oo/". Finally, information is usually mechanical properties of a cold-worked metal without apparent modification of its
given as to the transformation prcducts and their hardness
structure
Continuous-Cooling-Transformation diagram (CCT diagram) This treatment is carried out at a temperature below that of rccrystallization
Set oJ curve drawn in a semi-logarithmic coordinate system with logarithmic time/
temperaiure coordinates which define each variailon in temperature as a function of Bright annealing
time during cooling the temperature at which the austenite begins and ends its Annealing carried out in a medium that allows the original metallic surface linish to be
tranformation. maintained by preventing oxidation ol the metal
ln genenl a complementary curve joins the points corrcsponding to the temperctures
at which the propodion of phase transfomed reaches sOI" lnformation is also given as Stabilizing
to the trcnsformation prcducts and their propottions. Finalty, the hardness measurcd Annealing at about 850"C with the aim of obtaining precipitation or spheroidization of
aftet rcturn to ambient temperaturc, is shown for each ot the cooling cuNes. compounds, e g carbides, in stabilized austenitic stainless steels
24
3. Hardening, quenching Quenching temperature
The temperature from which quenching is carried oui.
Austenitizing Note: When quenching is done lrom austenilizing temperature, the term "hardening
Operation during which the ferreus product is brought to a temperature (above Ac,) temperature" is also used.
such that the structure becomes austenitic.
!! this transformation is incomplete, the austenitization is termed paftial. Solutlon treatment
Heat treatment intended to dissolve and retain in solution previously precipitated
Austenitizing temperatur constituents
Highest temperature at which the ferrous product is held during austenitization.
Solution annealing
Ouench hardening Heat treatmenl applied to austenitic steels lt consists of heating to a high tem-
Heat treatment comprising austenitizing followed by cooling under such conditions perature followed by cooling sutficiently rapidly to, preserve a homogeneous
that a hardness increase will occur on account oi more or less complete trana-
B-
formation of austenite to martensite and possibly to bainite.
ll'
H
austenitic structure on return to ambient temperature.
Note:Thistreatment in Germanisalsosimplycalled'Abschrecken",even if cooling
is done in still air.
Ouenching _
Operation which consists of cooling a ferrous product more rapidly than in still air
Hardenability
The use of a tem specifying the cooling conditions is recommended, lor example: air-
Capacity of a ferrous product to give rise to martensitic and/or bainitic transfor-
blast quenching, water quenching, step quenching, etc.
mations.
Hardenability is often characterized under defined experimental conditions by the
lnterlupted quenching
development ol hatdness as a function of the distance trom a quenched surtace
Quenching carried out in a medium giving rapid cooling and interrupted before the
(forexample the Jominy cuNe).
ferrous product can reach thermal equilibrium with the quenching medium.
This expression is'not to be used to designate "step quenching."
Jominytest
Step quenching Standardized test which consists of austenitizing a steel test piece and then cooling it
bymegns of a jet ol water applied to one end.
Quenching during which the cooling is temporarily inte'rrupted by soaking in a
medium at a suitable temperature The variation in hardness with distance from the quenched end (Jominy - curve)
characterizes the hardenability of the metal.
Martempeling
Heat treatment involving austenitization followed by step quenching, at a rate Jast Critical cooling rate
enough io avoid the formation oJ ferrite, pearlite or bainite, to a temperature slightly Cooling rate corresponding to the critical variation of temperature as a function of
above Ms and soaking for long enough to ensure that the temperature is uniform but time during cooling
short enough to avoid the formation of bainite
Final cooling during which martensite forms, is generally carried out in air Kritischer Abkiihlverlaul
Successive variations of temperature corresponding to the least severe cooling
Austempering conditions which will neverthelese permit the full development of a given
Heat treatment involving austenitization followed by quenching, at a rate fast enough transformation.
to avoid the formation of ferrite or petrlite, to a temperature above Ms and soahng to This term should be completed by an indication of the transformation considered
ensure partial or total transformation oJ the a0stenite to bainite (fot maftensite formation, tor bainite totmation)
The final cooling to ambient temperature is not at any specilic rate. t
! Ouenchhardening
Patenting Hardening ol a ferrous product obtained, after austenitization, by cooling under
Heat lreatment applied to wire or strip consisting of austenitizing followed by cooling conditions such that the austenite transforms more or less completely into martensite
under conditions suitable for producing the appropriate structures for subsequent and possibly into bainite.
wire-drawing or rolling.
A distinction is drawn betvveen: Maximum achievable hardness
'continuous patenting, Maximum value of hardness that can be obtaihed by quench hardening, under ideal
when the opentions of heating and cooling of the unwound
- product are caffied on continuously; conditions only
batch patenting, when the product rcmains in the form of a coil or bundle during
- this heat treatment; Depth ot tlanslormation
- lt is necessary to distinguish between air, lead bath, salt bath and tluidized bed Development of quench hardening of a piece from its surface. The depth of
patenting, accoding to the cooling medium used. translormation is generally measuredin terms of the depth of hardening.
27
Quench hardening layer
Surface layer of a ferrous product, hardened by quenching, the thickness ol which is the aim ol obtaining the desired mechanical properties and, in particular, good
generallydefined by the depth of quench hardening ductility.
Tempering Calbulizing
Heat treatment applied to jerrous producls after quench hardening to bring the Thermochemical treatment which is applied to a lerrous product in the austenitic
properties to the required level state, to oblain a surface enrichment in carbon, which is in solid solution in the
It consists o1 heating to specific temperatures (<Ac,) one or more times and holding at austenite
The carburized terrous product undergoes quench hardening (immediately ot after
these temperatures,lollowed by cooling at an appropriate rate.
reheating).
Tempeilng may lead to a reduction in hardness or on the contrary, to an increase il
secondary hardening occuts
Gas carburizing
Cffburizing in a gaseous atmosphere.
Secondary hardening
Hardening of a ferrous product obtained after one or more temoering treatments carried
Solid carburizing
out after quench hardening.
This hardening is due to the precipitation of a compound otto the formation of maftensite I Carburizing in a solid medium.
ln the most trequent case, this treatment is carried out in sealed metal boxes- One
or bainite from the retained austenite, decomposed during tempering or destabilized
t@n speaks of "pack carburizing".
during this process and then transformed during subsequent cooling.
San balh carburizing
Auto-tempering (self-tempering)
Carburizing in a bath of molten salt
Spontaneous tempering undergone by martensite during quenching
Tempering by the rcsidual heat of hardened workpieces Case depth
Distance between the surface of a lerrous product and a limit characterizing the
Verguten thic{mess of the layer enriched in carbon. This limit should be specified
Quenchhardening treatment lollowed by tempering at a high temperature with -
Example Fot the total case depth, this limit will correspond to the carbon content ol
the unaltered base metal.
29
Overcarburization Compound layer
Carburizing until the sulace carbon content exceeds the specijied level Surface layer formed during a thermochemical treatment and made up of the
Note - ln English this term also deslgnates excesslve case deplh. chemical compounds formed by the element(s) introduced during the treatment and
crtain elements lrom the base metal
Calbonitriding Examples: The layer oJ nitride formed during nitriding, the layer of boride formed
Thermochemical treatment which is applied to a Jerrous oduct in the austenitic cluring bonding, the layer of chromium carbide Jormed during the chromizing of high-
siate, to obtain a surface enrichment in carbon and nitr en, which are in solid carbon steel.
solution in the austenite.
Generally, this operation is tollowed immediately by quench hardening. Diffusion Zone
Surface layer formed during a thermochemical treatment containing, in solid solution
Cyaniding or where appropriate partially precipitaled, the element(s) introduced during the
Carbonitriding carried out in a bath oJ molten salts containing cyanides tseatment. The conlent of these elements diminishes continuously as the base metal
b approached.
Case hardening Tt7 precipitates in the diftusion zone can be nitrides, carbides, etc.
Treatmenl consisting of carburizing or carbonitriding followed by quench hardening
The quench hatdening could be, for example, direct hardening.
Efiective case depth aftel nitliding
Depth of nitriding defined by relerence to a specific hardness level.
Eftective case depth atter carburizing
Distance between the surface of a ferrous product and the position where the Vickers Degti ot Nitriding
hardness under a load oi 9 81 N is HV, = 55q
hnce between the surface of a lerrous product and a limit characterizing the
tt*l$ess of the layer enriched in nitrogen This limit should be specified.
Direct quenching
Ouenching carried out immediately lollowing a thermochemical treatment
Nitrocarburizing
Thermochbmical treatment which is applied to a lerrous product in order to produce
surface enrichment in nitrogen and carbon, which lorms a compound layer
Beneath this compound layer one gets a diffusion zone enriched in nitrcgen.
30 31
Lon alloy steels
Classification of steel to EN 10020:2000 ilqr alloy steels are steel grades in which none of the limit values in table 1
$inl6s steels
gainless steel are steels with at least 10.5% of chromium and max '!',2o/o carbon
' other alloy syeels: TIE $udure of steel numbers is set out as follows:
alloy quality steels ( e g weldable fine grained structural steels)
alloy special steels (other than stainless steels)
1, rc( XX (XX)
e g tool steels, high speed steels, steels with special physical properties,
Sequential number
roller bearing steels, alloy engineering steels, etc
Digits in brackets are for possible future use
See note 2
l{ote 2:
Nonferrous metals
Unalloyed metals other than iron as well as alloys in which any element except iron holds the At present the sequential number comprises two digits Should an increase in the number of
pIedominant share d6its be necessary by reason of an increase ln the number of steel grades to be considered
a equentjal number of up to four digits is envisaged in that case a revision of this part 2 of the
Light metals Euopean Standard will be published
Metals having a density of 4 5 kg/dm3 max., e g aluminium, titanium and their alloys.
The basis for the system is EN 1 0020 According to this the steels are classified according to
Heavy metals tEi cllemical composition into non alloy and alloy steels and then into main quality categories
Metals having a density of more than 4 5 kg/dm3, e g. iron, nickel and its alloys. m tlE basis of their main property and application characteristics
Nonferrous heavy metals Slel number to EN '10027-2 arc established and administered on application by the Verein
Other name for heavy meials apart from iron Oartscher Eisenhijltenleute, "European Steel Ragistration Ofiice",
32 33
t)zt
Sleel gtoups
Alloy steels
Base steels Special steels
$ 40
H,to
50 * co*
70
Cr
i0 Cr.si-Mo
!wifrout Mn,)- Cu Cr-Si-Mn-Mo
] NbandI witr CFB CrS'FMGV
>20<30%c Cr-sLMrMc\i
tt ,ns,
I I *nnro 71 81 crsi-v
31 41 6'1 CrSi
CtrSi
Cr-Mn
Cr-Mn I tbutwithout Mn-Cr CrMnB
Cr-lvln-V
Ctrl\4n-Si Cri-Mn-V
I I Nbandn CrSi-Mn
22 Cr-V p. 42 u2 62 72 qj.ll/|o
Other structural steels not CtrV-Si Ith speed steel Mrcu t'ti-si witr Cr-lvloW
intended for heal keatment with Cr-V-l\4n wih Co Mn-V Si-V Ni-Mn <035%Mo CFMGW-V
Rm < 500 N/mm2 CtrV-Mn-Si Mn-Si-V Niu Cr-McB
Cr-Mo
3
Ith speed steel
43+
E
i
lwithotn Mo.
53
Mn-I
63 Ni-Mo
Ni-l/cMn
73 cr+,,to
@
o: Nbandl
Cr-Mo-V rfrujt Co with
Si-Ti NilMoOr,Ni-lilc\
Ni-M+V u035%Mo
3! 441 s 64 74
I ^l wihvo rtro
Crsi-lr
C>012<025o/oor Cr-W I i butwittrout Nb, Ti V Cr-lr4n-]1
Rm 2400 < 500 N/mm2 I L tloanoti Crsi-Mn-ll
5 45 558 65qNi-lilo '" 85
Bhg wifr witr
Cr-V
Nihiding stls
C>025<055%or CtrW-V sbeh ;pecial additionr MrB <04%firo+ wifr
Rm > 500 < 700 N/mm2 <165%Mn <20%Ni < 20 o/" Ct
26 :5 46 56 66 Cr+lij\4o 86
U*ti* wiltl Chemil Gistant witr Cr-V
excluding groups gdrqrEtic and high tmp Ni N
<04%lib+ witr
24,25 and 27 prybwiturtCo alloys 220<35%N > 2.O o/. Ct
27 I Madswitr 47t 57 67 Gl'li.lvlowi0r 87
with Ni wth CFNi <04%[4o+
a-amgretic -g <25%Ni with >35<50%N Cr-MGV
trtrgbadwih <10o/"Cr tr>04 % llb rl
3t
a
a n*aswith 488
wtir
s cr+ti
68 cr-Ni-v
78 -e
88,bE- X
Adpt$rlEl >25%Ni wifl CFN|-W 6h
co E
!r@t6 witurt Ni I :10<15%Cr CtrNi-V-W =
=e
3 tt*uswitr 49
M"t"ri"l. *itt
59 coNi
69 cuNi
79
Cr-lrcMo
-EEpo
u9 t;i ii
Ssr
pwtbsandwitr
phicical elevated tempet rre
prcperties
with exept grcups CtrMn-l/ev
.9
>15<200/oC 57 to 68
I
1 ) The classification of steel groups is in accordance with the classification of steels in EN 1 0020 a The blofling infomation is prcvided tte boxs of he bble: a) sbel grcup number, in upper
in lefr hand side;
b) trircipal chfficleristc of he stel grup c) Rm = tmsile sbengyh
Classification of materials belonging to groups 2 and 3 according to nonferrous base metals
TIE tonjtirE valus for the dlemil ompcition and bnsile stengh (Rm) are fcr guidane only.
Werkstoff.Nr. ranges Nonferrous base metals
2.0000 to 2.1799 Copper Type numbers of steels according to American standards
2.1800 to 2.1999 Reserye SAE tlpe numbere for forged or rolled steel
22O0O1o2.2499 Zinc,cadmium
2.2500 to 2 2999 ReseNe TlEfiEtdigit ofthe designation indicates the steel group, "1" meaning unalloyed steel, "2" Ni steel,
2.3000 to 2 3499 Lead T Cr+,li steel, "40u" Mo-steel, "41n" Cr-Mo steel, "43xx" Ni-Cr-Mo steel, "50xx" Cr steel, etc.
2 3500 to 2.3999 Tin TIE sgnd digit indicates the approximate percentage of the predominant alloying constituent
2.4000 to 2.4999 Nickel, cobalt
2.5000 to 2.5999 Noble metals The last two digits of the 4-digit series number and the last three digits of the s{igits series
2.6000 to 2.6999 High melting meteals luter indicate the everage C content multiplied by 100
2 7000 to 2.9999 Reserye
3.0000 103.4999 Aluminium Esnples: SAE 1055 = un 55% C.
3.5000 to 3.5999 Magnesium SAE 2345 = Ni % M and 0.45% C
3.6000 to 3.6999 Reserue SAE 52100 = Cr
3 7000 to 3.7999 Titanium Fo. lqlher-alloy steels (e g stainless and heat resisting steels), however, this system of
3 8000 to 3.9999 Reserye &silnation has been abandoned.
34 35
ALLOYING ELEMENTS OF SPECIAL STEELS -r increase in the core strength of case-hardening steels
A reduction of weldability is to be expected in boron alloyed steels.
The alloying constituents are generally divided into carbide, austenite and ferrite
forming elements Furthermore, the purpose for which they are added to the steel Calcium Ca
must be taken into consideration Calcium is - used together with Si in the lorm of silico-calcium for deoxidation. lt
l\ccording to its content each alloying element imparts specilic properties to the ijtcreases the scaling resistance of heating conductor materials.
steel When several elements are present the eflect may be increased, a fact which is
fully utilized in modern alloying technology. There are, however, alloy compositions Carbon C
for which the individual elements do not exert their influence regarding a certain
- inseparable from steel and is therelore usually not defined as alloying
Carbon is
property in the same direction, but rather counteract one another. The presence of oonstituent.
alloying elements merely creates the prerequisites for the desired properties, but it is Carbon is the most important element for the maiority of steels and has the strongest
the processing and heat treatment operations which permit to achieve them hfluence on their properties
The principal effecls of alloying constituents and tramp elements upon the steels V/ill ln unalloyed and alloyed steels the properties can be varied within a wide range by
be outlined below choosing different carbon contents (from a few hundredths to two percent) and a
suitable heat treatment.
Aluminium
- Al $ength and hardenability increase with increasing C content, while elongation
Aluminium is the strongest and most commonly used deoxidizing and denitriding values, forming properties, weldability and machinability are reduced.
agent. lt has therefore a favourable effect on the insensitivity to ageing and promotes
line grain lormation, when added in small amount Ccrium Ce
As aluminium combines with nitrogen to lrom very hard carbides, it is used as - used together with lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and other rare
l6 usually
alloying constituent in most nitriding steels sth metals as "mischmetal" lt has a cleaning effect, because it is a strong
It increases the resistance to scaling and is therefore often added to ferritic heat (hoxidizer and promotes desulphurization. ln high alloyed steels it has a favourable
resisting steels ln unalloyed carbon steels alitizing (diffusin of aluminium into the irllEnce on the hot forming properties, in heat resisting steels it enhances scaling
surface) improves the scaling resistance Aluminium narrows greatly the )4range rEistance. Fe-Ce alloys containing apprcx 7oo/o Ce are pyrophorous (spark metals).
Owing to its ability to increase the coercive force, Al is used as alloying constituent in Cerum is also used as addition to spheroidal graphite cast iron
iron-nickel-cobalt-aluminium permanent magnet alloys
Clromium
Antimony
- Sb - Cr steel oil and air hardenable. By lowering the critical cooling rate
Chromium makes
Antimony has detrimental effects in steel lt reduces considerably the toughness rEessalry lor the formation of martensite it increases hardenability and
properties and narrows the )4range. thus
imp.oves heat treating properties, while at the same time it reduces impact strength.
Arsenic Ctrmmium is a strong carbide former. lts carbides increase edge-holding property
-As
Arsenic, too, narrows the t-range and has detrimental effects in steel, because it trd wear resistance High-temperature strength and resislance to high-pressure
shows a strong tendency towards segregation similar to phosphorus The elimination Wrogen are improved by the addition ol chromium The resistance to scale
of segregations by homogenizing is, however, even more difficult than in case of b.mation increases with increasing Cr contents, while a minimium content of approx.
I
phosphorus Besides, it increases temper brittleness, reduces considerably 13% Cr dissolved in the matrix is required for making the steel resistant to corrosion.
toughness and atfects weldability. Ch.omium narrows the f-range and thus extends the ferrite field. However, it
stabilizes austenite in austenitic CrMn or CrNi steels. Thermal conductivity and
Beryllium Be electric conductivity as well as thermal expansion (glass sealing alloys) are reduced
Beryllium -narrows substantially the l-range The addition oi Be may cause by chromium. ln amounts ol up to 3%, chromium - combined with elevaled carbon
precipitation hardening, entailing, however, a decline in toughness lt has a strong @ntents i6gpg6ss5 remanence and coercive force
deoxidizing effect and a great sulphur-affinity lt has so far very seldom been used in -
steels
Cobalt Co
-
Cobalt does not form carbides. lt inhibits grain growth at elevated temperatures and
Boron
- B
As boron has a large neutron absorption cross section, it is usually added to steels improve substantially retention of hardness and high{emperature strength. lt is
intended for the manulacture of controllers and screens for nuclear power plants ln therelore often used as alloying constituent in high speed steels, hot work tool steels,
austenitic 18/8 CrNi steels the addition ol boron raises strength and yipld t*lh-temperature and creep resisting materials. This element promotes the formation
point through precipiation hardening, while at the same time it lowers corrosion crl graphite. When present in large amounts, it enhances remanence, coercive force
resistance and thermal conductivity and therelore serves as base element lor high-grade
PrecipitatiOns caused by boron improve the mechanical properties of austenitic creep pemanent magnet steels and alloys. When exposed to neutron radiation, it forms the
resisting steels at elevated temperatures taghty radioactive 'oco isotope For lhis reason, Co is an undesirable element in
ln constructional steels this element improves through hardening and thus entails steels intended for use in nuclear reactors
Copper - Cu It ancreases yield point and strength. Being a strong carbide former, it improves the
Copper is only added to a few steel grades, because it builds up below the oxide ojning efficiency of high speed steels. Mo belongs to those elements which increase
layer and produces high surface sensitivity in hot torming ope[ations due to resistance to corrosion and is therejore often used as alloying constituent in highly
penetration'into the grain boundary lt is therefore sometimes considered to be
aloyed Cr steels and austenitic CrNi steels Elevated Mo contents lower susceptibility
detrimental to steels.
b pitting. Mo narrows subsiantially f-range, increases high-temperature strength
Yield point and ratio yield point to tensile strength are increased by copper Cu
aril reduces resistance to scale lormation.
contents above 0 30% may cause precipiation hardening Hardenability is improved.
ln unalloyed and low-alloy steels a marked improvement in resistance to weathering
H-kel Ni
is achieved by the addition of Cu -
ln constructional steels Ni causes an increase of impact strength, even at subzero
ln acid resisting high-alloy steels a Cu content above 1 % increases the resistance to
hydrochloric and sulphuric acids E nperaiures, and is therelore added to case-hardening sleels, heat treatable steels
and steels intended for low-temperature service to increase their toughness
Hydrogen properties
- H
Hydrogen is considered to have detrimental effects in steels. lt produces brittleness All transformation points (A1 A.) are lowered by nickel. lt does not form carbides.
due to a decline in elongation and reduction of area, without increasing the yield -
By enlarging substantially thef-range, Ni in amounts of more than 7% imparts
point and tensile strength lt causes the dreaded flake formation and promotes into -
an austenitic structure to chemically resistant high-chromium steels down to far
-
the steel and forms blowholes Humid hydrogen causes decarburization at elevated
temperatures. Selow ambient temperature
l{i as single alloying element, even in large percentages, merely slows down
Lead corrosionprocesses lnausteniticCrNisteels,however,itinducesresistancetothe
- Pb
&ck of reducing chemicals; the resistance ol these steels in oxidizing substances is
Lead is added in amounts ol 0 2 to 0.5% to free-cutting steels, because its very fine
suspension-like dispersion (lead is undissolvable in steels) permits to obtain short adrieved by the addition ol Cr.
chip lengths and clean cut surfaces and thus guarantees improved machinability A!6tenitic steels show elevated strength at temperatures above 600'C owing to their
Lead contents within the range indicated above have practically no influence on the tugh recrystallization temperature, they are practically not magnetizable Thermal
mechanical properties aonductivity and electric conduciivity are reduced considerably High Ni contents
rthan precisely defined analysis limits result in steels with special physical
Magnesium Mg - foperties, e g low thermal expansion (lnvar grades)
Magnesium promotes graphite formation in cast iron
Manganese Mn
-
Manganese has a deoxidizing effect. lt combines with sulphur to lorm manganese lbbium Nb (Columbium Cb) and tantalum Ta
sulphides and thus lowers the unlavourable effect of iron sulphides This is ol TtEe - - -
elements occur nearly almost in combination and are very difficult lo separate
particular impodance for free-cutting steels because it reduces the risk of red ftorn one another, so that they are usually used together
shortness. fbsy are strong carbide{orming elements and are therefore added as stabilizers to
The Ar" and Ar, points are lowered; Mn reduces substantially the critical cooling rate chemically resistant steels Both elements form ferrite and thus reduce the f-range
and thus increase hardenability. Yield point and strength are increased by the Orving to its ability to increase high-temperature strength and creep rupture strength
additionolMn Mncontentsgreaterthan4y"leadloabrittlemartensiticstructure, l{b is often added to creep resisting austenitic boiler steels.
even at a slow cooling rate, so that the alloy range is hardly utilized Steels containing Ta has a large neutron absorption cross section; lor nuclear reactor steels only Nb
;
more than 12% I/n in combination with elevated carbon contents are austenitic, poor in Ta is used.
because Mn enlarges considerably the t-range Such steels experience severe strain
hardening of surface, when exposed to impact stresses, while the core remains
Nitsogen N
tough They are therefore highly wear resistant in case of impact stresses -
Nitrogen may occur both as element having detrimental effects and as alloying
Steels with Mn contents greater than 18% remain non-magnetizable, even after
relatively heavy cold forming, and are used as specialty steels and as steels intended constituent.
for low-temperature service ]t is considered detrimental, because it reduces toughness as a result ot precipitation
Mn increases the coefficient of thermal expansion, while it reduces thermal pfocesses, causes susceptibility to ageing and blue brittleness (delormation in the
conductivity and electric conductivity. range of blue temper heat 300'-350" C) and involves the risk of initiating
lntergranular stress corrosion cracking in unalloyed and low-alloy steels
Molybdenum Mo
- As alloying constituent nitrogen enlarges the )l-range and stabilizes the austenitic
Molybdenum is mostly added together with other alloying elements By reducing the ' sbucture lnausteniticsteelsitincreasesthestrength,particularlytheyieldslrength,
critical cooling rate, it causes an improvement in hardenability Mn reduces to a large and improves the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.
extent temper brittteness, e.g in CrNi and Mn steels, and promotes iine grain By causing ihe formation of nitrides it allows to obtain high surface hardness
formation. lrifiding).
38
Oxygen
- O
Oxygen has adverse effects in steels lts specific inlluence depends on the type and
This phenomenon is intensified by the etfect of oxygen.
As sulphur has an extremely great atfinity to manganese, it is cbmbined with
composition of its compounds ln the steels as well as on theipshape and distribution tnanganese to form l\iln sulphide, which, among the usually existing inclusions, is the
The mechanical properties, especially impact strength, are lowered, particularly most harmless one, being distributed point-like in the steel and having a high melting
those in transverse direction, while the susceptibility to ageing britfleness, red point The toughness properties in transverse direclion are substantially reduced by
siortness, fibrous fracture and flaky fracture is increased srlphur.
S is added to free-cutting steels, as its lubrication effect on the cutting edge reduces
Phosphorus ttE friction between workpiece and tool, thus permitting to obtain prolonged tool
- P
Phosphorus is mostly considered to be detrimental to steels, because it causes lloreover, short chips are obtained in machining operations.
life.
heavy primary segregation during solidification and involves the risk of secondary S increases susceptibility to welding cracks.
segregation in the solid state by substantial reduction ol the f-range Owing to the
relatively low diffusion rate in both the l-range and a-solid solution crystal phases, Tellurium Te
-
Tellurium influences the steel properties in a similar manner as selenium. Contents up
segregations, if any, are very difficult to compensate for
As it is hardly possible to obtain homogeneous distribution of phosphorus, its to 0.206 improve machinability
contents should be kept to a minimum The extent of segregation cannot be
Tin Sn
Tin -is detrimental to sieels. Like copper it builds up below the layer, penetrates into
determined with sufficient certainty
P increases susceptibility to temper britileness, even in smallest percentages
Brittleness due to phosphorus gets higher with increasing carbon content, increasing
tle grain boundaries and produces cracks and solder brittleness Sn exhibits a
strong segregalion tendency and narrows the l-range.
hardening temperature, increasing grain size and decreasing ratio of reduction by
forging lt manifests itself as cold shortness and sensitivity to impact stresses Tlanium Ti
(susceptibility to brittle lracture)
O;ing to-its great afiinity to oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and carbon, titanium is
lnlow-alloyconstructional steelswithCcontentsof approx O1%phosphoruscauses sfrongly deoxidizing, denitriding and carbide forming and combines with sulphur.
an increase in strength and resistance to atmospheric corrosion Cu promotes il'n corosion resisting steels it is used as carbide former for stabilization to ensure
corrosion resistance (steels with low susceptibility to corrosion) In austenitic CrNi Esbtance to intergranular corrosion Besides, titanium has a grain refining effect and
steels P additions may cause a yield point increase and produce precipitation effects rnsrcws substantially the f-range
ln higher amounts it leads to precipitation processes and, because ol the high
Selenium @rdve lorces obtained, it is added to permanent magnet alloys. Titanium increases
- Se
Selenium is added to free-cutting steels where its effects are similar to those of crep rupture strength by the formation of special nitrides.
'I-danium, however, exhibits a strong
sulphur, it is, however, more effective in improving machinability. ln corrosion segregation and banding tendency.
resisting steels it affects corrosion resistance properties less severly than sulphur
Tngslen W
Trngsten is - a strong carbide former (its carbides are very hard) and narrows the )A-
Silicon Si
Silicon -has a deoxidizing effect. lt promotes graphite precipitation and narrows range. lt improves toughness and inhibits grain growth lt increases high-temperature
substantially the f-range lt increases strength and wear resistance (heat treatable Si- sfength and retention of hardness as well as wear resistance at elevated
l\4n steels) Silicon causes a considerable increase of the elastic limit and is therelore
Emperatures (red heat) and thus cutting efficiency. lt is therelore predominantly
best suited as alloying constituent in spring steels Owing to its ability to improve
dded to high-speed steels, hot work tool steels, high-temperature steels and steels
bduring maximum hardness
substantially the resistance to scaling, Si is added to heat resisting steels. lts Tungsten increases considerably the coercive force and is therefore used as alloying
contents are, however, limited, as it impairs the hot and cold lorming properties constituent in permanent magnet alloys.
With a content of 12% Si resistance to the attack ol acids is attained, but such steel ]t impairs the scaling resistance. lts high specific gravity becomes particularly
grades are only available as very hard and britile castings which can only be noticeable in high-tungsten high-speed steels and hot work tool steels
machined by grinding.
Owing to the considerable reduction ol electric conductivity, coercive force and Yanadium V
power losses brought about by silicon, this element is used in steels for electric Vanadium -refines the primary grain and thus the as cast structure. lt is a strong
quality sheets. carbide forming element, thus causing an jncrease in wear resistance, edge-holding
p.operty and hi gh{emperature stren gth
llt is therefore a preferred alloying constituent in high-speed steels, hot work tool
Sulphur S
-
Among all tramp elements sulphur produces the most serious segregations lron sds and high{emperature steels. lt improves considerably retention of hardness
sulphide leads to red shortness, because the low melting sulphide eutectics surround
trd reduces overheatin g sensitivity
As vanadium relines the grain and inhibits air hardening by the formation of carbides,
the grains like a net, resulting in a low coherence of the latter and in breaking up ol
lil has a favourable influence on the welding properties of heat treatable steels Due to
grain boundaries during hot lorming This phenomenon is intensified by the effect of
rytide formation it increases resistance to high-pressure hydrogen.
oxygen. tfanadium narrows the t- range and shifts the Curie point to higher temperatures.
40 4'l
t
F
Zirconium Zl The effect of alloying elements on the properties of steel
-
Zirconium is a carbide forming element and is used metallurgically as deoxidizing,
.Cenitriding and desulphurating agent, because it leaves 6nly a few deoxidation :oco 't u o
o= o
o
o N tr P z z c v,
c 6' 6' o
=
f =
D
oroducts o o
=
o o
o = o r Jo
o 0 3 -- =
o o f =
o
o o E E o
o do o o !c !1 3 D D
o o
a
o f f
o o E' o o tr o
Zr additions to fully killed sulphur-containing free-cutting steels have a favourable o o
5 f a 5 ! = o
=
E E o o o a
o o
lnfluence on sulphide formation and prevention ol red shortness o o o
E
By lorming special nitrides it improves high-temperature strength and creep rupture
3 a o D o
=
I o o
strength in high-temperature steels and alloys o f 6' co E
o =.
(o
=
CI o
It increases the service lile of heating conductor materials and causes narrowing of c 5' o o = q.
o o 3
the Jr-range. = T o
!P. 6 o
o o 3
f 6 o (D
=
6 o !9
o o 6 =
o !t
o
6
I
o
P
o Hardness
o
J
l a Strength
o
J
,
Yield point =
o
o
Weight of steel in kg, based on density of 7.85 gr/cm3 I I Elongation qt
I =
o
:o I I I I Reduction ol area 9r
E
o
W = weight f, diameter s=side t=thickness t
!
l I lmpact value
!too
w = width I length f = factor correction !
o I I I Elasticity +.
a o
o
=
a I High temp. stability
=
o
W Round bar
x (l+5)x 0,6165 o I I Cooling rate
c
100.000 t
-o
J
I I I I Carbide lormation
{J
W Square bar
x (l+5) x 0,7850
I I Resistance to weal
100.000 Forgeability
I
o I I Machinability
W Flat
x (l+5)x 0,7850 o
9 I I Scaling
100.000 D
o I I Nitrability
6
Resistance to corrosion
W Sheet
08 lt
I I I
3 at,
'100.000 o I I Hysterese loop o
o
! I I Max. permeability f
a o
J GT
t I I Coercive lorce I
.D
Calculation weight for HSS i PM Steel should be put a factor a
a 6'
Remanence .A
Correction, as it's density is higher than 7,85 gr i cm3. =
a
o (D
o
WHss - f x w f Hss = 1.04 I Loss of Watt d
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS Ia eilluen
BOHLER STEEL THYSSEN ASSAB xrfacxr DAIDO WERKSTOFF
MACHINERY STEELS
v1 55 VCN l s0 TEW 6582 705 I\ls4340 431
v320 vcLl 40 TEW 7225 709 N541 40 SCM44OH
I
220 401 63 1 80'1 100 1 150 1
'190 1 240.1 286 1 334 382.1 z130 585 >770 0
o
1 1 1
mm -400 - 63.0 -800 100 0 - 150 0 -190 0 -2400 - 286.0 -334 0 - 382.0 -4300 -5850 -7700
i
allowance. mm 4 5 6 6 t0 14 16 18 20 25 30 35
I
8
-2100
10
-2500 - 315.0 -4000
'18
- 500.0 .6300 .770.0 T
12 15 25 27 30 35
> 50-75 24 24 zo 28
Allowance, mm 05 08 0 15 20 25 30
ZB 30
7n 14 14 'tA 18 20 24 26 l.taimum finished size in nominal sizes minus machinery allowance
> 75-100 ZB 24 24 26 26 28 28 30 32
ZD 16 16 18 20 22 24 2A Product Range
> 100 - 125 ZB zo 26 2A 30 JU 3Z 34 Product Finish Sizes Surlace Bar Bar end
7D tb 18 20 22 24 26 2A rouqhness enoth (pitch)
> 125 - '150 28
ZE 2A 30 30 34 36 IBO ECOMAX lold Sawr
ZD tb '1 8 9i 24 ce 30 peeled
o 125-120 tr 2500-6000 <1 0
or
Ba (hot rolled)
mm
12
mm/m
> 150 - 200 ZB 30 32 34 34 JO 38 Hot Sawn
18 20 24 24 26 28 30 IBO ECOMAX lold Sawr
peeled o>120 -350 3000-1 2000 s2o
Bar (hot rolled ( IT 14 or
mm mm mm/m
STEEL BAR
COGGING MILL
al forged) Hot Sawn
Ordering uroeflnq IntcKness tn mm As regards applications and processing steps that are not expressly mentioned in this product
decription/data sheet, the customer shall in each individual case be required to consult us
width in Allowance 15 >20 >25 >35 >50 ' Tool steels up to a 120 mm lT = ISO Basic Tolerances
mm -20 -50
't00 - 125 IB 40 40 40
7n 40 40 40 50
>125-150 ZB 50 50 50 50 Finished size of width '100
100-200 200
40 45 45 50 and thickness in mm
>150-175 ZB 60 bU 60 60 60 Allowance in mm 100 150 300
40 45 45 45 50
175 - 200 ZB 70 70 70 70 70
55 55 55 60
> 200 - 240 ZB 80 80 80 80 80 E@blank Bright Bar:
ZD 50 60 70 :eled and Polished
> 240 - 270 ZB 90 90 90 90 90 threr Steel Bar :
ZD 60 65 70 70 80 3?und and polished round bar
> 270 - 300 ZB 100 '10 Toaerances:
100 0 10 0 100
ZD 70 70 80 80 90 s standard products to DIN 1 75, acc to ISO tolerance range h9 Upon request we can also supply
te ba6 withtolerances to : ISO h6 (acc to DIN 59361); ISO h7 (acc to DtN 59360); ISO h8; ISO hl0,
Ordered dimension = largestfinished size + machining allowance SC h 1 1; or only with plus or plus-minus tolerances, or with tolerances in any location within the
1) For knife materials, a specific table with special allowance applies ]ffice range
48
BOHLER HIGH GRADE STEELS ^& sonlrn
Ball Tensile Ball Brinell
Tensile Brlnell Shore Hardness lndentatlon Shore
Hardng$ lndentatlon Fockwell Hardnes! 2) Rockwell Hardness
strenglh (F> 98 N) j) Hardness 2)
Hardness sllength (F> 98 N) Dlameler!l
Hardness Hardness
Diameter i
N/mm'z HB HRB HRC HH HHH HH(
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