1.

INTRODUCTION

Wastewater is any water that has been used and flows down from sinks, toilets and rain

that comes from storm drainages. Sewer treatment plant has been used by many to remove the

different kinds of contaminants that has been added to the water use it for other purposes like

fertilizer. However, studies show that a lot of treatment plants have been having trouble with the

reliability and efficiency of processing the contaminants. The problems encountered here are being

attended to thus, the equipment and process is continuously being improved.

The researchers sought out a study about sewer treatment which will make the system more

accurate, reliable and efficient. The design for the end product will be using Arduino.

This study will benefit the environment and possibly the medical field. The application of

Sewer Treatment will considerably decrease the pollution by undergoing the process leading to

larger, more energy-efficient production of the end product. This is desired for ease of handling,

and application. The methods developed in this study may also be used for different types of

treatment plants used in other industries.

1.1 Objective of the Study

Make a study about sewer treatment plant using Arduino microprocessor

Make a reliable, accurate and efficient design for the Sewer Treatment Plant

Use it to help reduce the pollution in the environment

 Review of Related Literature

Sewer/wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater,

primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to

remove these contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated wastewater (or

treated effluent). A by-product of sewage treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry,

called sewage sludge, that has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or

land application.

Sewage treatment may also be referred to as wastewater treatment, although the latter is a

broader term which can also be applied to purely industrial wastewater. For most cities, the sewer

system will also carry a proportion of industrial effluent to the sewage treatment plant which has

usually received pretreatment at the factories themselves to reduce the pollutant load. If the sewer

system is a combined sewer then it will also carry urban runoff (storm water) to the sewage

treatment plant.

The term "sewage treatment plant" (or "sewage treatment works" in some countries) is

nowadays often replaced with the term "wastewater treatment plant.

Sewage can be treated close to where the sewage is created, which may be called a

"decentralized" system or even an "on-site" system (in septic tanks, bio filters or aerobic treatment

systems). Alternatively, sewage can be collected and transported by a network of pipes and pump

stations to a municipal treatment plant. This is called a "centralized" system.

Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial establishments.

It includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, and sinks draining
into sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The

separation and draining of household waste into greywater and black water is becoming more

common in the developed world, with treated greywater being permitted to be used for watering

plants or recycled for flushing toilets.

Sewage/Wastewater treatment is a vital process in the modern industrial world, along-side

this, more than 97% of water is stored in Saline (Oceans) and only 3% in freshwater, however only

less than 1% is available for consumption. As time goes by, there will be population growth for

which the government would have to provide more useable water for society.

Sewage/Wastewater treatment uses chemical, physical, and biological processes to cleanse

wastewater in order to protect the environment and public health. Wastewater treatment is a

modern practice, while ancient Romans used to create sewers for removing the foul-smell of the

used water; now days, the main reason for constructing sewages is to remove or decrease the

dangerous pollutants such as nutrients, carbon, inorganic and organic elements.

(Zhou and Smith) introduced the most beneficial approach to sewage/wastewater treatment

which is the process that releases the most minimal amount of pollutants into the environment

which furthermore affects the lives of the public by using the unfiltered Sewage/Wastewater.

Sewage/Wastewater is the water which has been released to the environment that is defined

as a combination of the water plus wastes that have been added to the water from a variety of uses,

such as industrial, commercial, residences etc and there are two sources which release the

wastewater into the environment. First, sewage/community wastewater is the kind which has been
expelled from domestic premises such as institutions, residence and commercial establishments

which are organic because of the consistency of carbon composites alike vegetables, human waste,

paper etc. Second, is the wastewater that has been produced by industrial procedures which is also

organic in composition. Although this literature introduces the variety of wastewater treatment

techniques and sewage systems design generally.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Wastewater treatment plants may be distinguished by the type of wastewater to be treated,

i.e. whether it is sewage, industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater or leachate.

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

A typical municipal sewage treatment plant in an industrialized country may include

primary treatment to remove solid material, secondary treatment to digest dissolved and suspended

organic material as well as the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, and - sometimes but not always

- disinfection to kill pathogenic bacteria. The sewage sludge that is produced in sewage treatment

plants undergoes sludge treatment. Larger municipalities often include factories discharging

industrial wastewater into the municipal sewer system. The term "sewage treatment plant" is now

often replaced with the term "wastewater treatment plant".

TERTIARY TREATMENT

Tertiary treatment is a term applied to polishing methods used following a traditional

sewage treatment sequence. Tertiary treatment is being increasingly applied in industrialized

countries and most common technologies are micro filtration orsynthetic membranes. After

membrane filtration, the treated wastewater is nearly indistinguishable from waters of natural

origin of drinking quality (without its minerals). Nitrates can be removed from wastewater by

natural processes in wetlands but also via microbial denitrification. Ozone wastewater treatment
is also growing in popularity, and requires the use of anozone generator, which decontaminates

the water as ozone bubbles percolate through the tank, but this treatment is energy intensive.

Latest, and very promising treatment technology is the use aerobic granulation.

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Industrial wastewater treatment plants are required where municipal sewage treatment

plants are unavailable or cannot adequately treat specific industrial wastewaters. Industrial

wastewater plants may reduce raw water costs by converting selected wastewaters to reclaimed

water used for different purposes. Industrial wastewater treatment plants may reduce wastewater

treatment charges collected by municipal sewage treatment plants by pre-treating wastewaters to

reduce concentrations of pollutants measured to determine user fees.

AGRICULTURAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Agricultural wastewater treatment for continuous confined animal operations like milk and

egg production may be performed in plants using mechanized treatment units similar to those

described under industrial wastewater; but where land is available for ponds, settling

basins and facultative lagoons may have lower operational costs for seasonal use conditions from

breeding or harvest cycles.

LEACHATE TREATMENT PLANT

Leachate treatment plants are used to treat leachate from landfills. Treatment options

include: biological treatment, mechanical treatment by ultrafiltration, treatment with active

carbon filters and reverse osmosis using disc tube module technology.

How does a sewage treatment plant work?

 The Sewage Treatment Plant process is similar to the way that a Septic Tank works but

mechanical components provide a process to help break down solids to produce a cleaner, more

environmentally friendly effluent. Wastewater and sewage, usually from a number of properties,

are fed into the primary settlement tank where solids and liquids separate and the liquor flows into

the biozone chamber. In the chamber, a pump aerates the waste and encourages good bacteria to

digest the organic matter, breaking it down and purifying it.

http://www.csg.co.uk/how_do_they_work.php

SEWAGE

Sewage is characterized in terms of its physical, chemical and biological composition. The

main physical properties including color, odor, solids and temperature. For the chemical

constitutes as organic which is Carbohydrates, Fats, Oil, Grease, Proteins, and Surfactants and for

the inorganic which is pH, Chlorides, Citrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur Gases - Hydrogen Culphide,

Methane, Oxygen.(www.iwk)

Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing

contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It

includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological

contaminants. Its objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or

sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material is often

inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.

Sewage sludge can be defined as the residue generated from the treatment of wastewater.

The two principal types of sludges are primary sludge and secondary Sludge. Primary sludge

constitutes the material collected from the primary settling tanks employed in wastewater
treatment plants (WWTPs). Secondary sludge, also known as biological sludge (BS), constitutes

the sludge generated from the biological treatment of the wastewater drained from the settling

tanks. Chemical sludge is another commonly occurring form of sludge, and constitutes sludge that

has been produced with. the aid of chemicals. Typically, the chemicals are used either to facilitate

the precipitation of hard to remove substances, or to improve suspended solid removal (Smith et.

AL, 2009).

WASTEWATER

Wastewater comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial

properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants

and concentrations. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal wastewater that contains

a broad spectrum of contaminants resulting from the mixing of wastewaters from different sources,

harvesting electrical energy from cellulose using cow manure (Howell Henrian G. Bayona,Ian Kim

B. Tabios , 2008), This investigatory project entitled Harvesting Electrical Energy from Cellulose

Using Cow Manure Microorganisms as Biocatalysts in a Two-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell

sought to find out if cow manure can be an alternative source of electricity and determine if cow

manure could be an efficient biocatalyst in generating electricity from cellulose in a two-chamber

microbial fuel cell constructed from inexpensive and local materials. Specifically, this study aimed

to (i) assess electricity generation from cellulose in an MFC with varying concentrations of cow

manure; and (ii) verify if the concentration of cow manure directly affects the voltage generation

in a MFC (http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/)

Sewer or wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by

anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharge by domestic residences, commercial

properties, industries, or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminant and
concentration. In the most common usage, it refers to the municipal wastewater that contains a

broad spectrum of contaminant resulting from the mixing of wastewater from different sources

(Salt,2001).

Generally, waste water is synonymously with sewage even though sewage is a more

general term that refers to any polluted water including wastewater, which may contain organic

and Inorganic substance, industrial waste, groundwater that happens to infiltration and to mix

with contaminated water, storm, runoff, and other similar liquids (Miretzky et al. 2004).

CHARACTERISTIC OF WASTEWATER

In general, wastewater is a water that has been generated from domestic and industrial

sources where throughout the world by dumping 10,000 new organic compound each year. These

compound need to be properly handled and removed if they cause health problem. There are many

industrial plants that has required to pre-treat their wastewater before dumping in the wastewater

system (Chandra and Kuishrenta 2009).

Domestic Wastewater characteristics

Domestic wastewater is the main reason for designing a proper wastewater treatment plan

and building sewers in the cities. The domestic pollutants characteristics in wastewater can be

physical, chemical or industrial with physical characteristics consisting of colour, temperature and

weight. The colour of wastewater which has been produced recently is grey, however as time goes

by it changes to black, the reason why is the suspended solids which cannot dissolve or settled in

the waste water. In addition, the solids increase the weight of the wastewater which has been

measured 1,000,000 grams in one cubic meter in the wastewater. The temperature of the sewage

water is higher than normal water because of the heating pipes in the structures and the household

activities, estimated the temperature of the domestic wastewater to be between 10 and 20 degrees
Celsius. Defining the chemical wastewaters characteristics is more complicated than explaining

the attributes of the physical. There are a lot of different chemical elements in wastewater which

makes the exact chemical measurement impossible. However, the experts in the field divided the

wastewaters chemicals into general groups of compounds for making the measurements easier; for

example, polyphosphates, orthophosphates and organic phosphate are all being considered under

a major group called \Total Phosphorus as (P). Its removal is existence in order to prevent the

reduction of eutrophication and this process is put to use through chemical participation, using the

three compounds mentioned below:

Furthermore, another chemical feature is PH which has been estimated to be between 6.5

to 8.5 in domestic wastewater. In the precipitation reactions that were mentioned before lime

increases the PH, on the other hand alum and ferric chloride reduce the PH. Industrial activities

release different dangerous pollutants into sewages, this can be further examined through

analyzing The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which divided these pollutants into

different groups: priority, conventional and nonconventional groups.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
 The important physical characteristic of wastewater is its total solid content, which

is composed of floating matter, settle able matter, colloid matter, and matter insolution. Other

important physical characteristic includes odor, temperature, color, and turbidity.

The total solids content of a wastewater is meaning as all the matter that grains as residue

upon evaporation, at 103 to 10 (1 matter that has a significant vapor pressure at this temperature

is lost during evaporation it is not define as a solid. Total solids, or residue upon evaporation can

be further classified as non-filterable(suspended) or filterable by passing a known volume of liquid

through a filter (Rovers, 2005).

The dissolved solid consist of both organic and inorganic molecules and irons that are

present in true solution in water. The colloidal fraction cannot be removed by settling. The

suspended solid is found in considerable quantity m; many industrials wastewater, such as cannery

and paper mill effluents. They are screened and settled out at the treatment plant. Solids are

removed by settling and separated from wastewater is called sludge, which may then be pumped

to filter for extraction of additional water (Baber,2004).

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC

Chemical of wastewater are typically classified as organic and inorganic. Organic

constitutes in wastewater can be classified as aggrega and individual. Meanwhile, inorganic

constituents in water can be divided into individual elements such as Zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), chloride

(Cl), and a wide variety of compound, for example, nitrate (NO3) and sulfate (SO4). The inorganic

and organic compound in the wastewater will be discussed I details in following discussion (Salt,

2001).

Organic compound
 Normally, organic compounds are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, together

with nitrogen in same cases. Other important elements, such as sulfur phosphorus, and iron, may

also be present (Rock, 1997). Not only that, industrial wastewater may contain small quantities

of a large number of different Synthetic organic molecules ranging from simple to extremely

complex in structure. For example, include surfactants, organic priority pollutant, volatile

organic compounds and agricultures pesticides.

Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

The BOD test is used to determine the relative oxygen requirements of wastewaters,

effluents, and polluted waters. The test measure the oxygen utilized during a specified incubation

period for the biochemical degradation of organic material. It is also used to determine treatment

plant efficiency. These parameters are chemical procedure for determining how fast biological

organism use up oxygen in body of water. it is used in water quality management assessment,

ecology and environmental science. B011) is not an accurate quantitative test although it could be

considered as an inclination of the quality of a water sources (Theriault et al., 2003).

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

The COD test is used to measure the organic matter in industrial wastewater that contains

compounds that are toxic to biological life (Frukawa et al., 2000). The COD of wastewater is in

general higher than that of 9015s because more compounds can be chemically oxidized then can

he biologically oxidized. For many types of wastewater, it is possible to correlate COD with BOD

5. This can be very useful because COD can be determine in 3 hours, compare with 5 days for the
BOD5. Once the revelation has been established, COD measurement can be used to good

advantage for treatment-plant control and operations (Theriault et al., 2003)

Inorganic chemical

Several inorganic components of wastewater are important in establishing and controlling

wastewater quality. Industrial wastewater has to be treated for removal of the inorganic

constituents that are added in the life cycle. Concentration of inorganic constituents also are

increased by the natural process, which removes some of surface water and leaves the inorganic A

substance in wastewater (LIorans, 2000).

pH

The hydrogen-ion concentration is an important quality parameter of wastewater. The

concentration ranges suitable for the existence of most biological life is quit narrow and critical.

Wastewater with an adverse concentration is not altered before discharge, the wastewater effluent

may alter the concentration in the natural water. (Barber, 2004)

Heavy metal

Trace quantity of many metals, such as nikel (Ni), manganese (Mn), led (Pb), chromium

(Cd), zinc (Zn), cooper (Cu), iron (Fe) and mercury (Hg) are important constitutes of some

industrial wastewater. The presence of any of these metals in excessive quantities will interfere

with many beneficial uses of the water because of their toxicity. Therefore, it is frequently

desirable to measure and control the concentration of these substance (Satyakala and Jamil,

2001).
 Chapter 3

Methodology