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50% N2
30% CO2
20% O2
Find:
Solution
mf N 2 = 0.5
P1 = 1 bar , T1 = 280 K
mfCO2 = 0.3
P2 = 5 bar , T2 = 450 K
mfO2 = 0.2
s o values in kJ/kmol K:
T (K) N2 CO2 O2
280 189.673 211.376 203.191
450 203.523 230.194 217.342
Mx 28.01 44.01 32
258
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
0
2
Q
S = +
1
T b
= S
or = s
m
kJ kJ
s is in , s o above is in
kg K kmol K
o
o s
i.e., si = i
Mi
Thus,
259
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
5
(203.523 189.673) kJ / kmol K R ln
sN 2 = 0.5 1
28.01 kg / kmol
5
(230.194 211.376) kJ / kmol K R ln 1
sCO2 = 0.3
44.01 kg / kmol
5
(217.342 203.191) kJ / kmol K R ln 1
sO2 = 0.2
32 kg / kmol
kJ
= 0.05024
m kg K
kJ
= m 0.05024
kg K
kJ
= 10 kg 0.05024
kg K
kJ
= 0.5024
K
260
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
Example
Find:
Solution
T P1 = 1 bar
2 P2 =5.4 bar
2s T1 = 20oC
1
s
Fix state 1:
T1 = 20oC = 293 K
for which:
o
O2 : s1 = 204.524 kJ / kmol K
o
N 2 : s1 = 190.998 kJ / kmol K
261
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
Process 1 to 2s is isentropic.
i.e., s = 0 i.e., s2 s s1 = 0
Thus:
yO2 ( s2 s s1 )O2 + y N2 ( s2 s s1 ) N2 = 0
o P o P
yO2 ( s2os s1 R ln 2 )O2 + y N 2 ( s2os s1 R ln 2 ) N 2 = 0
P1 P1
Evaluating RHS:
5.4
= 0.6(204.524) + 0.4(190.998) + 8.314ln
1
= 213.13 kJ / kmol K
Thus:
kJ
yO2 ( s2os )O2 + y N2 ( s2os ) N 2 = 213.13 Eq. 25.1
kmol K
BUT the s2s values depend upon T2s and we dont know T2s.
262
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
What to do???
Look into tables for values at a guessed T2s and see what result
they give. Find two temperatures that give results that bracket
213.13 and then interpolate for T2s.
BUT
c involves hs. Lets try an approach like the one above but this
time with hs (or h s).
h2 s h1
c = Eq. 25.2
h2 h1
263
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
h (kJ/kmol)
State T (K)
O2 N2
1 293 8533 8521
2s 470 13842 13693
h2 s h1
h2 = h1 +
c
Thus:
264
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
BUT once again, we dont know the temperature (T2 this time) at
which to evaluate properties.
Guess T2 = 520 K:
O2 : h2 = 15395 kJ / kmol
N 2 : h2 = 15172 kJ / kmol
Guess T2 = 510 K:
O2 : h2 = 15082 kJ / kmol
N 2 : h2 = 14876 kJ / kmol
265
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
Results
266
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
M 1 = yO2 M O2 + y N2 M N2
M = 0.6(32) + (0.4)(28.01)
M = 30.4 kg / kmol
kg 6736 kJ / kmol
W&c = 0.5
s 30.4 kg / kmol
W&c = 110.8 kW
= m& ( s2 s1 )
( s2 s1 )
= m&
M
P2
y
O2 2( s o
s o
)
1 O2 + y N2 ( s2
o
s o
)
1 N2 R ln P
1
= m&
30.4 kg / kmol
= 0.0505 kW / K
267
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
Air at 77oC, 1 bar and a molar flow rate of 0.1 kmol/s enters an
insulated mixing chamber operating at steady state and mixes
with water vapour entering at 277oC, 1 bar and molar flow rate of
0.3 kmol/s. The mixture leaves at 1 bar. KE + PE effects can be
ignored.
Find:
Texit
(in kW/K)
Solution
Air
T1 = 350 K
P1 = 1 bar
n&1 = 0.1 kmol/s
P3 = 1 bar
n&3 = 0.4 kmol/s
Water Vapour
T2 = 550 K
P2 = 1 bar
n&2 = 0.3 kmol/s
268
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
0 0
0 = Q& cv W& cv + n&1h1 + n&2 h2 n&3h3
n& n&
h3 = 1 h1 + 2 h2
n&3 n&3
0.25 0.75
h3 = 0.25(28.97)(350.49) + 0.75(18601)
h3 = 16489 kJ / kmol
re-expressing h3 :
Once again, we must guess values for T3 that, for the above
equation, give results that bracket 16489 kJ/kmol. Interpolate to
find T3.
Interpolate to T3 = 507 K
269
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
0
Qj
0= + n&1s1 + n&2 s2 n&3 s3 + & cv
Tj
Air H2O
0.25 0.75
& cv
= 0.25( sair (T3 , yair P3 ) sair (T1 , P1 )) + 0.75( sH 2O (T3 , y H 2O P3 ) sH 2O (T2 , P2 ))
n&3
2.2338 1.85708
0.25/1
= 5.6098
270
MECH 330: APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS II LECTURE 25
y H O P3
0.75( sH 2O (T3 , y H 2O P3 ) sH 2O (T2 , P2 )) = 0.75 sHo2O (T3 ) sHo2O (T2 ) R ln 2
P2
&
= 5.6098 + ( 0.3759)
n&3
&
= 5.2339 kJ / kmol K
n&3
271