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Fluid Mechanics Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

CE140-1P

Fluid Mechanics is focused on the mo8on of

material bodies that are in liquid or gas phase. It is
the study of uids either in mo8on (uid dynamics)
or at rest (uid sta8cs) and the subsequent eects
of the uid upon boundaries.

From the point of view of Fluid Mechanics, all

maLer consists of only two states, uid and solid.

Fluid Comparison of Solid, Liquid and Gas

ATTRIBUTE SOLID LIQUID GAS
a substance whose molecules move freely past Solids hold their Liquids take the shape Gases expand to ll a
each other. MACROSCOPIC shape; no need for a of the container and closed container
DESCRIPTION container will stay in open
container
cannot resist shear stress by sta8c deforma8on, Molecules have low Liquids typically ow Molecules move
unlike solid. mobility because they easily even though around freely with
are bound in a there are strong liLle interac8on
MOBILITY OF
structure by strong intermolecular forces except during
MOLECULES
intermolecular forces between molecules collisions; this is why
gases expand to ll
their container
O]en high; e.g., Medium; e.g., Small; e.g., density of
TYPICAL DENSITY density of steel is density of water is air at sea level is 1.2
7700 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 kg/m3
Smallmolecules are Smallmolecules are Largeon average,
MOLECULAR
close together held close together by molecules are far
SPACING intermolecular forces apart

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Comparison of Solid, Liquid and Gas Continuum Assumption

ATTRIBUTE SOLID LIQUID GAS

EFFECT OF SHEAR P r o d u c e s
Produces ow Produces ow
STRESS deforma8on
P r o d u c e s
P r o d u c e s P r o d u c e s
d e f o r m a 8 o n t h a t
EFFECT OF NORMAL d e f o r m a 8 o n d e f o r m a 8 o n
may associate with
STRESS a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
volume change; can
volume change volume change
cause failure
High; decreases as Low; increases as
VISCOSITY N/A t e m p e r a t u r e t e m p e r a t u r e
increases increases
Easy to compress;
Dicult to compress; Dicult to compress;
bulk modulus of a
bulk modulus of steel b u l k m o d u l u s o f
COMPRESSIBILITY g a s a t r o o m
is liquid water is 2.2
condi8ons is about
160 109 Pa 109 Pa Note: This assump8on is not valid for specic applica8ons such as rareed gases than can be in high al8tudes,
1.0 105 Pa
where the spaces between molecules become too large.

Dimensions and Units Primary Dimensions

Primary Symbol SI Unit BG Unit
Dimension is the measure by which a physical
Dimension
variable is expressed quan8ta8vely. Mass M Kilogram Slug
Length L Meter Foot
Unit is the par8cular way of aLaching a number to
Time T Second Second
the quan8ta8ve dimension.
Temperature Kelvin Rankine

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Secondary Dimensions System of Units

Secondary Symbol SI Unit BG Unit
Dimension Interna8onal System
Area L2 m2 ]2
Volume L3 m3 ]3 Bri8sh Gravita8onal
Velocity LT-1 m/s ]/s
Accelera8on LT-2 m/s2 ]/s2 English Engineering
Pressure/Stress ML-1T-1 Pa = N/m2 lbf/]2
Angular Velocity T-1 s-1 s-1
Energy, heat or ML2T-2 J = N m ] lbf
work
Power ML2T-3 W = J/s ] lbf/s
Density ML-3 kg/m3 slugs/]3
Viscosity ML-1T-1 kg/(m s) slugs/(] s)
Specic Heat L2T-2-1 m2/(s2 K) ]2/(s2 R)

Properties of Fluid Pressure
CE140-1P

is the (compression) stress at a point in a sta8c

uid.
1 atm = 2116 lbf/]2 = 101,300 Pa

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Temperature Density
Liquid , kg/m3 Gas g, N/m3
Ammonia 608 H2 0.822
is a measure of the internal energy level of a uid. Benzene 881 He 1.63
R = F + 459.69 Carbon 1590 H 2O 7.35
tetrachloride
K = C + 273.16
Ethanol 789 Ar 16.3
Ethylene glycol 1117 Dry air 11.8
Freon 12 1327 CO2 17.9
Gasoline 680 CO 11.4
Glycerin 1260 N2 11.4
Kerosene 804 O2 13.1
Mercury 13550 NO 12.1
Methanol 791 N 2O 17.9
Water 998 Cl2 28.9
Seawater 1025 CH4 6.54

Specic Volume Specic Weight

is the volume per unit mass is the weight per unit volume.

This is useful in the hydrosta8c-pressure

applica8ons.

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Specic Gravity Viscosity

is the ra8o of a uid density to a standard reference Viscosity relates the local stresses in a moving uid
uid. (e.g. water for liquids and air for gases) to the strain rate of the uid element. When a uid
is sheared, it begins to move at a strain rate
This dimensionless ra8o is easier to remember than inversely propor8onal to a property, coecient of
actual numerical values of density of a variety of viscosity, .
uids

Viscosity Viscosity

Sutherland equa8on: CT 3 / 2
=
T+S

Andrades equa8on:

= De B / T

du d
= =
dy dt

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Kinematic Viscosity Thermal Conductivity

denoted by (nu), is the ra8o of dynamic viscosity relates the vector rate of heat ow per unit area q
and density. to the vector gradient of temperature T. This
propor8onality is known as Fouriers law of heat
conduc8on. The nega8ve sign sa8ses the
conven8on that the heat ux is posi8ve in the
direc8on of decreasing temperature.
q = kT

Surface Tension Vapor Pressure

Molecules at the surface are less dense and aLract Vapor pressure is the pressure at which a liquid
each other. Since half of their neighbors are boils and is in equilibrium with its own vapor. If the
missing, the mechanical eect is that the surface is liquid pressure is greater than the vapor pressure,
in tension. the only exchange between liquid and vapor is
evapora8on at the interface. If the liquid pressure
2 cos falls below the vapor pressure, vapor bubbles begin
h=
R to appear in the liquid. Cavita8on is the
phenomenon when the liquid pressure is dropped
below the vapor pressure.
where is the coecient of surface tension and is the wesng angle.
The dimensionless parameter describing ow-
Note: This formula is applicable only in capillary rise and depression.
induced boiling is the cavita8on number.

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Vapor Pressure Bulk Modulus

Bulk modulus is the property used to characterize

p p compressibility.
Ca = 1a 2 v
2 V dP dP
E = =
dV /V d /
where pa is the ambient pressure, pv is the vapor
pressure and V is the characteris8c ow velocity. Large values for the bulk modulus indicate that the
uid is rela8vely incompressible. It takes a large

amount of pressure change to cause a small change
in volume.

Speed of Sound Sample Problems

The velocity at which small disturbances propagate A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200 kg
is related to the changes in pressure and density of and a volume of 0.952 m3. Find the
the uid medium.
glycerins weight, mass density, specic
dP Ev
c=
d
=

weight and specic gravity.
For gases undergoing an isentropic process,
kP
c=

For ideal gas

c = kRT

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Sample Problems Sample Problems

The specic gravity of ethyl alcohol is 0.79. A quart of SAE 30 oil at 68 F weighs about
Calculate its specic weight (in both pounds 1.85 lb. Calculate the oils specic weight,
per cubic foot and kilonewtons per cubic mass density and specic gravity.
meter) and mass density.

Sample Problems Sample Problems

A certain gasoline weighs 46.5 lb/]3. What A liquid is compressed in a cylinder has a
are its mass density, specic volume and volume of 1000 cm3 at 1 MN/m2 and a
specic gravity? volume of 995 cm3 at 2 MN/m2. What is its
bulk modulus of elas8city?

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Sample Problems Sample Problems

Find the bulk modulus of elas8city of a If E = 2.2 GPa is the bulk modulus of
liquid if a pressure of 150 psi applied to 10 elas8city for water, what pressure is
]3 of the liquid causes a volume reduc8on required to reduce a volume by 0.6
of 0.02 ]3. percent?

Sample Problems Sample Problems

A gas at 20C and 0.21 MPa abs has a One kilogram of hydrogen is conned in a
volume of 41 L and a gas constant R of 210 volume of 200 L at -45C. What is the
m N/ (kg K). Determine the density and pressure if R is 4.115 kJ/ (kg K)?
mass of the gas.

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Sample Problems Sample Problems

Find the capillary rise in the tube for a The volume of a tetrachloride having a mass
water-air-glass interface (=0) if the tube of 1200 kg is 0.952 m3. Compute the
radius is 1 mm. Surface tension is 0.0728 N/ following:
m. 1. mass density
2. specic weight
3. specic gravity

Sample Problems Sample Problems

An object has a specic weight of 2.23 kN/ A rigid container is partly lled with a liquid
m3. Compute the following: at 1520 kPa. The volume of the liquid is
1. mass density 1.232 liters. At a pressure of 3039 kPa, the
2. mass if the volume is 0.001 m3 volume of the liquid is 1.231 liters.
3. specic volume 1. Compute the average bulk modulus of
elas8city of the liquid.
2. Compute the coecient of
compressibility.

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