Professional Documents
Culture Documents
@
DISTRI BUTION AUTOMATION
Sponsored by the
IEEE POWER ENGINEERING EDUCATION COMMITTEE
and the
IEEE TRANSMISSTON AND DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE
of the
IEEE POWER ENGINEERING SOCIETY
Available from
Publication Sales Department
IEEE Service Center
445 Hoes Lane
P.O. Box 1331
Piscataway, NJ 08854-'1331
Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Copyright O1988 by The lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, lnc. For
copying, reprint, or republication permission, write to Director, Publishing Services, IEEE, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394.
All rights reserved.
FOREl{ORD
The Bibliography in section 5 includes 238 papers dating back to 1969 that docuaent
the efforts of these engineers as tluy ca?ried out the quest for a fuI1y integrated
control systen for control i"g optinizatioi of th; uti1i.ty,'s elecirical distribution
system. The concept of Distribution Automation uses advincea aeiitns to optimize the
econonical construction and provi.de automatic operation of o".irr.i,i and ;;a;;;;.;;e
distribution substationt From tirese early effoiis--ana the work that
-?"q .systems.
fo11owed, the following definitj.oi of a Distribution-autonation has evolved:
Distribution Autonation System: A system that
enables an electric utility- to remotely monj.tor,
coordinate and operate distriLution couponents in a
real-tine mode from remote locations.
Through the years, Distribution Automation has developed to the point where utilities
:al inplenent systeos that proruise significant operatin! benef:.ii.--rrre p;;p;";-;f-fii"
Tutorial is to .help those who ire intereited
concept' rt also shows how to apply it, andinhowoiitribution
to identify
Autonation understand the
p;a;;;i;i benefits that each
utility may reap.
For the novice, the Tutorial nay raise as many questions as i.t answers. This
Tutori'aI along with other recommendei reports ana iecir"idir-pip"is ilrt'prov:.de methods to
analyze the implenentation of Distributiirn autonaiion. ealh' will benefit in
varying amounts as distribution functions are "iiiitv
aut;;;iea ana optinized. since each utility
is unique, and Distribution Autonation is modular in nature, sinpliIiIi"
analyses may not work-. .wher-r portions or a oisi.ibution autonatioir systen are "I"'irr#;:iii
expanded
over.a period of- years, with-nu1tip1e functions being implenentea, o.,rerail sa"i"!"-cI;---b;
substantial. this Tutorial will-provide a frane*oir ti develol'tire-iiuaie" to
analyze Distributi.on Autonation in lrour specific utility. ".i."iiiy
The authors hope this tutorial will enable you to begin to discuss Distribution
Autonation without !9its co!fused over terns, u.r!:to provide-an underiiana:.ng of the basic
tools and concepts that- will prepare your utilj.ty for u and profitable
implementation. ",r"".iii,rr
lly thanks goes to the indivj.dual authors, who put in nany hours writing the tutorial:
R. B. Adler C. H. Gentz S. t. Purucker
P. P. Barker J. J. crainger J. R. Rednon
D. S. Bassett R. E. Lee J. P. Stovall
J. B. Bunch L. v. I'Ic call B. J. Trager
K. N. Clinard K. McKinley D. J. Ward
G- Paz
A special word of thanks goes to _ Donna Geurin, John Heath, Joyce Jarman, Li sa
Berryman, Lou Gale, and Nancy Clinard for their help in bringing it all together.
la
CONTENTS
CEAPTER 3 COHTJTUNICATIONSSYSTEI{SFORDISTRIBUTIONAUTO!,I.ATION
3.1- ]NTRODUCTION . t7
I CAT I ON REQU I REI'IENES L7
3.2 D1 STRIBUTION AU?OIIIATION COI.II,IUN
3.2.L Communication xeliabi tity L7
t7
3 .2.2 Cost Effectiveness . - L7
3 .2.3 Data Rate Requirements .
3.2.4 Two-way CaPabilitY . - 18
3.2.5 Abilitt
Ability ,nn-cnmmrrnlcate
To During
communicate uurrnlJ
CommunlcaEe uuldge> And
Durino outages
Outaqes cqu!s- .'
Aus Faults . 18
^t.iti+;of operation
ease And uaintenance _'. ' :. ' 18
3.2.6 -onfornin-g To The Architecture Of Data F1oi" 18
3 .2.7
3.3 COI{HUNICATIONS SYSTE}.IS USED IN DISTRIBUTION
19
AUTOMATION . .
3.3.1- Distribution tine Carrier IPower Line Carrier l 19
2A
3.3.2 Ripple Control 2L
3.3.3 zero Crossing Technique 21
3.3.4 Telephone 2L
3.3.5 Cable Tv . 2t
3.3.5 Radio 2L
3.3.5.1 AI,I Broadcast
22
3.3 .5 .2 FM SCA .
22
3.3.5.3 VHF Radio. .
22
3.3.6.4 UHF Radio.
23
3.3.6.5 Iticrowave. .
SatelIite. . 23
3.3.5.6 23
3.3 .'7 riberoptics.
3.3.8 Eybrid Conmucications System!. :.. 24
3.3.9 c-onmunications systems used rn Field Tests 25
25
3.4 SUH}IIARY
CHAPTER 4 TECHNICAT/OPERATION BENEFITS
4.1 TNTRODUCTION 21
4.2 CAIEGORIES
DTSTRIBUTION AUTOI.IATION BENETIT . 28
4.2.1 Capital Deferred Savings . . Zg
4.2.2 Operation And l1aintenance Savings . 2g
4.2.2 .! rnterruption Related Savings . . 2g
4.2.2.2 Custoner Related Savings . . 2g
4.2.2.3 Operational Savings 28
4.2.3 Improved Operation . . 28
4.2.4 FUNCTION BENEFITS 29
4.2 .5 Potential Benefits For Functions - 29
4.2.6 Function Shared Benefits . 33
4.2.7 Guidelines For Formulation of Est j.mating
Equations 33
4.3 PARA}.{ETERS REQUIRED 36
4.4 ECONOMIC I!.,IPACT AREAS 36
4.5 RESOURCES FOR DETERITIINING BENEFITS . . 36
4.6 INTEGRATION OF BENEFITS INTO ECONOfiTC EVALUATION 36
4.7 II{PACT ON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEil 35
4.8 SOI,TE REOUIRE}IENTS FOR BENEFIT ACHIEVEilENT 37
5.1 INTRODUCTION . 39
5.2 DEVELoPIIIENT AND EVALUATIoN oF ATTERNATE PLANS 39
5.2.1 Select Study Area 39
5.2.2 Se1ect Study Period.
eeri 40
5.2.3 Project Load Growth.
Grow 40
5.2.4 Develop Alternatives
alternati . 40
5.2.5 Calculate Operating
Operati & I[aintenance Costs. 40
5.2.6 Evaluate Alte
AlLernat
rnatives. 40
5.3 ECONOIITC CO}IPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS . 40
5.3.L Classification Of Expenses And Capital
Expenditures. 40
5.3.2 Conparison Of Revenue Requirements Of Alternate
Plans 47
5.3.2.1 gook Life And Continuing plant Analysis. 4L
2.1.?.2 Year-by-year Revenue aegui.rements aialysis 47
5.3.2.3 Short-rern analysis. . . 47
5.3.2.3.1 End of Study Adjustnent. 47
5.3.2.4 Break-even Analysis. 4L
5.3.3 Sensitivity analysis . 4!
5.4 cAsE sruDy couRTEsi/EpRr Rp2021-1. 42
5.5 COI{PUSATIONAL ATDS 42
5.6 CONCLUS ION 42
CIIAP?ER 7 GLOSSARY.
63
CHAPTER 1
Think of automation as doing a repetitive task Distribution Automation funetions have been identified
with minirnal human intervention, Distribution to date [56]. Included ln this 1Ist are functions such
Automation refers to automation of repetitive tasks on as data collection (Heter Readingsr Tamper Flags,
the electric utility's distribution system. To Status), Load Managementr Voltage and Reactive Current
understand Distribution Automation, ve must first Look (or var) control, System Configuration, Dispersed
at the manual tasks the utility does. There are a Generation Control, and Protective Relaying.
number of tasks that must be repeated in operating a Additional benefits such as increased safety come from
utility. For the electric distribution system' these the operation of the DAS. Although they are harder to
tasks include reading kilovatt-hour and kiloiuatt-demand quantify, these benefits are just as real as the more
meters, reading temperatures, taking load checks at measurable benefits. An example of this vould be
distribution substations, and along the feeders, remote feeder svitch control. This option might be
opening and closing feeder circuit svitching devices, included for economics gained by closing the OCB after
operating eapaeitor banks; and raising and lovering lockout or trouble repair. It may also prove valuable
taps on voltage regulators. These tasks involve in being available for opening the OCB during
communicating and doing things. The tasks include emergencies such as an energized conductor on the
turning things on/off, counting things, and neasuring ground. The ttbottom line" economics for implementing
things. Host el,ectric utilities already have DAS on a utility depends on the number of functions and
automation of some type, This autonation may range devjces implemented.
from time cloeks for turning street lights on and off,
to a computerized energy management system for economic The technology required to imp)-enent the DAS is
dispatch of the generation and transmission of bulk available today. The challenge for the utility is to
pover. I,/hen lJe speak of Distribution Automation, ve identify and evaluate potential Distribution Automation
are talking about a ful1y integrated system that funetions and determine those appropriate for
includes all of the functional data flov and control implementation. 1t is important to remember that
the utility has that involves the distribution system. although all electric utilities are similar, no tvo are
The Distribution Automation System (DAS) vi1l be a atike. Each utitity has developed under different
natural extension and enhancement of the leve} of geographic and regulatory conditions and has unique
automation that exists in the individual utility today. bases and prevailing economic conditions'
Automation provides timely control and data acquisition "usior..
through communications vith remote devices. The DAS is Once desired functions have been identified by the
based on the use of common facil-ities that provide a utility, the integration of these functions and tasks
Itbackbone'r communication and control computer netvork. into one system requires a combination of specialized
DAS end-use devices are added to the "backbonerr system hardware, and softliare. The scope of the Distribution
as needed. DAS end-use includes appliance control Automation concept has certain implications' In the
receivers and remote meters on the customerfs premises; average utility, implementation vi11 cross almost every
capacitor and regulator control, transponders on the depariment and organization 1ine. The evolution of
primary distribution feeder; remote terminal units for Distribution Automation in a specific utility vi1I be
DSCADA control in substations, and computer terminals based on that individual utility's organization and
for accessing the DAS. The end use devices are modules requirements. Figure 1.1 is a pictorial overviev of a
or subsystems that are integrated together in one utility system and hov an automation system overlays
system to form the total DAS. the utility pover delivery system. This viev breaks
the pover delivery system into 5 basic parts:
The DAS should be vieved as a tool that can be Generition, Transmissionr'substation, Distribution and
used to address corporate needs to do repetitive tasks Customers. Each of these parts have speeific needs
ln a systematic vay. The DAS provides flexibility and that are supplied by the other parts. They all vork
the polrer of choice to the utility and to the customers together as an integrated system to form the electric
it serves. This pover of choice provides a multitude utility system that provides generation and delivery of
of customer service options - options that a1Iov using power from the source to the end-user.
a preferred solution, at any point on the utility
distribution system, i'ithout requiring redesign of
common facilities. Since the common facilities are
required by all funetions and end-use devices, the I.2 CONTROL SYSTEI{ II{ITERFACBS -
efficiency inproves vith each additional function and
device added. The control hierarehy shovn in Figure 1.1
illustrates the interface betveen the existing Energy
The potentiaf benefits of Distribution Automation Management System (EMS) and the DAS. The DAS is a
are as modular as the system itself. The key to 1-ogical modular extension of the EI'IS. Together they
achieving these benefits is to perform- a thorough provide the basis for automating the utility system'
analysis of the utility's day-to-day operational needs in the utitity vith a DAS, the system dispatcher sti1l
from a corporate vievpoint. Over 140 individual has control of the bulk pover system, its economics and
Generation Tra n sm ission Substa tio Distribution Sgstem - Customers
0istribution
Dispatcher
Sgstem
Bispatcher 0fls
Communication and
Control Computer D is trib u tio n
I nformation
Neturork
Engineering
Planning
Custom er
0perations flccounting
Sgstem
Distribution
Dispatcher
Engineering
0perations
Customer
Bc counting
Sustem
Bates
Planning
automation is to assist vith performing these tasks. is that the computer site vould be easier to oPeratet
Some tasks, i.e. autonatie meter reading, acquire maintain, and backup since everything is in one p1ace.
data. 0ther tasks, i.e, load eontrol perform one-vay one disadvantage to this for the larger utility is that
eontrol lrhere a command is sent and devices respond to all comrnunications have to be brought back to the one
the control command, but give no acknovledgment. eentral site, vhich can get expensive and overloaded,
Critical control, i,e. distribution prirnary and brings about the possible loss of the entire system
seetionalizing svitches vould require control, due to comPuter or communication failure. A
acknovledgment, status, and database changes shoving decentralized system uses multiple computers scattered
ownership of the nev line configuration. over a geographic area. The advantages of this type of
system include the use of smaller computers to form a
large system, and eonnunications requirements, and
I.4 CBNTRALIZED VS. DBCENTRALIZED COTTIROL - areas affected by system outages are kept to a minimum.
One disadvantage is the need of potential multiple
To better understand Figures 1.1 and L'2, 1et's databasesr vhich requires a distributed database
eoncepts'
take a closer look at DAS eonfigurations andt'backbone" management system.
Depending on the utility's preference, the
DAI can be configured to be either centrallzed or A11 Distribution Automation systems are
decentralized' In a centralized system all computing decentralized to some extent. This is due to the use
and control functions reside in one centralized control of mierocomputers in individual DAS end-use devices
computer faeility; this vi11 vork veI1 for the srnaller used to accomplish Distrlbution Automation functions.
utility. The advantage to this type of configuratlon
The microcomputer te1ls the device
central control computer(s) are notvhat to do qhen the on the primary distribution system are controlled,
in contaet with it.
Regardless of the use of a centraliz;J or conditions at capacitor banks, voltage regulators,
computer system, control decisions areaecentralized
made on a
reelosers, transformers and switehes must also be
functional basis to effect available to the control system.
,rrr"g"*"nt goaL. fn
operating the DAS,_some functions,
" E.g.,
-r1." fo"a control A- vide variety of functions must be performed
and_ emergency control of voltage
stability, ""a
for systen Dlstribution Autonation System. The response timesinofa
must be issued 6y tle
-svlt.ti,g dispatcher. communication links and computers, and tire degree oi
.ther functions, e.g., feeder "y.t"*
restoration, must be in the control of tire and serviee
distribution
human intervention desired, vii:1 dictate the type of
dlspatcher. Still other fu""tion", hardvare and softvare required in these ,.""" to
voltage regulation and var aisiatctr.g.r normal
for feeder
coordinate needed tine vith available time. provisi.ons
optimization, are performed 1oca1,y *i;hi" limits must be made for emergency as vell as normal
by a centralized system/distribirtion aisput.t.., set operat ions .
dovnloaded to the control]ed devices. ".,j
1.6 DISIT,IBUTrON ATITOI{ATTON EARDI'ARE
-
1.5 TEB DISTRTBUTION AIJTOT{ATTOT SYSTEII - The function of the Distribution Dispatch Center
is to provide the HHI for the dispatcher and DAS for
The Distribution Automation System as it is seen data acquisiton, nonitoring and control of
today must contain a mix of automatic routines vith i.;;;
planned hurnan monitoring and intervention.
number of points on-the distribution system, perhaps
" in
The human the tens of thousands. Depending upon the needs of the
intervention is provided via a Han-Hachine Interface utility, the number of end_use poilnts vi11 vary. The
(UUI). This interface.is usually a computer terminal requirements for the DAS compute.s are basld on
that uses color graphics to rninimize tle confusion in requj.red message rates, size of the systen, speed of
vieving one-1ine diagrams, locating trouble spots, or reaction and various tasks to be perforrnld. eenerafil
finding faulted areas. Computer graphic high_lighting speaking, the DAS provides an abundance of informatioi
techniques are often irnplemented to minimize .i.o."I to the utility that must be managed. This data is
The HHI is further aided by using devices such as a often stored on-line for analysis. Disk drives are
light pen, track ba1l, or mouse to position cursors used by the computers to store large amounts of data
accurately to select areas of interest. The specific for easy retrieval. Archival of data for
human factors of the utility implementing the system periods of time and for security backup of the extended
vi11 determine vhlch of these techniques are used. system is usually achieved through the use of magnetic
""r;;i;;
tape. This assures backup for faifures in the
The HMI a11ovs utility personnel to operational computer system, The initial
monitor/control seLected points on the DAS. These requirements for the DAS are determined by hov "to."g"
monitoring/control, actions are transmitted through the system is planned to be used. System design must t[e
'rbackbonetr DAS Network to the requested end_use device. provide for modular expansion. ,Nelr uslrs of the-system
The rrbackbonett DAS is continually enhanced by adding vi11 discover the ability of this data and invent uses
end-use devices to accomodate funetions needld by thi for it. Vhat before required a forecast, or a
utility. This ttbackboneil DAS Netvork is corposed of statistical average, can nov be knovn accurately,
individual and redundant conmunication 1inks. Several such
as coineidence of peaks. This increase in demand for
communication technologies might be used in a single data after a facility becomes available is knovn as
Dlstribution Automation System. In a large syst;m, Itturnpike effectrr because traffic
leased telephone 1ines, nicrovave, or fiber - optic increases much faster
than forecasts predicted vhen the facility vas planned.
conmunication links might be used to interconnect
computer systems. Satellite, 900 li[z Distribution
Automation Radio are additional technologies that might . The main computer often has smaller computers or
be used to connect the dispatch computer to
microprocessors that provide a rfront_endrr to perform
the input/output function for the main processor. This
distribution substations and main svitching points on rrfront-endtt interfaces the central
the distribution system. Distribution Line Cairier and Itbackbonetr DAS communication r.rith the
"orputer computer
and control
VHF radio are additional technologies that might be netrr,ork to connect the central computers vith the
used to connect points on the distribution system vith end-use devices. This reduees the main computer
the distribution substation. The options that the loading so that it can perform and respond faster to
utility selects to implement vilI deter;ine vhether the needed man-machine and
analytical tasks.
communication links must be capable of one_\ray or
tlro-way communications. The primary function of the Distribution
Automation hardlrare is to provide open_Ioop or
The ultimate customer connected to the DAS may be closed-Ioop communication, via a irbackboneil netvorl, to
residential, commercial or industrial or a point on the monitor and control of devices at the substation,
utility grid. Monitoring in each case may include distri.bution feeder and customer 1eveIs. In some
remote metering or device status, and possible control cases, the eontrol will be closed_1oop and control
of the state of the device, i.e. appliince control or action i*rilI be based on the results of an initial
vhole house connect/disconnect. I,ihen a control action set
is desired on the DAS, the control vi1l actually be of conditions that are monitored by the system. In
exercised through a Local microcomputer at the device other cases it lii11 be open-loop and the conditions
vill be monitored but no direct, on-Iine, feedback vill
being controlled. ft viLl have access to the monitored be provided to shov the change of conditions that
information, and vitl have received the function to be resulted from the control action. An example of this
implemented at the particular point on the distribution is one-vay load control that produces a reduetion in
system. The direct control of customer loads such as load by turning off customer Ioads, but
vater heater or air-conditioning can be accornplished !y!!em
individual devices are not monitored at the time the
using a one-vay system; hovever, the control and of
control to ensure operation. Analog monitoring is used
monitoring of energy consumption and provision for to measure values of quantities that vary coniinuously
customer incentives to manage their ovn load through in the distribution system, such as uoit.g., anperes,
time-of-day pricing and customer alerts to peak kll demand, kVA, kvar, and pover factor,
conditions, may require a tvo-way 1ink. llhen devices
Status monitoring provides an absolute condition; This often requires addltional sensors and transducers
i.e,, a svitch is open or closed or has changed state to convert high 1eve1 signals into lover 1eve1 signals
from open to closed or closed to open. Examples of that the DAS can measure and count. Decisions must be
status monitoring include transformer tap settings, made on vhether single or three-phase monitoring is
svitch position and demand. required. llhen using single-phase monitoring, the
assumption is made that all three phases are well
Control actions are initiated to change the rate balanced. This is usually not the case' and can
of energy usage based on demand, system efficiency, or greatly reduce potential savings. The trade off
outage conditions. These control actions are based on 6"tr""n monitoring of a single-phase or all three
the analog values and status derived from the phases of a three-phase distribution system is largely
monitoring system. At the present timer most in economic one. One shouLd note that only part of the
distribution apparatus laek a complete complement of advantage of Distribution Automation can be achieved if
actuators necessary to control the elements that make monitoring and controlling all three phases on an
up the pover system. Table 1.1 lists devices that may individual basis is not included in the operational
rlquire adaptation or replacement to neet the DAS.
requirements of any defined Distribution Automation
System at a particular utitity. A11 of these devices Today's technology provides motor operators that
vi1l either require add-on equipment for proPer can open or close three-phase or slngle-phase svitches
moni toring or replacement vi th integrated designs. currently installed on the pover system. These usually
Monitoring and control of the distribution system do not incfude provisions for operating vhen the pover
equipment often requires interfacing the DAS to line is de-energized. If the slritch must operate
existing equipment that llas not designed vith vithout pover, then stored energ'y in the form of
automation in mind. Monitoring hardvare starts lrith mechanical springs, pneumatic reservoirst or batteries
basic counting, and measuring tasks. Control requires can be used to pover the svitch. Padmounted svitch
actuators of devices. control is perhaps better developed than overhead,
although suppliers are currently vorking to improve
pole mounted slritchgear.
TABI.E 1.1 POSER DISTRIBTITION EQTIIPHEIIT
Interposing relays are used to interconnect DAS
and motor operators. lnterlocking devices and feedback
status monitoring ensure safety. Capacitor control via
Substation EquiPnent: the DAS is usually achieved ruith an interposing re1ay.
Regulator control can be performed by stepping the
Transforners regulator to either raise or lover the output voltage'
Relaying The status of the regulator taps are monitored to
Voltage Regulators provide feedback to the control system. An alternate
Instrument Recorders mode of controf liould be to change the voltage settings
Batteries and control bandvidth r,rith relay contacts. Fault
Capacitors detection is usually achieved vith a momentary relay
Feeder Circuit Breakers/Reclosers contact that resets on po!/er restore. If this
l{etering momentary is retrieved for imnediate human or eomputer
analysis, faulted line sections and general fault
locations can be ldentified.
Distribution Feeder Equipnent :
Customer meteringt r,rhe ther Res i den t i aI
'
Line Svitches Commercial, or Industrial, is accomplished by replacing
Transforners the traditional meter vith one that contains a
Pover Factor Correction Capacitors transponder for tvo-vay conmunication. The meter also
Line Reclosers contains a microcomputer that controls the schedules
Sensors for the type of metering function, i.e. , kI'Ih' kII
Potential Transforners demand, Time-of-Use, etc. This device can also be used
Sectionalizers to detect energy theftr and provide remote custoner
Voltage Regulators connect/disconnect vhen equipped vith a whole house
Fault Indieators disconnect re1ay. The vhole house disconnect requires
Hetering a fult service rated slritch on the load side of the
Current Transformers meter that can be used to remotely disconnect supply to
Transducers the entire home. One other DAS customer level option
is the ability to provide a customer a1ert.
Custoner Equipnent:
lleters I.7 DAS SOFTSARE -
Yhole Eouse Disconnect
Applianees Computer softvare required to support a DAS can be
divtded into three areas - real-time, inteEactive, and
batch softvare. Real-time softvare performs functions
as a result of a given condition. These conditions can
The distribution feeder constitutes the final link come from several sources such as (1) a clock to
betveen @ ulTirnate user. trigger neter reads for kIJh consumptionr kll demand, and
E;IstTng sy.stenr.s travE leen extended substation levels, time-of-use bi11ing, or load surveys and (2) kvar
but not beyond. As far as hardvare development t variances for capacitor control of pover line
hardvare 1s readily available for monitoring and efficiency. Interactive softvare performs functions as
control of classical feeder apparatus, either overhead a result of human request such as dispatcher
or underground. Hardvare required to perform the intervention for substation controlr data acquisitiont
monitoring function at the substation paralIels manual and load management' etc. Real-time and interactive
data collection activities and supplements it with data softvare programs remain resident ln the eomputer
from polnts scattered over the distribution systen. waiting for a condition to change so they can perform
the functlons for vhich they vere deslgned. In batcl, voltage profile is satisfactory,
mode, a computer program is submitted for processing, then ninimizing
naits its turn for execution, and vhen started, reactlve poirer can take p1ace.' This techniqu"
processes to completion before the next program starts. recognizes that these operational priorities "i"3
change
Examples vhere this type of processing is used is the depending on vhether the system is in a normal mode, a
production of hard copy reports or graphs reflecting reconfigured mode or an energency mode. The softvare,
system perfornance, trends, historical analysis, etc. therefore, must be flexi.bIe enough to allov for these
from data collected during real-tine data atquisltion. possibilities. Some type of forecasting technique is
Batch softvare plays a more supportive role to the also needed to avoid too many svitching actions vhich
interactive softvare lrhieh performs functions or tasks may reduce the life of the svitches.
ln real-time. DAS application softvare programs
contain the necessary equations and compuiatlonal The substation transforner Load balancing function
procedures to permit remote control or simulate is designed to achieve better load balance betveen
distrlbution system performance. This softvare is transforners in the same or adjacent distrlbution
needed for many of the Distribution Autonation substations. The application softvare relies on a load
functions, including the folloving: flov.solution to cornpare the loading vith the existing
eonfiguration to that under reconfigured conditionsl
o Automatic bus sectionalizing The set of reconfi.guratlon possibiliti.es can be based
o Feeder deployment svitching and automatic on a prioritized list previously prepared or ean
sect ionali zing consider svitehing one or tlro feeder sections to
o Integrated volt/var control another feeder. Note, ho\,rever, that feeder overloads
may also be used to limit the choice of svitching
o Substation transformer load balancing
o Feeder load balancing alternatives. In addition, the logic for loai
o Remote metering balancing can be based on reducing transformer load
o Load control losses, The feeder load balancing function is intended
to mlnimize feeder overloads through better load
division among feeders. The application softvare
As, an example, consider the operation of contalns a file of maximum permissible loads for each
automatic bus sectionalizing function after thea feeder sectlon. The software relies on scanning the
persistent fault has been cleaied. Given the fault section currents, comparing their values to the
detector and breaker status informatlon, the permissible lj.mits, and identifying the overloaded
application softvare for this function is simpi.y the sections. Reconfiguring possibilites are exanined and
logic containing the set of steps (breaker and svitch compared to the base case. Additional ranking by
close and trlp commands) for the dlspatcher or DAS to losses plus overhead permits more economical solutions.
take under this condition, In addition, reconfiguration may require reseheduling
of volt-var control and changes in protective relay
The feeder deployment svitehing and automatlc coord inat ion.
sectionalizing (FDS&AS) function is responsible for
determining vhich feeder section has experienced a Revenue metering is the cash draver of
persistent or a transient fault. the
ftrs application utility. The average cost of reading a utility meter
softvare may nake use of feeder fauLt detector and is around $L0/meter/year. Since the meter readei is so
recloser status information as ve1l as the distribution efficient, remote metering is not economical for a1I
database, to determine vhich feeder section is faulted. meters, hovever, remote metering has great potential
FauLt locating for persisteht faults is based on the for meters that are not the standird single-phase
assumption that only the fault detectors betveen a residential kilovatt hour meters, and for meters that
faulted seetion and the substation breaker have targets are hard to read because they are not accessible, In
set. Thus, the netl'ork is scanned until a section is general this includes denand, TOU, and load survey
found having a fault indicator set on one end, but not meter installations.
-
the other. This is the faulted section. The softvare In cooperatives serving rurai
areas vhere distances are 1arge, remote meter ieading
also contains the logic to isolate the faulted section may also be economical. A1so, if
and restore service to unfaulted feeder sections. iti" trro_\rat
communications has been installed, meter reading can bL
re_quires flrst opening the svitch or svitches on either a viable economic option.
end of the faulted section. The remalning unfaulted
and de-energized sections are then transferred to Load control (LC) refers to the direet control by
-
another source. ff energy storage devices or small utifities of the customers appliances such as lratei
dispersed generation systems exist at the remote end, heaters, air conditioners, and other major loads. This
fault monitors at the unfaulted feeder may indicate function is usually controlled by the system
faults. Directional fault sensors may be required to dispatcher, and must be exercised vith great care to
indicate the real faulted sections. cycle Loads r,rhen they are being rest;red due to the
loss of diversity among appliances in the controlled
. The integrated volt/var control (fWC) function is
primarily
group.
responsible for maintaining feeder voltages
vithin prescribed limits through control of a outage mapping is another useful function
combination of transformers r*,ith load tap ehangers especially vhere distribution line carrier is used.
(tTC), voltage regulators and svitched capacitors. In Rernote units that do not communicate or loss of
addition, it controls the feeder substation communication that cannot be attributed to nolse
reactive pover flov vith the ability to model
""a each of normally indicate a loss of pover at those remote units
the controlled devices and permit modeling changes in and by inference an outage has occurred.
the settings of any controlled device. It should be
capable of representing line drop compensation as ve11 After a massive blackout, remote devices
as, permitting paral1el operation oi regulators on controlling loadbreak svitehes, eircuit breakers, and
LTC,s. Because of conflicting objeetlves aI times, the reclosers can be used to reduce inrush currents due to
volt/var control application softvare requires cold-l,oad pick up by selective svitching.
operational priorities. For example, Reference lBgl
suggests that eontrolling voltage should take prioiity
to reactive pover control and 1osses. Thus,'in thai
controL algorithm, a higher veighting or priority i.s
assigned to satisfy the voliage limits. 0nce the
CHAPTER 2
Author: L. Y. ltcCall
2.I ITITRODUCTION _
2.3 AUTO}IATION SYSTEX CO}IPI}TER BACILITIES -
Distribution Automation functions provide a means Successful performance in executing all of the
to more effectively manage the minute-by-minute Distribution Automation functions is dependent on the
continuous operation of a distribution system' As in adequacy of the control/monitoring eomputer facilities
any automation process' this involves collecting and p.orided. Central processing demands vi11 be a
anafyzi.rg information from lrhich to nake decisions, iunction of automation system complexity. System
impllmeniing the appropriate -decision, and then protection and similar functions vill impose critical
u"iifyirrg that the desired result is achieved' real,-time cons traints'
Distribution Automation provides a tool to achieve Provision for adequate' computer facilities
maximum utilization of the utility's physical p1ant, requires careful and complete identification of all
and to provide the highest quality of service to its daia and timing requirements of all of the funetions to
custome;s. Obviously, both the utility and its be implemented, and prioritization of the operation of
customers are beneficiaries of suecessful Distribution the functions. It may be necessary to consider
Automat ion. providing distributed computing rsources' For
example, the very fast response time required for
Since Distribution Automation systems are modular, syst;m protection eould be provided by locating
they may be implemented in stages, commencing from a nicroprocessors at the appropriate equipment, and
modest dlgree of tapability and complexity, and groving Iinking to the central automation computer Io'
." n"".""ity to achieve desired tangible and intangibLe annunclation, and longer time delay control' Also'
economic benefits. For example, a utllity may start distributed computing resources could provide for more
r,,ith a limlted capability SCADA system for substation efficient and effeetive data management !'here large
monitoring and contiol, extend this to the feeders, and volumes are encountered in more complex systems'
finally inplement a complete integration of automation
functions. Systens implemented in this fashion must be Examples of the role of the eomputer in managlng
designed to accommodate future expansion' Distributlon Automation processes are shovn in Figures
2.1 and 2.2.
OUTPUTS
DISPLAY AVAILABLE
INFORMATION, INCLUDING
THE CUHRENT DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
OPEMTOHACKI{OWLEDGES
AND ORIGINATES
COHRECTIVE ACTION
lnputs: Outputs:
(1), (2), & (3) = Capacitor status:[not available; (4) = Control (capicator switches)
Available, not energized, (6) = New capacitor status; voltage levels,
Available energizedl, Var flows
plus voltage levels - VAR flows.
(5) = Capacitor status change
lnterrogate for
Vars, Volts &
Capacitor
Status
/Vars\
Outside
Select Control
Select Control Select Control Algorithm to
Algorithm to Algorithm to Correct
Correct Vars Correct Volts Vars & Volts
Verify Control
Correctly Executed
AIarm
Display Situtation
Correct
on CRT
[1
section, and restoring service to unaffected line
sectlons system reconfiguration. 2.6.2 Cold load pickup -
- -by This is
accomplished vith a minimun of time de1ay. Typically,
tl. total elapsed time should be less ih.n or. to tl,o _ Cold load pickup describes the high magnitude,
short
minutes r,rith Distribution Automation. duration in-rush current, folloved by the
undiversified demand experienced vhen re_energizing a
fn addition to an obvious improvement in the circuit folloving an extended (t ) 20 "minuiesj
quality of service, benefits include an improvement interruption. Fast completion of a fault isolation and
systen utilization, and efficiency of personnel in service restoration operation vil1 reduce the
machines deployed to clear the persistent fau1t. and undiversified component of cold load pickup
considerably. Significant service i.nterruption ,lff Ue
Service securi.ty management is mainly achieved Ilnited to those customers supplied from the faulted
executing the follor+ring monitoring _ control actionss by (and isolated) line section,
L2
2.7 SYSTEH EFFICIBNCY }IANAGEUEM - capacitors, and to apply them in response to real-time
,r".d" f.or'a total substation and feeder perspective
As the name implies, this process oPerates to rather than a forecast or local information based on a
maximize system efficiency and utilization of the single point along the feeder.
existing distribution system by minimizing electrical
losses. Loss reduction is achieved by selecting system An idealized capacitor installation vould comprise
configurations vhich vill- most evenly distribute the a very large number of sma11 capacitor units. For
loads among feeders, and by providing leading reactive practical reasons, installations !ri11 be something less
po!/er generation vhere required to offset lagglng ihan ideal. Specifieally, these r^ri11 comprise a
ieactive loads. Transformer loads are managed to smaller number of higher rated units. Control
provide for maximum capacity utilization. algorithms wilL increase in complexity as capacitor
initallations approach an idealized configuration.
Reduction of losses provides reduced operating Distribution Automation provides the ability to closely
costs, A1so, since execution of this Process tends to control var flolrs monitored at rnany locations on the
maximize system utilization, it vi11 reduce and/or sys tem,
delay the requirement for eapital expenditures.
Themost significant monitoring/control aetions
for system efficiency management ares 2.7.3 Transformer Load Hanagenent -
Honitoring of load and var values, at all Transformer load management is executed to
l-ocati6iE- vtrere this is available - to determine the maximize the utilization of transformer capacity or to
distribution of these values for appropriate corrective reduce system losses.
actlon; and status information - to determine system
configurat ion. The renote monitoring capability provides for
operating a supply transformer up to its maximun
Control of line svitches - to reconfigure the allovable loading. Load can then be controlled at this
distributlon system for optimum load distribution; 1eve1 by reconfiguring the dovnstream system, and/or by
operate capacitor svitches - to match var generation to suppressing customer loads using the load management
system var requirements; and to trip customer loads func t ion .
Execution of this process is difficult because Uanagement of voltage and system efficiency are
extensive computation is required to analyze closely linked since similar controls are exeeuted to
alternative configurations for load 1oss. Fast load achieve benefits in each of these categories. Control
flov programs are required to implement this function. algorithms provide for optimal achievement of these
This is an area vhere expert systems may be applicable' benefi ts.
partieularly if vatid rules can be stated for proper
load distribution. This ability can also be used to selectively
reduce distributlon system voltage 1eve1s, vhen
necessary, to effect a degree of load management. The
benefit to the utifity, is that it can be achieved very
2.7.2 Loss Hanagenent By Var Dispatch - quickly, vith complete control of voltage fevels at a1I
key points in the distributi.on system.
The distribution of flovs of lagging reactive load
currents in distributi.on systems can be predicted vith Voltage leve1s are affected by such factors as
reasonable accuracy. It is therefore possible to load magnitudes, distribution and pover factor, and by
deploy and control leading reactive generators circui t configurations and impedances ' Means of
(capacltors) to effectively offset the lagging reactive controlling voltage levels in established distribution
currents. systems, hovever, are usually limited to either line
voltage regulators, or reactive flov eontrol.
Capaeitors are installed and controlled for loss
reduction and voltage control benefits even vithout Significant monitoring and control requirements
Distribution Automation. Hovever, Distribution for this function include:
Automation, r,rith its advanced capabilities' provides a
means to monitor the state and health of the Monitoring of voltage levels at a number of
locatTonEJi-the distribirt iun ;yb Leni suf f icient to
accurately determine system voltage profiles; of var
flolls for assessment of optimurn var requirements; and
L3
of capacitor status avallability of each unit and programmed 1evels
operating status of each unit (energized/de_energized); are achieved. It also provides for
and status of LTC and regulator posftions. - t!" appropriate selection of registers
vhere time of use rates are in "n".gy-r"tering
effect.
Control of capacitor svitehes to Executlon of load management provides several
energIZUd-E-energize as required and to operate (or possible tenefits
bias the operation of) LTC or voltage regulators. .to the uiitity .Ia ia" customers.
llaximizing urilization of the distribution
systen can l-ead to deferrals of "*i"iing
capital e*penaitu.es.
This is achieved by shaping the daii;-i;onthly,
2.8.1 Voltage Regulation _
load characteristi" uy'"uip.";.i;;-i";l" at peakannual) times
and/or encouraging. energy consumption at
tines; by minimiiing t[e ,equi.eil.",'fo, ,"r;-;.;;i; off_peak
. Voltage regulation provides for inereasing or
decreasing. voltage levels reLative to a norainal ,Ifr"l Seneration or po\rer purchases by suppr"ssirrg lo"a";--[i
and is achieved by the operation of load tap changers
relieving the consequences oi Ioss of
on supply transformers, and step voltage- generation or similar "igniii"rnt
situations bv
transformers located at the subsiation, orregulaiing
in the
suppressing load; "*".gun"!
.andof-by redicing ""ij-f""j"pr.tri
distribution circuits. during re-energization devices vith
fhese----are
self-controlled devices, responding to voltage normally
i;;e
cold foad pickup features. "i."uii"-uii"g
level signals available_ ai the [oi"t or appllcation.
"nd
Ilovever, there is usually some 'form of ^iin" _L91d management monitoring and control includes
. folloving:
compensation control a.op the
-that predicts
remote location and adjusts
a voltage at ;
to that point
current changes rather than to the voltage"sat load Monitorins ofsubstations and feeder l-oads _ to
verify-lEatfie required
regulator. I{ith real_time DAS information as to th;
voltage at that point, line drop the is achieved for normal r"griild"-Ji 1-oad suppression
.il".e"""y"iii"ur",.nees; and
unnecessary. "orp"n".tion becomes svitch status "na
required vhen
measure
ioad,":l;ff:"."i:riffiij::.."r:r::#:ji:l
A Distribution Automation system provides a means
of coordinating vo1_tage reguLatiin for opti;;;
operation to satisfy voltage 1evi1 requirements at Control of individual customer loads _ svitching
key points in the system. It also all very large number_of-customer ro"a"-iJ'suppress a
response to system, station or feeder foads for normal totaL
"l1or"
system conditions other than those deteetable
only ;; eonditions; and svitehing ,.i".--..gi"t".";; "r;.;;;;;
the lTC or regulator loeations, -eg. suppressing acconmodate time_of_use (time of _ to
operation lrhen var generation is actiiated io, tosl a"Vj ."t" structures,
reduction. This vi11 reduce int"r."tion and vhere these are in effeet.
betveen independent device controls.
hunting
t4
Automation and of customer installed load control 2.T2 OBJECTIVB PRTORTTIBS -
microprocessor. IJith such an arrangement, the utj.lity
could vary rates throughout the day, reflecting actual There is a subtle distinction betveen operatlng
generation costs and any system supply capability and objective priorities. Operating priorlties are
constraints, and broadcast this information to all linked to the degree of urgency prevailing to effect
customer microprocessors. Each microprocessors could any of the control actions. Even vhen these priorities
then control its loads to conform to a customer are satisfied, there is a potential for the automatlon
selected eost bias. This is sometimes cal}ed rrspottr system to encounter conflicts in control imperatives.
pri cing. A priority control hierarchy must be incorporated into
control algorithms to alleviate such conflicts.
Table 2.2: Sunmaryof Aceuracy, Tine Inperatives
& Operating PrequencY An example of this class of priority is the
operation of the loss management function. Switehlng
llanagenent Process Timeliness Accuracy Prequency in capacitor units cannot be alloved to continue beyond
the point vhere voltage leve1s vill exceed acceptable
Information (1) Eigh (3) limi ts .
15
CHAPTER 3
AUTOMATION
COM},IUNICATIONS SYSTEMS FOR DISTRIBUTION
3.2 DISTRTBUTION AI]TOXATION COI{HI'HICATION RESI,IREHBNTS Since the cost of the comnunication system is
significant, selection of the best combination of real
coit and overall performanee could yield substantial
The communication requirements for Distribution savings to the utility. If the proper communication
Automition depend on the size, complexity and degree of syst.* is not selected, its high cost may offset the
automation of the distribution system' In general, -it benefits of Distribution Automation. Both first cost
i= desirable that a communication system for and life-time operation and maintenance costs must be
Distribution Automation have the folloving evaluated.
charac teris t i cs :
o Communication reliabilitY
o Cost effectiveness 3.2.3 Data Rate Requirements -
o Ueet Present and future data rate requirements
o Tvo-vay capability (not necessary for some Every communication system has a bandvidth limit'
functions) The smaller the bandvidth the lover the maximun
o Ability to conmunicate into Pover outage possible data rate. A communication system for
areas/faults bistribution Automation must not only meet its present
o Ease of operation and naintenance data rate requirements but must also have sufficient
o Conforming to the architecture of data flov bandvidth margin to a11ov for future expansion of the
automation system. Many Distribution Automation
functions can be Perforned rrith communications systems
having a 300 bps data rate or 1ess. For large systems,
3.2.1 Conmunication Reliability - highei capacity links may be desired at the top of the
communication hierarchy. Functionsr such as load
A communication system for Distribution Automation control, can be performed vith very lov data rates
vt11 be exposed to the severe environment of the (less than 10 bPs).
outdoors. This means eonstant exposure to adverse
lreather conditions, such as rain, snov, hail, severe Prior to selection of a communication systemr a
vind and electrical storms. In addition' long term data rate audit of a Distribution Automation scheme
to ultra violet light from the sun can lead to must be performed' The audit vi11 analyze each
"tpo",r."
deierioration of sone naterials. The communications automatic function and make a determination of the bit
system must be designed so that it can vithstand these rate required to perform the function. Ilorst case
rigors vith only routine maintenance' scenarios should be considered. The conmunication
system should have at least enough bandvidth along each
The communication system vitt be exposed to of its respective signal paths to meet the data rate
Electromagnetic Interference (EHI), this can seriousl'y requirenents determined in the audit. A large margin
effect its data transmission reliabillty' EMl can viIl allov for future growth of the system and
increased system flexibilitY.
L7
- In cases where data rate is 1ov, distributed 3.2-l Conforning To The Architecture
intelligence in conjunction vith Lov data rate can be a Of Data Florr _
viabLe optlon.
large automated distribution
- A many DAS end-use aerices system can consist
-lij-"o.r"
9t
Distribution_Dispatch. Centers (nOC). -iie or more
3.2.4 Tvo-Eay Capabillty _ connunication
system performs the task oi accumutating 'and
Tvo-vay communications is required for transmitting aI1 necessary control and data
Depending on the type of communicatioi signals.
Distribution Automation functions. Load control ismost
example of a function suited to one_vay communication.
an and the physical lavout of the Ji"i.iUi,tio, =i",", utitized
different data flov architecture"-;iii-;;
. system,
A _control signal is sent fron the
informs the Loads to toggle on or off.
center that As an example, if Distributlon f,in" -Curii..appropriate.
"orrt.ol
More advanced control and data signals i" used,
load control systems ean have addressing information
transmitted along vith the load eontrol iniormation substations. Comnuniiationvi11 fior--to placed and from
substations "iff---le in
that indivldual loads or groups of loads can so b; .-to manage. comnands and data transfer. The
controlled. Real-tirne verification of the load status substation vill be 1inked to the nOC.--inus a control
!.ith a-return signal from the load is not necessary for signal sent from the DDC .u"i-'p.""-"
controlling the devices, Some method of aeteimining substarion control units _before it-i"-Jlit through the
feeder. Remote Termina] Units -may-"exist oua on the
the health of the 1oad control devices is needed] on the
Tvo-vay capability would help determine vhich load feeders.
control devices are not vorking.
Fault isolation and service restoration is
an
example of an autonatic function requiring tro_r.y TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
communieations. In this case fault det"cti.s ,u"i
communicate vith the utility control center so that the
fault location can be deterllined, the; signals must be
sent from the control center to sectionallzlng svitches
to isolate the faulted section. Tvo_vay communication
is - a requirenent for any automated disiribution system
vith advanced functions.
1E
SUBSTATION
SWITCH
FEEDER
___> SHUNT
CAPACITOR
LATERAL (_
l--.1 cusronren I
CONVENTIONAL
DATA LINK tl'
DIST.
)GMR
DISTRIBUTION
DISPATCH
CENTER
3.3 COI{I{IINICATTOHS SYSTEI{S USED II{ DISIRIBI}IION 3.3.1 Distributiou Line Carrier [Pover Line Carrierl -
ATTTOHATION -
From the point of viev of the utility considering Pover Line Carrier (PLC) vas first introduced in
Distribution Automation, communication systems can be the 1920's. Since then, PLC technology has evolved
divided into four categories: those that are under into a mature and reliable conmunications teehnique for
utility control and use existing pover lines for the pover transmission systems. Today it is used primarily
signal pathr those that are under external control and for proteetive relaying, SCADA and voice data on
muit be-1eased, broad coverage systems using radio, and transmission systems. Utilities have looked favorably
final1y, systems requiring installation of a signal upon PLC because of the positi.ve experience they have
path. Table (3.1) summarizes the comnunications had vith it in transmission applications. The
options available for Distribution Automation' frequencies used by PLCr hovever, have never been
licensed by the FCC' and only recently have been
recognized by the FCC as a footnote.
t9
PLC performs veII on transmission systems because 3.3.2 Ripple Control -
they are electrically simple and have fev
discontlnuities. Typically, distribution pLC utilizes Ripple control vorks in a manner similar to DLC in
frequencies from 5 to 20 kEz, llhile the FCC does not that a carrier frequency is injected onto the polrer
llcense PLC, frequencies under 20 kHz are referred to Ilne. Information is eneoded on the carrier by keying
as Distribution tine Carrier [DLC] and use is permltted it in an on/otf fashion. Ripple control utilizes
on a non-licensed, non-interferrence basis. For this carrier frequencies less than 2 kHz. Since the carrier
reason, vhen lie speak of pLC systems used on the frequency is closer to the 60 Hz pover frequency,
utility distrlbution system, ve refer to it as DLC. compared to DLC, it propagates through the distributiln
Unfortunately, distribution llnes are electrieally system more efficiently. Ripple control, because of
complex due to the existence of numerous junctions, its lover carrier frequeney, is slover than DLC.
transformers and shunt capacitors. These can severely Despite this, its data rate is sti11 adequate for
attenuate the carrier frequencies, making it difficult one-lny functions,
to reliably propagate a signal through the distribution
system. In an attempt to correct this problern, carrier Pover system harmonies become increasingly
systems for distribution utilize much lover frequencies prevalent belor,r 1 kIIz. Since this is the range tf,ai
than are used on transmission systms. These are much ripple control systems operate in, a carrier frEqueney
closer to the pover frequency and therefore are less must be selected vhich is not a polrer system harmonic,
likely to be attenuated by the large amounts of shunt otherlrise the ripple earrier vould be overvhelmed bi
capacitance found on the distribution system. Despite harmonic interference. Despite the selection o-f
a significant improvement, the use of lover frequencies frequencies betveen harmonics, ripple control is more
has not eliminated the attenuation probJ.ems assoeiated susceptible to power system noise than DtC.
vith DLC. In addition, signal rrholesr are a serious
problem. Holes occur at a point lrhere a reflected DLC Despite its dravbacks, ripple control has been
signal eancels the i,ncident DtC signal, Signal used successfully vorldvide for about 40 _ 50 years.
reflections are due to discontinuities such as It is best suited as a comnunication system for
transformers and line ends. .lJhen DLC systems are automation functions requi.ring one_vay signal
designed, studies are performed to select a carrier transmission, such as load control. From the
frequency vhieh mininizes difficulties associated vith Distribution Autonation vievpoint, ripple control is
ho1es. Future modifications of the distribution system sinilar to DLC in that it uses existing por,rer 1lnes and
can alter the locations of holes or create nev ones can perform one-lray functions, such as load control.
vhich could interfere '^rith the DLC systen. Special
techniques must be employed by the DLC system to
correct this problem, just as special techniques must
be employei by radio and telephone to correct this
problem,
20
ro the "dialing timertt and vould be very slov at
3.3.3 Zero Crossing Technique - implementing functions such as fault lsolation and
This two-lray communication technique utilizes the service restoration. Telephone lines have been used
pover line as the signal path and synchronizes vith the successfully in distribution communications systems'
crossings of the 60 Hz pover frequency for but utilities continue to seek an alternate system that
"".o
signaling. ite folloving is a condensed excerpt from is under utility control and has no leasing costs'
t4al, t5t1, and [60]. The outbound signaling technique
-based
is on modulation of the 60 Hz voltage vithin a
narrov vindov around the zero crossover point' This is
vithin the narrov vindov 'rt" shovn in Figure 3'4' This 3.3.5 Cable T\I -
effectively changes the zero crossing poirrt of the 60 Areas that are served by cable TV systems operate
Hz vave (by a very small amount). Detectors at remote primarily vith coaxial cable as the signal transmission
control points on the distribution system can detect pattr. Signal amplifiers are placed on the system vhere
this phise shift. By repeated shifting of the zero
crossing point, a bit stream can be transmitted' The rr"""s""ry. CATV systems have broad bandvidthst
inbound communication is based on current modulation' significant portions of vhich are unused. Distribution
A precisely controlled svitch at the remote location Auiomation could utilize a very sma11 fraction of this
drivs curre.rt through a load inductor' The signal available bandvidth. Host CATV systems are designed
current" appears at the substation bus vithin a vindov for one-vay and not tlro-lray communication. Hany
around the bus voltage zero crossing' Six groups of utility customers do not subscribe to CATV' CATV
six independent channels can be formed I59l ' This suffers from the same disadvantages as telephoner these
implies that 6 channels can come in simultaneously being that it is under external control and there could
vilhin the same time frame. For six simultaneous be leasing charges associated vith its use.
channels, the theoretical baud rate is 90 baud per
phase. For three phases, the theoretical- rate is 27O
6aud/feeder. This technique is does not require line
conditioning equiPment like DLC. 3.3.6 Radio -
Radio has proven itself to be a viable
communications technique for certain Distribution
Automation functions. Radio is a broad coverage
comrnunications technology requiring 1ittIe or no
hardvired signal and can be implemented in tl'lo-vay
configurations. A11 radio systems have the ability to
communicate into areas vith pover outage. Radio
communications techniques are availabte in the
folloving formats:
o AM broadcast
o FM broadcast
o VHF
O UHF
o Hicrovave
o Satellite
2l
COMb.IERCIAL INDUSTRIAL
LOAD LOAD
,/
ANTENNA
.DIAL-UP'
DISTRIBUTION
MASTER TELEPHONE I AM
CONTROL BROADCAST
CENTER STATION
22
DISTRIBUTION
MASTER
CONTROL CENTER
SUBSTATION
FIBEROPTIC
LINK
\ LOAD
CONTROLLER
VARIOUS
SUBSTATION
CONTROLLERS
DIST.
XFMR
LINE . IAATER
RECLOSER HEATER
FEEDER
SUBSTATION ;f cAPAoroR
XFMR
FtBEROfTlC ry'
T
ElA = ELECTRO - OPTTOAL CONVERTER (TWO vllAY)
3.3.6.5 l{icrovave -
Hicrovave comnunication utilizes frequelrcies uplink and dovnlink equipment. . Microvave frequencies
higher than I GHz. Hicrovave is currently used by are commonly used for both uplinks and dovnlinks' Some
utilities for SCADA and protective relaying utilities are successfully using satell'ites for SCADA'
applications. The use of microvave communications ili because of the t/4 second delay per data Path
for Distribution Automation is unlikely' except associated vith geosynehronous satellites, they can not
"yitutn"
a finat link from the substation RTU to the U" used for SCaOI functions requiring very qulck
"i response time (such as protective relaying)' The use
Distribution Dispatch Center. This is due to the high ior Distribution Automation is also being
cost and complexity of setting up a nicrovave system' oi
Hicrovave is not well suited to applications requiring cons".t"fflt"s
idered .
multipoint communications. It is a point-to-point
eommunications technology vhich maintains its economic
viability based on tvo factors. It can replace a
hardvired signal path and it has a high bandvidth' For 3.3.7 FiberoPtics -
Distribution Automation, the data rate requirements and
path lengths are so sma1I, compared to typical At this time' a large number of utilities have
micrbvave applications' that the effective cost per fiberoptic links for voice data, SCADA, and relaying
channel becomes very high, making microvave tasks, Utilities are starting to express interest in
unattractive for Distribution Automation unless it is the use of fiberoptics for distribution eommunications'
used in a point-to-point high data rate configuration' consists of a
A typical fiberoptic link
transmitter, receiver and optical fiber' Repeaters can
be placed at intervals if necessary' For pover
3.3.6.6 Satellite - distiibution applications cheaper multimode fibers vith
loli cost LED tiinsmitters should be more than adequate'
Today, most satellite communications are performed
by means of a satellite in g.o"yn.f,torrou" orbit. The primary economic.benefit of fiberoptics is due
Satellites have transponders lrhich receive an uplink to- its 1ov installed cost per channel' For
signal and retransmit it at a differeit ;;"q;:;;;. telecommunications companies requiring trunks vith data
Thanks to their very high altitude, satellites provide rates approaching 1,000,000,000 baud, fiberoptics is an
broad uniform signal coverage. To comrnunicate ihrough '" ."orrorical choicE. This is because a smal1 fiberoptic
a satellite, it is necessary to lease or or., bundle can replace an -enormous bulk telephone cable
transpondef on the satellite and have tt"-n""""""ty vftn hundreds of conductors' For Distribution
Automation vhere required data rates are commonly much
lessthan1000baudrfiberopticcommunicationsloses
23
rO ENERGY MANAGEMENT CENTER
MICRO\,IAVE TELEPHONE
LINK LEASE LINE
--a
PLC
PLC
FEEDER
CAPACITOR
BANK
FM SCA FM SCA
CONTROLLED CONTROLLED
LOAD CUSTOMEF LOAD
METER
24
3.3.9 Coununlcations Systeus Used In Pie1d Tests -
There have been many Distribution Automatlon
projects in recent years. The degree of automation in
ihese projects varies from the capability to perform 1
fev relaiively simple functions to fully automated
systems capable of performing many complex functions'
Tirese projects have alloved a number of communication
schemes to be tested in a variety of non-ideal
conditions. Table (3.2) is a summary of the
eommunications systems used in some recent automation
projects. l{ost of the heavily automated schemes enploy
the use of a hybrid communications system.
Table 3.2
TESCo Telephone
3.4 Su{XARY -
A communications system suitable for Distribution
Automation must fulfiil the necessary technical and
economic requlrements of Distribution Automation to be
such as
viable. Hardvired communications teehniques,technical
i"i.pt o"" or fiberoptics, fy1fi}} lh"Distribution
..qui."r"rrt" necessary for viability.in
Auiomation. However, ih"y ,"y not futfill the economlc
requirements. To fultiIl both the econonic and
technical requirements, the best choice' currently is
hybrid
;;; use of a hybrid conmunication system' A
conmunicatlon system is composed of a number of
diffut.rt communication technofogies, each being best
to its application in the automation schene'
"uii"adesign approach vi1l yield the best eompromise
This
betveen system performance and cost '
"irmunitation
thereby increasing the payback of automation'
25
CHAPTER 4
27
fn choosing an area or areas of the distribution l{ore effective operation of the distribution
system vhich is to be considered for implementation of system can also result
Distribution in investment
Automation, it is ,r."""""ry to identify
the portlon of the system r,rhich offeis the greatesi generation and transmission 1eve1s of savings at the
trr." uiiriiv
sys tem .
potential for savings. Certain areas vi11 offer
greater benefits than others and particular functions
v111 be more economically attractive than others. Capital deferred savings cein also include capital
?hus, the nagnitude of the benefits as ve11 as the displaced_ savings. exaiple of tti"-iyp" benefit is
feasibility of Distribution Automation vilf be affected the displacement of-Anconventional---"i""a.o_r.chanical
by the cholce of distribution system area and functions control or protective devices by autonation equipreni.
to be automated. The displaced savings vil1 depeni ,; ;h; first
installation costs of the iutomateJ -=r",., and eost and
these
The potential- benefits of Distribution Automatlon costs for the displaced conventional equipment.
that can be quantified vil1 generally be in the areas
of. possible capital defernents and operation
maintenance savings. Examples of po""ibt" capi and tai 4.2.2 Operation And llaintenance Savings _
deferments are nev generating ^ capaeity, ^ n;;
distribution substations, subftation^ transformer 0peration and maintenanee potential
additions or changeouts, nev feeder getavays, ete. An benefits
example of possible reduced operation and maintenance
include the folloving types of savings:
costs ls reduced fuel- costs through load ,.n.g.r.nt
and/or reduced distribution system Io"""". o Interruption related savings
o Customer related savings
Examples of other objectives for o 0perational savings
considering
particular areas of thg distribution systen can include
desirability of tighter voltage control along the
feeders, overcoming specific service relia6ility 4.2.2.1 Interruption Related Savings
problems, or eliminating the necessi ty _
folneter
reading personnel to enter eertain areas. Interruption related savings are those vhich
result fron the capability of the Distribution
. Examples of possible distribution system areas Automation system to automatically locate faults on the
that 1r" possible candidates for Distribution dlstributlon feeders, isolate thl faulted section, and
Automation are shovn in Table 4.1. The system rapidly restore electrieal service to the unfaulted
include the distribution substation, piima.y,areas and feeder sections. Savings are possible through redueed
secondary (end user) and are shovn consideiing possible costs for manpolrer and equipment and reduced loss of
related utility objectives. revenue during system disturbances.
28
Table 4.3: Potential Benefit Categories And Beneflt
4.2.4 FTJNCTION BENEFITS - BxanPles (Partia1 Ltst)
A partial listing of the potential benefits of
Distribution Autgmation is shor.rn in Table 4.3. The TyPe
benefits realized by a specifie utility vi11 depend on Description Nunber
the funetions implemented by the utility and the
speeific systern characteristics for that utility.
These benefits are identified by a type number to Capital Deferred Savings
facilitate listing in Table 4.4. Investnent Related Savings
o Deferred Generation And Transnission
Each of these Distributlon Automation functions Systen CaPacitY Additions 1
offers potential benefits for the electric utility' o Deferred Distribution SYsten
Benefit .t"." identified for a nunber of these Capacity Additions: 2
functions in "."
the folloving. Guidelines are a1'so given
for formulation of estimating equations for some of the - Distribution Substation
function benefits to serve as il-lustrations' - Distribution Substation Transforner
- Distribution Feeder And/0r
Feeder GetaYaY
4.2.5 Potential Benefits For Functions - o Displaced l{eed For Conventional
Protection, Control, And lloDitoring: 3
A number of the Distribution Automation functions
are shovn in Table 4.4 together r'rith identification of - Integration of SCADA l{aster And
benefit areas from Table 4.3 that appear to be Remote Terninal Units llith
applicable. The function abbreviations are given Autonation EquiPnent
belov:
- l{eteringr Recorders, And Transducers
o - Feeder Deployment S\"itching
FDS &AS
- Protection EquiPnent
and Automatic sectionalizing - Control BquiPnent
- FL - Fault Location Operation And l{aintenance Savings
- FI - Fault Isolation
- SR - Service Restoration Interruption Related Savings
- FR - Feeder Reconfiguration o Reduced Crev Tine To Locate Persistent
o IWC - Integrated VoIt/Var Control Feeder Faults And Restore Service 4
- BVC - Bus Voltage Control o Reduced Revenue Losses Due To
- STCCC - Substation Transformer Faster Service Restoration 5
Circulating Current Control
- LDC - Line DroP ConPensation Custoner Related Savings
- FRPVC - Feeder Remote Point Voltage
Control
o Reduced Custoner Complaints Due To
- FRPC - Feeder Reactive Pover Control Lov Voltage And/Or Prolonged Outages 6
- SRPC - Substation Reactive Po!,er o Value To Customer Of ImProved
Con troL ReliabilitY Of Service 7
oLC - Load Control
o RHR - Remote Heter Reading Operational Savings
oTD - Tamper Detection
oAR - Automatic Reclosing o Generation Fuel Savings I
o ABS - Automatie Bus Seetionalizing o RePair And Uaintenance Savings 9
The four (4) subfunctions of Feeder Deployment o Redueed l{anpover Costs For Revenue
Svitehing and Auiomatic Sectionalizing (FDS&AS) and the l{eter Reading 10
(O) iubfunctions of Integr'ated VoIt/Var Control o Reduced Revenue Losses Ilue To
"f*
(IWi) are listed together vith several other functions l{eter TanPering 11
for representative PurPoses.
Inproved Operation
As an example of benefi t types ' Feeder
Reconfiguration (Fi) may provide benefits of Types 1' o CapabilitY To Change Digital
2, and 6. In Type 1, the benefits may include possible Protection Settings Adaptively Or
deferral of generation and transmission capacity BY OPerator Fron Renote Point 12
reductions through loss reduction achieved by better o Inproved Data For Distribution Systen
balancing of feeder loads on a real-time basis Operators lluring Energency Conditions 13
recog.rizfng feeder load diversity and opportunities for o Improved Iletection Of Pover Systen
svitlhing.- Similarly, this function may also provide EquiPnent l{alfunction 14
opportunfties for possible deferral of nev distribution o Simplified Changes Of Distribution
feeder capacity vhich is indieated in Substation Sectionalizing Routines 15
=rlst"tio,4-3 and
Table as a Type 2 benefit ' Loss reduetion' o Data For Inproved Engineering And
obtained in cooperation irith the Feeder Reactive Po!'er Planning Decisions 16
Control (FRPC) subfunction of Integrated Voft/Var o Inproved Credibility llith custoEer t7
Controf' can also result in generation fuel savings
shovn as a Type 8 benefit in Table 4'3'
Referring to the FRPC function in Table 4'4' conventional capacitor control equipment is also
benefits are sholrn in the capital deferred, operation displaeed. aeduced distribution system losses also
and maintenance, and improved operation categories' In offer savings in operation and naintenance through
the capital deferred category' I'eeder Reactive Pover generation iuel sarings. Reduction - in repair and
Control offers the potential of released generation-, iaintenance costs is achievable through the capability
transmission, and distribution system capacity through to monitor that all phases of feeder capacitor banks
reduced losses at the distribution level' The need lr svitch in response to cornmanded svitching by the
29
Distribution Automation system. A number of utilities fmprovement in service reliability
allocate a significant budget yearly for inspection of and possible
deferred feeder investment is illusirated in figure
their capacitor banks. Distribution Automation offers
the potential for reducing this expense. !.2. For the example, it is assumed that the feede; is
loaded to I l.lVA with 1600 eustomers. Assuming one
permanent outage every 3 years and an average 4 hours
outage duration, the resulting outage tine per customer
vould be 1.3 hours/outage,/year. Utilizing the r-eeder
Detection of malfunctioning equipment and more Deployment Srrritching and Ar-ltomatic Eectionalizing
prompt data based on monitored feeder and remote point function and 4 sections per feeder vith appropriate til
data enables better engineering and planning dati in circuits, feeder loading could be increased and outage
addition to maintenance data. This operational data time per customer reduced. In the example, it I"
vi11 permit better location of capacitors to be chosen assumed that feeder loading could be increased to 16
as r,rell as choice of capacitor loeation on an ilVA with 3200 customers provided the feeder is not
integrated system basis vhere svitching of feeder thermally limited. Average outage time is reduced to
sections to achieve feeder load balance may be done 0.68 hours/outage/year assuming seivice j.s restored to
rou t inely . unfaulted feeder sections in I to 2 minutes through
automation.
In addition to the Feeder Deployment Svitching and
Automatie Sectionalizing function and the Integiated A simplified example of klJ loss reduction through
volt/Var Control function and their subfunciions, the Substation Transformer Load Balancing function aid
possible benefit types are also shovn in Table 4.4 for the Feeder Deployment Svitching ana Automatic
Load Control (LC), Remote l'teter Reading (RltR), Tanper Sectionalizing function is shovn in Figure 4.3. fn the
Detection (TD), Automatic Reclosing (AR), and Automaiic example, it is assumed that load 1oss for each
Bus Sectionalrzing (ABS). A similar description of transformer at its 25 I'1VA rating is 20g kI{. If the
benefits can be made for eaeh of the funciions. A load on feeder sections is in such blocks to permit
description of the potential benefits for a number of balancing of transformer 1oad, it may be possiLle to
functions is given in Section 5 of Reference [56]. reduce the transformer losses and reduce system peak
Examples of several potential benefits are illustrated Ioads. Balaneing of feeder loads vouLd permit g..it..
in Figures 4.1 through 4,4. savings. Distribution Automation vould provide the
capability to balance the substation transformer and
A tvo-transformer substation is illustrated in feeder loadings on a continuing basis throughout each
Figure 4.1 and it is assuned that each transformer is day assuming the load bloeks needed for beneficial
rated 25 MVA. Tith present operating philosophy, each switching vere available and transformer loadings made
transformer might be loaded to only 12.5 l..lVA so that srri tching at tractive.
the remaining transformer vould not be overloaded in
the event of failure of one transformer. Total feeder In Figure 4.4, it is assumed that at the present,
load might be limited also to 25 l,tVA, I{ith -
loads are balanced among feeders and substation
Distribution Automation and the Feeder Deployment transformers every fei,i years based on annual peak
Svitching and Automatic Sectionalizing iurrction Ioads. It is also assumed that voltage and pover
implemented, each transformer could be loaded more factors are regulated essentially to fulI peak and
heavily through the ability to readily transfer some off-peak hours on1y. I{ith the Feeder Deployment
load to adjacent substations. Thus, firm substation Svitching and Automatic Sectionalizing function
ratlng could be increased. its
feeder reconfiguration capability aciing together
"ndvith
30
j 25
Assume:
Two Transformer Substation
j 25
SUBSTATION
ASSUMPT!ONS:
13 kv FEEDER
8 MVA LOAD
1600 CUSTOMERS
TYPICAL OUTAGE
one permanent outage every three years, average four hours duration.
PRESENT FEEDEH LOADING
Load feeder to I MVA for 1600 customers. Service reliabitity is
1.3 hours outage/year/customer with 1600 customers out 4 hours each occurance.
WITH DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION
Achieve higher feeder loading at improved reliability. Split feeder into
4 sections by adding sectionalizing switches. tsolate faulted section and
restore service to unfaulted sections in 1 to 2 minutes.
A) For 8 MVA/1600 customers: 400 out 4 hours, 1200 out 1 to 2 minutes;
(0.34 hours out/yearlcustomer)
B) For 16 MVA/3200 customers (assume 2 outages every 3 years): 900 out
4 hours each time, 2400 out 1 lo 2 minutes each time
(0.68 hours out/year/customer)
31
j 25
Assume
Two Transformer Substation
Substation Load = 25 MVA
Load On Each Transformer = 12.5
Load Loss At 12.5 MVA = 52 KW
MVA
j 25
j 25 MVA
Assume:
Two Transf ormer Subslation
Substation Load = 25 MVA at 50% Load Factor
Annual Energy 109.5 GWH
Annual Losses:
j
Substation Transformer = 0.6 GWH
Feeder Primaries = 2.2 GWH
25
(4.1) category A: Capital For Electrical Plant From Substation Out Onto Distribution System
Deferred Due To Displacenent In Tioe (Years)
A= PVRR for Eguipnent r (capital + o-er) | $ - ,""" for Eguipnent r (Capital * o&ti)l
"tt
Where: PVRR = Present Value of Revenue Requirenent evaluated over time displaced
instead of purchasing in year N, the purchase is deferred to year
c, thereby gaining the use of money from years N through c
Equipnent T = Porer Equipaent From Substation Out Onto Distribution System
Year = N<c<d
33
EQUATIONS FOR CATCULATING POTET{TIAL BEHEFIT GENERTC CATEGORIES
td
B= PVRR IConventional Systen - Distribution Autolation Syster] lri
l{here: .PVRR : Present Value of Revenue RequireEent evaluated over tire displaced
Syster - Eardsare purchase g + First Coat to install
Year - N<d
(1.3) Category C: Operation And ;aintenaace llue To Control,/Protection Related Eardware Dependency
(4.{) Category D: Operation And uaintenaoce That Are Autoration fuaction DePendent Due To Replacing
uinual Operations rith Autorated Operations
td
D = pVRR [Base SysteE O&f, affected by autouatlon - Distribution AutoBation Syste! OsIf] | N
(1.5) Category E: Generation and rransDission Capital Deferred Due To Displacenent ro Tiae Due To
Denand Reduction (Capacity)
td
E = PVRR [(Peak Generation Costs/kw + Transnission Costs/tw)(Total kII Reduction]l I N
Ilhere: PVBB - Present value of Revenue Requirenent evaluated over tire displaced
Year = N(d
({.6) Category F: Geaeration and TransEission Operational Savings Due To Reduction IE kIh Due to
Deaand Reduction ( Enerqy)
td
F= PVRR [(tw Reduction)(Eours/Year)(Appropriate Generation and Transrission Costrz]wh]l I r
Ilhere: = Present Value of Revenue Requirelent evaluated over tire displaced
PVRR
trlfh = Eeat Losses (r2n) of electrical plant, not energy delivered to custoler
Eours/Year : aours in Operation per year
Year = t{<d
(1.7) Category G: Operational Savinga Due To Reduction In kWh Due lo Displace.ent In Ti.e (Energy)
td
G: PVRR [(kW Reduction)(Eours,/Yr)(t kwh shifted)(Differential fuel costs,/kWh)l I N
tthere: PVRR : Present Value of Revenue Requirenent evaluated over tile displaced
Year = N<d
35
Category E benefits are capital deferred benefits 4.5 -
RBSOURCES POR DETERXII{ING BBIiIEFITS
for generation and transmission eapacity vhich may
result from the application of Distribution Automation The principal resources for determining the
achieving reduction in demand. Benefits in this benefits of the various Distribution Automation
category can result from the Load Control and/or the functions vifl- be estimating equations and digital
Integrated Volt/Var control functions. It is computer programs developed for overall economic
emphaslzed that estimating benefits by equation (4.5) evaluation of Distribution Automation. An approach for
is a simpLified approaeh and generation and developing estimating equations is described above.
transmission planning studies should be utilized for Research softvare vas developed in the EPRI RP2021-1
more accurate determination of benefits. project for the overall economic evaluation process and
i,as used in the validation of the methodology.
Category F benefits are operational savings from
energy savings that result from a demand reduction and For a more detailed analysis of the generation and
are related to the Category E benefits. An estimating transmission benefits, other resources such as
equation (4.6) may be used. Generation and Optimized Generation Planning Programs and the EPRI
transmission planning studies should be utilized for Load Hanagement Strategy Testing Hodel [85] should be
nore accurate determination of benefits. ut ilized.
Category G benefits are also operational savings
vhich take into aecount energy related savings, These
benefits result solely from the implementation of Load 4.6 IIIEGRATTON OF BEITEFITS IITTO ECOilOI{IC EVALUATION
ilanagement and TOU lletering functions, Similarly to -
the previous tvo types of benefits, generation and
transmission planning studies are recommended for more In an economie evaluation process for Distribution
accurate determination o,f benefits. These benefits may Automation, a large number of variables must be
be estinated using equation (4.7). considered. Certain types of benefits such as Generic
Category A for capital deferred due to a displacement
Information is contained in Table 4.6 vhich in time for investments nay be automatical)-y
indieates for several functions the applicabJ-e generic determined. This is accomplished by the vay ln vhich
calculation categories for formulating benefit equipment additions, automated and non-automated, are
estimating equations. treated for the different years of a study period.
Some parameters for benefit deternination nay be
considered to be constant throughout the study period
4.3 PAMI{BTER,S RBQT,IRED - '*rhile others may be required on a year-by-year basis.
The above assumes that in the economi.c evaluation
As equations are developed for estimating the process, alternate distribution system expansion plans
benefits of Distribution Automation, it vil,I be lril1 be eonsidered (automated vs. non-automated) and
apparent that a nunber of different parameters are revenue requirements determined for each.
required in the calculations. Reference [56] contains
a glossary of terms used in the methodology developed
in EPRI Project RP2021-1. This glossary includes
definition of the parameters used in the benefit 4.7 II{PACT ON DISIRIBI'TIOI{ SISTEI{ -
estimating equatlons for each of the Distributlon Distribution Automation is expected to have
Automation functions described in that report.
significant impact on distri.bution system operating
As an example of the formuLation of a benefit practlces, eonfigurations, and capital equipment
estlmatlng equation, the benefit from Load Control in implementation as systems are impJ.emented and benefits
achieving fuel savings due to shifting load from are realized, Some of the major anticipated factors in
on-peak to off-peak is illustrated. This benefit may each of the above categories are listed in Tables 4.7
be estimated using generic equation (4.7). The related through 4.9. Impact on operati.ng practices is shovn in
equation is (4.8). Table 4.7. These impacts viII have an important role
in determining the benefits of Distribution Automation
0ther benefit estinating equations can be for each speciflc utility system.
formulated in a similar nanner.
Table 4.7: Irpact On Operating Practices
4.4 ECONOI{IC II{PACT ARBAS-
o Better Control of Distribution
The potential benefits of Distribution Automation Systens
exist at the generation and transmission levefs of the
utility system as ruell as at the distribution 1eveI. o Eeavier Loading of Substation
These benefits, at the generation and transmission Transforners and Feeders
1eve1, may comprise a major part of the total
Distributlon Automation benefit, Therefore, it is o Increased Svitching to Reduce
lmportant that the benefits at these leveIs of the Losses and Defer Systen
system be correctly identified rather than Invest[ent
concentrating only on the benefits at the distribution
system level. o ilore Rapid Service Restoration
As noted in Table 4.3, the principal potential o Utilization of fligher Distribution
benefits at the generation and transmission 1eveIs are Voltages
lnvestment related savings for capacity and operational
savings for generation fuel. Effective evaluation of o Inproved Data Collection
these benefits may require utilization of digital-
computer programs such as generation produetion costing
programs and/or programs sueh as the EPRI Load
l{anagement Strategy Testing Hodel [85].
36
TABLE 4.9: IMPACT ON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CAPITAL EQUIPMENT
Several effects on distribution system configuration The requirements listed below are perceived as
are shown in Table 4.8. being primarily those of demonstrated performance
rather than those limited by technology. Some of the
needs [76] vhich must be satisfied are listed belov:
Table 4.8: Inpact On Distribution Systen Configuration
o The bidirectional communications systems
must be economically feasible, reliable'
and provide high speed.
o Additional Feeder Sectionalizing Points
o Comnunications system performance must be
demonstrated during both normal and
abnormal distribution system conditions.
o Additional Feeder Tie Points and Ties
Betveen Substations o Development of structured softvare designs
is required so that normal updates and
modifieations by utilities can be
aceomplished vithout major reprogramning.
o Longer and l{ore Eeavily Loaded Feeders
o Standardized lrell defined interfaces must
be developed for hardvare and softvare.
17
CHAPTER 5
39
5.2.2 Select Study Period -
Specify a study period over vhich alternate plans In the quantification of expense_reducing benefits
are to be evaluated. This period should ba of of Distribution Automation, appioxi.mate methods shoul-d
sufficient duratlon so that beneflts of plans employing be enployed initially. Sensitlvity analysis may then
Distributlon Automation functions vill have sufiicleni be used later to assess vhether more exact approaches
tlme to offset initial costs. Study periods typically are necessary. Sensitivity analysis is discusiid later
are ten or more years in duration. End_of_study in this chapter.
adjustments ni11 generally need to be made for shortei
duration studies vhere there may be a differenee in
installed distribution eapacity among alternatives at
the end of the study period. These adjustments are 5.3 BCONOHIC COUPARISON OF ALTERNATTVB PI,ANS
described later in this section. -
of tr{o or more teehnically
Economic comparison
equal plans (satisfying the sane objectives over th:
same period of time), each varying in the nature and
5.2.3 Project Load Grovth - timing of expenditures, is most often achieved by
utility companies through cornparison of assoclatei
Project the year-by-year load development in the revenue requirements. The preference by utilities for
study area. This vill guide the creation of specific the revenue requirements method results irom a number
distribution plans to provide customary service io the of conditions unique to the utility industry that do
load using, in some cases, customary system designs not exist in general industry.
and, in other cases, designs employing advanced
automated functions. A utility exanines a number of possible neans of
accomplishing the given objeetive and then selects the
alternative that is least costly in terms of the amount
of. revenue required from its consumers, The prineipal
5.2.4 Alternatives -
D,evelop objective is to minimize the cost to the consumer.
Several different methods of comparing the revenue
Develop alternate plans to meet area requirements. requirements are explained in Section 5.2.2.
Sone plans should employ conventional substation and
circuit designs vhile others should use combinations of
automated functions vhich have potential to yield 5.3.1 Classification Of Bxpenses And Capital
investment-related, interruption_relited, Expenditures -
customer-re1ated, and/or operational savings. Each
plan vould list in detail the requirernents for nev Revenue is needed both to pay expenses and to
equipment in each year as ve11 as the assoeiated cover the costs associated vith capital expenditures.
operation and maintenance costs. Care must be taken to classify costs and benefits
correctly because each has a different effect on
revenue requirenents.
5.2.5 Calculate Operating & l{aintenance Cosrs - Expenses are generally for payment of day_to_day
operating and maintenance items, such as fue1, payro1I,
Calculate the year-by-year operating and miscellaneous supplies, rents and insurance, Systen
maintenance costs for each plan. Care must be iaken to energy losses are considered an expense as are the
incorporate the expense reductions yielded by vhatever costs of service restoration and customer complaint
automated distribution functions are empJ-oyed. These investigations. Funds for expenses are tax deductible
reduetions may arise from such things as lolrer energy and come directly from current revenues.
losses, l-ess }ost revenue due to shorter customer
interrupti.on durations, fever investigations due to Capital expenditures are generally characterized
abnormal voltage complaints, lover manpover
_
by . (a) use for purehase and installatiln of long_lived
requirements needed to isolate faulted eircuit sections equipment, and (b) not lending themselves to financing
and to restore service to unfaulted sections, ete. If from current revenue. Funds for capital expenditurel
an expense is affected by one p1an, it should be are derived from stockholders and bondholders. As a
considered in the alternate pIans. consequence, the utility incurs a long_term burden
which must be met from revenue each year over the life
of the capital equipment.
5.2.6 Evaluate Alternatives - This burden is called the annuaf carrying charge.
It -is composed of three principal components: return
For each alternate p1,an, calculate the on debt and equity (interest and dividends), book
year-by-year revenue requirements needed to cover the depreciation (return of debt and equity), ,.rd in"or"
year-to-year additions of ne!, equipment and aII taxes.
expenses that are affected by the plan of concern or by
any of its alternatives. Revenue requirements should The calculation_ of the year_by_year carrying
reflect the capital costs and expenses of pover system for a particular piecl of eiuipment over its
equipment as ve11 as of automation and comnunication Sfqrgg"
Iife is a standard procedure. tnformjtion pertaining
equipment. Financial parameters such as cost of to required data and procedure is available from an|
capital, income tax rate, equipment book and tax 1ives, utility's finance and accounting department. The
etc., should be those in current use by the particular year-by-year carrying charges are largest in the first
company. year of service and decrease each year as the
investment is depreciated. 0ften the carrying charges
are leveLized over the life of the equipment and ire
expressed as a fixed percent of the iniiial investment
(cal1ed the levelized carrying charge rate).
40
By incorporating the benefits of Distribution The short-term analysis focuses on the early years
Automation into the analysis and comparison of of a project (typieally the first 10 years). ft is
alternative development p1ans, it should be noted that often in these years that the impact of an investment
benefits may reduce expenses and/or lost revenuet on the utility is most severe. l'lany proiects are
and/or allov the elimination or deferment of capital required to have an early payback period to be
i nves tmen t . approved. Vhen this type of analysis is used, an
end-of-period adjustment may have to be made to
compensate for large capital expenditures vhich may
have been deferred by the application of Distribution
5.3.2 Comparison Of Revenue Requirenents Of Alternate Automation into the future just beyond the last year of
Plans - the study.
There are four accepted approaches used ln
comparing the different revenue requirernents associated
vlth alternative plans for achieving the same 5.3.2.3.1 End Of Study Adjustaent -
objectives. These require, for each plan, a list of
the year-by-year equipment needs and a specification of llhen a large capital expenditure in substation or
the annual operating and maintenance costs and of af1 circuit capacity, nornally scheduled near the end of
other relevant expenses. The four approaches are: the study period, is deferred through the more
Book life analysis (to ensure a comparison over a efficient use of existing system capacity, it is
common study period), and continuing plant analysis; possible that it may no longer appear vithin the study
Year-by-year revenue requirements analysis; Short-term period. By being postponed, it vas pushed out of the
analysis; and Break-even analysis. study period, not eliminated. If the study period is
of longer term, the absence of this capital expenditure
in the automated case may nake littfe difference in the
present value of accumulated revenue requirements,
5.3.2.1 Book Life And Continuing Plant Analysis - especially if a high discount rate is used. If,
hovever, short-term analysis is used (e.g.r a 10-year
Care must be taken to compare alternatives that study period) in conjunction vith a moderate to lov
achieve the same physical objectives over the same time discount rate (127[ or lover), an end-of-study
period. llhen plans vith different pieces of equipment adjustment in the case vhere the large investment \{as
having unequal book lives are compared, care must be deferred beyond the period of consideration is
taken to retire and repl-ace short-lived equipment (such requi red.
as a computer) as necessary vithin the longer lives of
the longer lasting equiprnent (such as a circuit Explanation of hov this adjustment is to be
breaker). Furthermore, adjustments should be made to calculated, . .
account for equipment vith unused life remaining at the
end of the study period. In book life analysis, the
analysis is usualLy made using a study period 5.3.2.4 Break-even Analysis -
corresponding to the book life of the longer lasting
piece of equipment. The break-even analysis determines the year in
vhich the cumulative present value of revenue
Continuing plant analysis eliminates the problems requirements of two alternatives are equal. After that
that arise from unequal book fives for different pieces break-even year, the investmentr previously a financial
of equipment. The study period is extended to burden, begins to yield econonic benefits over its
perpetuity in this type of analysis vith equipment a1 ternat ive .
replaeement and operation and maintenance costs
escalated appropriately. Ifan alternative does not shov an economic
advantage in its early years, management may look
unfavorably on that alternative, even though
calculations may shov a longer-term economic advantage.
5.3.2.2 Year-by-Year Revenue Requirements Analysis The uncertainties in the utility operating climate are
sufficient to diminish the chance that longer-term
In this approach, the year-by-year revenue advantages may ever be realized.
requirements for a given plan are evaluated. Ihese
provide a basis for judging vhether a particular
investment vi11 impose cash flov difficulties either by
itself or lrhen eombined vith other (not necessarily 5.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis -
related) projects undervay. fn this type of analysis,
present value of accumulated revenue requirements is It is useful to knov vhich design and economic
not calculated. parameters, system characteristics, and benefit
evaluations of automated functions have significant
impact on the outcome of the economic analysis of
5.3.2.3 Short-Term Analysis - alternate p1ans. Those that have significant impact on
the outcome of the analysis lrarrant more effort in
The uncertainties in the utility operating elimate their accurate determination than those that have
(unforeseen modifications brought about by technical 1ittle impact. Sensitivity analysis assists in
obsolescence, changing regulatory constraints and focusing the effort devoted to an economic evaluation
public policy) have become sufficiently great to of al-ternatives.
increase the chance that longer-term anticipated
benefits of a particular plan may never be realized. For example, if a particular application of an
The near-term benefits are more certain to occur, and, automated function reduees distribution system losses,
thus, often are eonsidered more important in the approximate methods may initiallybe used to reflect
analysis. This position is reinforced lrhen a high the impact on the sehedule of generation and
diseount rate is used in the present value transmission reinforcements. If the magnitude of this
calculations.
41
lnpact is crltical ln the cholce of the most economlc 5.6 coNcl,usroN -
alternate p1an, a more accurate and time-consuming
analysis of the effect of reduced losses ls lrarranted. 1, In EPRI Project RP-2021-1 aLl autonated expansion
Sensitivity analysis of systen and economic parameters scenarios vere less expensive than the base
viIl assist in this determi.nation. case expilsion.
42
Z
:i ..
d8"i e
b8!9.E
:oB.1ii
UZE:bs ?
o<E=Oo - =
(f
H
ogr
loS -o
c< c'
EH .= F
)
!u ri
iHoPg
O(zrJ -
=
o
F
=
co
: l-{
E
o=u a F
=i?
5sH
a ol
zO
vl
(rJ< o
s<a !<
l!
o
Ou
a>
oS
2> z,
o(cI u(cE cf
>owl F6U<
(>oz <>oz
, J.:E F
5J:!l Jr=u
J,:U
<l,4>
<tof>
EG(J< aESi I J
J
LJ
L)
o
a H
-
o
ii
OI
z< =
o
oa
(r< c)
UI lrJ
F
J
F
=
l,o 2;
OZw(
2
u<60
o
&
UJ
o
g,
?il2 o
=<o ,I9 IE6 r-)
i35 -
:fiir;E { r:i:;Ei
' N
"i
UJ
G
J
(9
o
lr.l
t-{
L
o U
(J
o ..
,aa)
I: o
z
Eu
<(,
=ET6 So!S
k
cl
iiEir
4(,AE(J
c2r<
o<oo
C
o
\
o
8
lrl o
lt
E
E; i
o
-?8" iiOO
r?
6 02
lrl o <u, lll
iH
>!t1
EF
utUl
i!i
o.jo
=
J Er
PE -at
<ul I !e E=g
FiliF
:3
I,=
UJ
a
B9 E ",E
tE rj
wo EI
tE 6H
956
ututo E3
<o (.)
T'
!e o o
e
tro
<ul 'il
o
lrl
(n
II
:, E
!D
t1
lEF
a
co
Z o uo
I o
o ie UJ
(J
E,
3 a
3 F e'= lrl
\ lr (5
F
.n
E,
o
L
F
z,
l!
-
L
o
J
IJ
UJ
o
r.r, I
-
UJ
$ar F
a
aLlI
o
(Yt
UJI
C,()
ClF "i
l!
E,
E; (3
8 H
. tr
I
C
ttl
o
o
B
8 lrl
ur E
I'
lr
J
44
C
c
lr
o
c,
E
t
o
F
o0
gra
-!gi
lfl3fH He :ge ii F
U6
oG AXZ
x=9 TE =
lr,
Jo uru,o P1
i3 -
-t +'E o
o-
o
a lrJ
LrJ
aD
o
s-isE -
lrj
F
a
z tn
Oo
== =z
ko
HEB
rtr
o
l-{
E
fEE gr#$3ES
E"5
z,
Lrl
(J
f, <u
-\-q . !,!
@
CI
=;tTF td
.Dlq F
-Ur-rrt--r--rJ- -
cf
)F
IJ
(5
oa
o
lrJ
lrt g
o
o
Ilz !
(,t
a
1
;--ppppfl-
E_iJffffl-
HH
aa
g\
!.J
E
.E
=
a3
o F{
lr
)g ) qt o oo
o
E
UJ
at6'E
>2>2
s! E
lrt =D=:)
Esl
2)
is E,t 3-egPc*
^3"4i3 EEls
ool 3 sEiEgsg
i:l:fiir$f iil; 89&;i;E
E .DII JT( JG
rc c, L{tl o
lr o.q 0, tr.H
o.d+JE(6E
>+J rr +J
ouort'+ro
o li
oocolo
'tr| .d c+JE
!rldE
olrl
r{(+Jul
EoUl
.; .r>
(,l*JEl!O.
a
olo
.rlO+rO < .dru
(a d(\lr+{+,'d
!d
+J!, 0 ()4,
6qtr
+J tr O .r,l ooo
El+J+J+JOO
o
.ao',tE
rc r,l! tro
0, rr
d|tr!,
trOil, !
+l
6
(u
, o'co'oo >6E
Oor.t.rrr+{Etl tU O O OO OE C'n+J
.r{
O tr+J
lr u rd
trCuldO.'.{tr tr tr C),A Eltr C>
.+r
C
o
t5..trr.C
O
tr
OO+r+rl*JC O O OC,
(r>ou OrO 0r< or'd +) +' o.d
o >>'dul+Jd.d Gr> > o>> o > E(+{ u ''l+J
Ut |{ddl! (4l +rJi
En \o o rr
U'<*)< od>H
lrt, (.n
u'<<
Lrt,
u+Jdo
lr'l' (u Ut otrotrrru.
'olr
.,{ O
rr o
!, > lU 0, trF{.Q+J (r'd O o
0.} Q, O"'i O U 0r"l 0, O O"{ 0, q, }r qOo L{H
r-l o+,
o'd
lr> > o our(r'.{ |! r,r > r{ E1! ur > l{ tno > IJ drdr > lr t{ trio Eoo )r
ao
EO
OALlLTon,CE(a'
A OO'lru'..{ t!
O,Qp+J!
Q'oO(ItO
O.QrrEl>
QEOtr!
O.q!}]
QEOO
O.Q+Jrr(,
O(aOu
.t{Hrd.+J
E
,,{
o
ol B o, O.Fr+r E O
!aDr.rou.r!5lu O O o,
Boooo OOO
!ooarm OOO
Booo O lU
Bo0,u. }] > > U.c
'd..{(rF{
o"Odts 6rJd
BO
z zozO.lJ..'u(a+ro'I,
,cl'o,trEn 2oB t
.tr. z6rB , (9,.r zoB oB, r,
z O ..16.(,l d 06 lr, E
Elo +J O >..t O +r..r +J O +J .,.q O +J +J +.,
ooE>,-.{O o |r'
(a .rO o+Jra(aoor>(lr o+r(,)Eut o+r(ar+, o+Jtao O+rElao l..l\o
4+) +, .OO Bbn.!4 .q +' .OO+J $ VrC +r .O+J $ .OO +' Lr 0, +J C! > F.l
U tl IUtl .O ..{ oro d o
o+J p'o+J4J+J.iOrtrr6 *JE,++Jr! +Jtl4J4Jtr +r!rrl! +Jtlrr+r+' -{
El
(atu fra) ord 6ur,ot o orf( crfi l! otr ortr o .d ordru c c! o
o 0r> .a ror' oE o oo+r
gooEn,.{ o o E o o+,
rr!rtrr'.{ lu tuoo uotr*)ro+r
<
t0
(ru
+J +J
t{orurLHtr
+J+JO O O r{(, E +J+,OE 5
lrotrrrc
+J+rE...i 6 rr+J'lr
!ruErblrrr
+J+'6rr+J cp o r,, E.d
O ..i..i O +J r0
4tn (/)+J'nsEoo o 4+J.d..lu t/:$,tl5 o+J..{U O+J..{..{ut ud{Jtr(rtuo
Hq, 6rlr lrEE.trC ort{t{k (rtruB iulrl{' tulrg > u+J to+, o
o
D
to
60,
O>.Q'iO trrqiO..1
ollECrlrOO(a
O>r.Q!..l
OdE6O
Oh.QHO
Ol!E'ne ru
Ul>t.Q..{
OdEU
tr}i.q.QO
OdEE, oEoo.nolJ
}1 vl ot.Q x
|!.dO>>o
rxEo +Jro
F. H
an d|!>
EqJotro+J'+{
r!l!O0rtr Ul+J'd(t> (t(,OO>> o
Et+{oo E'+{ou rr>
ld6O E'{.{o EtHooEo,
t!6OO'i>
Frr.lEE='d
oco l'1 l! 5 0,
' H b'.1 D'lE>t!d L{F{>Et6 d5+,..t DllEEJ1.dp |2'lB>!r..{ FrrlEI.i 'o E.oE !
rnd+,
E. EEE.+J9.T.+Jr{.QU
(J UlI)
EEEEmU EEE
Jat +J
OU EEEf4U
r,
EEEEEO
+) uoo{{(d 0
tr
EIEO
dl ootr, oooE Q+r..{.H5ru ooooFrtd ooofnoll, ooo-rr0 oooood 9lr(rF +C
r{!0, t{t{t{o>, t{l{Hlr L.trL{Fl$ro uulr !l{lrl{li(, '.{ rl.{ lr O tr
-J d- orl
dl ruru ! lt{r+tt+{ L..t( O> O
,uoo lf l+{t+rltl+{'o o,
lr ttaq{l+{ lr l+fql|.{.C !,
U l+.lqlqir+{H l{ 5 I+J O+r
U
OE
O UFt
OErrl r{.{ J4H>C' c oE +) L. q:, !E |!,
dd< or> .dJ4rrr ddd<Orr (d<!+rrr {((tr! (d(<dLr ..{ ul'E .C O'n O
'r Z Lrl >>d
'+rl >5>(ro,!.mu Cd >>>>ul! >>>"{'+{d >>>r'd >>>>>(! O t! tr+J,4O
EI E=> EEE> I N OiO> EEEEO'> o= EEE.q.d>+Jtl{=
EEEO> TIIE=E> o{d lJl\t '
Eoo\>\o >E clr-r-o Nln ,{FOr '+{E NFoo'o n 0,1{ +, o
< 0{lIr'6roN F{IOO fnfnol .Y d 'H u ot3.d Ur
rr: -vl No .
. . .ONN|O
oN.{.
O cO
mqor.
. . . .
oN(rrNsi.
OCr . . .
oNrntt.
Q, Or.{ . . . Or4
oNu.}.q.
. . . . .cO
oNtn(no. +Jtrtrtr}8tr
O d O t!".l
O lrl tt <,l! r! 6n O o1(o .LlUl +J+Jm +Jl,n ln ''{
lr lrlrt{! l{l{tr l{t{g trlrlrt{tr >'ll,
fr Ol lrl{ HL{l{ +J (!,, Ut O r!
o Bl qrooFl O O O+rFI Qr'-l O'-l OFI OO O, O'-lt-l r+{ Ol O O'-iFlFl O O Or{'{ Q, OO lU lD'-r .n t{ C O.Q O O
Id qJ tH tH r+{ lr Fl E ..{ tr Fl (, Fl t+{ tt q{ q{ Fl F{ l+.1 l+{ F{ Fl F{ ll{ l+{ l+{ F{ F.l r+a l+{ q.{ ${ ll.]
u o O ! +rFi
o ool! '-'l lroOOtd'.{l!Ol\,t9ld UlUlool!6 OOOl!ldlr, OUOdd OulOUlOld'-{ 6 l|,n+JE
. tr q+J .O l!rdr!|!l,)(a l!lUdOOO 16tdl!uO 9{+JiiL{
rUri(,: ld|!6CrrtOOOO 6dll'dr!O 6 A !' ,'1, 6)
E{ lrtrtr |'1l-lrOC}]ECE+Jtr lrIrLrLrCC !Lr!trtrE !!!Eq u!L.!L.tr o+l 6.l O O {rE
.N HHH HHHUHAHI!HtaH F{HHHHH HHHHHH HHHHH HHHHHH ,duClrr0,
tr, O t{c,
O U O'.{E r+l Or+i
'n lr +., 4J rd
dAU +J'd u o o >r
td U o OF{ C O
+J +.ro dtr
ur c or!(,
t{ O ..{ E +., trl
o
O O OtH O r{
L{l r- cO o1 o F{ N ! +J O ELO
16l
0rl
co
o1
co
(
@
g)
Cl
gr
01
gr
q\
o\
.d tr,4a, tro.Qo O,Ec,
.d+t
trl Fi F{ d r{ Fl F.l C' '.{ E .d
U o, +r l6+J C
TA 5 C O UE O
rl OErr OFI'.i
o
+, oa+)
.il _rta!rl3.!tr
+) cur tuo )trr
(6
A
Otr0rElr
..r El..{ , O'.{
o 6 0r!Fl Or+r
+J 6.c H.rr tr C
o () 0 c,.q o
4 Fl tO OTI+,U
o
o
x o*+ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o (> o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c) o o
FI Fl
E * (o
o o o o o o <) o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o o oooooooooaooo oooo
z frl * o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o <) o o o o ooooooooooooo oooo
<o >*
H{ (n o o o o o o o o o o o o o c) o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o (\e oooo
&4 * t/}O Fl N c\ N rn |')N
Ln or F co q N l..)lf) <t or rn r+ Lo o
E * -{.+ F{ o\ \o rJ.) N ro FJ (t@
rt O l\< Fl o\ F tn<r i] N N
r).ro ln fo N; o o o oo o
o o c) o
o oo o
Ft..tOO O OO F{-t FO r.ot{ ri < NO
dU Ff*
rt)(it') riri F I\ F F\o ro\o rn tn rrt $ rt rf sl .l rt <f tr st $ < < tt $ <, Fl Fl ry)(\ No o r\ co
FI 4 ** rl, v> vl .r> ut v> rJ> .h vt v! (a {r} {^ .J> rJ> rJ} vr rr> ut .tr tJi. +J> {> <h r,rt vt ur nt t* rJ> rn ry) ry) (y) r'.l r\ F \t \g
NH H
Q*
a ts* !> uh lJ> tJ>.Jt tJl. tJ>.J> Vr
t(
pqQ
. * o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o <, a o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o (,
trBt E *,l. 6 o o o <, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c) o <) o o c) o o o o o o o
{ <i) u5
O{
N O\ r') Ft c) O O O O O () O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O c) O O O
Irl' laz
> Fl
* Fl a.l ln
H * ( Ln\g
Fq * *oqd
lJ)
01
(n cOf{ N 6 <t O t- t- o) tt F{ Ft <t -t F{ tn(n\g riOO O () O O O()O O O
a (\ N tn F ri gl co Ft < o N \9 o no g1 Ft t- < N gl1 - F F. F olFt rf com
i N N N o f') r) q s $ l') r) r0 \D F r\ @ @ o\ o o i N n4 q ln F @ O,.+
O (, O OO
or. \o t 51
cO < ro bo o
rJ
J
l< * ri Ft Ft..t F{ r+ Ft Ft Ft N N C{ N NrO
+ .J+.lr.J> V> rJ>.J> It> -t lt {> <f> lU G
trt >|El tJ> rJ> U>.D
* ocoooooo o
E* oooooooooo
rYlooooooooo
E*
>*
a** moooooocoo
th r-tfqaao\o1 0000<)
H
o E* oooooooooo .**
{ t\N!ou)\o<n6ro\\o
E(* OO9000000a E* N!nFo\-llncor-tst
>1. oooooooooo
A* u D* tJ>tJl<htJ> -l Fl F{ N N
t: U* rh.</t<J>wrJ>
* (r)oooo<)oooo o
z * riooooooooo
.* JrnCncrlq<tsfO\g\O
E* (+ .
P{ m$r@oaDOAcrl ( oi*
H*
HH U* a*lNe{(\1rtq.q1u1Ln
ZH c(* ooooooooec,
Zo
(< * ra {r} v} (+ v} (/} ta r/} v}
<(,l
( >**
* oooooooooo
fiooooooocro
Erl
Fl U
A E* -U
il
E*
*
rq<rcro<ro<rooo
Fllf-i Ot\9lr)(\lr)F{tr)
F.l * a+<) Ft (\l N (\ lo rn N aa
BI
(,(n
!a*
O** oooooooooo
oroLnooFt<>ocoo
HH
Hta
(*
z4
Htr >* Nr)oOCOOTLnO\rrlC,ta
Ei*
O*
rYtcY)(if7)(YlFFFF
vt u> vt tJ> ut !> ur .r> rJt
rl*
C(* i-tcD.+Or)<tc\t-<f Htr H*
$t zFl
HD
< * u} ln r/l N ..t r+ @ -t {/} rr)
Fl*
>* t <Jt<t> vtr ah 1 Er,l
I^ EE * oooooooeoo
rn ElZ E* o,ooooooooo
2tA
lrl
J
o>
U( {
*
oooooc)<rooo
ooQ<>oooooo
tEK rg sa* (\olFlFlOOOOeO
O*
* riNro6m@NC\6<t
H* r/}lJ1t.o0\.1 (\(\roFrn
dl
F
IEI
o
rf*
(*
Er*
moooooo<)oe
aao+ornciooFlo I il*
((,
H*
Z *
u>v><Jl-t -t N N N ao
tJ>.J>u>rhthrt
>1
&o & H*
a *
!no<t<trnoo$F<!
t^c.t @ Lo t\ o () F tn tJ1
r4 ri^!+ i rn+ \
z&
EO
< frl <* Ol*
Ur. d) F{ o\-{ N DBI
(,)(, H* oooooc)oo00
=u * F,l Ur 4 tJ> <h E** oooooooooo
E * i^ tJ, oo<)ooooooo
D.
(l)H H. >*
Ei* Nooooooooo
(nH E**
o F(* FcoorOF{N(r)<tin\g <m t-{orlnolr)c.{oofoN
OrONrliri(Y1OrI
H < * c, 00 @ o\ 01 01 0\ o\ o\ 6\ U A*
o FI * 5\ 6 01 o\ cn o\ o) ( o\ ol <**
() it(Y)d1 (ylrTrFF\oF
> * -.{ Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl
I H !> tJ>.J> *h.J> tJl !. tJ:- ut
U o
(
rt m E(* Fco(nOiNmsrn(.)
u) { * oo co co ol o\ o\ or ol o\ or\
H * ol O\ ('1 or ol ctr 01 ol or (n
o > *
*
r-l Fl Fl Fl r-l
-l Fl .-{ F.J F{
47
TABLE 5.5
48
TABLE 5.5
$10,200,000 s(1,310,000)
fr>
4
rl I O O O O C) o o o o o o o o o oo o o o Q g g g o o o o o (> o o o o o o o o o o o
xo E { o\ ooo o o o oo o9 o oo -o5 -oi g qlo oo oo o -6 o o o o o o o o o o
* N o\ .,F.{ ooo oocro oo ooo o oo o oo oo o oo -E - o oo o o o o a oo
@ tfl O* Fl
* N Lr) n (n 6 N N 6 a 9l r\o\ tl _t Ft g Ft _l |! fr\Ofn O o O o oo o oo o o o o o oO
"i
rr
re
HFI
Er * {arn \t o\ Fr e{ N q.) tsit
t'r *
Z*
*
tr>utt J J N N N (nm
.J> 1Jt
g Q -{.s coN\o
.' tl>
lt v> rr> <tt w
rJ7.
<, + q, rri o c
o ri ota,a,!: g a,r ol o r\ F F s\Frcr co a,r o r\\0 r\
tlt <i * rn tt it co o, d -;;\;n
i *rouF v?
"j <tt {/} r
g rr r-o orFi (n < \o @o o.1
d * Ft Ft Ft Ft _t Ft i _t Ft Ft N N N N N fY)
3il ll lJl tL tlr i,t <J, ll !> r* V> .J> rJ+ <Jr. <Jl
rJ> !J>
l- oE ol*
pl *
ooooooooo
o o o o o o o o o c)9 g 9o o o o o o g g ?9 o o o oo
c) g g a - - o- oeqi o- o5- - oo o go o o oo oo o
ao -E 6 oooooocooo
e{
-H
lH E
c( *
>*
H*
*
p( *
or\ro o o o o o o o c) oooo - o- 5booooooo-
(\ o o o o o o o o c) ? ? g o o o <) o o g g o g g o o o o
Fr o\ rn o u.' N o o ., (\ ! A \o o a r", F < s b
A+
i/}or o N Fi.-r d1 F,] 6\ c) io oro (..l o rg in.r o i-. rn N o or 6 r_ 6
s rn er o 5 bF
- e o o o c) o o o <> o
oooooooooooo
; { -n o o o o o o o o o
\d ,n r)(,1 60 rnFr co F (,1 0\
?z e &*
d *
*
N
rr
rY) (n fy) F)
!:
tJ><hr .Jav>tnaat*<tt
r\ F E g g n Ln !r sf < <. rr ! g q)ri fi ri N N N N N (\
.Jtlr!>i<iritivt'rn**rtl<J>ttrJttJ>iriiriirit+ O1o\ Ft O c) F r\tt r{
3n
I{Y H
",
H
U
U*
Ft N ri rl ro \D
'. O o: < * @ co @ or or 6\ 6 6 6 chgr or or o o c;d oA qgg Ft _i F.t _r Fr _i (\
XE H
frl * o\ 6\ o\ o\ o\ or 6 66ch or oror o6
>{ Fr Fr Fr - Fr Fr r-r Fr F{ Fl -r -r -r o,r N o o55 i6 o oo iooC,rci Fr o o6 o ooO o
N - - N i cq cx or or o,r o N - - N N N N (\ NN
* n *
^o ^o (.r
o o oo^
NNN
P;
uo
o ,_,
EH
<ri Etl 91
N<H trl
E< u{-HUl<
tir. ocoaaaorcnoror
FcOo\oJNI.|Sgro
Eg Fl <* E F(* r-cco\o_tNrasr6\o lI E
0 E* oocoeooroi o,o,o6 tq EI O
,,il
xfi
AV
F.;
Eo
50
ilH
( .-r *^
* oooooooo?ggoooooooo?gggooooooeoooooooooo
EE l. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - e q i i o o - - 5 5 E o o o o o o o o o o o
c(
d * o o oo ooo6 o
2a (>* oo oo o o o -E b o o ooo - o o EE oo o o ooo oo o o
H A * \oooo ooooc)gggooooooQ?gggooo
* o a\ \0 o Ln co o o o o o o o o o o o o o g o o . - o - -oooooooooooooo
5 5 o o o o o o o o c> o
Bn 'l r * .t N
H
a[* -
sr rf, Fr m(n B rn -r N; o,+ sr - (i6:,.. ff| or l\o s,; co 6X 6rn o.f| F o
Ft !l rosr o \o rI)
HAi D * .oN <r \O Or N .n \0 cOol OO -{ Ft N N N q i a ., O O O 6 O\ Or @@ F cO O 6 o\ Or O Ft Ft N
u * <tttrt!>rr> vlF{ F{ F-r -i.r cr e.r N N (\i 6i ni
I u> N N N -;;;;,i
I <n Fr Fr Fr - Fr Fl N N N N
* ry ,t>
s) b rJl ra <r, .J> rtr * <* ti ti <i i+ v> vi vi vi. vi vi vi. o tJ:. rJt vt tJ> iJ> .J> ttt vt .J, G
Hg
&
c0 q ** o o o o o o o g g g o o o o o o o o g g g g o o o o o o o o o c> o o o o o o o
oooooooo o c) e o o o - o o d g q i a o o o - 6 - - o o o o o o o o o o o
E * oo o o o o o o c, ooo oo
EI
o ,o
'=
rn
<>* - o - E E b o o oo - o o - - 6o o o oooooo oo
*
o a ol \o tn F o O o o q ? g g o o o o o o o
?? ?g go o o o o o o o o c) o o o c) o o o
Fl l! * -r \o o s r m N ol .oF corr oo o o o o o - -- - - o6d o o o ooo o oo
r rwEr O . * rn tf F i l.n Ft Ft ,'1('1 s .o \O ncn; t- tn { b cr, coo o sr <.;;
H E * 6u){/} r r -; E o
N 6 + 6 6 66 6 q o o
'!^ gE D il *
< u * -r Fr N m $ n (g F @ c o Fr
u>lhutlJtw*tt>v>*+n;;;; N
-r J fll <$
a \o r- ..l.r;;
.n F- @ ooaod-r -r c.r N an rn $ sn u1 ,1 \g
- - N r\ N 6.r c.r N..i (\ c! c{
4; -r '+ -r v>v;,J;ii-<ivt,t><*r
"1 da
Ets * 91 u>lJ1 <JltJ>t***+*tir ^r {rvrrr,!>ur.J!tt>
E
F73 H tr
* o o o o o o o g g o o o <) o o o o o Q g g o o o o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o
* oo o o o o o o o c) 9 oo -o o o o E e q i a - -o 5 - - - o oo o o o oo o o o
ul fi * d1 o o o o o o o c, ooooooooEt oooooooo56oeooooooaoo
TE <>*
(J & * m o o o o c) o o o g g o a o o o o ? g g, o o o o o o o Q o c) o o c) o o o o o
* Fr fi fn o o o o o o o !) ooooo- - ? - goaao- - 55500000000000
*H H .** {,rt\ N or
(n rrr \e \o $ a o' roor @+ oo,; F 6; ro _r ro o, - rn coE N i rn r. F \o urN( N iu $ rrr
<E* N u1 F or Fl Ln 6-t
E( tr D*
u*
a g gg F.{ N (n $ ln gg t F F o@ oo 01o\ oao! o\o F{ N l])(Y) lr) \g r\cO
tr*<r>rJ>G i rd (\e.roqoqoar;'i..i.o"ilf-roroeooi;.,tA.rq(n<
tJ> u> u> ./t v> * ,tt ,t> <i <h rJr v; !> <* .o <,<st< sirrt
o * +t> <ti w ,/; v; ,/; ,J; '<i ,tt * +* vt rh w w tJr tJ7. t^ Vr
Eg
,, fr l. F CO O\ O Fl (\ (n < h \D t\ O <> d N fn$ ln g
!fi
C( pq\ O Fl N (o S tJ)rg F S Or OF{
d * @ co .o o\ or dr 6 6 o\ o\ o\ @ o\or o o cid oo e i q
q g rl;;;;;; F.{ Fr Ft N N
N m $ LOrO
N(\ (\ N N
Fl* or o or o\ c o) o\ 6 o ch or or
ov > * Fi Fi Fl Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr -i Fr -r -r ;or ooc> o - -o
o.rc.l et - -fr ir
g o o od ii o cj cj; o o o oo
or o.r N - - - -- - - N (\ N N oo e oo
N N N..r (\
4.
HH
^r
Er: '/
o
EE
EU
a t-. OI*
4A H * o o o o o oooo
c( *
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o <> o o
o o o o
o o o o
o
o
oo
o o
o
-
o o
o -
o
o
o Q <> o o o o oo o o o o o
o o o - o o o o o o o o o o
u4 >*
* o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c> o o o o o o o o o o o o o o <r o o o o o - - - o
alq H*
E*
o\.y) \0 Ft F{ oo o o o o o o o o
i t\ \g 6r o .o o\o\ < g) (\ <r or o
e o oo
or cl roi
o
r-
o o o oo
o, co rn oro
o ao o o o oo o o o o oo o
o ooo o o oo o o o o o o o
HE {.
tsI +
m -l {Y) rl \o Fl co Io lrt o\ rJi <f c\ N <
u}r^v}G{r} r
sf \o rnlJ) F rn or u') \9or o N o o F o rnro o a rn on o\ co cg
x9
EE
( *
E:{ *
Q*
r-t Ft N (\ N t*.)(n .,)t*)(n
<Jl vl v>.J> w tJ> .Jl 1.r> rJ>
t*l <r -l tn F
v> W |J} tJ> tlr.J>
co F F F F F o o N \o oo r\ \g F <, Ft t') <rI d,t(\
1r> <r> Vt ltt 4h <+ i J J -f -f -f -f -f Ol e.f rrr rr} r/) J
.Jtr l:,rJrvtv>vrtJr<J><t>tJt{r.J>v>
ul Er*
d
to *^
i o o o o o o o o o o o o o o <, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o (, o
* oo o (t ooooo
,& IH E
u5 * ryl 0 F.{ o ooo o oo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oo o oo ooo oo <ro
o o oo o oo o o o o o oo ooo o o oo o - -o o o oo o oo c, oo
o oo
O** + o f4 r\ N \0 ln o Ft r)
cn HS * riF o o o <: o o o o o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
. gfr H co o Fl rrl
'o N \o o\ rrt rn r\ or N \o Ft Fq m rr,trt ol r+ Fl \o -N n.i cr (no N coo o$
: gH
El r. r,}Ft {r--.i F-r (\ N
z *
* Ut !>
\D \g 6 ot <f tn \o co or Fr N < rg oo o ol o o -i
<Jtv<Jtv t+t/}{a
.J7.
\ i <,
^ t- J ni sr sr oi tr o ro Gr o @ rn
Fl Fi Fi F.tFt -i N(\NNNrir').rlr'1rf -tqlnr}r)lo\gr\cOOO\OO@
d 86
* al}. |J' !J> rJz. vt rh +h vt v> tr>.J>.J> tJ> tJ> rh tl> ll>* * vt {t rJ> tJ>.Jl ttt tl> * _l _,t *
* ,t> v>
E
]- 2i o c)rr. o oooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooeo
l. o o o o o o
9E il Fl
g * o\\\
*
oo
o o o o o o oo ooo oo o o o o oo o a o o - oo - o o e oe o oo ooo
oooooooo o aoo o d o o o o o o oo - o o a o o o o o o o o
ftH
3z H
6
P t l') < d1 <f .n < o o o o o o o o
FI * ri or rr)o <f (\ t\fi rn < \o @Ft
E * N r'1 N {n co coFr or g\ o N o\ \orp
*.J>|J>v>(AV>V> r
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Fly)(\ or t- -!\o N F.. \, - co co ln<. 0 00 in i ooooo-
\9 rn ro N o,+ rn o,cr o -r F F-- co; cr F{\9 (n F r\
'oo Fl dl
dot q * (\ Ft -t (\ N !-t Fi Fl Fl Ft N el F1 ro !n<f <r <, st. r'l La,)tn \O Ft (\ Ft o'r a1 N N (\ Fi Or$
EP H
(
U !*
(r}vI{a{ rJ>{>.J>rt .r>+tt<*<lt*+*ttt+lt**v>*<iui.* ) -, Ft t,r;v} Fl Ft (\ N Fl t11
!>*0 .*.JtwtJtvt
HH
EV
5
E
E* F co or o Fl N t'i$ tn rg F @ o\ crFl (\rr!{
d * o co co gr
rr1\o F @ orcl Fl (\ fy) <r rJl \g t\ co or oFr Nrrl sf rnro
or ot or or o)o\or or o\ or o o oo oo oo o o
H * O\ or o\ o\ Or el o\ or O) o\ o) O) O O O o O O o O O O -l
J I J;;; F{ Ft (\ (\ N (\ N N N
?;
uo
a > * Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Fl Ft Ft -l Ft Ft Ft .-t N N (\ O O O O O O O -t O O O e O O d d Ci
N c\ N (\l (\N cl ole.r cl - - (\| - N (\ (\ N (\l O
^l
NNNN
f:l
CHAPTER 6
Author: J. P. Stovall
53
tisting by Year of Bib1iograPhY 6.4 19S7 -
The folloving abbreviations for journals have been 10. }{, A. E1-Sharkavi, S. S. Venkata, S' V' Vadari,
used.
l{. L. Chen, N. G. Butler, R' S' Yinger,
ItDevelopment and Field Testing of an Adaptive
IEEE Transactions on Pover Apparatus and Pover Fictor Controllerr" T-EC' VoI' EC-2'
T-PAS - pp. 520-525, December 1987'
SYstems
T-PI{RD - IEEE Transactions on Pover Delivery 11. t. Q. Nguyen, B. Pardis, rtlnstallation of Hydro-
(began January 1986, formerly part of Quebec'i bistribution Feeder Automation System'n
IEEE Transactlons on Pover Apparatus and IEEE Paper No. 87 SU 565-5' July 1987'
SYs tens )
L2. K. Aoki, T. Satoh, H. Itoh, H. Kuvabara,
T-PI{RS - IEEE Transactions on Por,rer Systems H. Kanezashi, rrvoltage Drop Constrained
(began January 1986, formerly part of Restoration of Supply by Svitch 0peration in
IEEE Transactions on Pover Apparatus and Distribution Systems,il IEEE Paper No. 87 SU 544-0,
SYs tems )
July 1987.
P-APC - Proceedings of the American Pover 13. K. Aoki, T. Satoh, H. Kuwabara, l'!. Kanezashi, "An
Conference Bfficient Algorithm for Load Balaneing of
Transformers and Feeders by Svitch 0peration in
Large Scale Distribution Systems,r! IEEE Paper
No. 87 SM 544-0, July 1987.
6.3 1988 - 14. T. J. Krupa, H. Asgeirsson, rrThe Effects of
1. C. E. Lin, Y. l{. Huang, H. L. Chov, C. L. Huang' Reduced Voltage on Distribution Circuit Loadsrrr T-
trA Distribution System Outage Dispatch vith Real- PI{RS-2, pp. 1013-L018, November L987.
Time Revision,rr IEEE Paper No. 88 VM 085-3'
February 1988. 15. J. S. Stevart, A. C. Vestrom, rrDesigning
Reliability into an SF6 Recloser System for
2. IL F. Horton, S. Go1dberg, R. A. Hartvel1, rrA Distribution Automation,il T-PIIRD-2, pp. 785-790,
Cost/Benefit Analysis in Feeder Re1iabi1ity,tr IEEE July 1987.
Paper No. 88 vl{ 076-2' February 1988. 16. J. T. Lancaster, R. C, Griffin, C. Gilker, rrA
Distribution Line Database Recorder,x T-PI{RD-2,
3. J, S. Lavler, J. S. Lai, L. D. Honteen, pp. 678-682, July 1987.
J. B. Patton, D. T. Rizy, I'Inpact of Automation on
Reliabllity of the Athens Utilities Board's t7. J. T. Lancaster, H. R. I{ebb, J. A. Hyers,
Distribution System,n IEEE Paper No. 88 III'! 087-9' K. V. Priest, rrSemi-Automatic Ueter Reading,rt T-
February 1988. PVRD-2, pp. 671-677, July 1987.
4. D. T. Rizy, J. S. Lav1er, J. B. Patton, 18. S. F."J. Brodsky, P. S. Vrobel, H, L. i{i1Iis,
N. H. Fortson, rrDistribution Automation
Applications Softvare for the Athens Utilities "Conparison of Distribution Circuit Voltage
Hodeling and Calculation Methods,il T-PIIRD-2,
Board,r' IEEE Paper No. 88 VM 097-8, February 1988. pp, 572-516, April L987.
5. D. T. Rizy, II. R. Nelson, J. S. tavler, 19. M. Kitagalra, rrAutomated Distribution System (DC
J. B. Patton, ttlleasuring and Analyzing the Impact Remote Control System),n T-P!IRD-2, pp. 493-501,
of Voltage and Capacitor Control vith High Speed ApriI L987.
Data Aequisition"r IEEE Paper No. 88 I,lH 098-6'
February 1988. 20. J. T. Tengdin, rrDistribution Line Carrier
Communications - An Historical Perspectiverrr T-
6. J. H. Reed, lJ. R. Nelson, G. R. lletherington' PI{RD-2, pp. 321-328, April L987.
E. R. Broadavay, ltHonitoring Load Control at the
Feeder Level Using High Speed Monitoring 21. N. Vempati, R. R. Shoults, H. S. Chen,
Equipment,t IEEE Paper No. 88 I,Il't 095-2' L. Schvobel, I'Simplified Feeder Modeling for
February 1988. toadflov Calculations,n T-PI{RS-2, pp. 1,68-174,
February 1987.
7. J. H. Reed, R. P. Broadvater, A. Chandrasekaran,
t'toad Control Experiments vlth Heat Pumps During
22. D. C. Borovski, L. J. Ga1e, J. B. O'NeaI, rrEffects
the llinter,tr IEEB Paper No. 88 1{}'l 094-5' of Artifically Loading Distribution Line Carrier
February 1,988.
Netvorks,x IEEE Paper No, 87 VY 247-0,
February 1987.
8. D. Bargiotas, J. D. Birdvell' rrResidential Air
Conditioner Dynamic Model for Direct Load Control,rt 23, F. K. Amoura, J. B. 0'Nea], "Analysis of
IEEE Paper No. 88 VH 066-3' February 1988.
Distribution Line Carrier Propagation Using the
9. D. T. Rizy, E. lI. Gunther, F. I'tcGranaghan, Bus fnpedance Matrix,n IEEE Paper No. 81 tt{ 246-2,
February 1987.
"Transient and Harmonic Voltages Associated with
Capacitor Svitching on Distribution Systems,rr
Paper No. 86 T&D 594-6, September 1986. 24. J. B. O,Nea1, F. K. Amoura, "Distribution Line
Carrier Sensitivity Analysis Using Bus Impedance
Matrix,tr IEEE Paper No. 87 1tl4 249-6,
February 1987.
25. S. Civanlar, J. J. Grainger, "Distribution Feeder
Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction,rt IEEE Paper
No. 87 I,lM 140-7, Febraury 1987.
54
26. K. g. I,Ihang, [A Cost Effective PI Netvork Filter 38. J. Zrida, F. C. Chov, J. D. Birdvel1, "Analysis of
for Elimination of Stiff Transmission Crosstalk in Household Load Datarrr Proceedings: The Eighteenth
Zero Sequence Propogated Distribution Pover Line Southeastern Symposium on System Theory,
Carrier Signalsr" T-Pl[RD-2, pp. 4t-49, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee,
January 1987. April 7-8, 1986, pp. 170-175.
27. R. C. Hemminger, L. J. GaIe, F. Amoura, 39. R. T. Davis, D, P. Blevins, T. V. Reddoch,
J. B. 0'Nea1, rrThe Effect of Distribution t. C. Harkel, J. I. Herrera, trKUB,s Integrated
Transformers onDistribution Line Carrier Distribution Automation and Load Control SystenrI
Signals,n T-PVRD-2, pp, 36-40, January L987. Proceedings: The Eighteenth Southeastern Symposium
on System Theory, University of Tennessee,
28. R. C. Hemminger, L. J. Ga1e, J. B. 0'Nea1, "Signal KnoxviJ,le, Tennessee, April 7-8, 1986, pp. L7.21,
Propagation on Single-Phase Pover Distribution
tines at Pover Line Carrier Frequenciesrn T-PFRD- 40. D. T. Rizy, Itlmplementation of Rea1-Time Regulator
2, pp. 28-35, January 1987. and Capacltor Control on the Athens Utilities
Board Systemrrr Proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon,
Richmond, VA, Harch 1986, TEEE publication g6-CH-
2306-9, pp. 79-87.
6.5 1986 -
41. S. Kato, T. Naito, H. Kohno, H. Kanava, T. Shoji,
29. G. Keene, A. Y. Chikhani, M. M. A. Salama, rrComputer-Based Distribution Automation, rt T-PIIRD-
H. H. Rahman, V. H. Quintana, R. Hackan, T-PI{RD- 1, pp. 265-271, January 1986.
1, pp. 337-345, July 1986.
42. P. K. Van Der Gracht, R. !I. Donaldson,
30. S. L. Purucker, R. J. Thonas, N. H. Fortson, nPseudonoise Signalling for Pover Line Carrier
L. D. llonteen, rrAthens Automation and Control . Applicationsrrt T-PI{RD-L, pp. 79-84, January 1986.
Experiment: Substation and Distribution Systen
Automation Designs and Costs, x 0RNL,/Tlr-9596, 43. S. T. Mak, trT!IACS, A Polrer tine Communication
June 1986. Technology for Pover Distribution Netvork Control
and Honitoring,rr T-PIIRD-I, pp, 66-72,
31. K. N. Clinard, "An 0verviev of Distribution January 1986.
Automationrr' 1986 Rural Electric Power Conference,
IEEE Catalog No. 86-CH-2316-8, Charleston, South
Carolina, April 2O-22, 1,986.
5.6 1985 -
32. S. L. Purucker, 'rThe Athens Automation and Control
Experiment Distribution Automation Project,tr 1986 44. H. J. Trusse11, J. D. llang, rtCancellation of
Rural Electric Pover Conference, IEEE Catalog Harmonic Noise in Distribution Line
No. 86-CH-2316-8, Charleston, South Carolina, Communications,'r T-PAS, VoI. L04, pp. 3338-3344,
April 2O-2.2, 7986- December 1985.
55
51. S. L. Purucker, R. J. Thomas'. L. D. Honteen' 66. S. L. Purucker' D. T. Rizy' J. H. Reed'
rFeeder Automation Designs for fnstalling an trAutomation and Control of a Distribution Polrer
lntegrated Distributlon Control Systemrtr T-PASt System,'t Proeeedings of the fEEE Control of Pover
Vol. 104, pp. 2929-2934, october 1985. Systems (COPS) Conference, Oklahoma City, OK'
Harch 20-21, 1984, fEEB Catalog No. 84-CH-2027-1'
52. L. V. l{cCal1, B. J. Chambers, I'Scarborough pp.54-59.
Distribution Automation Project - Implementation
and Preliminary Performance Experiencer" T-PASt
67. A. T. Sakata, B. E. Smith, 'rMicroprocessor-Based
Vol. 104, pp. 2759-2763' 0ctober 1985. Substation Hetering and Control Systemrrr
Proceedings of the fEEE Control of Power Systems
trCentralized Voltage Control by Use of (COPS) Conference, Oklahoma City, 0K, Mareh
53, a
20-21, t984t IEEE Catalog No. 84-CH-2027-1'
Programrnable Microprocessor,'t by R' Haror J. D.
Rabon & G. D. Rodriquez' Presented at the Pacific
pp. 10-16.
Coast Electric Association, March 20' L985.
T. IJ. Reddoch, J. S. Detrriler'
54. S. t. Purucker, ttThe
L. D. Monteen, Design of an Integrated 6.8 1983 -
Distribution Control System,n T-PAS' VoI. 104,
pp. 745-752, Harch L985. 68. D. J. Hughes, E. D. Tveed, C. E. Vithers' rrA
Distribution Substation Rating Strategy Based
55. T, N. Samual, N. K. Nohria, "Digital Control and Upon Reliabitity Analysis," IEEE Transactions
fnstumentation for Step-Voltage Regulators,rr T- on Porrrer Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-102,
PAS, Vo1. 104, pp. L94-L99, January 1985. No. 9, pp. 2893-2898' September 1983.
69. B. I,I. McConnell , S. L, Purucker, T. I'I. Reddoch'
L. D. Monteen. ttDistribution Energy Control Center
6.7 1984 - Experiment,u T-PASr VoI 102r pp. 1582-1589'
June 1983.
56. t'Guidelines for Evaluating Distribution
Automation,tt General Electric Company, EPRI 70. M. lI. Davis, T. J. Krupa, M. J. Diedzic, I'The
EL-3728t Project 202l-Lt Final Reportt Economics of Residential Loads on the Design and
November 1984. operation of the Distribution Sytrtem - Part f'
Design of Experiment,tr T-PAS' Vo1. L02' pp. 546-
57. J. J. Grainger, S. Civanlar, K. N. Clinard, 653, March 1,983.
t. J. Ga1e, tiOptimal Voltage Dependent Continous-
Time Control of Reactive Pover on Primary 7L. M. I,I. Davis, T. J. Krupa, M. J. Diedzic,riThe
Feeders,tr T-PAS' Vol. 103' pp. 2714-2722, Economics of Residential Loads on the Design and
September 1984. operation of the Distribution System - Part II'
toad Characteristics,tr T-PAS, Vo1. 102, pp. 654-
58. T. R. Feldman, 'rMicroproeessor-Based Controllers 665, March 1983.
and an Intelligent Capacitdr-Bank Controllerr" T-
PAS, Vo1. 103' pp. 2780-2784, September 1984. 72. H. I{, Davis, T. J. Krupa, M. J. Diedzie,lrThe
Economics of Residential Loads on the Design and
59. S. T, Hak, T. G. Hoore, ITIIACS' A Nev Viable Tvo- operation of the Distribution System - Part III,
Vay Auotmatlc Comnunication System for The Economies of Load Managementrtr T-PAS,
Distribution Netvorks. Part II: lnbound Vo1, 102, pp. 666-674, March 1983.
Communication,rr T-PAS, Vo1. 103' pp. 214L-2147,
August 1984. 73. D. J. Dar*sker, rrAlarm Monitoring and Reporting
Systems in a Distributed Control Environrnent,rr T-
60. S. T. ilak, 'tA Nelr Hethod of Generating TfACs TyPe PAS, Vo1. 102' pp. 3177-3183, Harch 1983.
Outbound Signals for Communication on Pover
Distribution Netvorks,tr T-PAS' Vo1' 103' pp' 2134- 14. G. Vacker, E. I,iojczynski' R. Billington'
i'Interruption Cost Hethodology and Results - A
2140, August 1984.
Canadian Residential Survey'tr T-PAS' Vo1. 102t
61. J. J. Grainger, S. Civanlar, K' N' Clinard, pp. 3385-3392' October 1983.
L. J. Gale, rtDiscrete-Tap Control Scheme for
Capacitive Compensation of Distribution Feedersrrr
t-ils, VoI.103, pp.2098-2107, August 1984'
6.9 t9B2 -
62. K. N. Clinard, "Distribution Automation: Researeh
and The Energence of Reality,u T-PAS' Vo1' 103' 75. R. N. Roark, rlon-line ComPuter Assistance in Storm
pp. 2O7t-2075, August 1984. Restorationr tr Electrical }Iorld' p. 109,
Septernber 1982.
63. U. Sandberg, l'1. Faxer, I'Personal Computers for
Real-Time Control of Polier System Distribution 76, IEEE Committee Report, rrThe Distribution System of
Netvorks,n T-PAS' Vol. 103' pp. 772O-1724, the Year 2000,u T-PAS' Vo1. 101' pp. 2485-2490,
July 1984. August 1982.
,6
79. I,l. E. Blair, V. T. Rhyne, t'Communication Systems 95. N. J. Komar, rtRenote Honitoring 0f Vacuum
Reclosersr " Transmission & Distribution'
for Distribution Automation and Load Management pp. 36-38, December l'981.
Results of EPRI/D0E Research,il T-PAS' Vo1' 101,
pp. 1888-1893' JulY L982.
96. P. C. Lyons, S' A. Thomas, rrHicroprocessor-Based
80. V. T. Rhyne, 'rField Demonstrations of Control of Distribution Systemsrtr T-PAS, Vol. 100t
Communication Systems for Distribution pp. 4893-4899, December 1981.
Automation"t Department of Energy, D0E/NBB-0012'
June L982. 97. R. F. Volffr I'Automate Storm Data to Cut outage
Time,'t Electrieal l,IorId, p. 93, November 1981.
81. R. F. !Io1ff, 'rThe Nelr Electronic Frontier:
Distribution Design,tt Electrical Vor1d, p. 65' 98. -----, ttDistribution Control Uses Computer
t4ay 1982. Technology,tt Transmission & Distribution, p. L02'
September 19B1-.
82. G. D, A11en, R. !J. Moisan, ilAP,P/GE Distribution
Autornation Demonstration, Project 99. J. C. Kilgore, trMapping Is Vital For City of
A1addin," 1982 APC' APril 28, 1982 Dothan,tt Transmission & Distribution, pp. 86-88'
September 198L.
83. R. E. 0ven, S. A. Thomas, J. A, Jindriek,
I'Management of Distribution Systems Vith Dispersed 100. University of Texas, Arlington' 'rThe Effect of
Mieroprocessor-Based Controls,n l-982 APC' Reduced Voltage on Operation and Efficiency of
April 28, L982. Electric Loads and Systemsrtt Electic Pover
Research Institute' RP1419' EPRI EL2036'
84. T. H. York, t'Operational System Considerations for Vo1s. I&II, SePtember 1981.
Automated Distribution,t 1-9BZ APC' April 28, 1982.
L01. HcGrav-Edison Company' "Plan for a Distribution
85. Load Management Strateg'y Testing Model' EPRI System Simulator,tt Electric Pover Research
EA-2396, Project 1485, Final Report' l(ay 1982. Institute, RP1526' EPRI 8L2052, September 1981'
86. A. C, M. Chen, itAutomated Pover Distribution'rr 102. Darcom, Inc., ItField Demonstration of (a
Telephone) System for Distribution Automation'
rl
Spectrum, pp. 55-60' APril 1982.
Department of Energy, DOE/E'I /29025'T1,
87. M, Launay, !'Use 0f Computer Graphic In Data July 29' 1981.
Management Systems For Distribution Netvork
Planning In 'Electricite De France' 103. L. Bergenr trsatellite Control of Eleetric Pover
(E.D.F.),u 1981 PICA' T-PAS' Vo1. 101' Distribution,tt Spectrum, pp. 43-47, June 1981'
pp, 276-283, FebruarY 1982.
104. D. ll. Ross, J. Patton' A. I. Cohen' l'1' Carsont
ItNev Methods for Evaluating Distribution
88. J. B. Bunch, R. D. Hiller, J' E. llhee1er,
trDistribution System Integrated Voltage and Automation and Control (DAC) Systems Benefits,rr
Reactive Polrer Controlrtr 1981 PICA, T-PAS' T-PAS' Vol. 100, pp, 2978-2986, June 1-981'
Vo1. 101, pp. 284-289, February 1982.
Corporation and Carofina
105. Brovn Boveri CompuguardilFie1d
89. V. O. Stadlin, A. D. McKee, rrComputational Pover & Light Conpany, Demonstrations of
Techniques For An Electrical Distribution and Communication Systems for Distribution
Information Control System'il 1981 PICA' T-PAS' Automation,rt Electric Pover Research Institute,
Vo1. L01, pp' 356-362' February 1982. RP850-10/11, EPRI EL-1860, Vo1. 2, June l-981'
90. C. Berry, P. Hirsch, !J. G. Tue1, Jr., rtDatabase L06. lJestinghouse Electric Corporation and Detroit
Model For Distribution Facilities'rr L98L PICA, Edison Company, ttField Demonstrations of
T-PAS, Vo1. L01, pp. 363-370' February L982. Communication Systems for Distribution
Automation,tt Electric Institutet
Por+er Research
91, D. J. Inglis, D'L.Havkins, S. D. I'Ihe1an, RPB50-30/31' EPRI EL-1860, Vo1. 3, June 1981'
ttLinking Distribution Facilities And Customer
lnformation System Databases,u 1981 PICA' T-PAS' 107. lJestinghouse Eleetric Corporation and Long Island
Lighting Company, trField Demonstrations of
Vo1. 1O1, pp. 371-375' February 1982.
Communication Systems for Distribution
92, R. F. llotff, "Two-vay System Reaches A11 AutoBation"' Electrie Institutet
Poruer Research
Customers'rr ElectricaNorld, p. 102' RP850-40/41' EPRI EL-L860, Vo1. 4, June 1981'
January 1982.
108. R. Grodin, ttComputer-Dedicated Voltage Regulation
Method for Distribution Substations," T-PASt
VoI. 100, pP. 2184-2188, MaY 1981'
5.10 1981 -
fiComputerized SCADA Brings Savings and 109. L. V. MeCall' I'A Distribution Automation
93. -----, Denonstration Project,il T-PAS, VoI. 100'
Irnproved ReliabilitY, rl pp. 1744-L751, APril 1981.
Transmission & Distribution, pp. 56-57'
December 1981. 110. J. R. Redmon, C. H. Gentz' I'Affect of Distribution
Automation and Control on Future System
94. R. A, Few, ttAutomatie Loop Sectionalizing Can Configuration,tr T-PAS, Vo1. 100, pp. 1923-1931'
Improve Distribution Reliability, tr April 1981,.
Transmission & Distribution, pp. 44-48,
December l-981. 111. J. Carr, t'Considerations in the Adoption of a FuI1
Scale Distribution Automation Systemrn T-PAS'
VoI. 100, pp. 1167-1L72, March 1'981'
112. S. !{. Levis, nPreparlng For Distribution 129. A. G. Phadke, rrThe Time for Conputerized Relaying
Automatlonrn Transnlssion & Distribution, pp. 6, isEererrr Electrical llorld, p. 68,
February 1981. Pebruary 15, 1980.
113. S. M. Lewis, trDistribution Automation 130. K. Tanaka, K. Kanou, Y. Harumoto, T. Hori,
Developments, rr Transmission & Distribution, K. Suzuki, T. Gouda, nApplication of
pp. 24-25, February 198L. Microprocessors to the Control and Protectlon
System at Substation,tr T-PAS, Vo1. 99,
114. K. 9. I(Leln, nAutomated Distribution Design pp. 344-351, January/February 1980.
Approaches, n transnlssion & Distribution,
pp. 26-30, February 1981. 131. J. L. Kirtley, Jr., T. L, Sterling, rrlmpact of Nev
Electronic Technologies to the Customer End of
115. R. Capra, rrAutomate Feeders to Improve Distribution Automation and Controlrn T-PAS,
Reliability,tr ELectrical l{orld, pp. 93-95, VoI. 99, p. L2, January/February 1980.
January 1981.
132. I. E. Dy Liacco, nThe Organization of Central and
116. J. B. Bunch, A. C. U. Chen, D. R. Jenkins, Local Controls in Distribution Automation,tr T-PAS,
J. L. HcCoy, IPROBE and Its Implications for VoI. 99, p. 15, January/February 1980.
AutomatedDistributlon Systems,tr ?-ApC, VoI. 43,
pp. 683-688, 1981. 133. Record of Panel Discussions, rsubstation
Autonation: Testing Techniques for SCADA and
Automation Systemsrtr T-PAS, Vo1. 99, p. 5,
January/February 1980.
6.11 1980 -
t77. J. B. Bunch, I{. H. Te!r, rrResearch and Development
in Substation Autonationrrt Electrlc Forun, Vo1. 6, 6.12 1979 -
No.1, pp.12-15,1980.
134. Systens Control, Inc.,
rtDevelopment of Advanced
118. A. C. l,t. Chen, ,'Automated Distribution Systems: A Hethods For Planning Electric Energy Distribution
Perspectiverrr Electric Forum, Vo1. 6, No. 1, Systemsrrr Departnentof Energ:y, SCf-5263, VoI. 1,
pp. 16-20, 1980. February 1980, VoI. 2, December L979.
119. If. J.Schmidt, I'Hicroprocessors Find Niche in 135. R. Tabroff, rrComputer-Based Disturbance
Relaying,r' Electrical llorld, p. 94, November 19g0. Reporting, rr Transmlssion & Distribution,
pp. 32-38, December 1979.
120. I{estinghouse Electric Corporation and Salt River
Project, IResearch in Distribution Load 136. University of Ok1ahoma, trDevelopmentof Advanced
Forecasting and Planningrn Electric pover Research l,lethods For Planning Electric Energy Distribution
Institute, Rp570, EPRI EL-1199, vol. r, Systemsrrr Department of Energy, C00-4830-3,
August 1980, Vol. II, November L979, Vo1. fII, 0ctober 1979.
April 1980.
137. Boeing Computer Services, t'Distribution Database
121. Il. E. Shu1a, trCombining Database Functions,r EpRI Design,rr Electric Pover Research Institute,
Journal, pp. 2t-24, July/August 1980. RP1139, EPRI EL-1150, August 1979.
122. Record of Panel Presentations, rCommunication 138. J. Kogure, 'rAn Adaptive Routing System for 0n Line
Alternatives For Distributions Hetering and Load Telenetry Data,f T-PAS, Vol. 98, pp. 1213-12L7,
Uanagement,tr T-PAS, Vo1. 99, pp, L44B-1455,
July/August 1980.
Ju1y/Augus t , 1979.
58
160. S. P. HacKenzie, A. Bose, rrPower System ilonitoring
L44. T. D. Smith, E. M. Hollandsvorth, rA Novel System by Hini-Computer in the Laboratory,rr T-PAS,
for Hanaging Electrical Utility Loads,rr 7th Yot. 97, p. 317, Harch/Apri1 1978.
IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference
and Exposition, 79 CE 1399-5-p1{R, pp. 594_599, L61. A. G. Street, J. A. Gaul,trMicroprocessor
April L979. Programmable Remote Terminal Unit for a SCADA
System,r T-PAS, Vo1, 97, p. 321, March/April 1978.
145. A. C. H, Chen, rrA System perspecti.ve on Substation
and Distribution Automationr'r 1979 Control of 162, State of Arizona, Arizona Solar Energy Research
Pover Systems Conference & Exposition, Conferenee Comrnission, rrArizona
Electrical Energy Load
Record, p. t1-2, ilarch 1979. Uanagement Demonstration Projectrrt DOE
CA-04-50073-00, February' L978.
146. K. S. Pribadi, R. D. Moeller, ilDistributed
Processing System for Load l.lanagement and 163. U. S. Department of Energy/Division of Electric
Distribution Autornation,r Lglg Control of pover Energy Systems, rrProgram Plan For Research,
Systems Conference & Exposition, Conference Development, and Demonstration of Distribution
Record, p. 113, Harch 1979. Automation and Control on the Electric Power
Systemrtr D0E/ET-0005, January 1978.
L47. D. D. Veers, rrControl vith fntelligent Remotes &
Telephone Systemsrt 1979 Control of pover Systems 164. J. B. Bunch, H. J. Fielder, L.L. Mankofft
Conference & Exposition, Conference Record, ttCommunications and Automation - Partners In
pp. L2t-125, March 1979. Protection and Control,tr Electric Forum, VoI. 4t
No.1, pp.26-30,1978.
148. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, rrProceedings of the
Distribution Automation and Control l,Iorking 165. B. D. Russe11, rrDistribution Automation Using
Grouprrr Volume I: Executive Sumnary, Volume I1: Microconputer Technologyrrr Electric Pover Systems
Proceedings, JPL Publication 79-35, Mareh 1979. Research, Vo1. 1, pp. 131-137, 1977/1978.
149. P. P. Schunacher, M. E. Potter, rrComputerized Data
Acquisition and Analysis System,r T-PAS, Vo1. 98,
p. 4, January/February 1979. 6.14 L977 -
150. J. R. Hurley, S. A, Seeker, R, E. Oven, L66, A. L. King, "H-V Hetering Installation Improved,rl
trDistribution System Automation - Design Transmission & Distributionr pP. 48-50'
Philosophy for a Distributed l.licroprocessor December 1977.
System,tr P-APC, VoI. 41, pp. 1173-1-179, 1979.
167, ----- ttCustomer Communication Systemsrrr EEI,
151. D. G. Berkovitz, D. L. Nickel, R. N. Burkhalter, December 1977,
rrEeononic EvaLuation of Autonated Distribution and
Load Hanagement Systems,tr P-APC, Vol. 41, 168. S. A. Arafeh, R. E. Kilmer, J. H. Rumbaugh,
pp. 1184-1194, L979 ttClosed-Loop Computer Control of a System of
Radial Load Busses, Using Transforners' Capacitors
and Reactors,r T-PAS, Vol. 96, pp. l73t-1740,
November/December 1977.
6.13 1978 -
169. T. P. Co11ins, I'Computer Aids Substation
152. J. R. Klinkenberg, rrRadio Control Supervisory Supervision," Transmission & Distribution,
Adapts to Unit Substation changes,rt Transmission & pp. 48-52, November 1977.
Distribution, pp. 40-44, December 1978.
170. J. J. Dougherty, 'rThe EPRI Distribution Autonation
153. D. E, Spirk, rrSRP's Supervisory Control System Programrtt Proceedings of the International
Updated,rt Transmission & Distribution, pp. 28-32, Conference on Energy Use Hanagementr Tuesont
December 1978. Arizona, pp, 671-673, October 24-28, 1917.
154. A. !I. Stei1, 'rNetvork Transformers ilonitored 171. B. L. Johnson, 'rDuquesne To Control Distribution
Remotely,tr Electrical Vorld, pp. 98-99, Netvork Distribution Automatically, tl
November 15, 1978. Transmission & Distributionr PP. 42-44,
Septenber 1977.
155. F. C. Scheppe, rrPover Systems '2000':
Hierarchieal Control Strategies,tr Spectrun, L72. H. H. Kitching, D, H. Gi1lies, rrNeil England
pp. 42-47, July 1978. Utility uses Voltage, Current lJaves for Load
Control,rr Transmisslon & Distribution' pp. 46-54,
156. C. H. Castro, P. R. Scottovia, rtA llinicomputer September 1977.
Application for Substation Control,n T-PAS,
Vo1.97, p.1011, July/August 1978. 173. G. Lokken, N. Jagoda, R, D'Auteuil, I'VE Takes
First Step Tovard ADSrrl
157, -----t "Tvo-vay Ilater Heater Control Saves, $40 Transmission & Distributionr pp. 36-39'
Hillion for I,lEPCo.,rrElectric Light and Pover, September 1977.
June 1978.
L74, J. B. Bunch, J. A. Smith, "GE PROBE(s) Substatlon
158. R. V. Irtilliamson, to Test Polrer Line
'!SDG&E and Distribution Automation,rr Transmission &
Carrier for ADS,rr Transmission & Distribution, Distribution, pp. 52-56, September 1977.
pp. 44-48, 70, ilay 1978.
175. K. Olrens, nutilities Pressured To Automate
159. D. O. Koval, R. Billington, rrEvaluation of ELements Distribution By 1980'sr" Transmission &
of Distribution Circuit Outage Durations,r T-PAS, Distribution, pp. 26-33' September 1977.
Vol. 97, p. 330, Harch/April 1978.
59
176. G. Kaplan, rrTvo-vay Communication for Load 193. J. R. Goodman,'rAutomated
llanagement,n IEEE Speetrum, pp. 46-50, Distribution," t976 ControL of Pover Systems
August 1977. Conference, 76 CH 1057*9, pp. L24-L27, t976.
L77. H. !I. Beaty, rrAutomated Distribution Improves 194. R, F. Handy' V. G. Scott, "Computerizing
System Operations and Reliability,rr Electrical Distribution Operationsrx P-APCr Vo1. 38'
llorld, pp. 39-50, JuIy 15, L977. pp . 1263-7270 , 197 6 .
183. S. A. Arafeh, rrApplication of llierarchial Control 200. R. H. Hayes, 0. L, Hil1, rrProgress in Remote Line
Concepts to a Large Pover Distribution System,rr Slritch Control,'r Transmission & Distribution,
Proceedings of 1977 Joint Automatic Control pp. 52-56, June 1975.
Conference, Paper No. TP2B-5:10.
201. J. Sabel1a, 'rControlling Distribution Line
184. J. F. Croghan, D. R. Jenkins, F. A. Rushden' Slrltches by Radio,'r Transmission & Distribution'
J. B. Buneh, G. P. Gurr, trPR0BE - A Feasibility pp, 42-44, 62-63, June 1975.
Demonstration of Substation and Distribution
Automation,tr P-APC' Vo1. 39, pp. t27B-1287, 1977. 202. \1. lI. Spinks, "Svitching by Radio Aids
Reliability,'! Transmission & Distribution,
pp. 66-68, June 1975.
6.15 L976 - 203. H. I,I. Beaty, I'Svitching: Key to ReJ-iability,rl
Electrical llorld' pp. 39-46' January 15' 1975.
185. G. P. Gibson, B. R. Bergrnan, I'Status Uonitoring -
Distribution Substationsr rt Transmission & ZO4. E. E, Hurphy, ItRemote Feeder Control Cuts 0utage
Distribution, pp. 36-42, November 1976. Duration," Electrical llorldr pp. 46-48,
January L,1975.
186. -----, USCADA Aids Distribution 0peration,rr
Electrical l.iorld, pp. 45-47, October L5, 1976,
rrAutomation Uses Common Databasert!
6.t7 1974 -
187. -----,
Electrical llor1d, pp. 36-38' September L' 1976. 205. C. H. Gentz, rrsupervisory Control on 13-kV
System,tt Transmission & Distribution' pp. 38-42'
188. HITRE Corporation, ItCornparative Evaluation of October 1974.
Communications Alternatives for Automating
Distribution Systemsr't Electric Pover Research 206. R. F. Cook, rtAutomation Influences System Costsrrr
Institute, RP569, EPRT EL-157, Vo1s, 1&II, Electrical l{orld, pp. 87-89, September 15, 1974.
September 1976.
207. R. S. Cohen, "Development of Automation Equations
189. T, J. Krupa, t'Changing Load Profiles and for Underground Primary Distributiont" t974
Distribution System Effectsrrr Proceedings of the Underground Transmission and Distribution
Conferenee on Pover System Planning and Conference, 74 CH 0832-6-P1[Rr PP. 407-413,
0perations: Future Problems and Research Needs, April 1-5, 1974.
EPRI EL-377-SR, pp. 3.40-3.65, August 22, 1976.
208. J. P. Didonato, P. Pritchard, I'Remote Monitoring
190. -----, rrAutomation Reduces Circuit Outage Time,rl of Netlrork Equipment,u t974 Underground
Electrical Vor1d, pp. 39-40, April 1, 1976. Transmission and Distribution Conference,
74 CH O832-6-PFRr pp. 610-615' April L-5' 1974.
191. N. Jagoda, R. D'Anteuil, H. Baker, R. Abbot,
E. Jones, ttNetvork Control, Load Hanagement and 209, L. C. Vercellotti, I. A. I{hyte, rrDistribution
lleter Reading Techniques Using Pover Line Pover Line Communications for Remote Meter Reading
Communicationsr" 1976 Control of Polrer Systems and Selective Load Controfr' P-APC, Vo1. 36,
Conference, 76 Cll 1057-9, pp. 146-152, 1976. pp, 1114-1119, 1974.
Electrical Association, Research Project 76-13.
60
210. P. B. Robinson, rrProgress in Automatic Meter 227. H, L. Thvaites, rtFeeder Svitching llired for
Reading,tr P-APC, Vo1. 36r pp,959-964,1974. Control and Supervision," Electrical llorld,
pp. 88-89, Harch 15, 1972.
21,1. J. Pau1, R. Born, rrAn Electronic llatthour I'leterr" Z2g. J. lI. Lamont, H. L. Couchman, rtilinicomputer Ready
P-APC, Vo1. 36, pp. 952-958t L974. for Control i;ses,r,Electricaj. I{orld, pp. 44-46,
March 1' L972'
212.'1. S. Bangart, R. E. Riebs, t'Practical Aspects of
Large-Sca1e Automatic Heter Reading Using Existing Z2g. R. D. Good, "Radio Control Cuts Interruption
Telephone Lines,rt P-APC, Vol. 36, ' Time,rt Electrical Vorld, pp, 3g-40,
pp. 945-951, 1974, January L, 1,gl1.
213. IEEE Industrial and Commercial Pover Systems 230. E. E. Murphy, R. I,I. i{alden, Jr., nDistribution
Committee, Reliability Subcommittee, xReport Automation for Metering and Control,tr p_ApC,
on Reliability Survey of fndustrial Plants, VoI. 34, pp. 96g-971, 1972.
Part I1: Cost of Polrer outages,rt IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, vo1.
1A-10, No. 2, l4arch/April 1,974.
6.20 t97t -
chapter vrr, t'Distribution," pp' 7'\-7'12, 233. -----, r'space Radio control Svitched capacitors,,'
December 1973' Electrical iJorrd, pp. 86-87, September 15, 1971.
216.14. M. Devorris, I'Radio 0perates Netlrork
l:11"h""," 234. _____, r,Remote_Controlled Sectionalizing Key To
Electrical vorld, pp' 54-55' August L5,1973' Halting climb in customer outage Rate,'t Erectricar
Vorld' p' 49' JuIy L' L971'
211. H. !1. Beaty' "Distribution R&D Needs A Systems
Approach,trEleetrical vorld' pp' 35-50, 235. D. A. yigdal, "capacitors sr,ritched by Radio,
August L, 1973' phone,tr slectricai ilorld, pp. 76-78t,lune 1, 1971.
218. J. A. Marks, "Distribution Automation: q Ufli]1- 236. J. H. Spencer, rrAutomatic Heter Reading - L97l,tl
Flight for Most, Reality for Fev,rrElectric Light p_ApC, Vol. 33, pp. 962_969, Lg71,
And Pover, pp. 4l-45, April 1973.
22O. -----,rtRemote Svitching Conquers Rugq:g Terrain," 237. Federal power Commission, ,,the 1970 National pover
Electrieal l+rorld' p' 39' January lt 3'973' sr.r"y,trpart rV, ,The Distribution of Electric
Pover"t p' IV-3-67' June 1969'
22i^ D, A. Humphreys, 'rFeasibility of Automatic Control
of Distribution class Disconneet svitehes'il P-APC' 238. J. B. 0river, Radio control of \later Heaters and
vo1' 35, pp' 1088-1091, 1973' Distribution station voltage Regurators,tt paper
No. CP 666-PiIR, IEEE Summer Pover Meeting, Dallas,
Texas, June 22*27, 1969.
6.19 1972 -
222. O. L. HiI1, R. H. Hayes, rrRemote Control of Feeder
Sqritching is Tested,ri Transmission & Distribution,
pp. 50-53, 84, December 1972.
223. R. B. Shipley, A. D. Patton, J. E. Denison,
rrPover Reliability Cost vs. Vorth,n IEEE
Transactions on Pover Apparatus and Systems,
vo1. 91, pp. 2204-2212, September/October 1972.
GLOSSARY
Author: R. B. Lee
FAULT LOCATION
AUTOHATIC BUS SECTIONALIZING lABsl tFrl
AUTOT.IATIC RECLoSTNG (DTGITAL) IARl
A Distribution Automation function vhich, upon the
recognition of a fault in the distribution nitvork,
A programned function that automatically initiates determines the location of the fault through analysis
the close control action to a circuit breaker after an of the netvork topography, netvork variables, and the
automatic trip action (vithout lockout) folloved by a readings of speciallzed fault detection equipment.
preselected time interval. Usually provides up to Fault location is normally considered io - be a
three reclose control operations, each vith its ovn subfunction of the Feeder Deployment Svitching and
time interval folloved by a lockout condition if an Sectionalizing Distribution Automation function.
automatic trip occurred after the final cl,ose actlon.
FEEDER DEPLOY},IENT SVITCHING AND AUTOUATIC
BUS VOLTAGE SECTIONALIZTNG I FDS&As
CONTROL lBvcl ]
An Integrated Volt-Var Control subfunction vhieh A Distribution Automation function vhich deals
maintains distribution substation bus voltage vithin vith faults in the feeder netlrork and normally performs
specified limits and at a specified setpoint by the folloving:
controlling substation LTCs and Voltage Regulators.
A) fault recognition
DISTRIBIJTION AUTOHATION SYSTEM lDAsl B) fault location
C) fault lsolation
Distribution Automation Systen: A system that D) initial pol,er restoration
enables an electric utility to remotely monitor, E) feederreconfiguration
coordinate and operate distribution components in a
real-time mode from remote locations. FEEDER RECONFIGIJMTTON
IFR]
A Distribution Automation function vhich, through
DISTRIBUT]ON DISPATCH CENTER IDDC] use of sectlonalizing svitches, causes selected feeders
A district-vide control center invoLved in or segments of feeders to be connected to other than
normal feeders or feeder segments or to other than
Distribution Automation and Load Hanagement operations normal substations. This is done for the folloving
for a distriet. reasons:
DISTRIBUTION LINE CARRIER lDLcl A) to perform por{er restoration on unfaulted
feeder segments via sectionalizing slritch
A communication system vhere the utility redeployment
distrlbution pover tine is used as the predoralnant B) to perform load balancing
element in the communications 1ink. Frequencies on the
utility's primary usually range from under 6 kEz to 20 FEEDER REHOTE POINT VOLTAGE CONTROL lFRPVCl
kldz. The system can be unidirectional or
bi-di rec t lonal. INTEGMTED VOLT-VAR CONTROL IIWCI
Demand Side Generation IDSG]
The coordinated control of substation and
ELECTRO}'AGNETIC IIVTERFERENCE lEurl distrlbution feeder voltage regulators and capacitor
banks to achieve specified control, objectives. IWC
ENERGY I,IANAGE}.IENT SYSTEI,! lEusl normally contains the folloving:
FAULT ISOLATION IFI] A) transformer circulating current control
A Distribution Automation function vhich B) reactlve pover control
eleetrically isolates a reeognized fault to the
smallest possible portion of the distribution systen C) substation and feeder voltage control
through the operation of distribution substation feeder
breakers and sectionalizing svltches. Fault isolation
is normally considered to be a subfunction of the
Feeder Deployrnent Svitching and Sectionalizing
Distrlbution Automation function.
63
LINE DROP COilPENSATION ILDCI TAMPER DETECT]ON (TAHPER I.IONITORTNG) ITD]
The action initiated by the util,ity on one or more A receiver-transmitter or transceiver equipment
of its customers as a result of financial incentives vhieh has a capability to transmit signals
to: automatically vhen a proper interrogation is received.
A) control load grovth
B) alter the shape of the load curve
C) increase supp'}y through nonutility or
nont gadi tional sources
64