Professional Documents
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66 SUSTAINABILITY: INDUSTRY
Simon Hamilton & Associates,
International Director, British Institute of Interior
Design (BIID) STANDARDS AND INNOVATION
67 Sustainability Through Industry Standards
69 Rating Systems
9 Foreword by Kees Spanjers 72 Evaluation
Zaanen Spanjers Architects, Past President,
Dutch Association of Interior Architects (BNI) 75 Sustainability Through Innovation
76 Building Small and the Influence of Economy
and Ecology
Sylvia Leydecker 80 Case Study: Four Small Projects,
10 IN BETWEEN INTERIOR New York, USA
81 Modular Means
DESIGN BETWEEN
83 Impermanence
ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 85 Case Study: Illy Caff
10 Public Image 87 Case Study: Toolbox, Turin, Italy
17 Professional Profile 87 The Performative: Flexibility to
20 Interior Design as Corporate Design Multifunctionality
29 The Social Dimension of Interior Design 97 Adaptive Re-use
32 Product Design
32 Integration
32 Colour Marina-Elena Wachs
32 Material 98 YOU HAVE TO BE INSPIRED
40 Values
42 Trends
FASHION, MUSIC, ART
49 Interior Design is a Reflection of the Era AND SCIENCE AS DESIGN
52 Building Types INSPIRATION
98 What Does Design/Designing Mean and What
Do We Understand by Qualities?
Joanne Cys
101 Inspiration: Between Emotion and
62 DEVELOPING A DISCIPLINE: Function
INTERIOR DESIGN EDUCATION 101 You Have to Be Inspired by Music
102 You have to Be Inspired by Art
AND RESEARCH
110 You have to Be Inspired by Fashion
114 You have to Be Inspired by Science
5
Michael Catoir Sylvia Leydecker
6
Lars Grau Johannes Stumpf
7
FOREWORD
BY SIMON HAMILTON
Simon Hamilton & Associates Ltd; International Director,
British Institute of Interior Design (BIID)
Working within the interior design industry is a Grand Hotel, an airport lounge, a shopping around the world. On every trip, whether to
a privilege and an ever-changing experience. mall, acinema or restaurant, are carefully man- Chicago, New Delhi, Paris, Toronto or Milan
As design students we are taught that anything aged. This applies also to workplace and leisure there was always a very positive reception. In
can be created and not to give up on our ideas. environments design. Japan I encountered particularly high respect
Reality kicks in once the theory days of study for designers from the UK that goes some
are over. However, I believe it is still possible As we live longer, our standard of living way to explain Paul Smiths huge success in
to be inspiring, innovative and different within improves and our expectations inevitably rise. that region.
the constraints of budgets, regulations, clients The middle classes of emerging economies
requirements and timescale. have the money to spend and want to be invited Working across several sectors has taught
to the party and are impatient for change. This me a lot about the interior design business
During my career as an interior designer, span- is driving rapid development of new towns, and the variations that exist, but ultimately
ning more than two decades, I have worked railways, ports and infrastructure but we have the task is always the same: we begin with a
across several sectors including workplace, to ask at what long-term cost? Our human vision of creating something unique, beautiful,
hotel, restaurant, offices, exhibition, residen- condition craves change and progress and we relevant, something making an improvement
tial and healthcare. Whatever the brief, the are aware it is unstoppable. Striving to discover on the existing. To have the opportunity to be
fundamental elements of the design process new and different things is part of our natural part of someones life or company for a brief
remain the same. drive. We should not fight it but learn from period can be a challenge but also educating,
the mistakes of the past, where forecasts for rewarding and inspiring. The term journey
The challenge that exists on the international growth and demand have been over ambitious may be clichd, but it describes best the chain
market is to produce designs that are relevant, in certain areas. With a global recession like no of events that defines the design process.
responsible and appropriate. As International other, affecting most countries in the world, we
Director for the British Institute of Interior are now in a state of fear and sometimes panic. The essence of appealing internationally is to
Design, I have been fortunate enough to per- identify the soul of the design, whether it is a
sonally meet and connect with design com- Using design to bring people together and product or space. The international success
munities around the world. Despite cultural have better lives is possible, even if this may of leading British designers such as Sebastian
and language differences, there is a common be a Utopian view. As the global population Conran, Tricia Guild, David Linley, Paul Smith or
bond between them. We share very familiar grows beyond seven billion people, there are Lee Broom is their understanding of the local
problems, issues and obstacles, in a way that is more basic needs to provide. Food, water and markets. More importantly, they share the crea-
both refreshing and frustrating. Interior design shelter are still not available in some regions of tion of a message and identity and promote
is good and will enhance your life, this is the the world but good design continues to help it with confidence, humour and personality.
message we deliver and that does not always resolve this to some degree. Travelling to India
get heard. on more than one occasion, I found it difficult The popularity of vintage, bespoke and herit-
to reconcile with the immediate and ubiquitous age products and spaces is a contradiction
A trend that has become evident to me through poverty, when there were well-catered, smart to our need for the familiarity of brands and
my travels is the ubiquitous desire to be part presentations taking place in plush hotels 10 identities that we are bombarded with in eve-
of the interior design circuit. The list of coun- minutes away. A huge programme of growth ryday life. We have the ability to strike our own
tries now staging regular large-scale interior and development is in place, but the enormity balance between these two competing worlds
design-focused events includes India, Singa- of the task means the timeframe for any notice- through personal selection. An eclectic mix, in
pore, Russia, Brazil and China. They are more able change is protracted. India is not the varying degrees, is becoming more common
than keen to take on the established events only country with this mission on its national and a truer reflection of who we are as peo-
such as the Salone Internazionale del Mobile in agenda. ple. The bland and impersonal, minimalist and
Milan, Neocon in Chicago, Orgatec in Cologne, highly polished style of the late 20th century is
100% Design in London and Maison et Objet It is important to recognise that interior design associated with false promises that we would
in Paris. With so much competition, are we in has a responsibility to ensure that we are share in the success of a highly developed
danger of design overload? improving the quality of life for the masses as world with big financial gains all round. Now
well as prolonging the earths life rather than that the bubble has well and truly burst, we
The increase in our appetite for interior design destroying it. Unfortunately, political and eco- find ourselves responding to a more human and
on a global basis has resulted in positive nomic agendas are also part of the equation, intimate scale of ideas and solutions.
acceptance of the idea that interior design that can steer the sustainability approach off
has meaning and purpose. While the image of course. However, there are a number of loca- I believe that science and design will have a
being a quick fix on a budget will not disap- tions like Abu Dhabi, Australia and Singapore much closer relationship in the future than
pear overnight, the media are better informed where they are taking the lead in green matters we may recognise today, as we currently exist
and perhaps a little less cynical today. The rather than just paying lip service to the ideas under a heavy digital blanket. In order for the
importance and influence of good design is of protecting our future. world to function well, it needs to use its lim-
widely recognised, particularly in the retail ited resources with caution and discover and
and hospitality sectors. Increasing the finan- As an ambassador for British design, it has invent new technologies or materials, which
cial bottom line is the focus of all business, been exceptionally rewarding to meet different are affordable and realistic for the future gen-
which is where good design can make a sig- design communities and interact. I have also eration.
nificant difference. The experiences created witnessed how much British design educa-
for customers, whether in a fast food chain, tion and creativity is admired and respected
8
FOREWORD
BY KEES SPANJERS
Zaanen Spanjers Architects; Past President,
Dutch Association of Interior Architects (BNI)
Interiors are the architecture of the future. also nourish the known and well-acquainted. face between user and building, interiors are
Design and architecture are no longer fash- Pushing boundaries is a unique aspect of the expression of our cultural identity and
ionable but are expected to provide specific human nature, as is the need for meaning and ambition. The decoration and design of our
answers to user demand and the need to a sense of security. Habituation is a special immediate environment is a time-honoured
improve our well-being. Health, safety and trait; much of what we encounter as strange art. Intact historic interiors can tell us more
well-being have become important social and ugly at first sight will be valued over time. about the culture, the fashions and habits of a
themes, not least in the Western world where Aging, by contrast, is not a uniquely human certain place and time than in-depth scientific
a shrinking and aging population corresponds condition. Materials age and wear. Sometimes studies. However, intact historic interiors are
with an increasing need for individual and that presents a new beauty, a patina we nourish even rarer than Old Masters paintings. Interiors
small-scale design of the living environment, or even try to imitate. form the user side of buildings and give mean-
calling for particular attention to re-use and ing and value to them, but the user side is also
sustainable development. Well-designed inte- Interiors are the architecture of emotional cul- vulnerable. Interiors are bearers of culture,
riors add value to the perception and quality of ture. In a nice and stimulating environment but ever so often we remake them as they are
use of our immediate living environment, to our people experience more commitment, more overtaken by time.
feeling of well-being and to the quality of life. pleasure, satisfaction and success. People have
a desire for association, expression, remem- Interiors are the architecture of responsibility.
Interiors are the architecture of change. The brance and beauty. They want to identify with Designers take into account the consequences
life-cycle of a building knows many users and their environment. This means that an environ- of their professional activity for the health,
is subject to a continuous change of views. ment ought to provide space for individuality safety and well-being of all those who may
Abuilding is never finished, giving every user and self-expression, which in turn offers new reasonably be expected to use or enjoy the
the opportunity to attach their narrative to perspectives for improvisation, spontaneity, product of their work. This way of looking at
it. Interior architects/designers give shape vision and imagination. Interactive encounters design, going well beyond superficial styling
to a sustainable renewal of buildings. While and ergonomic quality are key to accommo- and decoration, requires training, experience
preserving the specific and sometimes unique date socio-psychological aspects in a working and an openness to life-long learning. It also
architectural qualities, we provide and care for environment. The emotional house may fos- needs a bent for research and development.
generation after generation to feel at home. ter new models of efficiency and productivity. But above all, it calls for a love for people.
In public interiors as well, it is important to
Interiors are the architecture of perception. explore the functional potential of perceptional May this book be of assistance to those
One of the factors that determine the apprecia- aspects, creating places that command desir- designers.
tion for our environment is time. Light and dark, able behaviour. People are easily influenced
as well as the changing of the seasons, have but want to be taken serious.
a defining effect on the perception of interior
space. Fashion and trends play an important Interiors are the architecture of cultural his-
role as well. We are challenged by the new, but tory. Beyond their role as a utilitarian inter-
9
IN BETWEEN
INTERIOR DESIGN
BETWEEN
ARCHITECTURE AND
DESIGN
SYLVIA LEYDECKER
Human-centred is a term encountered regularly in the interior stylists and, in an international context especially,
context of interior design because our spatial surroundings they are perceived as being solely interior decorators.
have such a fundamental influence on our lives. Weare Butinterior design encompasses much more than that, and
all aware of the value of spatial qualities, whether as a this is what differentiates professional interior designers
means of improving our sense of well-being in a space or from the clichd image. Professionals will have completed
for facilitating work processes. The architectural design a comprehensive programme of studies and work on a
of interiors influences our emotional sensibilities and in broad range of tasks that go far beyond that of luxury villas.
turn how we behave. It can communicate an attitude,
provide an atmosphere of trust and safety, reduce anxi- The field of interior design lies between those of other
ety, berelaxing, stimulating or alternatively reassuring. professions: on the one hand, there are architecture offices
Itinfluences our motivation to work, our sense of respon- who work on the renovation and modernisation of existing
sibility or disregard for a space, and it can be soothing or buildings, traditionally a primary field of interior design;
disquieting, spiriting or depressing. The design of spaces andon the other there are design agencies who create inte-
and their atmospheres affects the behaviour and well- riors as part of lucrative branding contracts. This situation,
being of everyone involved. while problematic for the profession, also demonstrates
that interior design is more in demand than ever.
PUBLIC IMAGE The core aspect of interior design work is the design con-
cept itself. Designs are usually characterised by different
Interior design is generally perceived as lying between individual interpretations of the task: a personal style or
the poles of architecture and design. In the media and signature. One and the same design task can embody
popular press, it is commonly portrayed as the furnishing differing degrees of creative and intellectual potential.
of luxury residences, an image reinforced by the plethora Inpractice, professionals must adopt a standpoint that also
of TV interior makeover shows. The role of interior archi- defines how they see themselves and their own approach
tects and designers is often confused with being that of to work in their profession.
10
Climbing deluxe:
this climbing wall in
a fitness club plays
off its location in a
fashionable district
of Tokyo interior
decorations as
climbing aids: picture
frames, mirrors, vases
and deer heads.
Illoiha Omotesando Fitness Gym,
Tokyo, Japan; Nendo
Interior designers have the skills and know-how to shape zines, their general focus tends to be on interior decorat-
the quality of interiors for their future use, whether in a ing, and the featured interiors span the range from spaces
private house or for a large corporation. The spectrum designed by professional architects and interior designers
of activities in the field of interior design is very broad to private houses designed by non-professionals, ranging
and ranges from furniture design and product designs from Mr Big Shots wife to married couples with artistic
for industrial manufacture to designing in existing fabric. ambitions. Glorified cushion arrangements for home living.
So who is responsible for giving interior design a distinc- Compared with architects, interior designers are very
tive profile in the public arena? Who are the iconic interior much in the minority: good interior designers are rare and
designers of the day? Names that immediately spring to valuable. While the proportion of women within the pro-
mind include designers such as Philippe Starck and Andre fession is relatively high compared with other branches,
Putman, or global design pop stars such as Karim Rashid especially during studies, this proportion decreases later
or Marcel Wanders: the first is a universal genius at home when it becomes increasingly difficult for women to bal-
in all genres from pasta to high-rise buildings, the second ance career and children. The resulting lack of professional
is the grande dame of interior design, and the last two are female interior designers does not help to strengthen the
product designers who also work in the field of interior image of the profession. Instead, the clich of Barbie the
design. Further examples include offices, such as Con- interior designer, which still prevails in some sectors, only
crete and Nendo or Kelly Hoppen or Shiro Kuramata, who reinforces the view of interior design as a kind of pastime
create contemporary interiors, as well as Eileen Gray as a for women. 17
11
Wilkinson Residence,
Portland, Oregon,
USA; Robert Harvey
Oshatz
66
SUSTAINABILITY:
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
AND INNOVATION
LILIANE WONG
SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH The European 2020 Strategy and the American 2030
Challenge aim to achieve 20 % energy savings as initial
INDUSTRY STANDARDS steps toward long-term energy and climate change goals.
Thesegoals may be met through the adoption of sustain-
Within the building sector today, it is universally accepted able practices that promote integrated whole-building
that buildings contribute in a significant manner to cli- planning, design, construction and operation, innovative
mate change through both consumption and emissions. design with minimal environmental impact, building man-
In the EU, buildings account for 40 % of its annual energy agement with a reduced life-cycle impact on the environ-
consumption and 36 % of its CO2 emissions.1 Similarly, the ment and even on-site production of renewable energy.
American building sector consumes nearly half (49 %) Such practice extends well beyond the building profession
of all energy produced in the USA and is responsible for to management, education, development, business and
46% of its CO2 emissions. 2 The fact that buildings are the real estate. While sustainable practice has been in use for
major source of global demand for energy and materials some time, especially in Europe, it is relatively uncharted
that produce by-product greenhouse gases (GHG)3 has as a global endeavour. Environmental assessment meth-
generated initiatives worldwide to reverse this trend by odologies, in the form of rating systems, have emerged in
reducing and maintaining a global average temperature order to provide some measurement of the efficacy of such
of less than 2 C above pre-industrial levels. The build- practice. There are over 600 such rating systems worldwide
ing sector constitutes the single largest economic and today and they fluctuate in scope, from one to the next, in
environmental opportunity for a collective reduction of measuring the different aspects of sustainability social,
GHG levels. environmental and economical.
67
S U S TA I N A B I LIT Y
68
R ATI N G SYS TE M S
RATING SYSTEMS These form the basis of many other similar systems around
the world including Switzerlands Minergie, Germanys
Green rating systems are tools that examine the perfor- DGNB System (German Sustainable Building Council),
mance or expected performance of a whole building and Portugals LiderA, Singapores BCA Green Mark (Building
translate that examination into an overall assessment and Construction Authority), and Taiwans EEWH (Ecol-
forcomparison against other buildings.4 The development ogy, Energy Saving, Waste Reduction and Health). Many
of these systems began in the UK with the introduction countries have also adopted rating systems through their
of BREEAM (Building Research Establishments Environ- membership and chapter in green building councils and
mental Assessment Method) in 1990. This was followed organisations such as the World Green Building Council.
in succession by the French system HQE (Haute Qualit Today, BREEAM and LEED have emerged globally as the
Environnementale) in 1992, the Hong Kong BEAM (Building two most recognised and used systems.
Environmental Assessment Method) and the international
GBTool (now SBTool) of the iiSBE (International Initiative
for a Sustainable Built Environment) in 1996, the USA LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and the
Canadian Green Globes in 2000, the Japanese CASBEE
(Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment
Efficiency) in 2001 and the Australian Green Star in 2002. 5
The character of
the outdoor areas
is continued into
the interior of this
office for a furniture
manufacturer.
Samas Office Furniture
Headquarters, Worms, Germany;
100% interior Sylvia Leydecker
69
S U S TA I N A B I LIT Y
Most rating systems consist of a suite of tools that assess Interior design, as an individual discipline, is not addressed
a building through its construction type and space use. as a separate category within most rating systems. Where
Construction type differentiates between new and existing differentiations are made between new construction and
construction with further distinctions, in some systems, of existing buildings, interior design issues are addressed in
core and shell, commercial interiors and limited construc- the latter category. In many cases, the systems address
tion/operations and maintenance. Space use categories indoor issues, typically termed Indoor Environmental
include retail, healthcare, education, commercial, indus- Quality (IEQ), which include aspects of building perfor-
trial, domestic and community development. The systems mance that impact the health and well-being of the occu-
universally address issues of global and local environments, pants. This category includes safety and security, hygiene,
internal environment, design assessment, operation of the indoor air quality and ventilation, thermal comfort, lighting,
building and its management. Some systems also have the acoustics and building amenities.
capability for assessing the management, operation and
maintenance of a building at any post-occupancy period. The rating systems that specifically address interior design
Rating categories are further separated into land use, water are few and include Green Globes, Green Star and LEED.
use, energy and the atmosphere, transport, materials, The Green Globes rating system includes the tool Fit-Up,
indoor environmental quality and, in some cases, inno- which is both a guide and an assessment protocol for
vation. Within a system of designated points, an assess- commercial interiors. Issues of Indoor Environment, Pro-
ment of the whole project is premised on the total points ject Management, Energy, Emissions, Effluents & Other
earned from each of the categories. Most systems weigh Impacts, Resources-systems Options and Materials and
the points equally with the sum total leading to a rating of Water are addressed through an interactive, online ques-
the building. The ratings differ from system to system, with tionnaire. While third-party verification is possible, Green
star ratings from 1 to 6 for Green Star, bronze/silver/gold/ Globes generates an online report based on a completed
platinum for LEED and pass/good/very good/excellent/ questionnaire. The Green Star system offers the category
outstanding for BREEAM. Office Interiors in Australia, South Africa and New Zea-
land. This category is designed for owners, tenants and
There are many similarities in the general organisation of interior designers to assess the impact of office tenancy
rating systems each with the primary purpose of measur- fitout, both during the design phase as well as in post-
ing the sustainability of the built environment. These tools construction. Issues include access to natural light, waste
ultimately serve an extensive circle that surrounds the management, energy conservation, materials manufacture
primary user group of built environment professionals and and use. Thistool is accessible to all users, but a project
includes developers, building management, members of the can only claim such certification if used by GBCA (Green
real estate sector, manufacturers of materials and products, Building Council of Australia) certified individuals. LEED
code officials, organisations for the protection of the envi- Commercial Interiors similarly provides a green benchmark
ronment, sectors of the health profession and even build- for tenancy and high-performance interiors. Its rating cat-
ing tenants. While some rating systems were developed egories are Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and
in conjunction with government-related agencies (Green Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, IEQ, Innovation in
Globe, BREEAM), many rating systems were developed by Design and Regional Priority. LEED Commercial Interiors
private, non-profit organisations. The major rating systems is designed for complementary use with LEED Core and
set strict standards for practice and contrast with green Shell, as a specific rating system for developers, owners
building codes that establish minimum requirements for and tenants.
sustainable practice. The rating systems are voluntary
and not generally integrated with governmental building
regulations, although in some countries, rating systems
are adopted and enforced as building regulation. In the UK
where BREEAM was developed by the Building Research
Establishment (BRE), at the time a government-funded
research body, local governments have begun to require
compliance with BREEAM as part of their planning policies.
Wales and Northern Ireland have both adopted sections
of the BREEAM system into their local codes. InWales, as
of July 2008, for example, all healthcare buildings must
achieve a Very Good to Excellent BREEAM assessment. In
England, all new school projects must achieve a Very Good
rating as a condition of funding.
70
R ATI N G SYS TE M S
71
S U S TA I N A B I LIT Y
EVALUATION
As evidenced by the proliferation of green ratings systems
around the world since their introduction in 1990, the
impact of these systems is potentially far-reaching. At a
minimum, these tools have raised the awareness of environ-
mental issues and encouraged sustainable practice in the
built environment at all levels of participation from policy
to planning, from design to construction, from resource
to product and from real estate to tenancy. Forbuilding
professionals, these complex rating systems provide a
practicable structure and framework for measurement and
assessment. Often these systems complement building
codes and regulations and, in many cases, they exceed
them. For governments, they can and do serve, in the
instance of BREEAM and policies of Wales and Northern
Ireland, as a link to governmental energy policies. Forindi-
viduals from building managers to tenants they provide
a method of evaluating and improving maintenance and
operation of buildings that reduce their impact on the
environment. This overall level of awareness should not
be underestimated.
72
R ATI N G SYS TE M S
73
S U S TA I N A B I LIT Y
A study of French HQE-certified buildings indicated that The cost aspect of building certification raises the issue of
certified buildings, in fact, performed better than non- economic divide. While data demonstrates that the ulti-
certified buildings, but not as well as forecasted in the cer- mate cost of a certified building is not significantly higher
tification process.6 This is consistent with findings around than that of an uncertified one, many additional costs exist
the world. Such findings, however, have not affected public in the assessment process. These so-called soft costs
perceptions of certified buildings. Real-estate market include the use of the rating system and materials, project
studies in the USA indicate that green office buildings registration fees, fees associated with certification and
demand higher rent, hold a higher rate of occupancy and design team fees. Indirect costs also include the cost of
have a higher resale value than non-green buildings of time for a certification process that can take from a week
a similar nature.7 Such perception questions the rating to two months, fees for membership with Green Building
systems use of points as an indication of success. There is Councils and costs of education and testing for certifying
conjecture that design professionals are more interested design professionals. In the USA, recent costs associated
in the acquisition of points and owners with the economic with LEED certification that included registration, docu-
benefits and prestige of certification than with effective ment submission, AP document gathering and design team
sustainable design. The term LEED brain has been coined documentation ranged from 22,000 USD to 100,000 USD.11
to describe what happens when the potential PR benefits
of certification begin driving the design process. 8 Such The green rating systems have made significant progress
conjectures damage the reputation of the systems and in quantifying the impact of building on the environment.
their potential for influencing energy policies in the built Cynics, though, point to the low number of buildings certi-
environment. fied over a period of 20 years: 200,000 through BREEAM
and 9000+ through LEED. The dissemination of such
The development of a universal rating system is a distant quantification methodologies alone, however, is an enor-
ideal. The regional variations of climate constitute one mous benefit. It is important, too, to recognise that no
important factor among many that explains why the sys- environmental assessment system is perfect. By virtue of
tems differ dramatically from criteria to scores. A com- its quantification, the system does not have the capacity
parison of assessment criteria for twelve different rating to address aspects of the built environment outside this
systems used in the UK, Asia, Europe, US and Australia that intentionally limited view. It is a tool for measurement,
focused on fifteen key issues including energy, CO2, Indoor not for design.
Environmental Quality, land use, renewable technologies,
transport, waste and water indicated that none of them
used the same list of criteria for assessment.9 In a study
published by BRE, the findings indicated that there was
no equivalent for BREEAMs rating of Excellent. A rating of
Very Good in BREEAM was found to be equal to Platinum
and Six Stars, the highest scores respectively in LEED and
Green Star, while there was no such equivalent in CASBEE.10
This lack of consistency and parity between systems does
not allow for a universal standard of comparison.
74
S U S TA I N A B I LIT Y TH RO U G H I N N OVATI O N
SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH
INNOVATION
Exposed concrete with soft moss
One proposed solution for the reduction of greenhouse inhabiting its cracks, blown up in scale
gases (GHG) is to attain fossil fuel reduction standards
through implementing innovative design strategies.12
to create a dramatic graphical pattern.
Orto Living Covering; IVANKA Concrete Design
Despite its unquantifiable characteristics, the importance
of design innovation in sustainable strategies for the built
environment is recognised in some of the major rating sys-
tems. BEAM, BREEAM and LEED each address the subject
of innovation as extracurricular; an achievement beyond
the methods of established best practice. Innovation is
rewarded with bonus points. BEAM does not provide a
prescribed path for innovation; rather it allows a client to
submit such proposals for evaluation and consideration.
Projects assessed through BREEAM can receive bonus
points either by exceeding established best practice criteria
or through a proposal requesting assessment for innova-
tion. LEED assessment criteria include specific descrip-
tions for earning ten possible bonus points that permit a
project to score 110 %. Six out of these ten bonus points
are allocated for Innovation and may be earned through
any combination of three paths: achieving significant and
measurable performance not addressed in LEED, achiev-
ing exemplary performance by exceeding LEED criteria or
attempting a pilot credit. This approach to ecology in the
built environment addresses the demands of a changed
and rapid world through strategies that embrace the intan-
gible characteristics of flexibility, adaptability and multi-
functionality.
75
S U S TA I N A B I LIT Y
76
S U S TA I N A B I LIT Y TH RO U G H I N N OVATI O N
77
SPACE-DEFINING
SURFACES: FLOORS,
WALLS, CEILINGS
CHRIS LEFTERI
Materials define spaces in so many ways, not only in the part of the personality that will define the building or space.
more obvious form of channeling light or allowing designers On many levels our environments are becoming more
to create intricate geometries. They define our environ- defined by the personalities who shape them, for example,
ments also through association and through the stories they those of the architect, the owner or a company brand, each
embody and communicate to a user. In an age where we are of which tells a different and personal story. We are also
increasingly dependent on, and needy of, the knowledge becoming more and more reliant on experiences that new
about the provenance of the ingredients of our material materials are bringing to interiors. No longer just passively
world, the stories that these materials embody become using a space, surfaces are beginning to give feedback.
more important. For instance, if designers specify materials Reflections and refractions create spaces that 20 years ago
that are in some way energy-efficient in their production, would have needed very smart and advanced electronic
this will be communicated to the users and will become devices to make them work.
186
MATERIAL LIGHT It is important to consider not only the additional or deco-
rative surfaces that we can incorporate into an interior
For a surface that cries out for attention to generate a space but to get right down to the fundamental elements.
wow factor there are some wonderful new material Even something as mundane as wall plaster can have
combinations that capture light and channel it out in a huge impact on a space. There is a chameleon-type
unexpected ways. As you walk across certain types of technology that has been incorporated into a variety of
tiles you will be captivated by a dynamic spectrum of substrate materials that are classified as phase change
tiny shimmering lights flickering below. It may sound as materials (PCMs). These materials previously congregated
if some pretty advanced technology is involved, but this within the industrial sector for packaging and storage
surface simply relies upon the use of fibre optics embed- applications, but they have branched out and their tech-
ded within a resin or concrete block. The fibre optics pick nology can now be found within the building industry
up changes in light and disperse them onto the surface, to create a variety of very smart materials that actually
where they magically shift and move in a rippling effect. moderate the temperature of a room. The novel appeal of
The colour and movement created all depends upon the these materials is that to some extent they actually work
intensity of light, whether it be natural or artificial, with like a heater and air-conditioning unit combined by both
more dramatic contrasts being produced when light is storing and emitting heat when needed.
directed onto the surface. For instance, as you pass over the
tiles, your shadow will block the incoming light, making the Phase change materials exist in a constant state of flux,
surrounding areas appear to light up. As the tiles contain adapting themselves to the environment. Made up of
no electrical components, they can even be used within several layers, these materials contain microscopic beads
areas exposed to moisture such as kitchens, bathrooms that change state like water does when it changes to
and even outdoors. This material should not be limited ice depending on the temperature. When they change
purely to flooring applications: its intriguing behaviour from one state to another they are continually storing and
can enhance countertops or wall panels, as the blocks are emitting heat. For instance, when applied to a wall plaster,
available in custom sizes and shapes to suit the desired use. as the room begins to heat up on a hot day, the beads will
start to melt and as they do they begin absorbing some of
the inside heat to cool the room down. By contrast, when
the room begins to cool down, the beads will begin to
solidify and release the stored heat to raise the tempera-
ture back to the desired level. Using this plaster helps to
keep a room at a constant temperature. The beads can be
programmed to activate at specific temperatures so that
the liquefying and solidifying is controlled depending on
the climate. Not only do these materials enhance comfort,
but they also provide significant energy and cost savings
in heating and air-conditioning systems.
187
S PAC E - D E FI N I N G S U R FAC E S
188
S PAC E - D E FI N I N G S U R FAC E S
189
S PAC E - D E FI N I N G S U R FAC E S
Hanging undulating
ceiling elements made
of LEDs and metal wire
are digitally controlled
and unite light and
sound in a unique way.
Aura Light and Sound Suites
Nightclub, New York City, New York,
USA; bluarch
190
S PAC E - D E FI N I N G S U R FAC E S
191
S PAC E - D E FI N I N G S U R FAC E S
Zahnarium Drs. Stammen & Translucent back-lit concrete achieved using light-
Partner childrens dentist, Greven
broich, Germany; 100% interior
conducting fibres is particularly fascinating for the
Sylvia Leydecker small patients attending this dentists practice.
192
S PAC E - D E FI N I N G S U R FAC E S
193
Space illumination:
this installation unites
aprojection, graphics,
light and sound to an
aesthetic whole.
BBASS installation, Ghent, Belgium;
SAQ Architects
216
THE AESTHETIC
QUALITIES OF LIGHT,
AIR AND ACOUSTICS
PETER IPPOLITO
Light, air and acoustics are these design elements? LIGHT A SENSUAL
Although often perceived merely as a functional neces-
sity, the integration of technical installations, the aesthetic BUILDING MATERIAL
potential of which is not immediately apparent, offers
fascinating design possibilities. The design of light, air Over and above its functional purpose, light is one of the
and acoustics can help shape the direction, zoning and most sensual design elements in the palette of technical
layering of a space, and can significantly influence its installations. In all its dimensions, it is not only an aes-
atmosphere and impression. thetic but also a dynamic building material, capable of
lending spaces structure, shape and identity as well as
The breadth of design possibilities offered by these three a distinctive atmosphere.
building materials is diverse. In this respect, it is impor-
tant to utilise the design potential of all elements that The visual appearance, experience and form of spaces
enclose and define space, whether furniture, walls, floor can be influenced through the use of artificial and natural
or ceiling. The ceiling in particular is a surface whose light. A good lighting design concept is a product of an
design potential is often overlooked. Typically serving just intensive study of the spatial context. It creates back-
a functional purpose, the design of the ceiling should be grounds, defines visual axes, establishes relationships,
seen as an opportunity to shape the identity of a space. highlights elements and helps direct how we perceive
Very often it is the only surface that cannot be concealed the hierarchy of a space. Light is essential to our percep-
and as such has the potential to significantly influence the tion of space. To fully exploit the great potential of light,
aesthetic impact of a space. An innovatively designed ceil- itis important to understand the effects of the different
ing can tell stories, awaken desires, dreams and longing or qualities of light. 220
217
LI G HT
218
LI G HT
219
LI G HT
220
LI G HT
atmosphere.
Numptia Super Yacht; Achille Salvagni Architetti
221
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
LARS GRAU
By definition, information technology pervades all areas The information society is a society where the creation,
of life within an information society. This is the type of distribution, diffusion, use, integration and manipulation
society most of us live in. As a consequence, informa- of information is a significant economic, political, and
tion technology is bound to have a major impact on our cultural activity. The aim of the information society is to
daily lives, an impact manifest to a great extent in the gain competitive advantage internationally, through using
design of interior spaces. The integration of media and Information Technology in a creative and productive way. 1
technology demands a close coordination of architects, Information technology is not only the Internet. Instead, it is
interior designers, home automation engineers, media a superordinate concept for the processing of information
experts and craftsmen. Withtechnology and media being and the hardware and software required for this. Contem-
integrated more and more into interior spaces, furniture, porary and future human-computer interfaces (HCI) need
everyday objects, devices and materials, a deeper look further detailed consideration within this field as well.
into the impact of information technology from the interior
designers perspective seems essential.
276
The information society started somewhere between the So, nothing new? What is rather new is that we are witness-
1970s and today and is changing fundamentally the way ing this utopia actually turning into reality. Many people
societies work. Within the last three decades, information see this upcoming reality as a threat to some extent or
technology has transformed many areas of our lives by at least they ask the question whether we really need this
changing the way we use digital media and interact with our amount of comfort. Do we need coffee cups that show
environment in almost any given context. As an example, us the exact temperature of the liquids they contain or
automotive interiors have changed completely over the seating furniture that charges our mobile phones? Obvi-
last 30 years in terms of the users possibilities to interact. ously, new technologies arise because we are capable of
While cars in the 1970s were merely equipped with physical inventing them, not because we need them. The question
interfaces for very basic functionalities, vehicles today are is: what makes sense? That is where designers come into
moving supercomputers where the driver is surrounded by play. Their role is to use given technologies in a reasonable
an overwhelming set of controls including tangible inter- manner to fulfil existing user needs. As Klaus Krippendorff
faces, voice control and touch-sensitive interaction, to be puts it: The etymology of design goes back to the latin de
used in parallel in multimodal interaction. What is more, + signare and means making something, distinguishing
the automobile today not only interoperates with personal it by a sign, giving it significance, designating its relation
devices like mobile phones but also communicates with to other things, owners, users, or gods. Based on this
other cars and service operators, enabling for example original meaning, one could say: Design is making sense
much better traffic jam foresight and security. (to things).4
One key driver of this change, obviously, is the continued Especially for the interior design discipline, information
miniaturisation and interconnectedness of technology, technology opens up undreamt-of possibilities. Technol-
which now allows information technology to be integrated ogy can enhance our daily lives by increasing quality,
into everyday objects, fabrics and materials. Technology adding comfort, security and efficiency while reducing
is moving away from single stationary devices that still maintenance time, costs and environmental pollution.
make up our life today into a future where technology is But it all comes down to the user the inhabitant at the
ubiquitous and invisible a permanently available virtual end. Technological systems get more and more complex,
surrounding augmenting our physical environment. Highly while their usability needs to get more and more simple
integrated solutions like wearable computing are indicative for people to adopt them. This platitude is a logical side
of this trend. This vision of ubiquitous or pervasive com- effect of the information society: people are overloaded
puting is quite well understood by now and has become a with the amount and diversity of information and tech-
large-scale research topic being called The Internet of nology. As technology is also no longer transparent and
Things. Ubiquitous computing refers to invisible, every- comprehensible for end users, they need efficient and
where computing that does not live on a personal device properly working solutions as they are no longer capable
of any sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere. 2 Mark of repairing things. What is needed is comfort based on
Weiser, a computer scientist and researcher at Palo Alto technology and made available by design.
Research Center, predicted this (r)evolution 25 years ago
by stating: In the 21st century the technology revolution
will move into the everyday, the small and the invisible.3
277
I N FO R M ATI O N TEC H N O LO GY
SMART HOME
The interior design discipline currently faces the challenge
to combine the physical and the virtual environment. Inte-
rior designers of today and especially of tomorrow need
to cope with complex technological opportunities and
fulfil central cross-linking design tasks in interdisciplinary
teams to evolve and apply sense to rich user experiences
in domestic, public and work environments.
278
SMART HOME
279
I N FO R M ATI O N TEC H N O LO GY
Many of these have been realized in the home by layering Most of these six layers demand specialists like architects,
interactive functions onto existing household appliances civil engineers, service providers, designers, craftsmen
using standardized communication facilities. Examples or other experts to be built and maintained. Although
of these include the Internet fridge13 and handheld and information technology has developed much further since
mobile devices14 supporting specific forms of interaction. the early 1980s, Brand then already understood that the
Interactive Household Objects merge interactive capabili- different levels are closely interwoven and that devices
ties with existing household objects to offer new forms within the Stuff layer are closely tied to the underlying
of interaction. These often build upon the cultural val- Space Plan layer. Unsurprisingly, interior design focuses
ues associated with existing artifacts. Examples of these on issues surrounding Space Plan and Stuff, leaving out
include augmenting picture frames with new display and the Service layer. Even more interestingly, the Service layer
interaction facilities,15 adding new communication capabili- is the one to correspond to the notable changes by the
ties to household notice boards16 and augmenting cups.17 emerging integration of information technology in terms
Augmented Furniture adds interactive capabilities to the of interoperability and connectedness.
different furniture in the home. These include the Dia-
mondTouch interactive table18 and proposals to augment To evolve compelling user experiences in ubiquitous domes-
cupboards19 and garden furniture. 20 These three different tic environments, the interior design needs to incorporate
approaches vary in terms of the prominence of the digital all three layers: Service, Space Plan and Stuff. The Service
technology and the ways in which the technology is made defines the core technological capabilities and acts as the
available to inhabitants. The technology is most intrusive foundation, whereas the Space Plan incorporates a flexible
in information appliances and then reduces in household infrastructure for the Stuff to work properly, while allowing
objects and augmented furniture.21 inhabitants to adapt in accordance to their individual needs.
280
P U B LI C E N V I RO N M E NT S
PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL Public venues and commercial spaces differ from residen-
tial buildings in a few simple yet challenging key issues:
ENVIRONMENTS
1. Users have little or no control over the infrastructure.
Unlike residential environments, public and commercial Those who set the requirements are not those who use the
environments form a much broader field of applications, spaces, making it more difficult to define the actual needs
but the general considerations concerning the integration and leading to more standardised solutions.
of information technology remain the same.
2. Privacy needs are different. Technology can be used
Within commercial spaces, especially corporate environ- in a personalised and an unpersonalised manner. In pub-
ments, retail spaces and industrial facilities can be distin- lic spaces the relation of single-user scenarios versus
guished. While corporate offices, training and manufac- multi-user scenarios is reversed compared to residential
turing facilities, big retail facilities, shopping malls and environments. This means that public spaces need further
department stores mainly demand large-scale standardised examination to cope with both private and public use sce-
solutions for collaboration, marketing and communication, narios, including issues of the integration of technology.
there is a high potential for individual innovative solutions
in spatial branding venues that make use of space as 3. Instead of inhabitants, there are multiple user groups
a medium to express the corporate brand. What is often with multiple needs. Employees, customers, patients, visi-
developed for flagship stores, showrooms or single-brand tors and foreigners have different user needs, hence the
stores most certainly can and will be applied to all kinds scenarios of use differ in terms of involvement, authorisa-
of corporate environments and therefore should be of tion, service offers and information. Consider, for example,
high interest to digital native interior designers. These the user needs of medical staff, patients and visitors in a
venues demand the brand values to be communicated in hospital in relation to a family in its home.
a holistic manner to raise the users involvement. Here,
innovative technology allows to stand out against the 4. While the fields of application are identical, the focus
standard audio-visual media that people probably have differs according to the type of environment. The bigger the
seen before. This applies also to exhibition and event venues are, the higher is the need for building automation,
design for non-permanent spaces as well as institutional energy saving, security and communication technology.
venues like museums. Bycontrast, entertainment plays a subordinated role.
Public environments share another distinct specificity: 5. Last but not least, the interfaces are potentially more
the user need for personalised services. This applies to numerous than in residential buildings. Being the core
healthcare environments (for example, hospitals, assisted topic for designers, interfaces can be both humans and
living facilities and medical offices using electronic health technology here. In public and commercial environments,
records and telemedicine appliances) and also to hospital- designers need to deal with more stakeholders and more
ity and recreation facilities (hotels, resorts, cafs and bars, technological interfaces in parallel. 286
281
A P P E N D IX
Maison et Objet, Paris, France ABOUT THE EDITOR AND ticeship as a carpenter, he studied
www.maison-objet.com THE AUTHORS industrial design at the Folkwang
University of the Arts in Essen.
NeoCon, Chicago, USA
SYLVIA LEYDECKER (Dipl.-Ing.) After two years of collaboration
www.neocon.com
is a practising interior architect with Andre Putman in Paris,
Orgatec Modern Office & Facility, and runs the studio 100%interior France, he was head of the Interior
Cologne, Germany in Cologne, Germany. She studied Design and Styling Department
www.orgatec.com interior design at the Wiesbaden at the studio of Matteo Thun
University of Applied Sciences & Partners, Milan, Italy, from
Salone Internazionale del Mobile,
and Trisakti University in Jakarta, 20002008. Since 2008 he runs,
Milan, Italy
Indonesia, graduating from Wies- together with his wife Elisa, the
www.cosmit.it
baden in 1996. Before setting up Studio Catoir in Milan and Paris,
her studio as an interior architect, carrying out projects for interna-
she gained many years experi- tional clients in the field of interior
ASSOCIATIONS/ORGANISATIONS
ence working internationally for design, product design and graph-
Bund Deutscher Innenarchitekten Lufthansa, including extended ics. With a focus on residential
www.bdia.de periods spent abroad in Manches- and hotel projects, Studio Catoir
ter, UK, and Paris, France. provides design services across
Bundesarchitektenkammer
Today her office designs corpo- the full spectrum from objects
www.bak.de
rate interiors with special focus to interiors and facade design,
European Council of Interior on interiors for healthcare envi- aswell as corporate identity.
Architecture ronments as well as the design of
www.ecia.net offices and products. She is volun- JOANNE CYS is Associate Profes-
tary Vice-President of the Union sor of Interior Architecture and
International Federation of Interior
of German Interior Architects/ Dean: Teaching and Learning in
Architects / Designers
Designers (BDIA) and is a delegate the Division of Education, Arts and
www.ifi-world.org
of the International Federation of Social Sciences at the University of
International Interior Interior Architects (IFI). She is also South Australia (UniSA). Shehas
Design Association a member of the German Designer also held positions as acting Dean
www.IIDA.org Club (DDC) and the Hospital and of Research and acting Dean
Healthcare Design Committee of Graduate Studies at UniSA.
world-architects
(AKG) of the Association of Ger- Joanne Cys is a Life Fellow of the
www.world-architects.com
man Architects (BDA). First and Design Institute of Australia and
foremost, she is a passionate inte- was its National President from
rior architect, designer and author 20082010. She is an executive
NICE TO KNOW
of numerous publications. board member (20112013) of the
ACTIVATED SPACE Sylvia Leydecker has established International Federation of Interior
www.activatedspaceblog.com an international reputation as Architects/Designers (IFI) and is
an expert on the application of co-chair of IFIs Global Interiors
Archello The Business
nano-materials in the built envi- Education Open Forum (GIEOF).
Networking Platform for the
ronment and is author of the book Joanne Cys is Australias repre-
Built Environment,
Nano Materials in Architecture, sentative to the Global Design
www.archello.com
Interior Architecture and Design Network (GDN) and the Asia
Architonic, The independent (with forewords by Harold Kroto Pacific Space Designers Alliance
resource for architecture and and Michael Veith), published in (APSDA). She is a founder of the
design 2008 by Birkhuser. Australian Interior Design Awards
www.architonic.com program and has been the jury
convenor of the program since its
BauNetz, Online-
MARK BLASCHITZ, born in 1965 inception in 2004. She has been
Architekturmagazin
in Graz, Austria, co-founded the invited to speak at international
www.baunetz.de
SPLITTERWERK Label for Fine Arts and national conferences, curate
The Cool Hunter in 1988, whose work has won numer- design exhibitions and is regularly
www.thecoolhunter.com ous awards and been featured invited to write for professional
in several renowned exhibitions, design journals. She has published
Design Your Way
including the Biennales in Venice over 50 academic papers in schol-
www.Designyourway.net
and So Paolo and the documenta in arly journals, conference proceed-
DESIGNSPOTTER Kassel. Mark Blaschitz studied archi- ings and chapters in edited books.
www.designspotter.com tecture, philosophy and sociology,
graduating from the Graz University LARS GRAU is a designer and
DETAIL , Das Architekturportal
of Technology in architecture and educator focusing on interactive
www.detail.de
urban design. He has lectured since technologies. He is Professor of
Kinetic Architecture 1989 on architecture, urban design, Media and Communication Design
www.kineticarchitecture.net art and design and was Visiting at the Macromedia University for
Professor for space&designstrat- Media and Communication (MHMK)
Stylepark, Design Culture
egies at the Linz University of Art in Hamburg, Germany, andruns
at Stylepark
and Design in 2009 together with the user experience design agency
www.stylepark.com
heri&salli, before being appointed MOKIK in Berlin. He has worked
Treehugger to Full Professor at the Stuttgart since 1999 on the development
www.treehugger.com State Academy of Art and Design of holistic user experience con-
(ABK). In 2010 he became Director cepts for mobile applications, web
of the Chair of Housing, Fundamen- applications, digital television
tals and Design at the ABK Stuttgart and spatial interaction. His spe-
and was a Visiting Professor at the cial field lies in the integration of
Centro de Estudios Superiores de strategy, design and technology
Diseo de Monterrey (CEDIM) in and research into embedded inter-
Mexico in 2012. In 2012 he became action. He is a regular speaker at
Dean of the Faculty of Architecture events and a jury member of the
at the ABK Stuttgart. annual DDC Design Prize.
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A P P E N D IX
has established himself as an inte- Designers (IFI). He is a past Pres- the Federal Chamber of German
rior designer with a career span- ident and now honorable member Architects (BAK) as Head of Eco-
ning over 20 years in the design of the Dutch Association of Interior nomic Affairs, becoming Managing
industry.Runninghis own interior Architects (BNI). He has written Director of D.A.V.I.D., the asso-
design consultancy,Simon Hamil- many professional articles and has ciations publishing wing in 2002
ton & Associates in London since been active on many international where he was responsible for the
2002, has provided opportunities panels and juries. Network for Architecture Exchange
to design for a wide variety of (NAX). He lectures widely, chairs
projects across workplace, residen- JOHANNES STUMPF, born in 1963, discussions and contributes to
tial, retail and hospitality sectors in lives and works in Berlin, Germany, numerous publications.
the UK and abroad. In his position as a freelance architect. His office,
as International Director for The Bro Stumpf, specialises in the LILIANE WONG, born in Hong
British Institute of Interior Design management of complex building Kong, China, is Professor and
(BIID), he is an ambassador for the projects, both for new buildings Head of the Department of Interior
best of British design, networking and conservation projects, and Architecture at the Rhode Island
at high level on a global scale. acts as an international consultant School of Design, where she has
for institutions and enterprises on taught since 1998. She earned her
PETER IPPOLITO studied architec- issues of sustainability in building MA in architecture from the Har-
ture in Stuttgart, Germany and Chi- construction. In 2007, he became vard University Graduate School
cago, USA. During his studies he Vice-Chairman of the Regional of Design and her BA in mathemat-
worked as an assistant to Professor Competition Committee of the Ber- ics from Vassar College. Sheis a
Ben Nicholson in Chicago and lin Chamber of Architects, where registered architect in Massachu-
gained practical experience in the he is instrumental in the ongoing setts, USA, and has practised in
office of Daniel Libeskind in Berlin, development of competition and the Boston area including in her
Germany. In 1999 he co-founded tendering procedures. Since 2008, firm, MWA, where she focuses on
zipherspaceworks, which in 2002 he contributes as part of an inter- the design of libraries. She is a
became the Ippolito Fleitz Group, national development cooperative co-designer of the library furniture
run together with Gunter Fleitz. to the establishment of training system Kore. A long-time volun-
Peter Ippolito was a Visiting Pro- concepts for local energy-use audi- teer at soup kitchens, her teaching
fessor at the Stuttgart Academy tors in countries such as Romania emphasises the importance of
of Art and Design (20012002) and Georgia. In his capacity as an public engagement in architecture
and taught from 20042008 at author, he also writes for a number and design. She is a co-founder
the University of Stuttgart and in of German architecture magazines and co-editor of the Int|AR Journal,
2009 at the Biberach University and journals. which promotes creative and aca-
of Applied Sciences. He has served demic explorations of sustainable
in numerous competition juries DR. MARINA-ELENA WACHS, born environments through exemplary
and is regularly invited to speak in 1966, is a qualified industrial works of reuse.
at conferences. designer, dressmaker and pattern
cutter, and works as a design con-
CHRIS LEFTERI was born in Lon- sultant for companies and archi-
don, UK, and studied industrial tects, and as an author, curator and
design at Central Saint Martins Col- educator at universities and acade-
lege of Art and Design, completing mies of art and design. In her doc-
his MA under Professor Daniel torate (20032007, Brauns chweig
Weil at the Royal College of Art, University of Art), she undertook
London. He is recognised through- interdisciplinary research into the
out the world as an authority on use of new materials in design, art
materials and their application and architecture, culminating in
in design. For over a decade his the publication of her book Material
studio work and publications have Mind (Dr. Kovac Verlag, Hamburg,
been pivotal in changing the way 2008). In 2010 she was appointed
designers and the materials indus- Professor of Theory of Design
try consider materials. In 2001 he at the Niederrhein University of
published the first of eight books Applied Sciences. She has worked
on materials and their application with architects, lighting design-
in design (Materials for Inspira- ers and designers in the field of
tional Design series, RotoVision, lighting and furniture design and I find all books too long.
UK, 20012007), which have been contributes actively to professional Voltaire
translated into six languages. Sub- federations and associations such
sequently his studio, Chris Lefteri as the German Fashion Institute
Design, has worked with bluechip (DMI), the network fashion textile
corporations and major design (nmt), the German Society for
studios across Europe, the USA and Design Theory and Research
Asia, implementing a broad range (DGTF) and the British Design
of strategies for effective materials History Society. She lectures and
integration in the design process. publishes widely, most recently
in the book Nachhaltiges Textiles
KEES SPANJERS is an interior Design / Sustainable Textile Design
architect and architect and lives (Schaff-Verlag, Hamburg, 2013).
and works in Amsterdam and New
York. He is the Director of Zaanen DR. THOMAS WELTER, born in
Spanjers Architects in Amsterdam, 1969, is Managing Director of the
The Netherlands, specialising in Association of German Architects
cultural buildings and public interi- (BDA). He studied economics and
ors, and the recipient of numerous North American studies at the Free
awards, including the Architectural University of Berlin, worked free-
Record Interiors Award. Kees Span- lance for the German Institute for
jers was the President of the Euro- Economic Research (DIW) in Berlin
pean Council of Interior Architects and taught at various educational
(ECIA) and served as co-opted institutions. After completing his
board member of the International doctorate in economic sciences
Federation of Interior Architects/ (Dr. rer. pol.) in 2000, he joined
351