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INTRODUCTION
Public health is an important and one of the major factors affecting the city life and its beauty.
After Second World War the population has increased rapidly which has created the number
of problems associated with public health? It has affected greatly the country like India in
which no care has been taken against the increasing population. The population is the main
root cause behind development of the mankind. In our country the care has been taken against
public health since 5000 years ago. It can be seen through the study of Mohenjodaro and
Hanapepe civilization. There were some legal aspects regarding the cleanliness in the past
about 2500 years ago, where the information regarding the public health and town planning
can be seen in the section 56 of the Arthshastra a famous book written by AryaChanakya,
secretary of Chandragupta mourya.
Today solid waste management has become not only the priority but also todays need,
from the point of public health. Solid waste means the waste generated from all living and
non living (including human being and animal) activities that are normally taking place
within the city limits. Generally the solid waste is discarded material or the useless or
unwanted material thats why it is thrown outside the house. But even it is discarded material,
it is having some money value if it is used and treated scientifically. Solid waste contains
major part of biodegradable matter such as vegetable waste, kitchen waste, fruit waste and
some part of non-biodegradable matters such as plastics, rubber, glass and metals.
High degree of urbanization, rapid industrial uncontrolled population, and
uncivilized people causes rapid and ample generation of solid waste. Today the solid waste is
not properly controlled, stored, collected,transferred, transported, processed and disposed,
which leads to adverse effect on plant life and human being.
About 30% of Indias total population lives in urban areas. Municipal management of urban
solid waste has so far remained unsatisfactory in most of the cities and towns with few
notable exceptions like Surat and Chandigadh. Unplanned urban and industrial growth
coupled with huge population influx from the rural areas after the independence has created
further problems for urban solid waste management.
Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that
normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.
Solid management:
Solid waste management may be defined as that discipline associated with the
control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing
and disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in accord with the best
principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics
and other environmental considerations and that also is responsive to public
attitudes. Municipal solid waste management all over the world and in
particular in developing countries is in the state of crisi s. The landfill which is
very popular has limitations due to paucity of space and also the environment
threats such as lechates containing hazardous chemicals may enter into ground
water and soil. In comparison to this, reuse of waste by converting into ho od
compost i.e. manure and/or for recovery of renewable energy sources i.e.
generation of power, is now considered as most favored options and the recent
Gazette publication on Municipal solid waste .
1.2 Sewage
India and many other countries are suffering from all the problem of
urbanization. Solid waste is a major component in deterioration of quality of Indian
environment. The complexity in composition of solid waste and its volume are greatly
increasing due to increase of living standards and population density. Hence efficient solid
waste management has assumed high importance in environmental management(14).
Changing times have affected the way of life in the cities as well as villages.
The extensive use of man made things like plastics, tin and glass with open arms, but
unfortunately have never given a thought to their scientific disposal. Even the authorities like
Municipal Corporation, which are the guardians of the health of our cities, have not geared
themselves up, to tackle the waste disposal problem effectively.
Solid waste is the term now used internationally to describe non liquid waste
material arising from domestic trade, commercial, hospital, industrial, agricultural and mining
activities. Solid waste comprises of countless different materials, dust, food wastes, paper,
metals, plastics or glass, discarded clothing, garden wastes, construction waste, factory off
cuts and process wastes, hospital wastes etc.
Also India and many developing countries are suffering from the problems of
handling and disposal of solid waste. The following things are stressing the necessity of an
efficient and well organized solid waste management system.
There are potential risks to health and to the Environment from improper
handling of solid wastes.
2. Economic Implications :
Labour and transport absorb the major part of the operating cost of solid waste
management services. Efficiency of system and high labour productivity are therefore of
vital importance.
3. Human Resources :
a) Peoples Participation :
ii. The need for the active participation of the citizens and the benefits
that accrue to them in terms of aesthetic, environmental and health
benefits should be stressed. It should be impressed on them that in
addition to the municipal authorities it is equally their responsibility
to maintain to clean environment.
Low calorific value, high moisture content and organic content make them unsuitable
for incineration. From the point of view of solid waste characteristics land filling and
composting appear to be only alternative to the Asian countries.
Rome,Itly 0.69
Singapore 0.87
World Bank has suggested the following rates of waste generation for developing countries
for planning the project:
The industrial development and advancement and better living standards brought
profound changes in the generation rates, character and composition of the city solid waste.
Geographic location
Season of the year(weather)
Frequency of collection
The use of home grinders
The characteristics of population
The habits and economic status of people
The extent of salvage and recycle operation
Legislation
Education
Public attitude and awareness, culture of the society, changes in the lifestyle
Increasing population
Changes in work patterns
New products
Redesign of products
Material substitution
Changes in food processing and food habits
In cities, roads are swept manually. At present, there are single beats, double
beats and trio also. Here a single beat is a beat where a pre-determined area is swept by a
single sweeper and the sweepings are lifted by him. In a double beat, the pre-determined area
is swept by a laborers, and the sweepings are lifted and loaded into a hand barrow and then
created in a wheel barrow to the nearby collection point where a refuse container is located.
The road sweepings are generally dry containing mainly, paper, leaves, plastic (bags, plastic
coated pouches of Gutkhaetc) and inert material. Some times, night soil also is required to be
lifted from the roadsides. The municipal sweepers also attended litterbins on the
footpaths/roads.
Every day three trips of truck of each section are done for collection of waste
in the city. Waste is loaded in the truck by the labours and is unloaded at the depot.
SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 10
Generally, one to one half hour is required for loading the waste of each trip. Usually 35 to 40
minutes are required to unload the loaded truck at depot. In an average 30 to 45 minutes are
required for each truck to reach up disposal site. More time may required due to traffic jam
and other occasional problems. Thus for each truck two to two and half hours are required for
one trip and in one shift maximum three trips are possible (3, 4).
The most practiced method of disposal for urban solid waste in this country is random
dumping. Except in cases few notable municipalities (Surat-Gujrat, Chennai-Tamilnadu, and
Chadigar) dumping is done crude manner without any control whatever. Only few portion of
the solid waste (less than 10% ) is being used in mechanical composting and anaerobic
composting in shallow trenches. Even whatever land is available with municipalities, are not
utilized optimally, which is reflected in high production cost of compost manner. The
committee on urban waste reports that 90% of the urban solid waste in our country are
beingdisposed by dumping and land filling, though municipalities claim that entire portion
are substantial amount of there solid waste are being used by composting.
Incineration plants are not in use neither they are being used for future because of
their prohibitive cost and unsuitability for Indian solid waste. Also these plants cause the air
pollution and foul smell. Due to this reason it is declining in popularity. In case of hospital
wastes the incineration method of disposing the waste is used by some hospitals.
Open dumping
Sanitary land filling
Incineration (with or without power generation)
Composting
Compacting
Biogas generation
Land hills
Pelletisation (briquettes-RDF)
Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste
Vermiculture
Power generation
Aerobic composting
Landfill gas (LFG) Recovery
Solid waste management is very important for every city or town. Collection
and transportation are major cost components in that system. There is necessity to use man,
machine and money very efficiently and economically by considering Environmental aspect
of that people.
For that purpose by considering the future of the city (near about 10 to 15
years) some improvements in collection system, optimization of route followed by refuse
collection vehicle, needs to be properly designed and implemented. So to control on total cost
of solid waste management, collection and transportation system shall be studied and
scientific and engineering methods will be implemented to improve overall solid waste
management of the city.
Solid waste management is one of the important obligatory functions of urban local
bodies in India. However, this essential service is not efficiently performed by municipal
bodies resulting in problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation. It is
observed that lack of financial resources, institutional weakness, improper selection of
machinery, vehicles and disposal options, citizens apathy towards cleanliness have made this
service far from satisfactory.
On an average, transport capacities of 100-300 cum per million population served are
provided in developing countries and costs are made up of two elements namely cost of
labour and machinery. Before vehicle productivity can be maximized, it is necessary to
evaluate and make decisions regarding characteristics of refuse collection vehicles. A variety
of sources are available including human, animal and a range of prime movers. Such as three-
wheeled auto rickshaw, dumper trucks, tractor trailers, conventional trucks and compactors.
The most appropriate source will often be determined by haul distance, road width and
condition, traffic density and total quantity of waste to be removed and availability of the
personal. In many urban areas, traffic congestion is common and in such circumstances,
conventional trucks will perform more efficiency than tractor-trailer or animal drawn carts.
Similarly, in densly populated areas where access roads are inadequate, either in length,
width or surface quality, the use of heavy motorized refuse vehicles often create problems,
such as congestion and road-surface degradation.
Indian cities/town generate, on an average, 300-400 gm/capita per day of solid waste.
Nearly 8.5 million MT per annum cores from nine major metropolitan centers alone. Only
about 60-80% of these wastes are collected on daily basis and the rest is left to delay on the
roads, streets and drains etc. The urban solid wastes generally contain up to 20% of
recyclable contents, where as the compostible material may constitute around 40-50%, the
rest being stones, dust etc. A part of these wastes coming from hospitals and certain
industries is of hazardous nature. According to Bajaj Committee (1995) the Municipal
garbage has low calorific value usually less than 1500 KCal/Kg and its average density
The main characteristics useful to solid waste management are physical and
chemical characteristics.
The solid waste in Indian cities consist of mainly three types of components.
a) Recyclables such as paper, plastics, glass, metal, leather, rubber etc.
b) Compostible or combustible material such as kitchen waste, vegetable and fruit waste,
dry grass, mutton and fish waste, dry leaves etc. ranging between 31% to 56% and
c) Inert material i.e. construction, demolition, road dust, ash etc. ranging between 40% to
54%..
3.3 Segregation
In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall organize
awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of
segregated materials. The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to ensure
community participation in waste segregation. For this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly
intervals shall be arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of local resident
welfare associations and non-governmental organizations.
In actual case, partial segregation is done in Sangli city. There is a necessity of
segregation of municipal solid waste as far as composting and disposal is concerned. In few
areas, segregation of refuse is being carried out by collecting the waste in three different
In high building and societies where there are a large number of families, who
employ sufficient number of persons to go to each and every tenement to collect their refuse
and deposit it in community container provided either by the society itself or by the
Municipal Body. In case of the municipal container, it is either 1 m3 capacity. Compactor
container or a skip container of 2.5 m3/4.5 m3/5.2 m3 capacity. These container/containers are
lifted by municipal refuse vehicle and taken away regularly. The frequency of picking the
garbage containers depend on the waste generation. However, the garbage is lifted at least
once in 24 hours. If a society is small, then a municipal container serves a number of such
societies/buildings
Where there is some place to keep a hard barrow for half an hour/one hour the
residents are instructed to deposit their garbage in the hand barrows they are placed on the
Here, each household is required to bring their garbage bins near the kerbside
when the refuse collection truck comes on its waste collection round. The arrival of refuse
vehicle is announced by ringing a bell. This system is less appreciated as building person has
to wait at the kerbside till emptying operation is completed and refuse bun is returned.
Sometimes, even timings may instead of waiting for municipal crew to collect. If the refuse
bins is left unguarded, the rag pickers or stray animals are likely to upset them and spill
garbage all over
In areas where residents are not to keep the garbage within their
premises/compounds till the garbage vehicle comes, the tend to throw their garbage on the
street. To control this kind of littering of roads, municipal bodies are required to provide
temporary waste dumping points where building people in the vicinity could deposit their
garbage at these waste collection points. Usually, such waste collection sites are on the
curbside at suitable points in the form of fixed or movable refuse bins or shed. In some areas
where waste generation is heavy, (e.g. market places), trailers or containers/skips are kept
instead of bins. some dumps get formed at open plots which are not developed, waste
collection in such areas is from dump to dump. These dumpsites are also used by municipal
sweepers to deposit the street sweepings collected in the area.
In cities, roads are swept manually. At present, there are single beats, double
beats and trio also. Here a single beat is a beat where a pre-determined area is swept by a
single sweeper and the sweepings are lifted by him. In a double beat, the pre-determined area
refuse container is located. The road sweepings are generally dry containing mainly, paper,
leaves, plastic (bags, plastic coated pouches of Gutkhaetc) and inert material. Some times,
night soil also is required to be lifted from the roadsides. The municipal sweepers also
attended litterbins on the footpaths/roads.
The basic principle of garbage handling is Handle Only Once (HOO). If this
principle is followed it helps to minimize the cost involved and gives maximum efficiency of
collection. In this system, garbage collection vehicle is parked where a platform of
appropriate height is provided. The platform has a staircase for climbing. The garbage
brought to the point is carried to the platform and is dumped in the standing vehicle. When
the vehicle is fully loaded, it is sent away for unloading and other empty vehicle is placed at
the place. This system is effective where there is a continuous inflow and generation of
garbage. As the garbage is directly loaded in the vehicle HOO is followed.
For loading, a refuse truck a labour force of 6 per vehicle is required in routine. However,
in case of relay system only two laborers are required to be posted on the relay platform,
thereby saving on the labor force is possible. In addition to the benefits of HOO the
system being more hygienic has proved to be popular in cities like Mumbai. As the
garbage goes directly to the vehicle body, the collection point remains clean and neat.
This system therefore has been accepted by the city people.
Some cities have introduced the skip loading where a vehicle have sling lifting
tackles and a sling type container. The sling lifting tackle is operated to take off the refuse bin
to and for from refuse vehicle for loading/emptying.
In recent times, wheeled refuse bins are in use where special hitching units lift
up the bin, empty and bring back to ground level. In this system manual handling of waste is
avoided.
India is a country where the religious functions are celebrated with love and
affection gaiety, pomp and show. It has great value of sentiments.
The packing material like paper, cardboard boxes also creates lot of problems
when mixed with general municipal waste. Hence, this recyclable material should be
separately collected. Which can be handed over to rag pickers.
Whichever is the refuse collection system in the city, it always need a proper
analysis of loading, unloading timings, travel time between refuse collection point to final
disposal site/transfer station, traffic situations, type of refuse vehicles etc. collection plan
where number of buildings or dumpsites are indicated on a daily collection programme sheet
which needs to be filled up by the driver or supervisors in change of waste collection. This
Traffic
3.6 Treatment and Disposal Methods Situation
The technical details of solid waste management and treatment alternatives are
studied and best method for treatment was chosen taking into consideration all the
Environmental parameters of the Sangli city. The study is limited to calculate basic data of
the solid waste such as generation rate, composition, recycling and segregation possibility
and costing for the treatment by simple and economical method.
However, to collect the basic data of solid waste generation rate, refuse
composition etc. study of whole Sangli city is carried out.
Disposal Methods :
Figure
No.3.7.1 Disposal Poclain
This plant is comparatively smaller than sewage treatment plant & also involves very few
operations. The solid waste of about 50 tonne per day generated from Pandharpur city is
processed here & the manure of about 15 tonne per day is prepared. The plant is spread over
5 acre area & the waste is generally Municipal solid waste collected from whole pandharpur
city.
i) Food Wastes:
The animal fruit or vegetable residues (also called garbage) resulting from the
handling preparation cooking and eating of foods. Because food wastes are pucerescible they
will decompose rapidly especially in warm water.
SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 28
ii) Rubbish :
Combustible and non-combustible solid wastes excluding food wastes or other
pucerescible materials. Typically combustible rubbish consist of material such as paper
cardboard, plastics textiles, rubbers, leathers wood and furniture. Non-combustible rubbish
consist of item such as glass, crockery, aluminium cans ferrous and nonferrous metals direct
and construction wastes.
Material remaining from the burning of wood coal, coke and other combustible
wastes.
v) Special Wastes:
Wasted such as street sweeping road-side litters catch basin debris, dead animals and
abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes.
The solid wastes and semisolid wasted from wastewater and industrial waste
treatment facilities are includes in this classification.
[i] Pre-segregation
[ii] Post-segregation
ii Post-segregation
The waste retained from presegregation machine is then manually taken for
postsegregation. Here it is refined by passing through IS16mm sieve. And after this it is send
to Rotary sieve.
As the next process is of grinding ,for efficient working of grinder the small metal
bodies are also removed here by using magnetic separator device.
The refined material obtained from post-segregation machine is carried into rotary seive with
the help of bucket elevator.Rotary sieve is nothing but a simple grinding device which
changes refined material into fined grained manure.
5HP 4SNU motor is used having speed of 1440rpm.
It is last unit from where the fined grained end product that is manure is
obtained.
Here the pieces of cloth discarded from pre-segregation process are compacted to
make use of them as combustible raw material in steam energy generation plant.
Sewage Flow
5.2.1 SCREENING :
2. Sewage admitted to STP & pumping stations should be effectively screened to protect
the machinery in the plant & to avoid difficulties in subsequent stages of treatment.
Type of Screenings :
1. Manually operated
2. Mechanically operated
The inorganic matter such as sand, broken crockery etc is removed in this process.
GRIT CHAMBER:
In grit chamber the sand is settled down by reducing the velocity of flow.
It collects sewage from grit chamber & provides it to aeration tank for further
treatment.
5.2.4 .Skimming:
The grease & fats from sewage water are removed in this process.
Objects:
5.2.6.Sludge digestion:
In todays practice of sewage treatment on large scale, the separate digestion tanks are
provided for the sludge to digest.
This tanks are made of R.C.C. and generally circular in plan with diagram 5 to 30 m,
depth 3 to 10m and have hopper bottom.
The cover may be fixed or floating, provided with gas meter, pressure relief valve etc.
SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 38
Following are the essential parts of a sludge digestion tank.
1. Enclosure
2. Floor
3. Gas dome
4. Heating arrangements
5. Inlet and outlet
6. Mixing device
7. Roof
8. Scam braking device.
5.2.7.Trickling filters:
Types:
1. As bleaching powder.
2. As chloramines.
3. As free chlorine gas
The overall sewage water from Pandharpur city is conveyed by means of gravity at pump
house & by pumping the same is carried to receiving chamber for further treatment.
This plant is owned by Government & the total functioning, maintenance& repair of
this plant is controlled by the local corporationbody.
SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 41
6.1 Receiving Chamber:
This is the first site where the water from the pumping house is collected by pumping.
The height is provided to receiving chamber just to carry out further conveyance by means of
gravity. Size of this chamber is 2.55 X 2.55 X 4.50 m
Receiving Chambers
6.2.1Screening
Sewage contains inorganic matter such as sand, broken crockery etc, which enter
sewers from storm washing, kitchen.
If grit is not removed, it created problem in sludge digestion as it combined with the
other organic matter in the sludge.
It also causes wear & tear of pumps.
Grit is removed in grit chamber.
6.2.3.Distribution Chamber
From here the sewage water is supplied to aeration tank. Here the arrangement is
made in such way that the active sludge returns back from the secondary settling tank,which
help to maintain the working even in the rainy season. As drying beds are of no use in the
monsoon.
In the normal sedimentation practice the Stakes law is used to calculate the setting
velocity of the particles.
In designing continues flow sedimentation basins, the following assumption are
normally made:
Sedimentation Tank
6.2.5.ActivatedSludge Process:
6.2.6. Chlorination:-
The dose of 0.5ppm to 0.7ppm is given to water obtained from secondary settling
tank. The demand of chlorine to be given depends upon its usage.i.e when the water is to be
released in river the dose is more while if the water is used for farming purpose the dose is
very less. This is because the water should not loose its biological compounds & hence the
fertility of land is prevented. The size of chlorinated tank is 52 .0X6.25 m.
Chlorine House
These beds are only for drying the sludge. Sand layer of about 10cm thickness is
spread in these beds ,above which the sludge obtained from secondary settling tank is
spread. 11 beds of size 16.7X10.65X1.0 m each are provided on this plant. The water
percolated through drying beds is again returned to aeration tank by pumping.
Drying Beds
Due to more population and civilization it is very important to have a good and well planned
sewage and solid waste utilization system. So as to protect the public health and also
maintained the balance of environment.
More attention is to be given over the various process of waste disposal which is very
critical part as far as todays generation rate of waste.
Both sewage and solid treatment plant need careful attention, proper thinking and well
planning so as to dispose the waste in efficient manner. It is very necessary for the public
health engineers to have a good knowledge and awareness of all aspects like waste water,
solid waste and pollution occurring because of these.
All the waste collected from any community should be disposed off only after giving
proper treatment so that it will not make any adverse effect directly or indirectly over the
environment.
Use of well equipped vehicles like dumper placers, compactors etc to assure quality as well
as to improve efficiency.
In this way, effluent of sewage plant should be disposed off into the river or stream
when it becomes harmless while in case of solid waste, it is necessary to make use of reuse
and recycle concept.
Hand Books:-
Solid Waste Management in the developing countries-
A.D.Bhide&B.B.Sudarshan.
Websites:-
1)www. Mde.State. Md. Us/. . /index. asp
2) www.openlibrary.org/b/014086285m
3) www. Wsipp.Wa. Gov/rptfiles/sewage/pdf
4) www.faqs.org/patents/app/20090324799