Industry 4.

0 and Cloud
Yongkui Liu
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
The University of Auckland,
Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
School of Automation Science
and Electrical Engineering,
Beihang University,
Beijing 100191, China
e-mail: yliu496@aucklanduni.ac.nz
Xun Xu1
Fellow ASME
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
The University of Auckland,
Auckland 1142, New Zealand
e-mail: xun.xu@auckland.ac.nz
Manufacturing: A Comparative
Analysis
Information technologies with their strong penetration can provide effective solutions for
addressing the challenges faced by the manufacturing industry. Leveraging information
technologies to enhance the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry has become a
prominent trend worldwide. In this context, two important concepts for manufacturing
Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturinghave been proposed. Industry 4.0 refers to the
fourth industrial revolution, which is characterized by the widespread application of
cyber-physical systems (CPS) in the manufacturing environment. Cloud manufacturing is
a new service-oriented business paradigm based on the cloud concept and method. Since
their inception, there has been a great deal of attention from both academia and industry.
However, to date, they have largely been addressed in isolation. The fact is that, although
being proposed from different perspectives and embracing different ideas, they each have
some key features that can benefit one another. In order to better understand these two
concepts, there is a need to compare them and clarify their relationship. To this end, this
paper presents basic ideas of Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing, gives a brief over-
view of their current research, and provides a detailed comparative analysis of them
from different perspectives. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4034667]

1 Introduction created a brand new way for delivering computing resources [3].
The ingenious combination of cloud idea and method with manu-
Over the past more than 200 years, technologies have been
facturing has given rise to a disruptive manufacturing paradigm
playing a dominant role in increasing industrial productivity,
cloud manufacturing [4].
which was demonstrated by the previous three industrial revolu-
Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing constitute the two major
tions, i.e., mechanization (powered by steam engines in the
efforts of taking advantage of information technologies to pro-
1800s), mass production (powered by electricity and the assembly
mote the further development of the manufacturing industry in the
line in the early 1900s), and automation (powered by computers
manufacturing community. Since their inception, they have drawn
in the late 1900s) [1]. Nowadays, information and communication
enormous attention of people from both academia and industry.
technologyin particular, the Internet and embedded systems
Several hundreds of articles have been published (Fig. 1). Note
technologiesis undergoing rapid development, which has given
that the keywords for the retrieval of literature on Industry 4.0 are
rise to a number of novel technologies, such as cyber-physical
Industry 4.0 and Industrie 4.0, and the literature with any one
systems (CPS), the Internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, and
of the keywords in the titles, keywords, or abstracts was included.
big data analytics. The advent of these new technologies enables
According to their current rapid development trend, it can be envi-
the creation of a smart, networked world, in which things are
sioned that these two concepts have great potential to transform
endowed with a certain degree of intelligence, and moreover,
the manufacturing industry in the future. However, to date, they
being increasingly connected to each other. In the manufacturing
field, the widespread deployment of sensors and the extensive
application of software in industrial production bring together the
physical and virtual worlds, giving rise to CPS. Moreover, with
the help of the internet, a great variety of manufacturing things
and services can be connected to create the things and services
Internet, i.e., IoT and Internet of services (IoS). All these transfor-
mations mark the transition of current industrial production to the
fourth stageIndustry 4.0, which is characterized by smartness
and networking [1].
Apart from industrial revolution, there is another way for
describing the different development stages of industrial
productionadvanced manufacturing. Almost starting from the
same time as the third industrial revolution, various advanced
manufacturing models and technologies have been proposed [2].
However, there are some drawbacks with existing advanced man-
ufacturing models and technologies, which make them unable to
meet the increasing sharing and collaboration requirements of
manufacturing enterprises. In recent years, cloud computing has

1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Manufacturing Engineering Division of ASME for publication
in the JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. Manuscript received
August 17, 2016; final manuscript received September 1, 2016; published online
October 6, 2016. Editor: Y. Lawrence Yao.
Fig. 1 Number of documents (including conference papers,
articles, reviews, books, and book chapters) on Industry 4.0
and cloud manufacturing published during 20102016 (the data
were obtained from the Scopus database on Aug. 28, 2016)

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 have largely been addressed in isolation. The fact is that, although
being proposed from different perspectives and embracing differ-
ent ideas, they each have some key features that can benefit one
another. In order for their better future development, there is a
need to compare these two concepts and clarify their relationship.
To this end, this paper first presents basic ideas of Industry 4.0
and cloud manufacturing, then gives a brief overview of their cur-
rent research status, and finally conducts a detailed comparative
analysis of them from different perspectives.
This paper is structured as follows: In Secs. 2 and 3, we give
brief introductions to Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing,
respectively. Their current research status is also presented
therein. Based on Secs. 2 and 3, Sec. 4 conducts a detailed com-
parative analysis of the two concepts. Section 5 concludes the
paper followed by some discussions.
2 Industry 4.0
2.1 Definition, Concept, and Technologies. Reference [5]
presented a definition of Industry 4.0: The term Industry 4.0 in them are seamlessly connected to achieve the global optimiza-
stands for the fourth industrial revolution, the next stage in the
organization and control of the entire value stream along the life-
cycle of a product. This cycle is based on increasingly individual-
ized customer wishes and ranges from the idea, the order, devel-
opment, production, and delivery to the end customer through to
recycling and related services. Fundamental here is the availabil-
ity of all relevant information in real-time through the networking
of all instances involved in value creation as well as the ability to
derive the best possible value stream from data at all times. Con-
necting people, objects and systems leads to the creation of
dynamic, self-organized, cross-organizational, real-time opti-
mized value networks, which can be optimized according to a
range of criteria such as costs, availability and consumption of
resources. Hermann et al. defined Industry 4.0 as a collective
term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization.
Within the modular structured smart factories of Industry 4.0,
CPS monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the phys-
ical world and make decentralized decisions. Over the IoT, CPS
communicate and cooperate with each other and humans in real-
time. Via the IoS, both internal and cross-organizational services
are offered and utilized by participants of the value chain [6].
Both of the definitions above deem Industry 4.0 as the next stage
of value chain organization and management.
Industry 4.0 is characterized by the integration along three
dimensions: vertical integration together with networked manu-
facturing systems, horizontal integration through value networks,
and end-to-end digital integration of engineering across the value
chain of a products life-cycle. Smart factory is a core concept
component as well as a key feature of Industry 4.0, which is where
the vertical integration takes place. Horizontal integration refers
to the integration of multiple smart factories through value net-
works, occurring both within a smart factory and across different
smart factories. Vertical and horizontal integration enables the
end-to-end integration across the entire value chain. Smart prod-
uct is another critical concept component in Industry 4.0s concept
system. In a smart factory, products and machines communicate
with each other, cooperatively driving production. Smart products
can refer to objects, devices, and machines that are equipped with
sensors, controlled by software and connected to the Internet [5].
Industry 4.0 will give rise to novel CPS platforms geared toward
supporting collaborative industrial business processes and the
associated business networks. CPS platforms are where the spe-
cific requirements for horizontal and vertical integration of CPS,
applications, and services arise in business processes (Fig. 2) [1].
It should be noted that Industry 4.0 stands for the fourth industrial
revolution, which necessitates the consideration of many other
issues that may occur in the upcoming new era, including stand-
ardization, safety and security, resource efficiency, new social
infrastructure, work organization and work design, training, regu-
latory framework, etc. [1].
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Technologies of nine aspects that power the transformation of
the current industrial production to that of Industry 4.0 have been
identified, which more or less have something to do with CPS [7]
(Fig. 2). CPS provide a critical support to the vertical and horizon-
tal system integration. The combination of CPS and the industrial
IoT enables the creation of the IoT and IoS. CPS will surely bring
about the cybersecurity issue. Moreover, the widespread applica-
tion of CPS means the generation of industrial big data, which
requires cloud technology and big data analytics for storage and
analysis. The virtual world of CPS consists of a great variety of
models of the production facilities, for which simulation can play
an important role. Augment reality technology is required for
operators to interact with CPS. Additive manufacturing and robots
are essential parts of the CPS-based manufacturing systems of
Industry 4.0 [7].
Figure 3 shows the principle of Industry 4.0. Within a smart
factory, all the physical production elements in the physical world
have a cyber twin (i.e., model) in the virtual world. The physical
and virtual worlds as well as the physical assets and cyber twins
tion of production within a smart factory. Moreover, within a
value network, multiple factories are horizontally integrated, i.e.,
the physical assets and the cyber twins are, respectively, inte-
grated to enable optimized decision-making across the value net-
work. The integration through the value network will give rise to
CPS platforms, within which things, services, data, and
people are connected over the Internet.
2.2 Current Research Status. Many research works on
Industry 4.0 have been published (Fig. 1). In the following, we
will give a brief overview of the current research, focusing on the
critical issues, such as CPS, smart factory, big data and its ana-
lytics, service, and cloud, etc.
 CPS: Current research on CPS in the area of Industry 4.0
focuses on discussions of the concept, technologies, architec-
ture, challenges, and emerging directions of CPS (or cyber-
physical production systems (CPPS)) [810]. In particular,
Wang et al. presented the latest status and advancement of
CPS in manufacturing [10]. Lee et al. proposed a unified
five-level architecture as a guideline for implementation of
CPS in Industry 4.0, including smart connection level, data-
to-information conversion level, cyber level, cognition level,
and configuration level [11].
 Smart factory: Radziwon et al. defined a smart factory as a
manufacturing solution that provides such flexible and
adaptive production processes that will solve problems aris-
ing on a production facility with dynamic and rapidly chang-
ing boundary conditions in a world of increasing
complexity [12]. That is, a smart factory should be a net-
work of adaptive and self-organized production units which
allows production processes to be globally optimized and is
able to be adaptive to unexpected changes. Shrouf et al. pre-
sented reference architecture for IoT-based smart factories
[13]. Wang et al. constructed a general architecture of the
smart factory that incorporates industrial wireless networks,
cloud, and fixed or mobile terminals with smart artifacts,
such as machines, products, and explored the operational
mechanism from the perspective of control engineering [14].
Munera et al. discussed how to achieve control missions into
a smart factory through distributed services [15]. Some
works discussed the issue of interfactory integration, such as
horizontal integration in collaborative networks and end-to-
end digital integration [16], and management of innovative
production networks of smart factories [17].
 Big data and its analytics: Big data and associated analytics
play a significant role in optimizing production quality, sav-
ing energy, and improving equipment service in the context
of Industry 4.0 [7,18]. The collection and comprehensive
evaluation of data from many different sourcesproduction
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 Fig. 2 Core concept map of Industry 4.0 and technologies that enable its implementation

Fig. 3 Principle of Industry 4.0

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 equipment and systems as well as enterprise- and customer-
management systemswill become standard to support real-
time decision-making. However, the five versus of big data
(i.e., volume, variety, veracity, velocity, and value) pose
many challenges, such as new requirements of hardware and
software for processing the data, the urgency of online detec-
tion/processing ability, and the necessity for interdisciplinary
approaches [19]. Industry 4.0 is a new production paradigm
of autonomous and decentralized control which involves a
new level of data integration and data processing in industrial
production. In the context of Industry 4.0, there are many
explicit and implicit data-processing requirements regarding
data that need to be processed (e.g., data model, data integra-
tion, and data content) and the processing of the data (e.g.,
decision processing, knowledge processing, and real-time
processing) [20].
 Services and IoS: Industry 4.0 aims to achieve IoS so that
service vendor can offer their services over the Internet. In
Industry 4.0, as more software and embedded intelligence
are integrated in industrial products and systems, predictive
technologies can further intertwine intelligent algorithms and
lead to the transformation of manufacturing services, such as
predicting product performance degradation, and autono-
mously managing and optimizing product service needs [18].
Apart from the product-related services, factories can go one
step further and offer special production technologies instead
of just production types as services that can be used to manu-
facture products or compensate production capacities [6].
Industry 4.0 can use the cloud-based manufacturing for creat-
ing, publishing, and sharing the services that represent manu-
facturing processes [21].
 Cloud: Cloud technologies can be widely used in Industry
4.0 for increased data sharing across company boundaries,
improved system performance (such as increased agility and
flexibility), and reduced costs through bringing systems
online. As a consequence, the integration of cloud technolo-
gies with industrial CPS becomes increasingly important
[22]. Many vendors have begun to offer cloud-based solu-
tions to manufacturing execution systems (MES). However,
factories are comprised of different subsystems, modules,
devices, and machines that operate with various communica-
tion protocols and interfaces. There is a need for a unified
connection between the technological layer (in the context of
Industry 4.0, the technological layer consists of CPS and smart
products) and the higher layer of the industrial hierarchical
model. Zolotova et al. proposed an industry IoT gateway for
connecting physical devices and higher layers and thus sup-
porting the communication with a cloud (such as MES services
in the cloud) [23]. Sensing network and cloud computing tech-
nologies are also utilized to provide an advanced manufactur-
ing solution to Industry 4.0 [24]. However, there are some
problems with current enterprise resource planning (ERP) and
MES solution in supporting a shared cloud-based approach in
distributed manufacturing [25].
 Other issues: Schuh et al. discussed the mechanisms contrib-
uting to raising productivity in Industry 4.0 [26]. The other
issues that have arose the interests of researchers include
augmented reality applications [27], knowledge [28], com-
munication [29,30], agent technology [31], standardization
[32], energy [33], humanmachine interaction (HMI) [34],
training and learning [35,36], etc.
3 Cloud Manufacturing
3.1 Definition, Concept, and Technologies. Li et al. coined
the term cloud manufacturing and defined it as a new net-
worked manufacturing paradigm that organizes manufacturing
resources over networks (manufacturing clouds) according to con-
sumers needs and requirements to provide a variety of on-
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demand manufacturing services via networks (e.g., the Internet)
and cloud manufacturing service platforms [4]. Subsequently,
Xu defined cloud manufacturing as a model for enabling ubiqui-
tous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable manufacturing resources (e.g., manufacturing soft-
ware tools, manufacturing equipment, and manufacturing capabil-
ities) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction [37].
Figure 4 shows the core concepts and technologies of cloud
manufacturing. The core concepts of cloud manufacturing are
closely related to its operational mode (Fig. 5). In the cloud manu-
facturing mode, providers supply their manufacturing resources,
which will be transformed into services and then pooled into the
cloud manufacturing platform. In line with the market economy
theory, operators are introduced to manage the platform so that
high-quality services can be guaranteed and provided. Customers
can submit their requirements to the platform for requesting serv-
ices ranging from product design, manufacturing, testing, manage-
ment, and all other stages of a product life-cycle.
The core of cloud manufacturing lies in the establishment of
the cloud manufacturing platform, which relies on many technolo-
gies. A cloud manufacturing platform has a multilayer architec-
ture, including resource layer, virtual resource layer, global
service layer, application layer, and interface layer [37], as shown
in Fig. 5 (for the sake of brevity, layers such as security layer,
knowledge layer, and communication layer are not shown).
The implementation of different layers requires different tech-
nologies. IoT, virtualization, and servitization technologies are
needed to sense manufacturing resources and transform physical
resources into virtual resources in the virtual resource layer. The
core technologies for global service layer are cloud computing,
service-related technologies (including service-oriented technolo-
gies and service management-related technologies), and semantic
Web technology. In the interface, it is the humanmachine inter-
action technology that plays an important role. Certainly, the
high-performance computing technology and advanced manufac-
turing model and technology are also essential. Many other sup-
porting technologies such as big data are also necessary for the
complete implementation of a cloud manufacturing platform [38].
3.2 Current Research Status. Since its inception, the con-
cept of cloud manufacturing has attracted much attention of
researchers, and a large number of papers have been published
(Fig. 1). Existing research on cloud manufacturing mainly
revolves around the discussion of the cloud manufacturing con-
cept itself, as well as the architecture and function implementa-
tions of a cloud manufacturing platform, including resources and
services issues, cloud manufacturing system operation, and other
relevant issues, such as security [3941]. In the following, we
focus on the fundamental issues with cloud manufacturing instead
of giving a complete review (for a complete picture of the
research on cloud manufacturing, readers can refer to the review
papers [3941]).
Li et al. systematically introduced the concept of cloud manu-
facturing in 2010 [4]. Afterward, many works devoted to clarify-
ing the concept, definition, connotation, and characteristics
[4247]. The key characteristics of cloud manufacturing include
the Internet of manufacturing resources (or Internet of manufac-
turing things) and ubiquitous sensing, virtual manufacturing
society and flexible manufacturing system on demand, service-
oriented manufacturing and whole life-cycle capability
provisioning, efficient collaboration and seamless integration,
knowledge-intensive manufacturing and collective innovation,
and toward future social manufacturing [45].
In cloud manufacturing, manufacturing resources can be cate-
gorized into physical manufacturing resources and manufacturing
capabilities [48,49]. Physical resources can be hard or soft.
Manufacturing capabilities are intangible and dynamic resources
that represent an organizations capability of undertaking a
Transactions of the ASME
 specific task or operation with competence. In cloud manufactur-
ing, all the manufacturing resources are virtualized and encapsu-
lated as manufacturing cloud services to achieve the Internet of
manufacturing services [50].
Cloud manufacturing platforms can be built for small-medium
size enterprises (SMEs) or group enterprises [51,52] and can be
integrated based on the federation mode [44]. As with cloud com-
puting, there are four deployment modes for cloud manufacturing,
i.e., private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, as well as their
conglomeration (i.e., hybrid cloud) [53].
4 A Comparative Analysis
This section presents a comparative analysis of Industry 4.0 and
cloud manufacturing based on their concepts and current research
status.
Industry 4.0 is named after the industry revolution, while cloud
manufacturing follows from the advanced manufacturing models
and technologies. Therefore, Industry 4.0 needs to be able to
describe the landscape of the manufacturing industry in the
upcoming era and present solutions to issues that need to be dealt
with (such as the resource and energy efficiency, urban produc-
tion, and demographic change). Industry 4.0s CPS-based manu-
facturing systems are capable of providing effective means for
solving the problems. Cloud manufacturing is an advanced manu-
facturing business model that focuses on issues that are directly
related to manufacturing (i.e., resource sharing and collaboration
in the cloud) and pays less attention to issues like urban produc-
tion and demographic change, etc.
In terms of concept system, Industry 4.0 encompasses both ver-
tical integration and horizontal integration, but cloud manufactur-
ing concentrates on the integration in the cloud manufacturing
platform in the form of service composition (integration in the
cloud corresponds to the horizontal integration concept in Industry
4.0). At the factory end, cloud manufacturing is more concerned
with how to connect the manufacturing resources into the cloud
manufacturing platform and pays less attention to the issue of
internal organization and operation (e.g., vertical integration)
within a cloud manufacturing factory. But this does not mean that
the implementation of the cloud manufacturing factory is
Fig. 4 Core concept map of cloud manufacturing and technologies that enable its
implementation
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unimportant. Exploring the requirements of the cloud manufactur-
ing factory and building it are important future research issues in
the area of cloud manufacturing. In this aspect, the CPS-based
smart factory of Industry 4.0 can provide important reference.
Based on the analysis above, we can conclude that Industry 4.0 is
a broader concept system than cloud manufacturing in terms of
the issues involved and the completeness of the concept systems
(Fig. 6).
Industry 4.0s fundamental idea is to integrate manufacturing
systems of different smart factories along a value chain (or a value
network) in the form of CPS so that real-time data and informa-
tion across the entire value chain can be obtained, which enables
real-time and accurate decision-making. Industry 4.0s CPS-based
manufacturing systems have high flexibility, adaptiveness, real-
time capability, and can achieve the transparency of production
processes. Industry 4.0 is therefore capable of producing increas-
ingly individualized products (of even batch size one) with higher
quality, lower costs, and high productivity, etc. (Fig. 6). Cloud
manufacturings fundamental idea is to connect and integrate
manufacturing resources of different factories (or enterprises) into
the cloud so that large-scale resource sharing and collaboration
can be realized in the form of services and their composition (Fig.
6). Cloud manufacturings cloud-based resource sharing method
can also bring enormous benefits and advantages to enterprises,
such as financial flexibility, business agility, and instant access to
innovation [53]. Both Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing con-
verge to better meeting increasingly customers individualized
requirements (Fig. 6). In fact, Industry 4.0 represents a highly dig-
ital and networked manufacturing paradigm that satisfies enter-
prises digital manufacturing and collaboration requirements
between them and business partners, while cloud manufacturing
can effectively satisfy the sharing and collaboration requirements
of enterprises in a convenient and agile way [54]. The technolo-
gies shown in Figs. 2 and 4 are closely related to the core ideas of
Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing. Overall, the technologies
for Industry 4.0 have something to do with CPS, while the tech-
nologies for cloud manufacturing are mainly for the implementa-
tion of a cloud manufacturing platform.
As far as the interfactory integration is concerned, Industry 4.0
relies on CPS platforms, and cloud manufacturing relies on cloud
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 Fig. 5 Principle of cloud manufacturing

Fig. 6 Comparison between concepts of Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing

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 manufacturing platforms (Fig. 6). These two types of platforms
are different in the aim, core technologies, operational mode, and
platform architecture.
 Aim: Cloud manufacturing platforms aim to support full shar-
ing and efficient collaboration of social manufacturing
resources through centralized management and operation.
Cloud manufacturing platforms are open that allows enter-
prises to freely join or exit. CPS platforms also aim to pro-
vide support for collaborative industrial business processes
and the associated business networks for all the aspects of
smart factories and smart product life-cycle [1].
 Core technologies: For a CPS platform, it is certain that CPS
and IoT are core technologies. Depending on business objec-
tives of CPS platforms, other technologies may also be
needed. While for cloud manufacturing platforms, the core
technologies include IoT, virtualization and servitization,
cloud computing, service-related technologies, etc. (Figs. 4
and 6).
 Operational mode and business model: The operational
mode of the CPS platform in Industry 4.0 is an open problem
and there is little discussion about it [1]. By contrast, the
operational mode of a cloud manufacturing platform has
been explicitly defined [4]. Nevertheless, there are some
common issues to be solved regarding these two types of
platforms in terms of business model, such as dynamic pric-
ing, fair benefit sharing, broader regulatory requirements,
intellectual property and know-how protection, monitoring
of business processes, legal issues, as well as safety and secu-
rity issues.
 Architecture: To date, there has been no specific discussion
with respect to the architecture of the CPS platform, whereas
the cloud manufacturing platform adopts layered service-
oriented architecture, on which researchers have largely
reached a consensus [39].
The common parts between CPS platforms and cloud manufac-
turing platforms lie in the implementations of IoT, IoS, Internet of
devices (IoD), and Internet of platforms (IoP), (or the Internet of
users (IoU)) (Fig. 6) [1,38]. Moreover, service is an important
concept for both Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing. There are
some differences in the meaning of services in these two concepts.
In Industry 4.0, services are closely related to CPS. The most fre-
quently mentioned service concept in Industry 4.0 is product-
related services (such as condition monitoring and preventive and
predictive maintenance) [18,55]. Cloud manufacturing embraces
the concept of manufacturing-as-a-service, taking everything
(including manufacturing resources and processes encompassed in
the entire product life-cycle) as services. This is the broadest serv-
ice concept (including the product- and process-related services in
Industry 4.0). Hence, the scope and connotation of services in
cloud manufacturing are much broader than that in Industry 4.0.
Although much research has been done on both Industry 4.0
and cloud manufacturing, it is still in the very early stage. Existing
research on Industry 4.0 is more about CPS, smart factories, big
data, etc. Although interfactory networking and integration (i.e.,
horizontal and end-to-end integration) are also key constituents
for the concept of Industry 4.0, the related studies are actually
scarce. In this regard, only a couple of works discussed the issue
of interfactory integration [16,17]. In contrast, cloud manufactur-
ing research mainly focuses on how to implement a cloud manu-
facturing platform and its associated technologies, among which
the large body of work addressed resource and service-related
issues, such as resource classification, perception and connection,
virtualization, and servitization [39].
5 Conclusion and Discussion
In this paper, we discussed and compared the two significant
conceptsIndustry 4.0 and cloud manufacturingbased on their
fundamental ideas and research status. Industry 4.0 stands for the
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fourth industrial revolution, and cloud manufacturing is a service
advanced manufacturing model. Industry 4.0 is a more compre-
hensive concept than cloud manufacturing as it encompasses both
vertical and horizontal integration, whereas cloud manufacturing
concentrates on the integration in the cloud. Their core ideas are
different, but they both aim to meet customers individualized
requirements through IoT, IoS, IoD, and IoP. We also compared
the CPS platform and the cloud manufacturing platform from the
perspectives of aim, core technologies, operational mode and
business model, and architecture.
Industry 4.0 follows from the digital manufacturing concept
and method. Digital manufacturing has been around for several
decades, and now with the help of the internet and other newly
emerging technologies, it is evolving toward a networked version
with a higher level of digitization (i.e., CPS). At the same time,
servitization, cloudization, and worldwide collaboration of manu-
facturing businesses are also unstoppable trends nowadays. In the
future, how to achieve the seamless integration of these trends is
an important research issue for the manufacturing industry.
Both Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing are evolutionary
concepts. In the future, Industry 4.0 can resort to the
manufacturing-as-a-service concept of cloud manufacturing and
its operational mode to achieve the larger scale business collabo-
ration, and cloud manufacturing may also need to borrow the con-
cept of smart factory in Industry 4.0 for the building of cloud
manufacturing factories to facilitate resource perception and
connection.
Nowadays, we are entering an increasingly smart, networked
world. Industry 4.0 and cloud manufacturing enable the network-
ing of manufacturing things, services, data, and people over the
internet in the manufacturing field, which constitutes part of the
smart, networked world. It can be envisioned that Industry 4.0 and
cloud manufacturing will unleash the full potential of the manu-
facturing industry in the coming new era of industrial production.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the China Postdoctoral Science
Foundation under Grant Nos. 2012M520139 and 2013T60052 and
the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program.
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