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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

Example: (Question 12.12b from Text)

10 kg of a mixture having an analysis on a mass basis of:

50% N2
30% CO2
20% O2

is compressed adiabatically from 1 bar, 7oC to 5 bar, 177oC.

Find:

The entropy produced (in kJ/K)

Solution

mf N 2 = 0.5
P1 = 1 bar , T1 = 280 K
mfCO2 = 0.3
P2 = 5 bar , T2 = 450 K
mfO2 = 0.2

Property values for all three gases in Table A-23.

s o values in kJ/kmol K:

T (K) N2 CO2 O2
280 189.673 211.376 203.191
450 203.523 230.194 217.342
Mx 28.01 44.01 32

In kg/kmol (from Table A-1 in case one forgets)

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

0
2
Q
S = +
1
T b
= S

or = s
m

kJ kJ
s is in , s o above is in
kg K kmol K

Therefore, divide s o terms by Mi (in kg/kmol)

o
o s
i.e., si = i
Mi

Thus,

= s = sN2 + sCO2 + sO2


m
s N 2 sCO2 sO2
= mf N 2 + mfCO2 + mfO2
m MN
2 M CO2 M O2

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

5
(203.523 189.673) kJ / kmol K R ln
sN 2 = 0.5 1
28.01 kg / kmol


5
(230.194 211.376) kJ / kmol K R ln 1
sCO2 = 0.3
44.01 kg / kmol


5
(217.342 203.191) kJ / kmol K R ln 1
sO2 = 0.2
32 kg / kmol

kJ
= 0.05024
m kg K
kJ
= m 0.05024
kg K
kJ
= 10 kg 0.05024
kg K
kJ
= 0.5024
K

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

Example

A gas mixture having a molar analysis of 60% O2 and 40% N2


enters an insulated compressor operating at steady state at 1 bar,
20oC with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. It is compressed to 5.4
bar. Kinetic and potential effects are negligible. c = 78%

Find:

Exit temperature (in oC)


Power required (in kW)
The rate of entropy production (in kW/K)

Solution

T P1 = 1 bar
2 P2 =5.4 bar
2s T1 = 20oC

1
s
Fix state 1:

T1 = 20oC = 293 K

for which:
o
O2 : s1 = 204.524 kJ / kmol K
o
N 2 : s1 = 190.998 kJ / kmol K

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

Process 1 to 2s is isentropic.

i.e., s = 0 i.e., s2 s s1 = 0

Thus:

yO2 ( s2 s s1 )O2 + y N2 ( s2 s s1 ) N2 = 0

Expanding for each s :

o P o P
yO2 ( s2os s1 R ln 2 )O2 + y N 2 ( s2os s1 R ln 2 ) N 2 = 0
P1 P1

which can be rewritten as:


P
yO2 ( s2os )O2 + y N 2 ( s2os ) N 2 = yO2 ( s1o )O2 + y N 2 ( s1o ) N 2 + ( yO2 + y N 2 ) R ln 2
P1
and ( yO2 + y N 2 ) = 1

Evaluating RHS:
5.4
= 0.6(204.524) + 0.4(190.998) + 8.314ln
1
= 213.13 kJ / kmol K

Thus:

kJ
yO2 ( s2os )O2 + y N2 ( s2os ) N 2 = 213.13 Eq. 25.1
kmol K

BUT the s2s values depend upon T2s and we dont know T2s.

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

What to do???

Look into tables for values at a guessed T2s and see what result
they give. Find two temperatures that give results that bracket
213.13 and then interpolate for T2s.

Try 470 K for T2s:


o
O2 : s2 s = 218.676 kJ / kmol K
o
N 2 : s2 s = 204.803 kJ / kmol K

Substitute into Eq. 25.1:

(0.6)(218.676) + (0.4)(204.803) = 213.13 kJ/kmol K


213.13 = 213.13 kJ/kmol K

Therefore no interpolation required. T2s = 470 K

BUT

We have yet to find T2.

Last unused info in question is c = 78%

c involves hs. Lets try an approach like the one above but this
time with hs (or h s).

h2 s h1
c = Eq. 25.2
h2 h1

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

Lets tabulate h s for known states:

h (kJ/kmol)
State T (K)
O2 N2
1 293 8533 8521
2s 470 13842 13693

Re-writing Eq. 25.2:

h2 s h1
h2 = h1 +
c

Evaluating each of each terms gives:

h2 s h1 yO2 (h2 s h1 )O2 + y N 2 (h2 s h1 ) N2


=
c c
h2 s h1 0.6(13842 8533) + 0.4(13693 8521)
=
c 0.78
h2 s h1
= 6736 kJ / kmol
c

h1 = yO2 (h1 )O2 + y N2 (h1 ) N2


h1 = [(0.6)(8533) + (0.4)(8521)] kJ / kmol
h1 = 8528 kJ / kmol

Thus:

h2 = (8528 + 6736) kJ / kmol = 15264 kJ / kmol

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

yO2 (h2 )O2 + y N2 (h2 ) N 2 = 15264 kJ / kmol Eq. 25.3

BUT once again, we dont know the temperature (T2 this time) at
which to evaluate properties.

As before, consult tables to find which T gives h values to satisfy


Eq. 25.3 (or brackets the required value. Solve by interpolation).

Guess T2 = 520 K:

O2 : h2 = 15395 kJ / kmol
N 2 : h2 = 15172 kJ / kmol

Substitute into Eq. 25.3:


?
0.6(15395) + 0.4(15172) = 15264 kJ/kmol
15306 15264 kJ/kmol

Too high. Guess again with a lower T.

Guess T2 = 510 K:

O2 : h2 = 15082 kJ / kmol
N 2 : h2 = 14876 kJ / kmol

Substitute into Eq. 25.3:


?
0.6(15082) + 0.4(14876) = 15264 kJ/kmol
15000 15264 kJ/kmol

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

Results

T (K) h2 (kJ / kmol )


520 15306
510 15000

Want h2 = 15264 kJ/kmol

Interpolation gives T2 = 518 K.

We will however round this off to 520 K to obtain values for


subsequent calculations.

For state 2 with T2 = 520 K:

Component h2 (kJ / kmol ) s2o (kJ / kmol K )


O2 15395 221.812
N2 15172 207.792

Solving for W&c .

W&c = m& (h2 h1 )


(h h )
W&c = m& 2 1
M

h2 h1 = yO2 (h2 h1 )O2 + y N2 (h2 h1 ) N2


h2 h1 = 6736 kJ / kmol

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

M 1 = yO2 M O2 + y N2 M N2
M = 0.6(32) + (0.4)(28.01)
M = 30.4 kg / kmol

kg 6736 kJ / kmol
W&c = 0.5
s 30.4 kg / kmol
W&c = 110.8 kW

To find entropy production:

= m& ( s2 s1 )
( s2 s1 )
= m&
M
P2
y
O2 2( s o
s o
)
1 O2 + y N2 ( s2
o
s o
)
1 N2 R ln P
1
= m&
30.4 kg / kmol
= 0.0505 kW / K

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

Example: (Question 12.36 from Text)

Air at 77oC, 1 bar and a molar flow rate of 0.1 kmol/s enters an
insulated mixing chamber operating at steady state and mixes
with water vapour entering at 277oC, 1 bar and molar flow rate of
0.3 kmol/s. The mixture leaves at 1 bar. KE + PE effects can be
ignored.

Find:

Texit
(in kW/K)

Solution
Air
T1 = 350 K
P1 = 1 bar
n&1 = 0.1 kmol/s

P3 = 1 bar
n&3 = 0.4 kmol/s
Water Vapour
T2 = 550 K
P2 = 1 bar
n&2 = 0.3 kmol/s

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

Application of an energy rate balance on the mixing chamber


yields:

0 0
0 = Q& cv W& cv + n&1h1 + n&2 h2 n&3h3

n& n&
h3 = 1 h1 + 2 h2
n&3 n&3

0.25 0.75

h3 = 0.25hair (T1 ) + 0.75hH 2 0 (T2 )

hair = hair M air tabulated directly A-23

table A-22 28.97

h3 = 0.25(28.97)(350.49) + 0.75(18601)
h3 = 16489 kJ / kmol

re-expressing h3 :

h3 = 0.25hair (T3 ) + 0.75hH 2 0 (T3 ) = 16489 kJ / kmol

Once again, we must guess values for T3 that, for the above
equation, give results that bracket 16489 kJ/kmol. Interpolate to
find T3.

Interpolate to T3 = 507 K

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

To find the entropy production:

Entropy rate balance:

0
Qj
0= + n&1s1 + n&2 s2 n&3 s3 + & cv
Tj

i.e., n&1s1 + n&2 s2 n&3 s3 is s&

Air H2O

& cv n& n&


= s3 1 s1 + 2 s2
n&3 n&3 n&3

0.25 0.75

& cv
= 0.25( sair (T3 , yair P3 ) sair (T1 , P1 )) + 0.75( sH 2O (T3 , y H 2O P3 ) sH 2O (T2 , P2 ))
n&3

Partial pressure Partial pressure

Evaluating the 1st term on the RHS


o R y P
0.25( sair (T3 , yair P3 ) sair (T1 , P1 )) = 0.25(28.97) sair (T3 ) sair
o
(T1 ) ln air 3
M air P1

2.2338 1.85708
0.25/1
= 5.6098

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MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25

Evaluating the 2nd term on the RHS

y H O P3
0.75( sH 2O (T3 , y H 2O P3 ) sH 2O (T2 , P2 )) = 0.75 sHo2O (T3 ) sHo2O (T2 ) R ln 2
P2

206.902 209.795 0.75/1


= 0.3759

&
= 5.6098 + ( 0.3759)
n&3
&
= 5.2339 kJ / kmol K
n&3

& cv = (n&3 )5.2339 kJ / kmol K


kmol kJ 1 kW
& cv = 0.4 5.2339
s kmol 1 kJ / s
kW
& cv = 2.094
K

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