The Philippines is an archipelago that consists of 7,641 islands with a total land area of 301,780 square kilometers

(116,518 sq mi). The 11 largest islands contain 95% of the total land area. ... The Philippine archipelago is divided into
three island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

Philippine Political Condition: NATIONAL and LOCAL GOVERNANCE

1. 1. PHILIPPINE POLITICS; NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE (PPCN06F) Prepared by Raizza Corpuz
2. 2. DEMOGRAPHICS The Republic of the Philippines is a sovereign state in archipelagic Southeast Asia, with 7,107 islands
spanning more than 300,000 square kilometers of territory. It is divided into three island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
3. 3. DEMOGRAPHICS Capital City Manila Seat of National Government Metro Manila (National Capital Region) Land Area 343,448
square kilometers (132,606 square miles) Climate Tropical, with an average year-round temperature of 27C (82F) Population
99,200,000 (as of the 1st Quarter of 2014) Demonym Filipino Currency Philippine peso Languages Filipino (national and official),
English (official) Religions Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam
4. 4. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
5. 5. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT The Philippines is a unitary presidential constitutional republic, with the President of the
Philippines acting as both the head of state and the head of government.
6. 6. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT Unitary - the control of national and local affairs is under the central or national government.
Presidential - the President is both head of state and head of government.
7. 7. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT Constitutional - the powers of those who rule are defined and limited by the constitution
Republic - the power is exercised by a group of persons chosen by the people to act as their representatives
8. 8. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT One basic corollary in a presidential system of government is the principle of separation of
powers wherein legislation belongs to Congress, execution to the Executive, and settlement of legal controversies to the Judiciary.
9. 9. The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine Congress.
This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
10. 10. The Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a
term of six years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion
of the countrys bureaucracy. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
11. 11. The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable.
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
12. 12. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction
on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts. SYSTEM OF
GOVERNMENT
13. 13. The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review as the power to declare a treaty,
international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation
unconstitutional. SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
14. 14. SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES
15. 15. ACCOUNTABILITY A public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees shall serve with the highest degree of
responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency and shall remain accountable to the people. Constitution of the Philippines 1973,
Article XIII, Section 1
16. 16. ACCOUNTABILITY The institution of a system of checks and balances in an organization through which an administrator
accounts for his stewardship of resources or authority.
17. 17. DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT The structure of the Philippine government is divided into
three branches: the Legislative Department (Article 6); the Executive Department (Article 7); and the Judicial Department
(Article 8).
18. 18. THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS Under the principle of co-equal and coordinate powers among the three (3)
branches, the officers entrusted with each of these powers are not permitted to encroach/ tresspass upon the powers confided to
the others.
19. 19. PRINCIPLE OF CHECKS AND BALANCES The three co-equal departments are established by the constitution in as
balanced positions as possible. To maintain this balance or to restore it if upset, each department is given certain powers with
which to check the others.
20. 20. SOURCES AND REFERENCES REFERENCES: Agoncillo, Teodoro A. Agoncillo & Fe B. Mangahas. 2010. Philippine History.
C & E Publishing De Leon (1999). 1987 Philippines Constitution Halili (2010). Philippine History 2nd edition Rex Bookstore Inc.
Zulueta (2013) Philippine History and Government through the years National Bookstore www.gov.ph/about/gov/
http://politicsandgovernance.blogspot.com/2010/06/forms-of-government.html dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/eid/pidseid0602.pdf
SPECIAL THANKS to Councilor Aina Sisante ;)

What are 'Economic Conditions'

Economic conditions refer to the state of the economy in a country or region. They change over time in line with the
economic and business cycles, as an economy goes through expansion and contraction. Economic conditions are
considered to be sound or positive when an economy is expanding and are considered to be adverse or negative when an
economy is contracting.
!--break--A country's economic conditions are influenced by numerous macroeconomic and microeconomic factors, including
monetary and fiscal policy, the state of the global economy, unemployment levels, productivity, exchange rates, inflation and
many others.

How Economic Conditions Are Measured

Economic data is released on a regular basis, generally weekly or monthly and sometimes quarterly. Some economic
indicators like the unemployment rate and GDP growth rate are watched closely by market participants, as they help to
make an assessment of economic conditions and potential changes in them. There is a plethora of economic indicators,
which can be used to define the state of the economy or economic conditions. Some of these are the unemployment rate,
levels of current account and budget surpluses or deficits, GDP growth rates and inflation rates.

Generally speaking, economic indicators can be categorized as leading, coincident or lagging. That is, they describe likely
future economic conditions, current economic conditions or conditions of the recent past. Economists are typically most
interested in leading indicators as a way to understand what economic conditions will be like in the next three to six months.
For example, indicators like new orders for manufactured goods and new housing permits indicate the pace of future
economic activity as it relates to the rate of manufacturing output and housing construction.

Why Economic Conditions Matter for Investors and Businesses

Indicators of economic conditions provide important insights to investors and businesses. Investors use indicators of
economic conditions to adjust their views on economic growth and profitability. An improvement in economic conditions
would lead investors to be more optimistic about the future and potentially invest more as they expect positive returns. The
opposite could be true if economic conditions worsen. Similarly, businesses monitor economic conditions to gain insight into
their own sales growth and profitability. For example, a fairly typical way of forecasting growth would be to use the previous
year's trend as a baseline and augment it with the latest economic data and projections that are most relevant to their
products and services. For example, a construction company would look at economic conditions in the housing sector to
understand whether momentum is improving or slowing and adjust its business strategy accordingly.

Read more: Economic Conditions http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economic-conditions.asp#ixzz4lHPNRo5j

Follow us: Investopedia on Facebook

The Bible is not the word of God. The Religious Condition is a broad look at the factors that drive Christians to believe otherwise. This part-
philosophical, part-scientific overview explores the psychological and sociocultural influences that subtly provoke Christians to maintain their
antiquated views of the universe. While billions of people around the world have merely assumed the solid validity of the Bible, The Religious
Condition presents a series of profound questions regarding the implications of such premature assuredness.In addition to the conclusions
from actual psychological studies that support these viewpoints, covered topics include the various ways that Christians approach scientific
conflicts, the defense of a perfectly moral god who commits immoral acts, the illogical methods of argumentation that Christians invoke in the
maintenance and defense of their beliefs, and disingenuous methods utilized by those who wish to defend the idea that religious beliefs are
based on reason instead of faith. The Religious Condition answers actual reader responses to the previous works of Jason Long, a former
Christian. His fresh experiences in the church and advanced levels of educational enlightenment make him the perfect individual to present
this vehemently unpopular, yet undeniably appealing topic.

HOME

TEACHING & EDUCATION

A History Of The System Of Education In The Philippines Its Implication For The Present Generation

TEACHING & EDUCATION

A History of the System of Education in the Philippines Its Implication
for the Present Generation
In ancient Philippines, children were given the rudiments of education. Such education was both academic and
vocation. The father trained his sons to be warriors, hunters, fishermen, miners, lumbermen and ship builders. The
mother on her part trained her daughters in cooking, gardening, serving and other household arts.

It is said that in ancient Panay, there was a barangay school called Bothoan under the charge of the teacher usually
an old man. The subjects taught to the children in this barangay school were reading, writing, arithmetic, use of
weapons and lubus (acquiring kinaadman or amulets).
Hence, education during that time was geared toward their needs. Because of colonization by several foreign
countries and several historical events, our education underwent several changes although we also retained some of
the ancient teachings which are practical even during our time.

With the countrys celebration of independence in 1946, scarcely seven decades ago, have come every aspect of
educational system in line with the new status of a new nation seeking to achieve and maintain political and
economic independence and to fashion a nation truly united out of social and cultural diversities.

Social condition is the situation you have in society because of your income, your occupation or your level of education.
For example you are retired, homeless, a student, or a recipient of social assistance or employment insurance. Social
condition is a prohibited ground of discrimination and harassment.

Social condition
Social condition is the situation you have in society because of your income, your occupation or your level of education. For example you are

retired, homeless, a student, or a recipient of social assistance or employment insurance.

Social condition is a prohibited ground of discrimination and harassment. This means that you cannot be treated differently because of your

social condition. Also, you cannot be the target of offensive and repeated remarks or behaviour because of your social condition. These

situations are contrary to the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. These situations are contrary to the Charter of Human Rights and

Freedoms .

Social condition


You believe you have been a victim of discrimination or harassment based on this ground?

TO LEARN MORE

Social condition is the situation you have in society because of your income, your occupation or your level of education. For example you are

retired, homeless, a student, or a recipient of social assistance or employment insurance.

Social condition is a prohibited ground of discrimination and harassment. This means that you cannot be treated differently because of your

social condition. Also, you cannot be the target of offensive and repeated remarks or behaviour because of your social condition. These

situations are contrary to the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. These situations are contrary to the Charter of Human Rights and

Freedoms .

THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANIARDS

by: David P. Barrows, Ph.D.

April-May 2016--Position of Tribes on the Spaniards, the population of the Philippines seems to have been distributed by tribes
in much the same manner as at present. Then, as now, the Bisayas occupied the central islands of the archipelago and some of the
northern coast of Mindanao. The Bikols, Tagalogs, and Pampangos were in the same parts of Luzon as we find them today. The
Ilokanos occupied the coastal plain facing the China Sea, but since the arrival of the Spaniards they have expanded considerably
and their settlement are now numerous in Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, and the valley of the Cagayan.

The Number of People These tribes which to-day number nearly 7,000,000 souls, at the time of Magellans discovery aggregated
not more than 500,000. An early enumeration of the population made by the Spaniards in 1591, which included practically all of
these tribes, gave a population of less than 700,000. (See chapter VIII., The Philippines Three Hundred Years Ago.)

There are other facts too that show us how sparse the population must have been. The Spanish expeditions found many coasts and
islands in the Bisayan group without inhabitants. Occasionally a sail or a canoe would be seen, and then these would disappear in
some small estero or mangrove swamp and the land seem as unpopulated as before. At certain points, like Limasaua, Butuan,
and Bohol, the natives were more numerous, and Cebu was a large and thriving community; but the Spaniards had nearly
everywhere to search for settled places and cultivated lands.

The sparseness of population is also well indicated by the great scarcity of food. The Spaniards had much difficulty in securing
sufficient provisions. A small amount of rice, a pig and a few chickens, were obtainable here and there, but the Filipinos had no large
supplies. After the settlement of Manila was made, a large part of the food of the city was drawn from China. They very ease with
which the Spaniards marched where they willed and reduced the Filipinos to obedience shows that the latter were weak in numbers.
Laguna de Bay and the Camarines were among the most populous portions of the archipelago. All of these and others show that the
Filipinos were but a small fraction of their present number.

On the other hand, the Negritos seem to have been more numerous, or at least more in evidence. They were immediately noticed
on the island of Negros, where at the present they are few and confined to the interior; and in the vicinity of Manila and in Batangas,
where they are no longer found, they were mingling with the Tagalog population.

Conditions of Culture The culture of the various tribes, which is now quite the same throughout the archipelago, presented some
differences. In the southern Bisayas, where the Spaniards first entered the archipelago, there seem to have been two kinds of
natives: the hill dwellers, who lived in the interior of the islands in small numbers, who wore garments of tree bark and who
sometimes built their houses in the trees; and the sea dwellers, who were very much like the present day Moro tribes south of
Mindanao, who are known as the Samal, and who built their villages over the sea or on the shore and lived much in boats. These
were probably later arrivals than the forest people. From both of these elements the Bisaya Filipinos are descended, but while the
coast people have been entirely absorbed, some of the hill-folk are still pagan and uncivilized, and must be very much as they were
when the Spaniards first came.

The highest grade of culture was in the settlements where there was regular trade with Borneo, Siam, and China, and especially
about Manila, where many Mohamedan Malays had colonized.
Languages of the Malayan Peoples With the exception of the Negrito, all the languages of the Philippines belong to one great
family, which has been called the Malayo-Polynesian. All are believed to be derived from one very ancient mother-tongue. It is
astonishing how widely these Malayo-Polynesian tongues have spread. Farthest east in the Pacific are the Polynesian languages,
then those of the small islands known as Micronesia; then Melanesian or Papuan; the Malayan throughout the East Indian
archipelago, and to the north the languages of the Philippines. But this is not all; for far westward on the coast of Africa is the island
of Madagascar, many of whose languages have no connection with African but belong to the Malayo-Polynesian family.

The Tagalog Language it should be a matter of great interest to Filipinos that the great scientist, Baron William von Humboldt,
considered the Tagalog to be the richest and most perfect of all the languages of the Malayo-Polynesian family, and perhaps the
type of them all. It possesses, he said, all the forms collectively of which particular ones are found in other dialects; and it has
preserved them all with very trifling exceptions unbroken, and in entire harmony and symmetry. The Spanish friars, on their arrival
in the Philippines, devoted themselves at once to learning the native dialects and to the preparation of prayers and catechisms in
these native tongues. They were very successful in their studies. Father Chirino tells us one Jesuit who learned sufficient Tagalog in
seventy days to preach and hear confession. In this way the Bisayan, the Tagalog, and the Ilokano were soon mastered.

In the light of the opinion of Von Humboldt, it is interesting to find these early Spaniards pronouncing the Tagalog the most difficult
and the most admirable. Of all them, says Padre Chirino, the one which most pleased me and filled me with admiration was the
Tagalog. Because, as I said to the first archbishop, and afterwards to other serious persons, both there and here, I found in it four
qualities of the four best languages of the world: Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Spanish; of the Hebrew the mysteries and obscurities; of
the Greek, the articles and the precision not only of the appellative but also of the proper nouns; of the Latin, the wealth and
elegance; and of the Spaniards, the good breeding, politeness, and courtesy.

An early Connection with the Hindus The Malayan languages contain a considerable proportion of words borrowed from the
Sanskrit, and in this the Tagalog, Bisayan, and Ilokano are included. Whether these words were passed along from one Malayan
group to another, or whether they were introduced by the actual presence and power of the Hindu in this archipelago, may be fair
ground for debate; but he case for the latter position has been so well and brilliantly put by Dr. Pardo de Tavera that his conclusions
are here given in his own words. The words which Tagalog borrowed, he says, are those which signify intellectual acts, moral
conceptions, emotions, superstitions, names of deities, of planets, of numerals of high number, of botany, of war and its results and
consequences and, finally of titles and dignities, some animals, instruments of industry, and the names of money.

From the evidence of these words, Dr. Pardo argues for a period in the early history of the Filipinos, not merely of commercial
intercourse, like that of the Chinese, but of Hindu political and social domination. I do not believe, he says, and I base my opinion
on the same words that I have brought together in this vocabulary, that the Hindus were here simply as merchants, but that they
dominated different parts of the archipelago, where to-day are spoken the most cultured languages, - the Tagalo, the Visayan, the
Pampanga, and the Ilocano; and that the higher culture of these languages comes precisely from the influence of the Hindu race
over the Filipino.

The Hindus in the Philippines. It is impossible to believe that the Hindus, if they came only as merchants, however great their
number, would have impressed themselves in such a way as to give to these islanders the number and the kind of words which they
did give. These names of dignitaries, of caciques, of high functionaries of the court, of noble ladies, indicate that all of these high
positions with names of Sanskrit origin were occupied at one time by men who spoke that language. The words of a similar origin for
objects of war, fortresses, and battle-songs, for designating objects of religious belief, for superstitions, emotions, feelings, industrial
and farming activities, show us clearly that the warfare, religion, literature, industry, and agriculture were at one time in the hands of
the Hindus, and that this race was effectively dominant in the Philippines.

Systems of Writing among the Filipinos - When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, the Filipinos were using systems of
writing borrowed from Hindu or Javanese sources. This matter is so interesting that one cannot do better than to quote in full Padre
Chirinos account, as he is the first of the Spanish writers to mention it and as his notice is quite complete.
So given are these islanders to reading and writing that there is hardly a man and much less a women, that does not read and write
in letters peculiar to the island of Manila, very different from those of China, Japan, and of India, as will be seen from the following
alphabet.
The vowels are three; but they serve for five, and are,

Philippine History/Before The Coming of Spanish Colonialists

< Philippine History

Before the coming of Spanish colonizers, the people of the Philippine archipelago had already attained a semicommunal and
semislave social system in many parts and also a feudal system in certain parts, especially in Mindanao and Sulu, where such a
feudal faith as Islam had already taken roots.
The Society[edit]

The barangay was the typical community in the whole archipelago. It was the basic political and economic unit independent of
similar others. Each embraced a few hundreds of people and a small territory. Each was headed by a chieftain called
the rajah or datu.
Social Structure[edit]
The social structure comprised a petty nobility, the ruling class which had started to accumulate land that it owned privately or
administered in the name of the clan or community.

Maharlika (Datu in Visayas): an intermediate class of freemen called the Maharlika who had enough land for their livelihood
or who rendered special service to the rulers and who did not have to work in the fields.
Timawa: the ruled classes that included the timawa, the serfs who shared the crops with the petty nobility.
Alipin (Olipun in Visayas): and also the slaves and semislaves who worked without having any definite share in the harvest.
There were two kinds of slaves then: those who had their own quarters, the aliping namamahay (aliping mamahay in Visayas),
and those who lived in their master's house, the aliping sagigilid (aliping hayohay in Visayas). One acquired the status of a serf
or a slave by inheritance, failure to pay debts and tribute, commission of crimes and captivity in wars between barangays.

Islamic Monarchy[edit]

The Islamic sultanates of Sulu and mainland Mindanao represented a higher stage of political and economic development than the
barangay. These had a feudal form of social organization. Each of them encompassed more people and wider territory than the
barangay. The sultan reigned supreme over several datus and was conscious of his privilege to rule as a matter of hereditary "divine
right."
Though they presented themselves mainly as administrators of communal lands, apart from being direct owners of certain lands, the
sultans, datus and the nobility exacted land rent in the form of religious tribute and lived off the toiling masses. They constituted a
landlord class attended by a retinue of religious teachers, scribes and leading warriors.
The sultanates emerged in the two centuries precedent to the coming of Spanish colonialists. They were built up among the so-
called third wave of Malay migrants whose rulers either tried to convert to Islam, bought out, enslaved or drove away the original
non-Muslim inhabitants of the areas that they chose to settle in. Serfs and slaves alike were used to till the fields and to make more
clearings from the forest.
Throughout the archipelago, the scope of barangays could be enlarged either through the expansion of agriculture by the toil of the
slaves or serfs, through conquests in war and through interbarangay marriages of the nobility. The confederations of barangays was
usually the result of a peace pact, a barter agreement or an alliance to fight common internal and external enemies.
As evident from the forms of social organization already attained, the precolonial inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had an
internal basis for further social development. In either barangay or sultanate, there was a certain mode of production which was
bound to develop further until it would wear out and be replaced with a new one. There were definite classes whose struggle was
bound to bring about social development. As a matter of fact, the class struggle within the barangay was already getting extended
into interbarangay wars. The barangay was akin to the Greek city-state in many respects and the sultanate to the feudal
commonwealth of other countries.
The people had developed extensive agricultural fields. In the plains or in the mountains, the people had developed irrigation
systems. The Ifugao rice terraces were the product of the engineering genius of the people; a marvel of 12,000 miles if strung end-
to-end. There were livestock-raising, fishing and brewing of beverages. Also there were mining, the manufacture of metal
implements, weapons and ornaments, lumbering, shipbuilding and weaving. The handicrafts were developing fast. Gunpowder had
also come into use in warfare. As far north as Manila, when the Spaniards came, there was already a Muslim community which had
cannons in its weaponry.
The ruling classes made use of arms to maintain the social system, to assert their independence from other barangays or to repel
foreign invaders. Their jurisprudence would still be borne out today by the so-called Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim laws. These
were touchstones of their culture. There was a written literature which included epics, ballads, riddles and verse-sayings; various
forms and instruments of music and dances; and art works that included well-designed bells, drums, gongs, shields, weapons, tools,
utensils, boats, combs, smoking pipes, lime tubes and baskets. The people sculpted images from wood, bone, ivory, horn or metals.
In areas where anito worship and polytheism prevailed, the images of flora and fauna were imitated, and in the areas where the
Muslim faith prevailed, geometric and arabesque designs were made. Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, a record of what the
Spanish conquistadores came upon, would later be used by Dr. Jose Rizal as testimony to the achievement of the indios in
precolonial times.
There was interisland commerce ranging from Luzon to Mindanao and vice-versa. There were extensive trade relations with
neighboring countries like China, Indochina, North Borneo, Indonesia, Malaya, Japan and Thailand. Traders from as far as India and
the Middle East vied for commerce with the precolonial inhabitants of the archipelago. As early as the 9th century, Sulu was an
important trading emporium where trading ships from Cambodia, China and Indonesia converged. Arab traders brought goods from
Sulu to the Chinese mainland through the port of Canton. In the 14th century, a large fleet of 60 vessels from China anchored at
Manila Bay, Mindoro and Sulu. Previous to this, Chinese trading junks had been intermittently sailing into various points of the
Philippine shoreline. The barter system was employed or gold and metal gongs were used as medium of exchange.