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 The Planets
Terrestrial
Mercury
Terrestrial Utarid Planets
Planets
Venus Zuhrah
Earth Bumi
Mars Marikh

Jupiter Musytari
Saturn Zuhal

Neptune Neptun

Uranus Uranus

Gas
Gas Giants
Giants

(not to scale) (not to scale)

 Astronomi

Kajian tentang alam semesta

(bulan, bintang & objek2 lain
di angkasa)
 SUB-TAJUK
Perkembangan ilmu astronomi
Kepercayaan awal
Astronomi purba
Astronomi dalam tamadun Islam
Sumbangan ahli astronomi
Perkembangan ilmu astronomi moden
 Perkembangan ilmu astronomi

Sejarah kepercayaan dan hujah ahli astronomi :

Ptolemy, Plato, Aristotle, Copernicus, Tycho, Kepler,
Galileo (dan Sir Isaac Newton).
Bagaimana Galileo menukar cara memahami alam.
 Greeks were the first
people known to make
models of nature.
They tried to explain
patterns in nature
without resorting to myth
or the super-natural.

Greek geocentric model of the

Solar System (c. 400 B.C.)
 Plato

Earth at the center of the universe

Heavens must be perfect: Objects

moving on perfect spheres or in
perfect circles.

Plato mengatakan bumi mempunyai bentuk bulat iaitu

bentuk geometri yang paling sempurna
alam semseta mestilah terdiri daripada sfera yang
berputar pada kadar yang seragam
ini mendorong kepada kepercayaan bahawa objek-
objek alam semesta bergerak dalam gerakan
membulat seragam
ini membawa kepada wujudnya pandangan geosentrik
iaitu alam semesta berpusatkan bumi 7
 Sun, stars, planets rotate around
the Earth

Aristotle

Aristotle, anak murid Plato, menyatakan bahawa

matahari, bulan dan bintang-bintang dibawa
mengelilingi bumi di atas sfera-sfera kristal yang
berputar.
Beliau telah mencipta 55 sfera kristal yang berputar
pada kadar dan sudut yang berlainan.
8
Claudius Ptolemy (A.D. 100-170)
9
 Claudius Ptolemy: lived 100 - 170 AD in
Alexandria Egypt (Greek city at the time)

Menyusun ilmu astronomi purba Greek dan

Arab tentang hujah Geosentrik menjadi Sistem
Ptolemaic
Earth at center of universe (Geocentric Model)
orbiting Earth were moon, sun & known planets -
Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiters & Saturn
Seems implausible today, but gave very good
predictions of positions of planets, moon, etc

10
Model Geosentrik Ptolemy

11
Claudius Ptolemy: lived 100 - 170 AD in
Alexandria Egypt (Greek city at the time)
Astronomi dalam tamadun Islam
Faktor-faktor yang menggalakkan
perkembangan astronomi dalam tamadun Islam
sumbangan ahli astronomi Islam antaranya:
Al Battani
Al-Khawarizmi,
Al- Farghani,
Al- Biruni,
Ibnu Haitham,
AlTusi dan
Ulugh Beg 13
 Persediaan Tutorial 7
Kumpul maklumat dari pelbagai media tentang:
Faktor-faktor yang menggalakkan
perkembangan astronomi dalam tamadun Islam
sumbangan ahli astronomi Islam antaranya
seperti : Al Battani, Al-Khawarizmi, Al-
Farghani, Al- Biruni, Ibnu Haitham, AlTusi dan
Ulugh Beg

Bincang dan bentangkan semasa sesi tutorial

akan datang.

3/9/2017
 Al-Battn ( Ab abd Allh Muammad Ibn Jbir
Ibn Sinn Al-battn Al-arrn As-bi)

born c. 858 - 929, Syria

Arab astronomer and mathematician
refined existing values for the length of the year and of
the seasons, for the annual precession of the equinoxes,
and for the inclination of the ecliptic.
He showed that the position of the Suns apogee, or
farthest point from the Earth, is variable and that annular
(central but incomplete) eclipses of the Sun are possible

WRITTEN BY:
The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica
 al-Khwarizmi (780-850, Islamic)
the inventor of algebra. He developed this mathematical device
completely in words, not mathematical expressions, but based the
system on the Indian numbers borrowed by the Arabs (what we
today call Arabic numerals).
His work was translated into Latin hundreds of years later, and
served as the European introduction to the Indian number system,
complete with its concept of zero.
Al-Khwarizmi performed detailed calculations of the positions of
the Sun, Moon, and planets, and did a number of eclipse
calculations.
constructed a table of the latitudes and longitudes of 2,402 cities and
landmarks, forming the basis of an early world map.

WRITTEN BY:
The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica
 al-Farghani (Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-
Farghani)

wrote extensively on the motion of celestial bodies.

Like most Islamic astronomers, he accepted the
Ptolemaic model of the universe, and was partially
responsible for spreading Ptolemaic astronomy not only
in the Islamic world but also throughout Europe. In the
12th century, his works were translated into Latin, and it
is said that Dante got his astronomical knowledge from
al-Farghani's books

WRITTEN BY:
The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica
 Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473 1543) in Poland

First European astronomer to

formulate a modern heliocentric
theory of the solar system.
 Nicolaus Copernicus telah mengemukakan
model heliosentrik iaitu sistem suria berpusatkan
matahari
tetapi beliau masih mengekalkan pandangan
ahli astronomi purba iaitu prinsip gerakan planet
dan bulan yang membulat secara seragam
menurut Nicolaus Copernicus bumi berputar
pada paksinya sendiri dan beredar mengelilingi
matahari sekali setahun
teori Nicolaus Copernicus menimbulkan
kontroversi kerana bertentangan dengan ajaran
gereja
3/9/2017
Copernicus Sun-centered model was much more
accurate than Ptolemys

Copernicus concluded that a Sun-centered

Solar System could predict planetary
motions more easily

But he believed that planetary orbits must

be circles (they arent)

His models predictions were much more

accurate than Ptolemy!
20
 Pergerakan retrograde
gerakan dalam arah yang berlawanan
/bertentangan /ke belakang berbanding gerakan
utama
berlatarbelakangkan bintang, planet kelihatan
bergerak ke arah timur (kiri); beberapa ketika
kelihatan berhenti; beberapa ketika kelihatan
bergerak ke arah bertentangan /barat (kanan)

21
 Pergerakan retrograde

3/9/2017
 Pergerakan retrograde
pergerakan ini terhasil oleh 'gabungan' gerakan Bumi
dan gerakan planet berkenaan mengelilingi matahari
oleh kerana Bumi dekat dgn matahari (orbit lebih kecil),
tempoh mengorbitnya lebih laju berbanding Marikh.
maka semasa mengorbit matahari, Bumi akan
'memotong' Marikh menyebabkan Marikh kelihatan
bergerak ke belakang / arah bertentangan - dipanggil
pergerakan retrograde
analogi - litar lumba kereta - yg perlahan "bergerak ke
belakang" w/pun sebenarnya bergerak ke arah yg sama

23
 Pergerakan retrograde

3/9/2017
 Pergerakan retrograde Marikh

3/9/2017
 Pergerakan retrograde menurut
Ptolemy
pergerakan retrograde telah mula
dibuktikan oleh Ptolemy w/pun
menggunakan model (geosentrik) yg salah
menurut Ptolemy, planet bergerak dalam
dua orbit ; dalam bulatan kecil (epicycles)
mengelilingi bulatan besar (deferents).

26
 Pergerakan retrograde Ptolemy

3/9/2017
 1500s AD: Two models existed that made
predictions about orbits of planets

Ptolemy: Earth at center of universe called

Geocentric Model

Copernicus: Sun at center of universe called

Heliocentric model

28
 Tycho Brahe - Danish, 1546-1601

Very accurate naked-eye observations of

positions of planets and stars

Persisted for three decades, kept careful

records

Couldnt explain why his data looked the way

they did, but he hired a young apprentice who
did explain it.

29
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilei, dengan penemuan
menggunakan teleskop,
mempertahankan model heliosentrik
secara umum

30
How did Galileo solidify the Copernican revolution?

Galileo (1564-1642) overcame 3 major objections to Copernican view:

1. Earth could not be moving because objects in air

would be left behind.
2. Non-circular orbits are not perfect as heavens
should be.
3. If Earth were really orbiting Sun, wed detect stellar
parallax.
We would see nearby stars appear to move
relative to background stars.
31
Overcoming the first objection
(nature of motion)

Galileos experiments showed that objects in air would stay with

a moving Earth.

Aristotle thought all objects naturally come to rest.

Experience based on horse pulling a heavy cart over
a rutted ancient road!
Galileo showed that objects will stay in motion unless
a force acts to slow them down
Became Newtons first law of motion

32
Overcoming the second objection
(heavenly perfection)

Using his telescope, Galileo

saw:
Sunspots on Sun
(imperfections)
Mountains and valleys
on the Moon (proving it
is not a perfect sphere)
Show that non-circular orbits
are not perfect just like
imperfections on the sun and the
moon.
33
Overcoming the third objection
(parallax)

Tycho thought he had measured stellar distances, so

lack of parallax seemed to rule out an orbiting Earth.
Galileo showed that stars must be much farther than
Tycho thought in part by using his telescope to see
that the Milky Way is countless individual stars.
If stars were much farther away, then lack of
detectable parallax was no longer so troubling.

34
Galileo and the moons of Jupiter

Galileo saw four moons

orbiting Jupiter, proving
that not all objects orbit
the Earth.
Felt that this justified
the hypothesis that the
Earth orbits the Sun.

35
 Galileo dan Venus
Venus mengalami fasa-fasa bulan seperti
bulan bumi ; menyokong model Copernicus.
Dalam model Ptolemy, Venus bergerak
mengelilingi satu garis di antara bumi
dengan matahari. Venus akan kelihatan
sebagai bulan sabit dari bumi.
Fasa-fasa Venus dari pemerhatian Galileo
hanya boleh diterangkan dengan sistem yang
berpusatkan matahari.
36
 Galileo dan bertukarnya sifat
sains.
pemerhatian dan hujah Galileo telah
mengubah sifat sains.
Hujah sainstifik adalah berdasarkan
pemerhatian dan bukan bersandarkan
falsafah.
Johannes Kepler - German, (1571-1630)

Realized that if he tried to predict position of Mars

using circular orbits, it didnt fit data
Abandoned circular orbits, developed a theory
using ellipses
Orbit bagi setiap planet adalah berbentuk elips
dengan matahari berada di salah satu fokusnya.
Elips dicirikan oleh dua titik fokusnya.

38
 The closest point to the Sun in a planet's orbit
is called perihelion.
The furthest point is called aphelion.
 Why elliptical?

there are two points called foci such that the

sum of the distances to the foci from any
point on the ellipse is a constant.
a + b = constant

Why 2 foci?
Cause of sun at one focus
and a planet at another.
 Why elliptical?

gravity cause elliptical orbits.

two properties of gravity lead to the ellipse:
1. It always points toward a fixed point
2. attractive force between the sun & planet
inversely with the square of the distance from
that point.

Elliptical planetary orbits discovered by

Kepler using astronomical data collected by
the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe.
Johannes Kepler - German, (1571-1630)
Maka, Kepler menolak kepercayaan pengikut
Aristotle, Ptolemy dan Copernicus yang
menyatakan bahawa planet bergerak dalam
gerakan membulat.
Kepler menegaskan bahawa setiap planet
berputar mengelilingi matahari yang mana
menyokong Teori Copernican
Johannes Kepler telah mengemukakan 3 hukum
pergerakan planet

42
 Keplers first law
Apabila planet-planet beredar
mengelilingi matahari dalam orbitnya, ia
mencakupi luas yang sama untuk selang
masa yang sama.
Ini bermakna, planet bergerak lebih
pantas ketika menghampiri matahari dan
lebih perlahan ketika menjauhi matahari.

43
 Keplers second law
Describes how a planets orbital period (in years) is related
to its average distance from the Sun (in Astronomical Units,
or AU)
Earth-Sun average distance is 1 AU
(orbital period in years)2 = (average dist. in AU)3
As a planet moves around its orbit, it sweeps out
equal areas in equal times
Tempoh peredaran sesebuah planet pada orbitnya
adalah berkadaran dengan jaraknya dari matahari.

Kuasa dua bagi tempoh mengorbit planet berkadar

terus dengan kuasa tiga purata jarak dlm AU.
(tempoh mengorbit /tahun)2 = (purata jarak dari matahari /AU)3
ATAU p2 = a3 44
Keplers second law

45
 Keplers third law
The more distant a planet is from the Sun, the longer its
orbital period. Distant planets move at slower speeds

Lebih jauh kedudukan planet dari matahari, maka lebih

besar orbitnya. Orbit yang lebih besar mempunyai
tempoh peredaran yang lebih lama kerana kelajuan
planet di orbit yang lebih besar adalah lebih lambat
daripada planet di orbit yang lebih kecil.

Berdasarkan hukum ini ada ketikanya planet berada

hampir dengan matahari dan ada ketikanya berada jauh
dari matahari, mengikut saiz orbit yang berbentuk elips.
Ini akan menentukan halaju gerakan planet mengikut
aturan dan memastikan planet-planet tidak akan
berlanggar antara satu sama lain, sebaliknya kekal
dalam laluan orbitnya tersendiri.
46
 Speed of a planet in an elliptical orbit

Moves fastest when close to Sun, slowest

when farther away
Intuitively: gravity is weaker when farther
from the Sun

47
 Comparison of the cosmos models

Geocentric model by Heliocentric model by

Ptolemy Copernicus
Earth is centre of the cosmos. Sun is centre of the cosmos.

Earth is not moving Sun is not moving (motionless).

(motionless).
Sun and planets around the
earth in circle.
Earth is much smaller than
outer star.
Size of cosmos is finite.
Earth and planets around the
sun in circle (ellipses in modern
astronomy).
Closer planet to the sun move
around faster.
Size of cosmos is finite.

Only crescent and new All phases of Venus should be

phase of Venus would be seen. visible.
 Persediaan Tutorial 7
Kumpul maklumat dari pelbagai media tentang:
Faktor-faktor yang menggalakkan
perkembangan astronomi dalam tamadun Islam
sumbangan ahli astronomi Islam antaranya
seperti : Al Battani, Al-Khawarizmi, Al-
Farghani, Al- Biruni, Ibnu Haitham, AlTusi dan
Ulugh Beg

Bincang dan bentangkan semasa sesi tutorial

akan datang.

3/9/2017
Thank you