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International Journal of Architectural Heritage

Conservation, Analysis, and Restoration

ISSN: 1558-3058 (Print) 1558-3066 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uarc20

Numerical assessment of accumulated seismic


damage in a historic masonry building. A case
study

Cristin Sandoval, Roberto Valledor & Diego Lopez-Garcia

To cite this article: Cristin Sandoval, Roberto Valledor & Diego Lopez-Garcia (2017): Numerical
assessment of accumulated seismic damage in a historic masonry building. A case study,
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2017.1356945

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1356945

Accepted author version posted online: 26


Jul 2017.

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Download by: [Indian Institute of Technology Madras] Date: 29 July 2017, At: 05:39
Numerical assessment of accumulated seismic damage
in a historic masonry building. A case study.
Cristin Sandovala,b,*, Roberto Valledora, Diego Lopez-Garciaa,c
a
Department of Structural & Geotechnical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catlica de

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Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22. Santiago, Chile.

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b
School of Architecture, Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile, Casilla 306, Correo 22.
Santiago, Chile.

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c
National Research Center for Integrated Natural Disaster Management CIGIDEN,
CONICYT/FONDAP/15110017, Santiago, Chile.

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ABSTRACT an
The current state of damage of a two-story unreinforced masonry historic building in Santiago de

Chile is mainly due to the occurrence of the earthquakes of 3rd March 1985 (Mw 8.0) and 27th
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February 2010 (Mw 8.8). Among the modern strategies available for a structural assessment of

this type of constructions, nonlinear time-history analysis offers interesting possibilities but its
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use remains little explored because of their high computational demand. In this context, this

paper investigates the capabilities of a numerical strategy, based on macro-modelling, to simulate


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the accumulated seismic damage of a historic masonry building subjected to large seismic
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events. For this purpose, longitudinal and transverse components of accelerograms of the two

large earthquakes that were recorded near the building are considered. Nonlinear time-history
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analyses were carried out in sequence using a global finite element (FE) model of the structure.

The results show that the current crack pattern observed in the building can be simulated

satisfactorily by the numerical approach adopted.

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Keywords: Historic building; nonlinear time-history analysis; Seismic assessment; Total strain

crack model; Accumulated damage; Lime mortar masonry.

________

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* Corresponding author:

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Tel.: +56 2 23544210

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E-mail address: csandoval@ing.puc.cl (C. Sandoval)

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1. INTRODUCTION an
The seismic assessment of unreinforced masonry historic buildings remains a complex task
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despite the efforts made so far in this research topic. Some of the difficulties inherent in this type

of studies derive from a lack of knowledge of the mechanical properties of the constituent
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materials, the geometry and morphology of the structure, the state of the connections between

resisting elements, the effectiveness of the horizontal diaphragms (if there are any), and the
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actual existing damage. In addition, assumptions commonly adopted in the analysis of structures

made up of other materials (such as isotropy, homogeneity, and linearly elastic behavior up to
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yielding) do not apply to masonry. For these reasons, accurate seismic analysis of unreinforced
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masonry historic buildings often requires sophisticated numerical models and computationally

expensive analyses.

The available approaches for the structural analysis of historic masonry constructions have

been described and evaluated in several previous works (e.g. Roca et al. 2010). In general,

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modern strategies for the assessment of the seismic behavior of this type of construction make

use of nonlinear incremental static (pushover) analysis (Pea et al. 2010; Loureno et al. 2011;

Akhaveissy & Milani 2013; Ademovic et al. 2013; Endo et al. 2015; Dal Cin & Russo 2016), or

nonlinear time history analysis (Mendes & Loureno 2009; Endo et al. 2015; Milani & Valente

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2015; Pea & Chvez 2016). Another frequently applied strategy in this type of studies is the

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limit analysis (Milani et al. 2006; Preciado & Ordua 2014), which requires previous knowledge

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of the possible collapse mechanisms of the structure. An interesting comparison between

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different methods of seismic analysis, applied to an ancient church damaged by the 2009

LAquila (Italy) earthquake, has recently been presented by Endo et al. (2015). Results obtained
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in this study show that the methods investigated (limit analysis, pushover analysis, and nonlinear

time history analysis) were able to predict most of the damage caused by the earthquake. The
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authors point out that pushover analysis, applied to the whole structure using various control

points, appeared adequate and reliable, providing a good balance between computational effort
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and accuracy of results. Similarly, in Milani & Valente (2015) the results of nonlinear time

history analysis of seven masonry churches, severely damaged by the 2012 Emilia-Romagna
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(Italy) earthquake, are presented and discussed. These analyses were carried out using the
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meaningful portion (20 seconds) of the ground motion recorded at Mirandola station during the

main event.
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Nonlinear time history analysis is probably the tool offering the most accurate and reliable

assessment of the structural seismic response of historic masonry constructions when the

physical nonlinear behavior of the masonry material is properly defined and when connections

between structural elements are suitably modelled. However, only a limited number of studies

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have employed this tool, mainly due to the fact that such analysis is computationally expensive

and requires a suitable selection of accelerograms that are not always available. For these

reasons, when an earthquake hits a historic building and causes damage, including its collapse,

an interesting opportunity arises in order to study and evaluate the results of different assessment

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strategies, providing highly interesting information to the scientific community as well as to

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practitioners.

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In accordance with present-day conservation and restoration principles

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(ICOMOS/ISCARSAH 2003), the structural model of a historic building is to be validated

adequately by means of comparison between its predictions and the empirical evidence. For
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example, comparisons can be made between the pattern of cracking predicted by the model for a

known case or load and the actual state of damage exhibited by the structure. Other procedures
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such as dynamic tests (OMA test) or in-situ stress tests (hole-drilling test or flat-jack test) can

also be used for the calibration or validation of a structural model by matching numerical results
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with experimental measurements. In these cases, a satisfactory comparison could lead to assume
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that the model is sufficiently validated, and therefore suitable to predict the structural response

under other possible conditions such as usage overloads, future earthquakes, etc. This
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methodological approach is also very useful to identify and evaluate possible repair or retrofit

strategies. Therefore, in the context of a seismic rehabilitation project, the validation process of a
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structural model is of critical importance given that an inadequate model might give rise to

erroneous conclusions about the structural behavior of a historic building, which in turn might

prompt unnecessary or insufficient intervention resulting in the loss of some heritage values or in

low levels of safety (Roca 2004).

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Recent earthquakes worldwide have caused significant damage, including partial and

total collapse, in historic masonry buildings (Blondet et al. 2008; DAyala & Paganoni 2011;

Penna et al. 2014; Senaldi et al. 2015; Cakir et al. 2015; Rai et al. 2015, Torres et al. 2017). In

Chile, masonry heritage buildings are relatively scarce mainly due to the high seismic activity. In

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fact, several historic and traditional masonry buildings have suffered severe damage, including

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collapse, during the recent major earthquakes that have hit Chile. For example, the February 27,

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2010 (Mw 8.8) earthquake caused significant losses in the stock of historic and heritage

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buildings (among them churches, chapels, patio-centered buildings, and traditional country

houses) in the central and south regions of Chile. A general review of severely damaged historic
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structures after the 2010 Chile earthquake can be found in DAyala & Benzoni (2012) and in a

technical report published by the Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales (CMN 2010), while the
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damage observed in the specific case of adobe heritage buildings has been reported in Contreras

et al. (2011). In this context, the need to study the seismic behavior of historic and heritage
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buildings in Chile has become clear in order to avoid greater loss of the local architectural

heritage. However, the current Chilean seismic standard NCh433.Of1996 (INN 2009), mainly
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oriented towards the analysis and design of modern buildings, does not contain specific
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assessment criteria for these types of constructions. The lack of such criteria in this standard has

led essentially to two scenarios: (1) abandonment or lack of maintenance of these structures
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because of absence of appropriate studies; and (2) modification of these structures to comply

with the criteria of the current seismic standard by means of introducing elements of reinforced

concrete and/or structural steel with the resulting loss or alteration of heritage and cultural value.

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With the above situation in mind, the main objective of the present article is to discuss the

ability and reliability of a numerical strategy based on the finite element (FE) method to

realistically simulate the structural behavior and the current pattern of damage of a historic

masonry building that was struck by two large earthquakes. The building selected as a case study

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for this purpose is the Palacio Pereira, located in Santiago, Chile. This heritage masonry

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mansion, built in 1872, was severely damaged by the March 3, 1985 (Mw 8.0) and the February

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27, 2010 (Mw 8.8) earthquakes. Its current state of damage is the consequence of lack of

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maintenance, lack of appropriate repairs after the earthquakes, and the deficiencies in its original

design. It is important to note that the case study selected in this research is considered one of the
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most emblematic buildings of the late 19th century in Santiago.

The novelty of the study lies in performing two consecutive nonlinear time-history
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analyses taking into account the recorded accelerograms that are considered the most similar to

the ones the case study was actually subjected to. The analyses consider the simultaneous
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application of both horizontal components of the ground motion. A macro-modelling approach


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was adopted to generate a 3D model of the structure, and the total strain crack model available in

the software Diana (TNO Diana 2015) was adopted to account for the nonlinear behavior of the
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material. The FE model is based on the information obtained by careful in-situ inspections as

well as from an investigation into the history of the building. Some material properties were
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calibrated from experimental tests performed in-situ, in particular from a shear test that was

subsequently simulated numerically in order to calibrate certain input parameters of the

constitutive models adopted.

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Due to the complexities associated with nonlinear time history analysis in this type of

studies and the lack of methods specifically orientated towards the seismic assessment of historic

masonry buildings in Chile, an additional aim of the present article is to assess the suitability of

linear elastic models, commonly used by practitioners, as a possible tool for structural diagnosis

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of historic masonry buildings subjected to seismic events. As is well known, the use of linear

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elastic analysis in studies of historic masonry constructions is widely questioned since such

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analysis is not able neither to estimate the ultimate capacity of the structure nor to simulate the

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development of complex failure modes observed in masonry constructions (Roca et al. 2010).

Despite these shortcomings, linear elastic analysis has been employed as an analytical tool at the
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diagnosis stage in numerous previous studies with satisfactory results (Mola & Vitaliani 1997;

Cakir et al. 2015). According to Meli & Pea (2004), linear elastic models can provide valuable
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preliminary information about the seismic response of historic masonry buildings, including

information related to the mode shapes and periods of vibration, identification of weakest areas
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in the structure and elements of undesirable structural behavior. Therefore, and in order to make

recommendations to practitioners, different types of linear elastic analyses were carried out and a
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comparison with results given by nonlinear time history analysis was made.
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In this study, linear elastic analyses were performed taking into account some

specifications of the Chilean seismic design standard NCh433.Of1996 (INN 2009). Currently,
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this standard indicates that static analysis is the only analysis method valid for unreinforced

masonry structures. However, since static analysis leads to unrealistic assessments when applied

to structures that do not have rigid horizontal floor diaphragms, other alternatives were explored.

Particular attention was paid to response spectrum analysis because it is an analysis method that

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provides a good balance between accuracy and computational effort. The linear elastic analyses

were performed using the commercial software package SAP2000 (CSI 2015) and were

processed on a computer for commercial use with the objective of employing the same

computational resources that are available to any practitioner.

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2. CASE STUDY: THE PALACIO PEREIRA

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BUILDING

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2.1. Information about the building
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The Palacio Pereira was designed by the French architect Lucien Ambroise Hnault in
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1872. It is a 2-story unreinforced masonry structure built in French neo-classical style, and its

total surface is 2741 m2. Until 1973 the Palacio Pereira underwent continuous remodeling of its
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interior, including extensions of the first floor and several modifications to the walls (both

openings and closings), and it has been abandoned since 1980. Today, however, the Palacio is
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the object of numerous studies that are part of an ambitious restoration project.
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In spite of the abandonment and the numerous earthquakes it was subjected to, the building

still conserves a large part of its claddings and original architectural ornaments. The cladding of
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the main faades (Figure 1a), which has a high architectural value due to the presence of a large

amount of decorative elements (balusters, precast pieces, volumetric elements, etc.), is composed

of lime mortar, while the cladding in the galleries and central transept is made of plaster. The

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presence of existing cladding on the masonry shear walls, in some cases, prevented exhaustive

inspection of current structural damages.

The earthquake-resistant structure of the Palacio Pereira is made up mainly of unreinforced

masonry shear walls built from traditionally produced solid clay bricks and lime mortar of very

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poor quality. The structural walls have an average thickness of 60 cm and stand on foundations

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made up of stone continuous footing. The nominal dimensions of handmade clay bricks used in

the Palacio Pereira are 40x20x6 cm3. Figure 1b shows a typical wall section where the bond

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pattern between bricks is observed. an
Figure 2 shows an isometric view of the entire building and Figure 3 shows the main

characteristics of the first floor. It can be observed that the building has an irregular floor plan
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and numerous enclosed interior spaces. In-plan wall densities, expressed as the ratio of the area

of earthquake-resistance walls along a given direction to the total building area, are equal to
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5.9% and 6.5% in the longitudinal (Y-axis) and transverse (X-axis) directions respectively. It

should be noted that this quantity (in-plan area ratio) is generally associated with the base shear
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strength of a building.
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Originally, timber (oak) girders (flexible floor diaphragm) connected the shear walls of the

first floor of the building to each other. This original floor structure, with an approximate weight
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of 0.9 kN/m2, was composed of 10x30 cm timber beams regularly spaced at 50 cm. There were

two types of anchoring of girders to structural walls. At the inner walls timber beams simply

traversed the entire wall section, while at the main faades the anchoring was at least 40 cm into

the walls. Unfortunately, because of the abandonment, many timber girders have been stolen and

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today only a 23% of the floor system still exists in the building. Regarding the roof structure, this

is made up of wooden trusses except in the main galleries and the central transept where it is

made up of steel trusses.

2.2. Historical seismic behavior and observed damage

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The Palacio Pereira withstood seven earthquakes of Richter magnitude 7 or greater, i.e., the

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September 1958, March 1965, and July 1971 earthquakes, the March 1985 earthquake and its

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April aftershock, and the February 2010 earthquake and its March aftershock. Most of the

damage of the building was caused by the 1985 and 2010 earthquakes, which caused seismic
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intensities equal to VIII (Modified Mercalli Intensity scale, IMM) at the location of the building

(Santiago). A previous investigation (CNM 2010) indicates that the 1985 earthquake caused the
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collapse of some inner walls and structural damage to the faades. In addition, the northwest

sector of the building, which was in an unsafe state prior to the 1985 earthquake due to lack of
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connection between their resistant elements, suffered severe damage and as a consequence a total

of ten enclosed inner spaces were demolished. These demolished spaces are not included in this
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study.
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The present condition of the Palacio Pereira (i.e., post February 2010 earthquake) has

been evaluated in detail as a result of careful in-situ inspections (Valledor 2016). Figure 4
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summarizes the most severe damage identified in the structure. Some of the corresponding plan

locations are highlighted in green in Figure 3. As for the eastern faade, it became partially

separated from the perpendicular walls (Figure 4a) and is appreciably out of plumb: the

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horizontal displacement at the top of the second floor (central area) is approximately equal to 15

cm. This situation could eventually lead to an out-of-plane failure of this faade.

Inside the building, it is likely that the absence of the timber floor has significantly

contributed to the structural deterioration of the structure. In general, the main timber beams of

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the original timber floor still exist only in a few inner enclosures (Figure 4b). This floor system,

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although not a rigid horizontal diaphragm, was probably able to provide certain lateral bracing

and out of plane resistance of the walls. Indeed, most of the large walls that have collapsed

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partially or totally were precisely the ones where the timber girders were no longer part of the

structural system (Figure 4c). In order to prevent the out-of-plane collapse mechanism of the
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inner walls some temporary emergency measures were carried out.
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Other significant damage observed was the absence of connection between the two main

(east and south) faades, caused by a vertical crack along the whole height of the second floor at
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the intersection of the faades (Figure 4d). In addition, both main faades exhibit a characteristic

damage pattern in the spandrels. Figure 4e shows examples of this type of damage. Similar
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damage is visible above many of the door openings inside the building (Figure 4f).
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3. STRUCTURAL MODELLING
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3.1. Description of the FE model

As mentioned before, the accurate assessment of the seismic behavior of a historic

masonry construction is a complex task. A proper nonlinear time history analysis requires a

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suitable model to account for the physical nonlinear behavior of masonry material and an

adequate selection of ground motions. In general, in the analysis of large structural elements or

entire structures it is common to adopt the well-known macro-modelling approach, where units,

mortar and unit-mortar interfaces are lumped together into a homogenous continuum. This

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numerical approach has been employed extensively in the analysis of the seismic response of

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complex historic structures (Endo et al. 2015; Cakir et al. 2015; Pea et al. 2010; Mendes &

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Loureno 2009; Torres et al. 2017) and is considered an appropriate approach when a

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compromise between accuracy and efficiency is desired (Roca et al. 2010).

A 3D FE model of the Palacio Pereira was developed for nonlinear time history analysis.
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The model was intended to be representative of the condition of the building immediately before

the March 1985 earthquake. A global view of the 3D FE model implemented in the Diana
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software (TNO 2015) is shown in Figure 5a. The first floor system, the roof system and the

parapets were not explicitly included in the model because their stiffness properties were deemed
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to have no influence on the seismic response of the building. Their mass properties, however,
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were included in the model as tributary lumped masses at the nodes located at the first floor level

(floor system) and at the roof level (roof system and parapets). Likewise, the weight of these
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elements was also included in the model as tributary concentrated loads. The model of the entire

building is made up of 7,938 four-node quadrilateral isoparametric curved shell elements. The
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translation and rotation degrees of freedom at the base (i.e., ground level) of the model were

restrained.

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In the present study, the Total Strain Crack model available in the Diana software (TNO

2015) was adopted to account for the physical nonlinear behavior of masonry. In doing so, the

cracking of the material is then of the smeared-crack type. This model includes a parabolic

stress-strain relationship for compression, and an exponential stress-softening model for tension.

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The hysteretic behavior adopted for masonry is shown in Figure 5b. This material model has

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been used for nonlinear time history analysis in other recent applications (Mendes & Loureno

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2009, Ademovic & Hrasnica 2015).

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3.2 In-situ shear-compression test and calibration of material
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parameters

Because of the importance of the masonry shear strength in the assessment of the
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nonlinear seismic behavior of the building, an in-situ shear-compression test was carried out at
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the location indicated in Figure 3. Such in-situ test was essential to obtain and calibrate the

mechanical properties necessary to accurately assess the seismic response of the Palacio Pereira.
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It is important to note that this type of in-situ test has been employed in the study of several other

historic masonries (Chiostrini et al. 2000; Borri et al. 2015).


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Figure 6a shows the in-situ test set-up and Figure 6b illustrates the post-test crack pattern.
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A horizontal load was applied at the midpoint of an interior supporting pillar at the first floor of

the Palacio Pereira. A rectangular 2 m tall by 1 m wide specimen was created, resulting in two

masonry panels of 1 m2 each. Both masonry panels were prevented from turning at their upper

and lower edges. The lateral load was applied monotonically (force controlled) up to failure,

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using a 600-kN hydraulic jack at a load increment rate of 0.25 kN/s. In total, four displacement

transducers were used to measure the diagonal displacements (two shortenings and two

extensions). The shear stress-angular strain curves obtained from the test can be seen in Figure

7a, where the maximum shear strength is max = 0.23 MPa. It must be noted that this maximum

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shear strength is affected by a vertical compressive stress of approximately 0.14 MPa as a result

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of the weight of the portion of the same wall located above the test specimen. More information

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about this in-situ test can be found in IDIEM (2013).

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With the objective of calibrating the parameters of the Total Strain Crack model, the in-

situ shear-compression test was simulated numerically using the DIANA software (TNO 2015).
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The corresponding FE model is made up of 8-node curved shell elements with an average size of

5x5 cm. The vertical compression stress was modelled as a uniformly distributed load applied
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incrementally in 10 steps, and the Newton-Raphson method was employed as an iterative

method. The lateral load was applied with displacement control, 300 increments of 0.001 mm
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each.
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Typical values of density (=1800 kg/m3) and Poissons ratio (v=0.2) of masonry were
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adopted. In addition, the compressive strength of masonry was assumed equal to =2.1 MPa

according to the standard ASCE 41-06 (2007) for masonry in poor condition. Other masonry
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properties necessary for the numerical model that are usually derived from the compressive

strength, such as Youngs modulus and tensile strength, were obtained after a calibration process

that took into consideration certain simple analytical expressions typically used in this type of

studies (Almeida et al. 2002; Mendes & Loureno 2009; Sandoval & Roca 2012; Endo et al.

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2015). A value of elastic modulus equal to E=850fk and a value of tensile strength equal to

ft=0.06fk were adopted. Table 1 summarizes the values of the parameters that were finally

assumed in the model of the in-situ test, which will subsequently be adopted in the model of the

entire Palacio Pereira. It should be noted that and E values finally adopted are very close to

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suggested ones by the Italian code for structural assessment of existing constructions (Italian

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Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport 2009).

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Figure 7a shows a comparison between the shear stress-angular strain curve obtained

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numerically and the experimental curves, while Figure 7b shows the cracking pattern predicted

by the FE model. Both results are considered satisfactory.


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3.3. Self-weight analysis
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In order to evaluate the stress state of the vertical resisting elements of the Palacio
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Pereira, a nonlinear analysis under gravitational load was carried out. The self-weight of the

structure is 3,159 metric tons, and this load was applied incrementally in 100 steps of equal
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loads. The maximum compressive stress predicted by the model is 0.33 MPa, which is equal to

16% of the compressive strength adopted for the material. Figure 8 shows the stress distribution
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after the application of the self-weight of the structure.


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3.4. Modal analysis

A preliminary modal analysis was carried out in order to get insight into the modal

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periods, the modal shapes and the modal masses of the structure. Table 2 summarizes

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information on modes 1 and 16, which have the largest translational modal mass in directions X

and Y, respectively. The corresponding modal periods are Tx = 0.312 s and Ty = 0.145 s.

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The modal shape of mode 1 is shown in Figure 9a. It can be observed that it is essentially
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a local mode associated with out-of-plane deformations in some of the walls at the south-facing

faade. Similarly, the modal shape of mode 16 is shown in Figure 9b. It is a more complex
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modal shape associated with both in-plane deformations (mainly in the south-facing faade) and

out-of-plane deformations (mainly in the east-facing faade). This modal shape might impose
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significant stresses at the intersection of the faades (i.e., at the corner of Huerfanos street and

San Martin street). Analysis of the other modes revealed that most of them are essentially local
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modes, and in principle a comprehensive modal analysis might help explain (at least partially)
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the current deformed state of the structure. It is important to note, however, that while modal

analysis might lead to a better understanding of the general behavior of the structure, the model
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(intended to represent the structure as it was before the 1985 earthquake) does not take into

account neither the dilapidated state of the building nor possible failure of the connections

between resisting elements. This latter aspect could noticeably change the values of the modal

periods. Often, numerical models are also validated by comparing modal periods measured in-

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situ with modal periods predicted by the models, but in this study it was decided that such an

approach was not suitable due to the dilapidated state of the structure.

4. NONLINEAR SEISMIC ANALYSIS

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4.1. Seismic demand

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As mentioned in Section 2, the Palacio Pereira has been in a state of neglect since 1980

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and the current state of damage is mainly due to the 1985 and 2010 earthquakes. Therefore, the

ground motions used in the nonlinear time history analyses were selected from the ground
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motions recorded during these events. The selection was made based on the proximity of the

recording stations to the Palacio Pereira and on the similarity between soil conditions. The
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selected ground motions are described below.


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4.1.1 Earthquake of 1985

The ground motion that was deemed most similar to the one the Palacio Pereira was
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actually subjected to during the 1985 earthquake is that recorded at the Endesa building located
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in downtown Santiago, not far from the location of the Palacio Pereira. The direction of the

longitudinal and transverse components of the ground motion essentially coincide with the east-
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west (Y-axis in Fig. 3) and north-south (X-axis in Fig. 3) directions of the Palacio Pereira,

respectively. Both components were applied simultaneously and in such a way that the direction

of the longitudinal component coincides with the Y-axis of the computational model. Both

components are shown in Figure 10.

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4.1.2 Earthquake of 2010

The ground motion that was deemed most similar to the one the Palacio Pereira was

actually subjected to during the 2010 earthquake is that recorded at the Santiago Centro station

located in downtown Santiago, close to the location of the Palacio Pereira. Again, the direction

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of the longitudinal and transverse components of the ground motion essentially coincide with the

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east-west and north-south directions of the Palacio Pereira, respectively. Both components were

applied simultaneously and in such a way that the direction of the longitudinal component

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coincides with the Y-axis of the computational model. Both components are shown in Figure 11.
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4.2. Nonlinear time history analysis
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With the aim of reproducing numerically the current damage of the Palacio Pereira, two

consecutive nonlinear time history analyses were performed. The structural model was first
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subjected to the 1985 Endesa record, and in such condition (i.e., from state at the end of the first

analysis) the model was then subjected to the 2010 Santiago Centro record. The equation of
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motion was solved by direct integration in the time domain using the Newmark- method with

= 0.5 and = 0.25, which is unconditionally stable (TNO Diana 2015). Rayleigh-type damping
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was adopted (5% in modes 1 and 16) along with a mass matrix consistent with the stiffness
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matrix. It is important to note that, unlike what was done in other studies (Endo et al. 2015; Pea

et al. 2010), both components of the ground motions were simultaneously applied to the

structure.

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Some insight into the progression of damage during the earthquakes was obtained by

examining the damage pattern at a time approximately equal to 50% of the total ground motion

duration and at the end of the ground motion. In the case of the 1985 earthquake, crack patterns

were examined at times t11 = 48.16 s and t12 = 96.32 s. In the case of the 2010 earthquake, crack

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patterns were examined at times t21 = 35.81 s and t22 = 71.62 s.

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At time t11 (i.e., 1985 earthquake, Figure 12a) cracks start to appear at the outer edges of

the wall openings and at the base of the first-story walls. This observation is consistent with

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expected stress concentrations at the openings, particularly at their corners. Vertical cracks

appear in the second-story walls, such as in those that connect the main faades. These cracks are
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consistent with the damage reported in Valledor (2016). At the end of the 1985 record (i.e., at

time t12) it is possible to observe that the most affected walls are the ones at parallel axes to the
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south faade which show diagonal cracks associated with horizontal loads and damage in areas

of spandrels and lintels. Horizontal cracks can also be seen at the second story of the structure
ed

and a high concentration of cracks is visible at the base of the walls. The connection between the
pt

southern and eastern faades is cracked at the upper level (Figure 4d).
ce

At time t21 (i.e., 2010 earthquake, Figure 13a), the progression of damage is more severe

in the interior second-story walls. There is an increase in vertical cracks, especially in those at
Ac

the walls perpendicular to the south-facing faade. These cracks could suggest the absence of a

connection between the faades and the perpendicular walls, which could eventually cause a

wall, or part of a wall, to fall over. Practically all the porticos are cracked, a situation that is

worse at the second story of the building. The most damaged area is the southeast-facing room,

19
where the faade walls are also affected by shear failures. The pattern of cracking observed at the

end of the 2010 earthquake (i.e., at time t22) indicates severe damage in practically the entire

building (Figure 13b). The most damaged areas are inside the building, which is consistent with

the damage survey carried out by Contreras (2012).

t
ip
4.3. Comparison between simulated and observed damage in the

cr
main faades

us
As an attempt to investigate the accuracy and reliability of results given by nonlinear time

history analyses, a comparison between the damage predicted by the FE model in the main
an
faades and the actual existing damage (also in the main faades) is presented in this section. It

should be noted that the existing level of damage in the building is rather similar in both the
M

inner and external walls; however, a more detailed map of crack pattern of the main faades was
ed

achieved during the inspection stage. For this reason, only the faades were considered for

comparisons between existing damage and damage predicted by nonlinear time-history analysis.
pt

It is important to remark that, as noted by Roca et al. (2010), one of the main drawbacks
ce

of the macro-modelling approach is that damage appears as a smeared property over a large area

or volume of the structure. As is well known, damage in unreinforced masonry structures is


Ac

actually more localized, and is characterized by isolated cracks or concentrated lesions. Despite

this, smeared modelling of damage continues to be a suitable approach to model large structures

or entire buildings when an acceptable balance between computational effort and accuracy is

desired.

20
4.3.1. South faade

Figure 14 compares the cracked state of the southern faade predicted by the FE model

(Figure 14a) with the current state of the building (Figure 14b). The oval red marks indicate

areas where cracking coincides. It is important to mention that the actual building still has part of

t
ip
its original cladding, which is why possible damage in other areas cannot be disregarded.

cr
In general, a satisfactory agreement between the state at the end of the nonlinear time

us
history analyses and the current state of the south faade is observed, although the damage

predicted by the numerical model is greater than the actual existing damage. In particular, the FE
an
model predicts a greater extent of cracking in the porticos and at the base of the walls. Such

discrepancy could be due to incomplete damage assessment (some actual internal damage might
M
not be detected by visual inspection). Further, as mentioned before, smeared damage models aim

at providing general information about damage, but might create patterns of damage over large
ed

regions or volumes that may, occasionally, be somewhat unrealistic. As it can be seen in Figure

14a, most of the predicted damage at the end of the analyses is mainly concentrated at the
pt

corners of the openings (at both the first and second story), a damage pattern that is clearly
ce

observed in the real faade. However, a damage concentration is also predicted in some walls at

the first story of the faade, which is not consistent with the damage actually visible in the
Ac

structure.

21
4.3.2. Eastern faade

Figure 15 compares the cracked state of the eastern faade predicted by the FE model

(Figure 15a) with the current state of the building (Figure 15b). Again, the oval red marks

indicate areas where cracking coincides. The 1985 earthquake caused a vertical crack at the

t
ip
connection between the southern and eastern faades, more precisely at the second story of the

cr
south faade. The 2010 earthquake caused this vertical crack to extend along the entire height of

the second story, thus creating a complete absence of connection between both faades. This

us
cracking led to an out-of-plane deformation of the eastern faade, as shown in Figure 4d.
an
Due to the nature of the numerical model adopted, it was not possible to numerically

simulate complete separation between structural members, which is why the model does not
M
predict the complete severance of the connection between the main faades. In the southern

faade a high degree of cracking is visible at the connection (upper right corner of Figure 15a),
ed

and there are similar cracks at the eastern faade (upper right corner of Figure 14a). However, in

the real building the severance of the connection is complete, as illustrated in Figure 15b, and not
pt

only at the upper part of the wall, as shown in Figure 15a. As mentioned before, this difference
ce

between the numerically simulated condition of the building and the actual state can be due to

the macro-modelling technique employed to model masonry, which assumes perfect rather than
Ac

cracked connections between different structural elements. Again, the numerical model predicts

certain damage at the base of the walls, but such damage is currently not visible in the building.

22
4.4. Photogrammetric analysis of the state of cracking

The percentage of the cracked surface in each main faade following the 1985 earthquake

and in their final state after the 2010 earthquake were evaluated by means of photogrammetric

t
analysis. Table 3 summarizes the total number of pixels per faade and the number of pixels that

ip
indicate cracks (shown in blue in the captures). After the 1985 earthquake, the cracked area in

cr
the southern faade is 10.29% of the total area, while in the eastern faade the cracked area is

7.82%. Subsequently, after the 2010 earthquake (i.e., cumulative damage) the cracked area in the

us
southern faade increased to 17.97% (i.e., an additional 7.68% of cracking) while that in the
an
eastern faade rose to 16.71% (i.e., an additional 8.89% of cracking). These data provide

evidence that the 1985 earthquake had a greater effect on the southern faade whereas the 2010
M
earthquake had a more significant effect on the eastern faade.

5. LINEARLY ELASTIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS


ed

Several linear analytical studies were carried out with the aim of investigating the capability
pt

of the current Chilean seismic standard to diagnose heritage masonry buildings. Such studies
ce

were based on the Chilean code for the seismic design of buildings NCh433.Of1996 (INN 2009),

which provides two methods for the analysis of conventional buildings: (1) static analysis and (2)
Ac

modal response spectrum analysis (RSA). However, this code only permits static analysis in

unreinforced masonry structures. In order to assess the accuracy of modal response spectrum

analysis, two possible implementations were investigated. In the first analysis the seismic input

is given by the design response spectrum specified by NCh433.Of1996 (INN 2009), whereas in

23
the second analysis the seismic input is given by the response spectrum of the same ground

motions considered in the nonlinear time history analysis. In addition, the same ground motions

were also considered to perform linear time history (TH) analyses with the aim of taking into

account the seismic load on the building in a more realistic manner. The mechanical properties

t
employed were those of the masonry of the building obtained from the in-situ shear test. These

ip
analyses were carried out using the commercial software package SAP2000 (CSI 2015).

cr
In linear static analysis, the seismic action is modeled as horizontal lateral forces applied at

us
each floor level. When floor systems have considerable in-plane stiffness the lateral loads are

reasonably distributed among all the lateral load resisting elements. In the absence of in-plane
an
stiff floor systems, however, the lateral loads unrealistically impose high demands locally on the

element they are applied at, and very low demands on the rest of the lateral load resisting
M

elements. For this reason, static analysis as currently implemented in codes such as

NCh433.Of1996 (INN 2009) is definitely not appropriate for structures where floor systems do
ed

not behave as horizontal diaphragms. Since, as mentioned before, static analysis is the only
pt

analysis method valid for unreinforced masonry structures in NCh433.Of1996 (INN 2009), other

possible implementations of static analysis were explored. For instance, instead of as a single
ce

horizontal load per floor level, the seismic action could be modeled as a set of static horizontal

forces per floor level, each force applied at each wall in the direction of analysis. In doing so all
Ac

the walls are subjected to seismic demands, and the problem mention in the former paragraph is

then overcome. A representative example of the application of this idea is shown in Figure 16,

where shear stresses in a given wall (the southern faade in this case) due to static loads applied

at the first floor level and at the roof level are compared with shear stresses in the same wall

24
predicted by RSA. It can be observed that stress patterns are very similar to each other, which is

promising. However, the static loads applied on the wall were set equal to the story shear

demands on the wall given by RSA. In other words, in this example the (linearly elastic) shear

demand on the wall was known a priori. In a real case scenario, however, in which static analysis

t
is to be performed (as prescribed by NCh433.Of1996 (INN 2009) instead of RSA, such shear

ip
demand is not known a priori: while it is clear that the sum of all forces of the set of forces at a

cr
given level must be equal to the horizontal seismic load at that level (which is given by code

us
procedures), it is not obvious how to define the magnitude of each force of the set (i.e., the

magnitude of the force applied on each wall). In principle the most logical approach consists of
an
setting the magnitude of each force of the set proportional to the lateral stiffness of each wall.

This idea has some rational basis because in the presence of an in-plane stiff floor system the
M
lateral force demand on each wall is indeed proportional to its lateral stiffness. However, the

implementation of this idea led to results that are very different from those given by RSA. Other
ed

criteria to determine the lateral static force on each wall were explored (such as force magnitudes

proportional to the cross-section area of the wall), but none led to satisfactory results.
pt

A representative comparison between results given by RSA and by TH analyses is shown in


ce

Figure 17. Clearly, RSA indicates seismic demands that are much higher than those indicated by

TH analysis. Such discrepancy is undoubtedly due to the fact that in RSA peak responses are
Ac

estimated by a modal combination rule, and even the most accurate modal combination rule (3D

complete quadratic combination) might lead to significant levels of error in structures having a

large number of modes that are very close to each other and having small modal mass. Further, a

comparison with Figure 14 indicates that results given by TH analysis are affected by a non-

25
negligible level of error. Damage is overpredicted at both ends of the facade and underpredicted

at the central part of the facade. In summary, it was found that linear analysis methods do not

lead to reasonably accurate predictions of damage. A more detailed review of results given by

linear analysis can be found in Valledor et al. (2015).

t
ip
6. CONCLUSIONS

cr
The analysis of the seismic damage of the Palacio Pereira, an unreinforced masonry heritage

us
building located in Santiago, Chile, was presented. The current structural condition of the

building was assessed using a smeared damage model. Two consecutive time-history analyses
an
were carried out. The input ground motions were the recorded accelerograms deemed most

similar to the actual ground motions the Palacio Pereira was subjected to. From an overall
M

analysis of the results, the following comments and conclusions can be summarized:
ed

Macro-modelling turned out to be a suitable approach to predict the state of cracking in

the Palacio Pereira building without excessive computational effort. This technique assumes
pt

perfect connections between structural elements due to the homogenization of the composite
ce

material, which in turn leads to a homogeneous state of cracking due to shear or out-of-plane

failure.
Ac

Nonlinear time history analysis provided a generally accurate assessment of the failure

mechanisms of the brickwork, but overpredicted the amount and propagation of cracks.

26
Cracks in the southern faade predicted by nonlinear time history analysis are mainly due

to shear stresses and to out-of-plane bulging. This is largely the result of: (1) little constraint in

the direction perpendicular to the wall plane as a result of the weak connection between the

southern faade and the perpendicular walls, especially at the outer edges; and (2) the

t
characteristics of the local modal shapes associated with this faade (the modal frequencies of

ip
these modes coincide with the most significant frequency content of the 2010 earthquake).

cr
The state of cracking in the eastern faade predicted by nonlinear time history analysis

us
(i.e., cracking at the base of the walls and also at the outer edges of the porticos and lintels) is

qualitatively consistent with the present state of this faade. However, the actual severance of the
an
connection between the eastern and southern faades is only partially predicted by the numerical

model, which indicates cracking at the upper portion but does not completely disconnect the
M

walls from each other. This is mainly due to the homogenization of brickwork by the macro-

modelling technique.
ed

Linear analysis methods that are suitable for the type of structure considered in this study
pt

(i.e., an unreinforced masonry structure that does not have horizontal floor diaphragms), such as
ce

response spectrum analysis and linear time history analysis, are either very conservative (in the

sense that they indicate levels of damage that are too high) or inaccurate (in the sense that they
Ac

indicate erroneous damage patterns).

27
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ip
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Valledor R. (2016). Anlisis ssmico lineal y simulacin numrica del dao ssmico acumulado

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de una estructura patrimonial de albailera simple: el caso del Palacio Pereira. Master Thesis.

Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile. Santiago.


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ed
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32
Table 1. Mechanical properties of masonry for numerical analysis.

Material property Symbol Unit Value adopted

Compressive strength MPa 2.1

t
ip
Nmm/mm2

cr
Compressive fracture energy 15.7

us
Poissons ratio - 0.2
an
Modulus of elasticity MPa 1785
M

Tensile strength MPa 0.12


ed

Tensile fracture energy Nmm/mm2 0.01


pt

Density Kg/m3 1800


ce
Ac

33
Table 2: Summary of modal information (modes with the largest modal masses)

Direction X Direction Y

Mode Period Unitary mass Cum. percentage Unitary mass Cum. percentage

t
ip
1 0,312 0,092659 9,27 0,000060 0,006

cr
us
16 0,145 0,002656 37,79 0,323433 35,83
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

34
Table 3. Summary of photogrammetric analysis

Total Cracked No. of pixels after No. of pixels after the Cracked

number area [%] the 1985 1985 & 2010 area [%]

of pixels earthquake earthquake

t
ip
Southern 223,304 10.3 22,989 40,129 17.97

cr
faade

us
Eastern 68,579 7.8 5,366 11,465 16.71
an
faade
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

35
Fig. 1. (a) General view of the Palacio Pereira; (b) typical section of a shear wall

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

36
Fig. 2. Isometric view of the Palacio Pereira.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

37
Fig. 3. Floor first plan of the studied building and locations of the in-situ test and the main
damage observed illustrated in Fig. 4.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

38
Fig. 4. Major damage observed; (a) absence of connection of perpendicular walls in eastern
faade; (b) absence of wooden diaphragm; (c) out-of-plane collapse of an external wall; (d)
absence of connection of perpendicular walls from main faades; (e) cracking in the spandrels of
the faades; (f) typical cracking above doors and inner openings.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

39
Fig. 5. a) FE model of the entire building, b) hysteretic behavior of masonry (Mendes &
Loureno 2009).

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

40
Fig. 6. (a) Test set-up of in-situ shear test; (b) cracking pattern of test.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

41
Fig. 7. (a) Experimental and numerical stress-strain curve; (b) cracking pattern of the FE model.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

42
Fig. 8. Stress state under self-weight of the structure [Pa]

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

43
t
Fig. 9. Deformed shapes of modes 1 and 16.

ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

44
Fig. 10. Components of the ground motion recorded at the ENDESA station during the 1985
earthquake: (a) transverse (X-axis) and (b) longitudinal (Y-axis).

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

45
Fig. 11. Components of the ground motion recorded at the Santiago Centro station during the
2010 earthquake: (a) transverse (X-axis) and (b) longitudinal (Y-axis).

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

46
Fig. 12. Evolution of the damage in the building during the 1985 earthquake: (a) t11 = 48.16 s and
(b) t12 = 96.32 s.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

47
t
Fig. 13. Evolution of the damage in the building during the 2010 earthquake: (a) t21 = 35.81 s and

ip
(b) t22 = 71.62 s.

cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

48
Fig. 14. Comparison of tensile damage in the south faade of the Palacio Pereira after the 1985
and 2010 earthquakes: (a) cracking predicted by the numerical model and (b) current state of the

t
building.

ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

49
Fig. 15. Comparison of damage in the eastern faade of the Palacio Pereira after the 1985 and
2010 earthquakes: (a) cracking predicted by the numeric model and (b) actual state of the

t
building.

ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

50
t
ip
Fig. 16. Total shear stresses in the southern faade, structure subjected to the design response
spectrum of NCH433.Of1996: (a) static analysis (horizontal seismic load applied as horizontally

cr
distributed load along the length of the wall) and (b) RSA. The areas that supersede the shear
strength of the masonry are shown in blue.

us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

51
Fig. 17. Total shear stresses at the southern faade, structure subjected to the ground motion
recorded at the Santiago Centro station during the 2010 Chile earthquake: (a) RSA and (b) TH

t
analysis. The areas that supersede the shear strength of the brickwork are shown in blue.

ip
cr
us
an
M
ed
pt
ce
Ac

52

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