Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
J. S. Kovacs and P. Signell
Michigan State University
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
1. Introduction
a. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
x x x x b. Magnetic Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
c. The Flux Integrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
d. The Direction of Positive Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
x x x x e. Induced Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
f. Induced Voltage and Flux Change Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
V
g. The Power Transferred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
x x x x 2. Example of Lorentz-Force Induction
a. A Loop Enters A Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
x x x x b. The Loop Travels Through the Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . 5
c. The Loop Leaves the Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
d. The Time Rate of Change of the Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Induction by Time-Changing B
V in a. The Faraday-Henry Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
b. Example: Linearly Increasing B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Lenz’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
x 5. Self-Inductance, Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1
ID Sheet: MISN-0-142
3 4
MISN-0-142 1 MISN-0-142 2
MAGNETIC INDUCTION `
` dS `
by B q B Figure 2. The case
where dS ~ is deter-
J. S. Kovacs and P. Signell mined by L: (a) for
Michigan State University q ` one choice of the di-
dS
rection L; and (b) for
1. Introduction the other choice.
5 6
MISN-0-142 3 MISN-0-142 4
c x x x x l
Figure 3. The
voltage drop
x x x x around a com- x x x x
2.0 V R v l
plete path: (a)
x x x x zero for a non-
induced voltage; x x x x
(b) non-zero v
d x x x x l
for an induced
(a) (b) voltage. x x x x
7 8
MISN-0-142 5 MISN-0-142 6
2d. The Time Rate of Change of the Flux. The induced potential
difference is simply related to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
V in enclosed by the loop:
Blv Vind,dcba = Φ̇ . (8)
This comes about because the magnetic field is constant so the flux in-
tegral, Eq. (1), is just Φ = B dA/dt where A is the area of the loop
-2l -Àl -l -½l containing non-zero B. That area is A = `r so dA/dt = `dr/dt = ` v.
x Then Φ̇ = B ` v and Eq. (8) is proved. We will find that Eq. (8) is not
½l l Àl 2l
restricted to Lorentz force cases but is also true where the loop is station-
ary (not moving) in the field but the magnetic field itself is increasing or
-B l v decreasing with time.
Figure 5. The induced potential difference around the loop 3. Induction by Time-Changing B
of Fig. 4 as a function of the position of the loop.
3a. The Faraday-Henry Law. Time-changing magnetic fields pro-
we get for the induced potential of point b with respect to point a: duce induced electric fields, hence potential differences, in a manner de-
scribed by the so-called Faraday-Henry law. This law relates the line
Vind,ba = −` v B . (4) integral of the induced electric field to the time-derivative of the surface-
integrated magnetic field:
Thus any induced current will flow from a to b (from higher potential to
lower, in the direction of the Lorentz Force).
~ ind · d~` = − d
I I
E B~ · dS
~. (9)
2b. The Loop Travels Through the Magnetic Field. As the loop LS dt SL
travels across the magnetic field the induced potential difference along
the top and bottom arms of the loop will be zero as is readily seen from Now we can substitute (−Vind ) for the left side and (−Φ̇) for the right
the vector form of the Lorentz force. The potential difference between the side to get the simpler-appearing form:
ends of the trailing edge of the loop will be the same as for the leading
Vind,LS = Φ̇SL . (10)
edge:
Vind,cd = −` v B . (5) Note that this equation is exactly the same as the equation for Lorentz-
As we make a complete circuit around the loop the induced potential force induction, Eq. (8).
differences along the two ends oppose each other and the net potential
difference is zero: 3b. Example: Linearly Increasing B. Suppose a coil having N
Vind,loop = 0 . (6) turns and area A is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field that is in-
creasing linearly with time:
2c. The Loop Leaves the Magnetic Field. When the leading edge
of the coil reaches the far edge of the field and emerges into a region B = B 0 + B1 t ,
of zero magnetic field, its induced potential drops to zero and the loop
where B0 and B1 are constants. The induced voltage is, by Eq. (10):
potential difference is:
Vind,dc = +` v B , (7) Vind = Φ̇ = N A B1 .
which would cause current to flow around the loop in a clockwise direction.
Fig. 5 shows a plot of the loop potential difference, Vdcba , vs. x.
9 10
MISN-0-142 7 MISN-0-142 8
l 5. Self-Inductance, Inductors
The term “inductor” refers to a circuit element that usually has the
x x x x shape of a solenoid, a torus, or simply many loops of wire glued together.
l A current flowing through an inductor of course sets up a magnetic field
so changes in the current result in changes in the magnetic field. Those in
x x x x turn produce an induced voltage drop in the element, a voltage drop that
v opposes the change in the current. The magnitude of the induced voltage
l
is proportional to the time-rate-of-change of the current, as we have seen,
x x x x so we write:
dI
Vind = L , (11)
dt
r
x x x x where L is determined solely from the geometry of the inductor and
is called the inductor’s inductance. The S.I. unit of inductance is
lxl the “henry,” abbreviated H: H ≡ V s A−1 as can be seen from
line x=0 Eq. (11).
Figure 6. As Fig. 4 but with circuit resistance shown ex-
plicitly. Acknowledgments
Preparation of this module was supported in part by the National
4. Lenz’s Law Science Foundation, Division of Science Education Development and
Lenz’s law states that magnetic induction is always in such a direc- Research, through Grant #SED 74-20088 to Michigan State Univer-
tion as to tend to oppose the change that produced the induction. For sity.
example, as the loop in Fig. 4 enters the magnetic field the induced po-
tential difference is such as to produce a counter-clockwise current in the
loop. That counterclockwise current will itself produce a magnetic field
Glossary
that comes out of the page and so to some extent opposes the into-the- • Faraday-Henry law: the integral form of a Maxwell equation, stating
page continuing increase in the original loop flux. Similarly, the clockwise that the line integral of the electric field around a loop is equal to the
current induced as the loop leaves the field itself produces a magnetic field negative of the time derivative of the integral of the normal component
that is into the page: this tends to oppose the continuing decrease that is of the magnetic field (integrated over the surface bounded by the loop):
taking place in the loop flux. ~ · d~` = −(d/dt) ~ · dS.
~ This law is often quoted in its short
H R
LS
E LS
B
Lentz’s law also states that if a time-changing potential difference form: the voltage induced in the loop equals the time derivative of the
causes a time-changing magnetic field, then the time-changing magnetic magnetic flux through the surface bounded by the loop: Vind = Φ̇.
field produces an electric field and a resulting current flow that will oppose • flux: denoted Φ; the integral, over a surface with a particular bound-
the change in the original potential difference. ary, of the component of the field normal to the surface. For magnetic
~ · dS.
~
R
Similarly, a changing current induces a current that tends to oppose flux: ΦSL = SL B
the continuing change in the original current.
• induced current: the current produced in a circuit as a result of an
induced potential difference (which see). The usual relations between
voltage, resistance, and current apply.
11 12
MISN-0-142 9 MISN-0-142 PS-1
• Lenz’s law: a law stating that induced phenomena oppose the induc- x x x x x x
`
ing phenomena. For example, an induced current produces a magnetic B directed into page
field which opposes the changes in the magnetic field that caused the
current to be induced.
a. Find the magnitude and direction of the induced potential differ-
ence, Vind , around this loop at the instant t = 0.20 sec. [F]
Is Vind constant with time? [A]
Check that the dimensions of Vind follow correctly from the dimen-
sions of what goes into your calculations. [H]
b. Find the magnitude and direction of the tangential component of
the electric field vector at any point on this loop. [J]
c. What can the Faraday-Henry Law tell you about the normal (radial)
component of E~ at any point on the loop? [E]
What does symmetry tell you? [I]
13 14
MISN-0-142 PS-2 MISN-0-142 PS-3
2. 5.
x x x x x x l
P
x x x x x x ½l
x x x x x x
xS x x x x Tx
A A' x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x R
x x x x x x
x x xQ x x x
S x x x x x x
~ |B|
This same loop is placed in a region of uniform field B, ~ = 2.0 T,
x x x x x x
directed into the page. The loop is rotated about the axis AA0 so that
point P comes out of the page, point Q goes into the page. In 0.02 sec
A square loop of wire is stationary within a time-dependent magnetic
the loop is flipped over so that P is where Q was and vice versa.
field that is confined to a square region of space. The length of one side
a. What is the average Vind induced around this loop? [B] of the loop is ` and the loop extends `/2 into the field (see sketch). The
magnetic field varies with time as B = B0 sin(ωt). Use these values to
b. What is the direction of this Vind ? (Would it drive the induced
answer the questions below: B0 = 1.0 T, ω = 2.0π/ s, R = 1.0 Ω and
current in the direction SP T or T P S? [D]
` = 1.0 m.
3. As shown in the figure, lines of magnetic field are directed perpendic-
a. At t = 3.5 s what is Vind ? [M]
ular to a circular loop of wire of radius r.
b. At that same time what is the power dissipation through the resis-
a. If the magnitude of the field is given by B = B0 e−t/τ , where B0 and tor? [O] Help: [S-3]
τ are constants, what is the Vind induced in the loop as a function
c. What is the work done by the field from t = 0.0 s to t = 3.5 s? [N]
of time? [G] (In the figure, d~s denotes the positive direction around
Help: [S-2]
the loop.)
B
ds
b. Answer the same question if the loop is titled through 60.0◦ , [L] or
90.0◦ . [K]
4. Using the definitions of the tesla (p. 359) and the volt, in terms of
fundamental dimensions, show that both sides of the Faraday-Henry
Law have the same units. [C]
15 16
MISN-0-142 PS-4 MISN-0-142 AS-1
Brief Answers:
SPECIAL ASSISTANCE SUPPLEMENT
A. No.
B. 25 volts. Help: [S-1]
S-1 (from PS, Problem 2a)
C. See text. The average value of a sine function over a half cycle is:
D. Again, use Lenz’s Law to find that the direction of decreasing Vind , Rπ
sin x dx π
|− cos x|0
the “downhill” direction for the current, the direction the current will sin x = 0 R π = = ...
dx π
move, is SP T . 0
2 π 2 V2
O. P = Vind /R = = π 2 A V = π 2 W Help: [S-2]
1.0 Ω
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MISN-0-142 ME-1 MISN-0-142 ME-2
3.
MODEL EXAM x x x x x x
P
x x x x x x
1. See Output Skills K1-K2 in this module’s ID Sheet. The actual exam
may have one or more of these skills, or none. xS x x x x Tx
A A'
2. A circular loop, of radius R = 0.20 meters, in the plane of the page x x x x x x
~ is directed into the page (see
is in a region where a magnetic field B
sketch). The magnitude of B~ varies with time according to: x x x x x x
x x xQ x x x
~ = B0 − At2 ,
|B|
~ |B|
This same loop is placed in a region of uniform field B, ~ = 2.0 T,
where B0 = 2.0 T (teslas) and A = 0.30 T/s2 are constants. directed into the page. The loop is rotated about the axis AA0 so that
point P comes out of the page, point Q goes into the page. In 0.02 sec
x x x x x x the loop is flipped over so that P is where Q was and vice versa.
x x x x x x a. What is the average Vind induced around this loop?
x x x x x x b. What is the direction of this Vind ? (Would it drive the induced
current in the direction SP T or T P S?
x x x x x x
4. As shown in the figure, lines of magnetic field are directed perpendic-
x x x x x x ular to a circular loop of wire of radius r.
`
B directed into page
a. If the magnitude of the field is given by B = B0 e−t/τ , where B0
and τ are constants, what is the Vind induced in the loop as a
a. Find the magnitude and direction of the induced potential differ- function of time? (In the figure, d~s denotes the positive direction
ence, Vind , around this loop at the instant t = 0.20 sec. around the loop.)
B
Is Vind constant with time?
Check that the dimensions of Vind follow correctly from the dimen-
sions of what goes into your calculations. r
b. Find the magnitude and direction of the tangential component of
the electric field vector at any point on this loop. ds
c. What can the Faraday-Henry Law tell you about the normal (radial) b. Answer the same question if the loop is titled through 60.0◦ , or
component of E~ at any point on the loop? 90.0◦ .
What does symmetry tell you?
Brief Answers:
19 20
MISN-0-142 ME-3
21 22
23 24