GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

ABSTRACT
Science and technology with all its miraculous
advancements has fascinated human life to a great extent that
imagining a world without these innovations is hardly possible.
While technology is on the raising slope, we should also note the
increasing immoral activities. With a technical view, "Power Theft" is
a non-ignorable crime that is highly prevalent, and at the same time
it directly affects the economy of a nation.

Detecting and eradicating such crimes with the

assistance of the developing scientific field is the "Need of the
Hour". With these views was this paper conceived and designed.
Our paper provides a complete and comprehensive tool to prevent
power theft which is very simple to understand and easy to
implement. It includes three sections - transmitting, receiving, and
processing sections.

The IR transmitter transmits the IR rays (which are

invisible) to the photo diode continuously at that time
microcontroller does not perform any operation when the signal
breaks, immediately IC555 sends a negative pulse to the
microcontroller now it process and send a signals to the GSM
modem using serial communication, the modem sends a message
(address of that house) to the substation using GSM technology.
Then they immediately take an action that to stops the power to the
house and take further actions on them. Here the microcontroller
performs the function of indication and identification of power theft.
Pin details, features, connections and software employed for
uc89c51 are described in detail.

We believe our implementation ideas are a boon to the

electricity board offering them a chance to detect accurately the
location and amount of power theft.

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

CHAPTER - 1

CHAPTER 1
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

INTRODUCTION

1.1. OVERVIEW:
"TODAY'S TECHNICIANS ARE SO FOCUSSED ON THE TREES OF TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE THAT THEY FAIL TO SEE THE FOREST; THE UNDERLYING ECONOMIC
FORCES THAT DETERMINE SUCCESS AND FAILURE..."
"TECHNOLOGY CHANGES ECONOMY LAWS DO NOT"

Electricity is the modern man's most convenient and

useful form of energy without which the present social infrastructure
would not be feasible. The increase in per capita production is the
reflection of the increase in the living standard of people. When
importance of electricity is on the increasing side, then how much
should theft of this energy or illegal consumption of power from the
transmission lines is averted? Power theft has become a great
challenge to the electricity board. The dailies report that Electricity
Board suffers a total loss of 8 % in revenue due to power theft
every year, which has to control. Our paper identifies the Power
theft and indicates it to the Electricity board through Power line. We
had also dealt about the remote monitoring of an energy meter.

MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATION:

Embedded systems - a combination of software,

hardware and additional mechanical parts that together forms a
component of a larger system, to perform a specific function. It's a
technology, characterized by high reliability, restricted memory
footprint and real time operation associated with a narrowly defined
group of functions. Automation has made the art of living
comfortable and easy. Embedded systems have made the process of
automation a most successful one. Here, we have focused on
automotive, an area of embedded controllers, in which we have
dealt with the Power theft identification and also about the remote
monitoring of an energy meter.
"Technology have taken the world by storm performance
ratings and exceptionally value for money prices"

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

The microcontroller chip is preprogrammed to perform a dedicated

or a narrow range of functions as a part of a larger system, usually
with minimal end user or operator intervention. Our paper throws
light on automated monitoring of theft identification, which is an
application of embedded controllers.

MODES OF THEFT:
It has been seen that there are 4 common methods of
power theft as given below:-
Bogus seals and tampering of seals.
Meter tampering, meter tilting, meter interface
and
Meter bypassing.
Changing connection.
Direct tapping from line. Due to introduction of modern
electronic metering equipments, power thieves are utilizing more
technological methods. Recent cases of power theft discovered by
British inspectors included customers tunneling out to roadside
mains cables and splicing into the supply, a garage taking its night
time power supply from the nearest lamp post and domestic
customers drilling holes into meter boxes and attempting to stop the
counter wheels from turning. Another method of Power theft is by
keeping a strong magnet in front of the disc in the energy meter
and thus arresting the rotation of the disc, connecting the load
directly to the power line bypassing the energy meter. But, it can be
avoided easily by providing a non magnetic enclosure.

MODERN DETECTING TOOLS:

There are many modern tools that assist in power theft
identification. Some of them are:-
Tamper proof seals and labels. Meter leaders. Tamper resistant
screws / locks. Check meter and remote meter readers. Tamper
alarms and sensors. This paper undertakes the Check meter and
remote meter readers for power theft identification. In our case, the

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

consumption recurred by the check meter is compared with the

revenue meters consumption. If there is a difference, then it
indicates either there is a theft or revenue meter malfunction. The
check meter can also be used to monitor the energy used on the
secondary of a distribution transformer serving several customers
and compared to the sum of all the meter usage. Besides spotting
out the line where power theft is suspected to occur, it also detects
the amount of energy stolen. Compact size, lightweight for quick
and high accuracy make the system more effective.

1.2. REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS:

The functional units of our project are

1. 89s52 Microcontroller
2. MAX-232
3. 555
4. DB9 connector
5. IR Sensor
6. Photo Diode

89s52 Microcontroller:

The device also has four 8-bit I/O ports, three 16-bit
timer/event counters, a multi-source, a four-priority-level, nested
interrupt structure, an enhanced UART on-chip oscillator and timing
circuits. The added features of 89c51 make it a powerful
microcontroller for applications that require pulse width modulation,
high-speed I/O and up/down counting capabilities such as motor
control.

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

MAX-232:
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive
voltage generator to supply 232 voltage levels from a single 5-V
supply. Each receiver converts 232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels.
These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical
hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver
converts TTL/CMOS input levels into 232 levels.

555:
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate
time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for
triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of
operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor
and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free
running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two
external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered
and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or
sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

IR Sensor:
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive
voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V
supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS
levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a
typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each
driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels.

Photo Diode:
A photodiode consists of an active p-n junction which is
operated in reverse bias. When light falls on the junction, reverse
current flows which is proportional to the illuminance. The linear
response to light makes it an element in useful photo detectors for

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

some applications. It is also used as the active element in light-

activated switches.

1.3. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Power theft identification, in this paper, is done by

converting the disc revolutions of each consumer's energy meter
and distribution transformer into pulses. These pulses are frequency
division multiplexed and transmitted through power line. These
signals are individually picked and counted at the receiver end. If
the difference of the sum of the consumer's readings and that of
distribution transformer exceeds the preset value, which is set by
considering transmission loss, the power theft is said to occur.
The project can be categorized into 4 modules:-
Transmitting section
Receiving section
Processing section
Counter section the transmitted signal is selected at the
receiving end by the intermediate frequency transformer.

DESIGN LAYOUT:

GSM
modem

Sensor 89s52
microcontroller
Circuit

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

1.4. COMPONENTS USED:

Semiconductors:
IC1 - 89s52 Microcontroller
IC2 - MAX-232
IC3 - 555

Resistors:
R1 - 8.2-kilo-ohm
R2, R3 - 1-kilo-ohm
R4, R5 - 100-ohm
R6-R9 - 10K-Preset

Capacitors:
C1 - 10F Electrolytic
C2-C5 - 1F Electrolytic
C6, C7 - 33PF Ceramic Disk

Miscellaneous:
XTAL - 11.0592MHz
Modem - GSM-300MHz
D1, D2 - IR Diode
D3, D4 - Photo Diode
Connector - DB9
Battery - 5V

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

1.5. Circuit Diagram:

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

CHAPTER - 2

CHAPTER 2
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS

2.1 Definition:
Microprocessors and microcontrollers stems from the same
basic idea, microprocessor is a general purpose digital computer
central processing unit popularly known as memory usually
ROM,RAM, computer on chip .To make a complete microcomputer
, one must add memory, usually ROM, RAM Memory decoders, an
isolator and a number of I/O devices, such as parallel and serial
data ports. The design of microcontroller added all these features
along with ALU, PC, SP and registers.

2.2 History:
The past three decades have seen the introduction that has radically
changed the way in which we analyze and control the world around us.
Born of parallel developments in computer on chip first becomes a
commercial reality in 1971 with the introduction of the 4-bit 4004 by a
small, unknown company by the name of Intel corporation other, well
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

established, semiconductor firms soon followed Intels pioneering

technology so that by the late 1970s we could choose from half-a-
dozen or micro processor types.
A bi-product of microprocessor development was the microcontroller.
The same fabrication techniques and programming concepts that make
possible general-purpose microprocessor also yield the microcontroller.

The criteria in choosing micro controller are as follows:

Meeting the computing needs of the task at hand efficiently
and cost effectively.
Availability of software development tools such as
compilers, assemblers and debuggers.
With availability and reliable sources of the microcontroller.
The number of I/O pins and the timer on the chip.
Speed and packaging
Power consumption

The amount of RAM and ROM on chip.

The number of I/O pins and the timer on the chip.
It is easy to upgrade to higher performance or lower power
consumption versions.
Cost per unit.
Microprocessor and microcontroller systems form the same basic idea,
microprocessor is a general-purpose digital computer central
processing unit (CPU) popularly known as computer pm chip. To
make a complete microcomputer, one must add memory usually ROM,
RAM, Memory decoders as isolator and number of I/O devices such as
parallel and serial data ports. The design of microcontroller added all
these features along with ALU, PC, SP and registers.
The primary use of microprocessor is to read data, perform extensive

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

calculations on that data and store those calculations on a mass

storage device or display the results for human use. Like the
microprocessor, a microcontroller is general purpose device, but one
that is meant to read data, perform limited calculations on that data
and control its environment based on those calculations the primary
use of microcontroller is to control the operation of a machine using a
fixed program that is stored in ROM and that does not change over the
life time of the system.

2.3 Use of a Micro Controller:

The time use of microprocessor is to read data, perform extensive
calculations on that data and store those calculations on that data and
store those calculations on a mass storage device or display the results
for human use. Like the microprocessor, a microcontroller is a general
purpose device, but one that is meant to read data, performs limited
calculations on that data and control its environment based on those
calculations. The prime use of micro controller is to control the
operation of a machine using a fixed program that is stored in ROM
and that does not change over the lifetime of the system.

2.4 Comparing With Microprocessor:

The contrast between a microcontroller and a microprocessor is that
most processors have many operational codes for moving data from
external memory to C.P.U; Microcontrollers may have one or two.
Processor may have one or two types of bit handling instructions,
micro controllers will have many. The microprocessor is concerned with
rapid movement of code and data from external address to the chip
whereas the microcontroller is concerned with the rapid movements of
bits within the chip. The microcontroller can function as a computer of
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

no external digital parts and the microprocessor must have many

additional parts to be operational.

2.5 Memory Unit:

Memory is part of the microcontroller whose function is to store data.
The easiest way to explain it is to describe it as one big closet with lots
of drawers. If we suppose that we marked the drawers in such a way
that they cannot be confused, any of their contents will then be easily
accessible. It is enough to know the designation of the drawer and so
its contents will be known to us for sure.

Figure2.2: Simplified model of a memory unit

Memory components are exactly like that. For a certain input we get

the contents of a certain addressed memory location and that's all.

Two new concepts are brought to us: addressing and memory location.

Memory consists of all memory locations, and addressing is nothing

but selecting one of them. This means that we need to select the

desired memory location on one hand, and on the other hand we need

to wait for the contents of that location. Besides reading from a

memory location, memory must also provide for writing onto it. This is

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done by supplying an additional line called control line. We will

designate this line as R/W (read/write). Control line is used in the

following way: if r/w=1, reading is done, and if opposite is true then

writing is done on the memory location.

Memory is the first element, and we need a few operation of our

microcontroller. The amount of memory contained within a
microcontroller varies between different microcontrollers. Some may
not even have any integrated memory (e.g. Hitachi 6503, now
discontinued). However, most modern microcontrollers will have
integrated memory. The memory will be divided up into ROM and RAM,
with typically more ROM than RAM.

Typically, the amount of ROM type memory will vary between around
512 bytes and 4096 bytes, although some 16 bit microcontrollers such
as the Hitachi H8/3048 can have as much as 128 Kbytes of ROM type
memory.

ROM type memory, as has already been mentioned, is used to store

the program code. ROM memory can be ROM (as in One Time
Programmable memory), EPROM, or EEPROM.

The amount of RAM memory is usually somewhat smaller, typically

ranging between 25 bytes to 4 Kbytes.

RAM is used for data storage and stack management tasks. It is also
used for register stacks (as in the microchip PIC range of
microcontrollers).

2.6 Central processing Unit:

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

Let add 3 more memory locations to a specific block that will have a
built in capability to multiply, divide, subtract, and move its contents
from one memory location onto another. The part we just added in is
called "central processing unit" (CPU). Its memory locations are called
registers.

Figure2.3: Simplified central processing unit with three registers

Registers are therefore memory locations whose role is to help with

performing various mathematical operations or any other operations
with data wherever data can be found. Look at the current situation.
We have two independent entities (memory and CPU) which are
interconnected, and thus any exchange of data is hindered, as well
as its functionality. If, for example, we wish to add the contents of
two memory locations and return the result again back to memory,
we would need a connection between memory and CPU. Simply
stated, we must have some "way" through data goes from one block
to another.

2.7 EEPROM:
EEPROM means Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
and also referred to as EPROM chip or i2c.

As the name suggest, an EEPROM can be both erased and

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

programmed with electrical pulses from a programmer kit, burner or

the equipment itself. Since it can be both electrically written into and

electrically erased, the EEPROM IC can be quickly programmed and

erased in circuit for reprogramming without taking them out from the

main board.

EEPROM IC is also called a non-volatile memory because when the

power is switched off, the stored data (information) in the EEPROM IC
will not be erased or corrupt and the data is still intact. New EEPROM
IC have no data (blank) inside and normally have to program it first
with a programmer tools before it can be use on electron IC circuit.

Figure3.1: Showing EEPROM of Atmel

If you just installed a new or blank EEPROM IC into a main board, even
though with the same part number, I can say that the equipment will
surely not going to work because the CPU or microprocessor do not
know how to function. Information or data stored in this type of
memory can be retained for many years even without a continuous dc
power supply to the IC.

Application/ Operation of EEPROM:

EEPROMs mainly store user programmable information such as: -
VCR programming information or data
CD programming information or data
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

Digital satellite receiver control data or information

User information on various consumer products such as in
T.V.
The EEPROM IC in Computer Monitor performs two tasks: -

When a monitor is turn on it will copies all the data or information

from the EEPROM to the microprocessor or CPU. For instance, the
EEPROM will let the CPU know the frequencies at which the monitor is
going to run.
The EEPROM IC is used to store the current settings of the

Monitor. The current settings of the monitor will not be erased even

when the monitor is switched off. Anytime when a change is made in

the monitor settings, the CPU updates the setting in the EEPROM

(store data in EEPROM). When the monitor is switch on again, the

stored settings in EEPROM IC are used to set up the monitor for

operation.

Assuming the data file in MONITOR or TVs EEPROM are

corrupted
damaged and failure detected, what would be the display symptoms
like?

There would be no high voltage (no display) because the CPU

dont activate the 12 volt line supply to the horizontal and vertical
oscillator IC.
The IC will not save (store) the current setting of the equipment
Some control functions like sound, brightness, horizontal size and
contrast control will not work.
The On Screen Display (OSD) would not work or the OSD will
have a corrupted or erratic display.

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

CHAPTER - 3

CHAPTER 3

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

HARDWARE DISCRIPTION

3.1. 89S52:

Features
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable
(ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000
Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag

Description:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash
memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-
try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller
which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of
Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data
pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator,
and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static
logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the
CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode

saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all
other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

3.2. GSM Module:

GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in
mobile telecom over the last decade. Now, at the dawn of the era of
true broadband services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new
demands. GSM is an open, non-proprietary system that is
constantly evolving. One of its great strengths is the international
roaming capability. This gives consumers seamless and same
standardized same number contact ability in more than 212
countries. This has been a vital driver in growth, with around 300
million GSM subscribers currently in Europe and Asia. In the
Americas, today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly, with
market potential of 500 million in population, due to the introduction
of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800 MHz band to
have access to GSM technology too. GSM satellite roaming has
extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not
available.
GSM differs from first generation wireless systems in that it
uses digital technology and time division multiple access
transmission methods. Voice is digitally encoded via a unique
encoder, which emulates the characteristics of human speech. This
method of transmission permits a very efficient data
rate/information content ratio.
Cellular mobile communication is based on the concept of
frequency reuse. That is, the limited spectrum allocated to the
service is partitioned into, for example, N non-overlapping channel
sets, which are then assigned in a regular repeated pattern to a
hexagonal cell grid. The hexagon is just a convenient idealization
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

that approximates the shape of a circle (the constant signal level

contour from an omni directional antenna placed at the center) but
forms a grid with no gaps or overlaps. The choice of N is dependent
on many tradeoffs involving the local propagation environment,
traffic distribution, and costs. The propagation environment
determines the interference received from neighboring co-channel
cells, which in turn governs the reuse distance, that is, the distance
allowed between co-channel cells (cells using the same set of
frequency channels).
The cell size determination is usually based on the local traffic
distribution and demand. The more the concentration of traffic
demand in the area, the smaller the cell has to be sized in order to
avail the frequency set to a smaller number of roaming subscribers
and thus limit the call blocking probability within the cell. On the
other hand, the smaller the cell is sized, the more equipment will be
needed in the system as each cell requires the necessary
transceiver and switching equipment, known as the base station
subsystem (BSS), through which the mobile users access the
network over radio links. The degree to which the allocated
frequency spectrum is reused over the cellular service area,
however, determines the spectrum efficiency in cellular systems.
That means the smaller the cell size, and the smaller the number of
cells in the reuse geometry, the higher will be the spectrum usage
efficiency. Since digital modulation systems can operate with a
smaller signal to noise (i.e., signal to interference) ratio for the
same service quality, they, in one respect, would allow smaller
reuse distance and thus provide higher spectrum efficiency. This is
one advantage the digital cellular provides over the older analogue
cellular radio communication systems. It is worth mentioning that
the digital systems have commonly used sectored cells with 120-
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

degree or smaller directional antennas to further lower the effective

reuse distance. This allows a smaller number of cells in the reuse
pattern and makes a larger fraction of the total frequency spectrum
available within each cell. Currently, research is being done on
implementing other enhancements such as the use of dynamic
channel assignment strategies for raising the spectrum efficiency in
certain cases, such as high uneven traffic distribution over cells.

3.2.1. GSM SPECIFICATION

Device Name : Vegarobo
ROM (Flash) : 16Mb
RAM : 2Mb
Operating Voltage : 3.1 4.5 V
Receiving Frequency : 925 960 MHz
Transmitting Frequency : 880 915 MHz

3.2.2. GSM BLOCK DIAGRAM

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

3.2.3. GSM NETWORK:

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities,
whose functions and interfaces are specified. The GSM network can
be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried by
the subscriber. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link
with the Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of
which is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), performs the
switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile
and fixed network users.
The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not
shown is the Operations and Maintenance Center, which oversees
the proper operation and setup of the network. The Mobile Station
and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um
interface, also known as the air interface or radio link. The Base
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

Station Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services Switching

Center across the A interface.

3.2.3.1. Mobile Station:

Mobile Equipment (ME) such as hand portable and vehicle
mounted unit. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), which contains the
entire customer related information (identification, secret key for
authentication, etc.). The SIM is a small smart card, which contains
both programming and information. The A3 and A8 algorithms are
implemented in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). Subscriber
information, such as the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber
Identity), is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) can be used to store user-defined
information such as phonebook entries. One of the advantages of
the GSM architecture is that the SIM may be moved from one
Mobile Station to another. This makes upgrades very simple for the
GSM telephone user. The use of SIM card is mandatory in the GSM
world, whereas the SIM (RUIM) is not very popular in the CDMA
world.
3.2.3.2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which

consists of base Station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver
stations (BTSs).

3.2.3.3. Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) contains the equipment for
transmitting and receiving of radio signals (transceivers), antennas,
and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with
the Base Station Controller (BSC). A group of BTSs are controlled by
a BSC. Typically a BTS for anything other than a picocell will have
several transceivers (TRXs), which allow it to serve several different
frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of
sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via
the Base Station Control Function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as
a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base
stations. The BCF provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M)
connection to the Network Management System (NMS), and
manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software
handling and alarm collection.

3.2.3.4. Base Station Controller (BSC):

The BSC controls multiple BTSs and manages radio channel
setup, and handovers. The BSC is the connection between the
Mobile Station and Mobile Switching Center. The Base Station
Controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the
BTSs. Typically a BSC has 10s or even 100s of BTSs under its
control. The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives
measurements from the mobile phones, controls handovers from
BTS to BTS. A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator
where many different low capacity connections to BTSs become

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the Mobile

Switching Center (MSC) (with a high level of utilization). Overall,
this means that networks are often structured to have many BSCs
distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to
large centralized MSC sites.
The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as
it is not only a BTS controller but, for some vendors, a full switching
center, as well as an SS7 node with connections to the MSC and
SGSN. It also provides all the required data to the Operation
Support Subsystem (OSS) as well as to the performance measuring
centers. A BSC is often based on a distributed computing
architecture, with redundancy applied to critical functional units to
ensure availability in the event of fault conditions. Redundancy often
extends beyond the BSC equipment itself and is commonly used in
the power supplies and in the transmission equipment providing the
A-ter interface to PCU.
The databases for all the sites, including information such as carrier
frequencies, frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels,
receiving levels for cell border calculation, are stored in the BSC.

3.2.3.5. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS):

Network Switching Subsystem is the component of a GSM
system that carries out switching functions and manages the
communications between mobile phones and the Public Switched
Telephone Network. It is owned and deployed by mobile phone
operators and allows mobile phones to communicate with each
other and telephones in the wider telecommunications network. The
architecture closely resembles a telephone exchange, but there are
additional functions which are needed because the phones are not
fixed in one location. There is also an overlay architecture on the
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

GSM core network to provide packet-switched data services and is

known as the GPRS core network. This allows mobile phones to
have access to services such as WAP, MMS, and Internet access. All
mobile phones manufactured today have both circuit and packet
based services, so most operators have a GPRS network in addition
to the standard GSM core network.

3.2.3.6. Mobile Switching Centre (MSC):

The Mobile Switching Centre or MSC is a sophisticated
telephone exchange, which provides circuit-switched calling,
mobility management, and GSM services to the mobile phones
roaming within the area that it serves. This means voice, data and
fax services, as well as SMS and call divert. In the GSM mobile
phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and
data information is sent directly digitally encoded to the MSC. Only
at the MSC is this re-coded into an "analogue" signal. There are
various different names for MSCs in different context, which reflects
their complex role in the network, all of these terms though could
refer to the same MSC, but doing different things at different times.
A Gateway MSC is the MSC that determines which visited MSC
the subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also
interfaces with the Public Switched Telephone Network. All mobile to
mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a GMSC.
The term is only valid in the context of one call since any MSC may
provide both the gateway function and the Visited MSC function,
however, some manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs
which do not have any BSCs connected to them. These MSCs will
then be the Gateway MSC for many of the calls they handle.

28
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

The Visited MSC is the MSC where a customer is currently

located. The VLR associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's
data in it. The Anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has
been initiated. The Target MSC is the MSC toward which a Handover
should take place. An MSC Server is a part of the redesigned MSC
concept starting from 3GPP Release 5.

3.2.4. FREQUENCY BAND USAGE:

Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users,
a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as
many users as possible. The method chosen by GSM is a
combination of Time- and Frequency-Division Multiple Access
(TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of
the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies
spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier frequencies are assigned
to each base station. Each of these carrier frequencies is then
divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. The fundamental unit of time
in this TDMA scheme is called a burst period and it lasts 15/26 ms
(or approx. 0.577 ms). Eight burst periods are grouped into a TDMA
frame (120/26 ms, or approx. 4.615 ms), which forms the basic unit
for the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one
burst period per TDMA frame.
Channels are defined by the number and position of their
corresponding burst periods. All these definitions are cyclic, and the
entire pattern repeats approximately every 3 hours. Channels can
be divided into dedicated channels, which are allocated to a mobile
station, and common channels, which are used by mobile stations in
idle mode. A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry speech and
data traffic. Traffic channels are defined using a 26-frame
multiframe, or group of 26 TDMA frames. The length of a 26-frame
29
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

multiframe is 120 ms, which is how the length of a burst period is

defined (120 ms divided by 26 frames divided by 8 burst periods per
frame). Out of the 26 frames, 24 are used for traffic, 1 is used for
the Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) and 1 is currently
unused. TCHs for the uplink and downlink are separated in time by
3 burst periods, so that the mobile station does not have to transmit
and receive simultaneously, thus simplifying the electronics. In
addition to these full-rate TCHs, there are also half-rate TCHs
defined, although they are not yet implemented. Half-rate TCHs will
effectively double the capacity of a system once half-rate speech
coders are specified (i.e., speech coding at around 7 kbps, instead
of 13 kbps). Eighth-rate TCHs are also specified, and are used for
signaling. In the recommendations, they are called Stand-alone
Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH).

Organization of bursts, TDMA frames, and multiframes for speech

and data GSM is a digital system, so speech which is inherently
analog, has to be digitized. The method employed by ISDN, and by
current telephone systems for multiplexing voice lines over high
speed trunks and optical fiber lines, is Pulse Coded Modulation
(PCM). The output stream from PCM is 64 kbps, too high a rate to

30
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

be feasible over a radio link. The 64 kbps signal, although simple to

implement, contains much redundancy. The GSM group studied
several speech coding algorithms on the basis of subjective speech
quality and complexity (which is related to cost, processing delay,
and power consumption once implemented) before arriving at the
choice of a Regular Pulse Excited -- Linear Predictive Coder (RPE--
LPC) with a Long Term Predictor loop. Basically, information from
previous samples, which does not change very quickly, is used to
predict the current sample. The coefficients of the linear
combination of the previous samples, plus an encoded form of the
residual, the difference between the predicted and actual sample,
represent the signal. Speech is divided into 20 millisecond samples,
each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13
kbps. This is the so-called Full-Rate speech coding. Recently, an
Enhanced Full-Rate (EFR) speech-coding algorithm has been
implemented by some North American GSM1900 operators. This is
said to provide improved speech quality using the existing 13 kbps
bit rate.

3.2.5. WORKING:
The GSM module is connected with the controller. As the
controller is keeping on monitoring the door when the door gets
opened, the microcontroller sends the command AT to initiate the
module. Now the module sends a sms as Theft Occurred to the
already fed mobile number. Thus the information is passed from the
module to the Authorized person.

3.2.6. FEATURES:
Performance - Fast with high real throughput
Integrity - Secure controlled data transfer
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

Network Access - Quick and consistent

Contention Control - Avoid conflicts and collisions
Installation - Simple quick installation
Frequency Choice - Choice of RF bands to suit different terrains
Network Diagnostics - For ease of maintenance and cost saving

3.3. MAX-232:

3.3.1. Logic Signal Voltage:

Serial RS-232 (V.24) communication works with voltages (between

-15V ... -3V are used to transmit a binary '1' and +3V ... +15V to
transmit a binary '0') which are not compatible with today's
computer logic voltages. On the other hand, classic TTL computer
logic operates between 0V ... +5V (roughly 0V ... +0.8V referred to
as low for binary '0', +2V ... +5V for high binary '1' ). Modern low-
power logic operates in the range of 0V ... +3.3V or even lower.

So, the maximum RS-232 signal levels are far too high for today's
computer logic electronics, and the negative RS-232 voltage can't
be rocked at all by the computer logic. Therefore, to receive serial
data from an RS-232 interface the voltage has to be reduced, and
the 0 and 1 voltage levels inverted. In the other direction (sending
data from some logic over RS-232) the low logic voltage has to be
"bumped up", and a negative voltage has to be generated, too.

RS-232 TTL Logic

-----------------------------------------------
-15V ... -3V <-> +2V ... +5V <-> 1
+3V ... +15V <-> 0V ... +0.8V <-> 0

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

All this can be done with conventional analog electronics, e.g. a

particular power supply and a couple of transistors or the once
popular 1488 (transmitter) and 1489 (receiver) ICs. However, since
more than a decade it has become standard in amateur electronics
to do the necessary signal level conversion with an integrated circuit
(IC) from the MAX232 family (typically a MAX232A or some clone).
In fact, it is hard to find some RS-232 circuitry in amateur
electronics without a MAX232A or some clone.

3.3.2. The MAX232 & MAX232A:

The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package
contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to
adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became
popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the
necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V)
internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry
designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with
three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide
one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage
converter. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are
almost identical, however, the MAX232A is much more often used
(and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A
only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the
original MAX232 needs.

It should be noted that the MAX232 (A) is just a driver/receiver. It

does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and
spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232 signal,
and it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to
convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by additional

circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro
controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more
popular.

The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but
today they are cheap. It has also helped that many companies now
produce clones (i.e. SiPix). These clones sometimes need different
external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the external capacitors vary.
It is recommended to check the data sheet of the particular
manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's original data
sheet.

The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too)

offers a large series of similar ICs, with different numbers of
receivers and drivers, voltages, built-in or external capacitors, etc.
E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the
internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors built-
in. The MAX233 is also between three and ten times more expensive
in electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its internal
capacitors. It is also more difficult to get the MAX233 than the
garden variety MAX232A.

A similar IC, the MAX3232 is nowadays available for low-power 3V

logic.

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

3.3.3. MAX232 (A) DIP Package:

+---v---+
C1+ -|1 16|- Vcc
V+ -|2 15|- GND
C1- -|3 14|- T1out
C2+ -|4 13|- R1in
C2- -|5 12|- R1out
V- -|6 11|- T1in
T2out -|7 10|- T2in
R2in -|8 9|- R2out
+-------+

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

3.4. DB9 connector:

RS232 serial cable layout

Almost nothing in computer interfacing is more confusing than
selecting the right RS232 serial cable. These pages are intended to
provide information about the most common serial RS232 cables in
normal computer use, or in more common language "How do I
connect devices and computers using RS232?"

RS232 serial connector pin assignment

The RS232 connector was originally developed to use 25 pins. In
this DB25 connector pinout provisions were made for a secondary
serial RS232 communication channel. In practice, only one serial
communication channel with accompanying handshaking is present.
Only very few computers have been manufactured where both serial
RS232 channels are implemented. Examples of this are the Sun
SparcStation 10 and 20 models and the Dec Alpha Multia. Also on a
number of Telebit modem models the secondary channel is present.
It can be used to query the modem status while the modem is on-
line and busy communicating. On personal computers, the smaller
DB9 version is more commonly used today. The diagrams show the
signals common to both connector types in black. The defined pins
36
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

only present on the larger connector are shown in red. Note, that
the protective ground is assigned to a pin at the large connector
where the connector outside is used for that purpose with the DB9
connector version.

RS232 DB9 pinout RS232 DB25 pinout

DEC MMJ pinout

3.5. 555-Timer:

An Overview of the 555 Timer:

The 555 Integrated Circuit (IC) is an easy to use timer that

has many applications. It is widely used in electronic circuits and
this popularity means it is also very cheap to purchase, typically

37
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

costing around 30p. A 'dual' version called the 556 is also available
which includes two independent 555 ICs in one package.
The following illustration shows both the 555 (8-pin) and the 556
(14-pin).

In a circuit diagram the 555 timer chip is often drawn like the
illustration below. Notice how the pins are not in the same order as
the actual chip, this is because it is much easier to recognize the
function of each pin, and makes drawing circuit diagrams much
easier.

For the 555 to function it relies on both analogue and digital

electronic techniques, but if we consider its output only, it can be
thought of as a digital device. The output can be in one of two
states at any time, the first state is the 'low' state, which is 0v. The
second state is the 'high' state, which is the voltage Vs (The voltage
of your power supply which can be anything from 4.5 to 15v. 18v
absolute maximum). The most common types of outputs can be

38
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

categorized by the following (their names give you a clue as to their

functions):

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-

shot". Applications include timers, missing pulse detection,
bouncef ree switches, touch switches, frequency divider,
capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc
Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an
oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse
generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms,
pulse position modulation, etc.
Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a
flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is
used. Uses include bounce free latched switches, etc.

Pin Configuration of the 555 Timer

Here is the identification for each pin:

When drawing a circuit diagram, always draw the 555 as a building

block, as shown below with the pins in the following locations. This
will help you instantly recognise the function of each pin:

39
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

Pin 1 (Ground):
Connects to the 0v power supply.
Pin 2 (Trigger):
Detects 1/3 of rail voltage to make output HIGH. Pin 2 has control
over pin 6. If pin 2 is LOW, and pin 6 LOW, output goes and stays
HIGH. If pin 6 HIGH, and pin 2 goes LOW, output goes LOW while
pin 2 LOW. This pin has a very high impedance (about 10M) and will
trigger with about 1uA.
Pin 3 (Output):
(Pins 3 and 7 are "in phase.") Goes HIGH (about 2v less than rail)
and LOW (about 0.5v less than 0v) and will deliver up to 200mA.
Pin 4 (Reset):
Internally connected HIGH via 100k. Must be taken below 0.8v to
reset the chip.
Pin 5 (Control):
A voltage applied to this pin will vary the timing of the RC network
(quite considerably).
Pin 6 (Threshold):
Detects 2/3 of rail voltage to make output LOW only if pin 2 is
HIGH. This pin has very high impedance (about 10M) and will
trigger with about 0.2uA.
Pin 7 (Discharge):
Goes LOW when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage but pin 2 must be
HIGH. If pin 2 is HIGH, pin 6 can be HIGH or LOW and pin 7
remains LOW. Goes OPEN (HIGH) and stays HIGH when pin 2
detects 1/3 rail voltage (even as a LOW pulse) when pin 6 is LOW.
(Pins 7 and 3 are "in phase.") Pin 7 is equal to pin 3 but pin 7 does
not go high - it goes OPEN. But it goes LOW and will sink about
200mA.

40
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

Pin 8 (Supply):
Connects to the positive power supply (Vs). This can be any voltage
between 4.5V and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working
with digital ICs.

3.6. INFRA-RED:
The term infrared is a Latin word meaning beyond the red.
Infrared is commonly shortened to IR. The process of detecting
or sensing infrared radiation from a target without being in
physical contact with that target is known as remote sensing.
Active and passive systems are used for remote sensing. Active
systems send a signal to the target and receive a return signal.
Radar sets are examples of active systems. Passive systems detect
a signal or disturbance originating at the target. The signal may
be emitted either by the target or another source.
Photography using natural light is an example of a passive system
Humans can see only a small part of the entire electromagnetic
spectrum. However, even though we cannot see them, other parts
of the spectrum contain useful information. The infrared spectrum is
a small portion of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. IR radiation
is a form of electromagnetic energy. IR waves have certain
characteristics similar to those of light and RF waves. These
characteristics include reflection, refraction, absorption, and
speed of transmission. IR waves differ from light, RF, and
other electromagnetic waves only in wavelengths and frequency
of oscillation. The IR frequency range is from about 300 gigahertz
to 400 terahertz. Its place in the electromagnetic
spectrum (fig. 6-1) is between visible light and the microwave
region used for high-definition radar. The IR region of the
electromagnetic spectrum lies between wavelengths of 0.72 and

41
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

1,000 micrometers. Discussion of the IR region is usually in terms of

wavelength rather than frequency.

When the sensor is controlled by a microcontroller to generate the

low duty cycle pulses, you can benefit from the High and Low pulses
to be able to detect any false readings due to ambient light. This
is done by recording 2 different outputs of the sensor, one of them
during the ON pulse (the sensor is emitting infra red light) and the
other during the OFF time. and compare the results.

The Idea is enlightened by this graph, where in the first

period, there is low ambient noise, so the microcontroller records a
"1" during the on cycle, meaning that an object reflected the
emitted IR Light, and then the microcontroller records a "0"
meaning that during the OFF time, it didn't receive anything, which
is logic because the emitter LED was OFF. But study the second
period of the graph, where the sensor is put in a high ambient light
environment. As you can see, the the microcontroller records "1" in
both conditions (OFF or ON). This means that we can't be sure
whether the sensor reception was caused by an object that reflected
the sent IR light, or it is simply receiving too much ambient light,
and is giving "1" whether there is an obstacle or not.

42
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

The following table show the possible outcomes of this

method.

Output recorded during:

On pluse Off time
1 0
1 1
0 0
0 1
Software based deduction
There is definitely an Obstacle in
front of the sensor
The sensor is saturated by ambient
light, thus we can't know if there is
an obstacle
There is definitely Nothing in front
of the sensor, the way is clear
This reading is un logical, there is
something wrong with the sensor.

Example C Code for 8051 microcontrollers

#include<REGX51.h>
#include<math.h>

unsignedchar ir; // to store the final result

bit ir1,ir2; // the 2 recording point required for our algorithm

delay(y) // simple delay function

unsignedinti;
for(i=0;i<y;i++){;}
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

voidmain()
{
//P2.0 IR control pin going to the sensor
//P2.1 IR output pin coming from the sensor

while(1){
P2_0=1; //sendIR
delay(20);
ir1=P2_1;
P2_0 = 0; //stop IR
delay(98);
ir2 = P2_1;

if ((ir1 == 1)&(ir2 == 0)){

ir = 1; // Obstacle detected
P2_3 = 1; // Pin 3 of PORT 2 will go HIGH turning ON a
LED.
if ((ir1 == 1)&(ir2 == 1)){
ir = 2; // Sensor is saturated by ambient light
}else{
ir = 0; // The way is clear in front of the sensor.
}
}
}

The correct positioning of the sender LED, the receiver LED with
regard to each other and to the Op-Amp can also increase the
performance of the sensor. First, we need to adjust the position of

44
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

the sender LED with respect to the receiver LED, in such a way they
are as near as possible to each others , while preventing any IR
light to be picked up by the receiver LED before it hit and object
and returns back. The easiest way to do that is to put the sender(s)
LED(s) from one side of the PCB, and the receiver LED from the
other side, as shown in the 3D model below.
This 3D model shows the position of the LEDs. The green plate is
the PCB holding the electronic components of the sensor. you can
notice that the receiver LED is positioned under the PCB, this way,
there wont be ambient light falling directly on it, as ambient light
usually comes from the top. It is also clear that this way of
positioning the LEDs prevent the emitted IR light to be detected
before hitting an eventual obstacle.

Another important issue about components positioning, is the

distance between the receiver LED and the Op-Amp. which should
be as small as possible. Generally speaking, the length of wires or
PCB tracks before an amplifier should be reduced, otherwise, the
amplifier will amplify - along with the original signal - a lot of noise
picked up form the electromagnetic waves traveling the
surrounding.

3.7. Photo Diode:

45
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

A second optoelectronic device that conducts current when exposed

to light is the PHOTOTRANSISTOR. A phototransistor, however, is
much more sensitive to light and produces more output current for
a given light intensity that does a photodiode. Figure 3-32 shows
one type of phototransistor, which is made by placing a photodiode
in the base circuit of an NPN transistor. Light falling on the
photodiode changes the base current of the transistor, causing the
collector current to be amplified. Phototransistors may also be of the
PNP type, with the photodiode placed in the base-collector circuit.

Figure 3-32. - Phototransistor.

Figure 3-33 illustrates the schematic symbols for the various types
of phototransistors. Phototransistors may be of the two-terminal
type, in which the light intensity on the photodiode alone
determines the amount of conduction. They may also be of the
three-terminal type, which have an added base lead that allows an
electrical bias to be applied to the base. The bias allows an optimum
transistor conduction level, and thus compensates for ambient
(normal room) light intensity.

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

Figure 3-33. - 2-terminal and 3-terminal phototransistors.

3.8. Voltage Regulator:

Voltage Regulator (regulator), usually having three legs, converts
varying input voltage and produces a constant regulated output
voltage. They are available in a variety of outputs.
The most common part numbers start with the numbers 78 or 79
and finish with two digits indicating the output voltage. The number
78 represents positive voltage and 79 negative one. The 78XX
series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. And the
79XX series is designed for negative input.
Examples:
5V DC Regulator Name: LM7805 or MC7805
-5V DC Regulator Name: LM7905 or MC7905
6V DC Regulator Name: LM7806 or MC7806
-9V DC Regulator Name: LM7909 or MC7909
The LM78XX series typically has the ability to drive current up to 1A.
For application requirements up to 150mA, 78LXX can be used. As
mentioned above, the component has three legs: Input leg which
can hold up to 36VDC Common leg (GND) and an output leg with
the regulator's voltage. For maximum voltage regulation, adding a
capacitor in parallel between the common leg and the output is
usually recommended. Typically a 0.1MF capacitor is used. This

47
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

eliminates any high frequency AC voltage that could otherwise

combine with the output voltage. See below circuit diagram which
represents a typical use of a voltage regulator.

Note:
As a general rule the input voltage should be limited to 2 to 3 volts
above the output voltage. The LM78XX series can handle up to 36
volts input, be advised that the power difference between the input
and output appears as heat. If the input voltage is unnecessarily
high, the regulator will overheat. Unless sufficient heat dissipation is
provided through heat sinking, the regulator will shut down.

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

CHAPTER - 4

49
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

CHAPTER - 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1. Kiel Compiler:

The Real View Microcontroller Development Kit is the complete
software development environment for all ARM7, ARM9, Cortex - M1,
and Cortex-M3 processor based devices. It combines the industry
leading Real View compilation tools (by ARM) with the LVision
IDE/Debugger, providing developers with an easy to use, feature-
rich environment optimized for ARM Powered devices. The Real View
Microcontroller Development Kit (MDK) provides an easy-to-use
development interface, with many unique features designed to help
you develop your project quickly and easily. Save time by using the
Device Database to automatically configure device and project
parameters. Benefit from better verification by using the integrated
Device Simulator which accurately models more than 260 ARM
Powered devices including the ARM instruction set and on-chip
peripherals. The Real View MDK is based on the ARM Real View
compilation tools, recognized as delivering the tightest, highest
performing code for all ARM-Powered devices. In addition, further
code size savings can be gained by selecting the new MicroLib, which
has been specifically developed and optimized for embedded
systems.

4.2. Debugger and Device Simulator:

The LVision Debugger supports complex breakpoints (with
conditional or logical expressions) and memory access breakpoints
(with read/write access from an address or range).The debugger also
displays code coverage and execution profiling information in the
editor windows. Additionally, the LVision Debugger simulates a
50
GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

complete ARM Powered microcontroller including the instruction set

and on-chip peripherals. These powerful simulation capabilities
provide serious benefits and promote rapid, reliable embedded
software development and verification.
Simulation allows software testing with no hardware.
Improve overall reliability with early software debugging.
Simulation allows breakpoints that are not possible with hardware
debuggers.
Simulation allows for optimal input signals (hardware debuggers add
extra noise).
Signal functions are easily programmed to reproduce complex, real-
world input signals.
Single-step through signal processing algorithms.
Test failure scenarios that would destroy real hardware.

MAIN WINDOW OF KEIL COMPILER

4.3. Project Configuration:
The LVision IDE incorporates a Device Database of supported
ARM Powered microcontrollers. In LVision projects, required options
are set automatically when you select the device from the Device
Database. LVision displays only those options that are relevant to

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

the selected device and prevents you from selecting incompatible

directives. Only a few dialogs are required to completely configure
all the tools (assembler, compiler, linker, debugger, and flash
download utilities) and memory map for the application.

4.4. Editor and source browser:

The LVision Editor includes all the standard features you expect
in a professional editor. Workflow is optimized with intuitive toolbars
providing quick access to editor functions, most of which are also
available while debugging for easy source code changes. The
integrated LVision Source Browser quickly displays information about
symbols and variables in your program using the F12 key and the
Source Browser Window.

4.5. Getting Started:

The LVision IDE is the easiest way for most developers to
create embedded applications using the Keil development tools. To
launch LVision, click on the icon on your desktop or select Keil
LVision3 from the Start Menu.

FIGURE 4.5: CREATING A PROJECT

In the Project Menu:
New Creates a new project.
Open opens an existing project.

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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

4.6. Project Management:

File Groups allow you to group associated files together. They
may be used to separate files into functional blocks or to identify
engineers in your software team.
Project Targets allow you to create several programs from a
single project. You may require one target for testing and another
target for a release version of your application. Each target allows
individual tool settings within the same project file.
A Project is the collection of all the source files as well as the
compiler, assembler, and linker settings required to compile and link
a program. LVision includes several robust features that make
project management easy.

4.7. Device Support:

One of the hardest parts of starting a new project is selecting
the right mix of compiler, assembler, and linker options for the
particular chip you use. LVision provides the Device Database which
use and LVision sets all the necessary assembler, compiler, and
linker options automatically.

4.8. Startup Code:

Configuring startup code can be one of the most frustrating
aspects of embedded software development. The LVision IDE
automatically includes the appropriate startup code (based on the
device you select) and provides a known foundation from which to
start. The configuration Wizard helps you set startup options for your
target hardware using familiar dialog controls.

4.9. Option Settings:

LVision lets you set the options for all files in a target, a group,
or even a single source file. Click the Options for Target button on
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GSM BASED POWER THEFT SUBSTATION

the toolbar to change the project options for the currently selected
target. In the Project Workspace, you may right-click the target,
group, or source file to open the options dialog specific to that item.

The Options Dialog offers several Tabs where you specify option
settings:
The Device tab allows you to select the device for this target. The
Target tab allows you to specify the memory model and memory
parameters. You may enter the external (or off-chip) memory
address ranges under External Memory. When you start a new
project, you typically only need to setup the options on this tab. The
Output tab allows you to specify the contents of the output files
generated by the assembler, compiler, and linker.

The Listing tab allows you to configure the contents of the listing
files. The C/C++, Asm, and Linker tabs allow you to enter tool-
specific options and display the current tool settings. The Debug tab
configures the LVision Debugger. The Utilities tab configures Flash
memory programming for your target system.

4.10. Target and Groups:

LVision projects are composed of one or more targets, one or more
file groups, and source files. A target is a collection of all files groups
and the development tool options. While most projects require only
one target, you may create as many targets as you like. Each target
generates a different target file with different options. These two
targets, Simulator-Real View and Simulator-CARM, create distinct
binary files. The Simulator-Real view target uses the Real View
compilation tools for ARM while the Simulator-CARM target uses the
Kiel compilation tools for ARM.

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Each target has its own tool configuration settings. Files and groups
may be included or excluded as needed for startup or other target-
specific source code.
Click the Setup Editor Button to manage the targets maintained
in your project. In the Project Components tab, you may configure
the Project Targets, Groups, and Files in your project.
Each Target has its own option settings and output file name
that you may define. You may create one Target for testing with the
simulator and another Target for a release version of your
application that will be programmed into Flash ROM. Within Targets,
you may have one or more file Groups which allow you to associate
source files together. Groups are useful for grouping files into
functional blocks or for identifying engineers in a software team.
Files are simply the source files within a group.

4.11. Source Files:

The source files in your LVision project display in a Project
Workspace. Each Project can be configured to generate one or more
Targets. Each Target has its own option settings and output file
name that you may define. You may create one Target for testing
with the simulator and another Target for a release version of your
application that will be programmed into Flash ROM. Within a Target,
you may have one of more file Groups which allow you to associate
source files together. Groups are useful for grouping files into
functional blocks or for identifying engineers in a software team.

The Project menu provides access to all dialogs for project

management including... New Project... which creates a new project.
Targets, Groups, Files... which add components to a project. The
Local menu in the Project window allows you to add files to the

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project. Open Project... which opens an existing project.

Building Projects:
LVision includes an integrated make facility that compiles,
assembles, and links your program. Click the Build Target button on
the toolbar to compile and assemble the source files in your project
and link them together into an absolute, executable program. The
assembler and compiler automatically generate file dependencies
and add them to the project. File dependency information is used
during the make process to build only those files that have changed
or that include other files that have changed.

As LVision compiles and assembles your source files, status

information as well as errors and warnings appear in the Output
Window. You may double-click on an error or warning to immediately
begin editing the file with the problem--even while LVision continues
compiling your source files in the background. The line numbers for
errors and warnings are synchronized even after you make changes
to the source file(s). To get more information about a particular error
message, select the message and press F1 for full help text. If you
enable global optimizations, LVision re-compiles your source files to
achieve the most optimal global use of registers.

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CHAPTER - 5

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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS

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CONCLUSION

We started this project with a basic idea of building a

wireless technology. We can operate this project in any home to
substation from power theft by using gsm technology. This project
does have more advantages for power stations

Finally we succeeded in building a wireless technology

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books Referred:

1. Microprocessor, Architecture, Programming and

interfacing with 8085 Microprocessor BY Ramesh Gaonkar

2. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems

BY Mahammad Ali Mazidi, Jason Gillespie Mazidi

3. The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture,

Programming and applications
BY Kenneth J.Ayala

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