Introduction:

MassTransfer
andItsApplication

Lecturer:Engr.Dr.MohdIrfanHatimMohamedDzahir
Email:irfan@unimap.edu.my
Telephone:049798754/8838
 UnitOperations

Thenumberofindividualprocessesisgreat,eachonecanbe
brokendownintoaseriesofsteps,calledoperations.
Theseoperationsdealmainlywiththetransferandchangeof
energyandthetransferandchangeofmaterials,primarilyby
physicalmeansbutalsobyphysicalchemicalmeans.
Examples:Solidandfluidmustberemoved,drying,sizereduction,distillation,
andevaporation,absorptionwithorwithoutchemicalreaction,adsorption.
SEPARATIONPROCESSESisbeingusedasmodernnomenclatureto
reflectunitoperations.
Unitoperationsareabranchofengineeringbasedonbothscience
andexperience.
Theoryandpracticemustcombinetoyielddesignsforequipment
thatcanbefabricated,assembled,operated,andmaintained.

ClassificationofSeparationProcess
1. Evaporation
Referstoevaporationofavolatilesolventsuchaswaterfromanonvolatilesolute
suchassaltoranyothermaterialinsolution.
2. Drying
Volatileliquids,usuallywater,areremovedfromsolidmaterials.
3. Distillation
Anoperationwherebycomponentsofaliquidmixtureareseparatedbyboiling
becauseoftheirdifferencesinvapourpressure.
4. Absorption
Acomponentisremovedfromagasstreambytreatmentwithaliquid.
5.Membraneseparation
Involvestheseparationofasolutefromafluidbydiffusionofthissolutefrom
liquidorgasthroughasemipermeablemembranebarriertootherfluid.
6.Liquidliquidextraction
Asoluteonaliquidsolutionisremovedbycontactingwithanotherliquidsolvent
thatisrelativelyimmisciblewiththesolution.
ClassificationofSeparationProcess
7.Adsorption
Acomponentofagasorliquidstreamisremovedandadsorbedbyasolid
absorbent.
8.Ionexchange
Certainionsinsolutionareremovedfromaliquidbyanionexchangedsolid.
9.Liquidsolidleaching
Thisinvolvestreatingafinelydividedsolidwithaliquidthatdissolvesoutand
removesasolutecontainedinthesolid.
10.Crystallization
Concernstheremovalofasolutesuchassaltfromasolutionbyprecipitating
thesolutefromthesolution.
11.Mechanicalphysicalseparation
Involveseparationofsolids,liquids,orgasesbymechanicalmeans,suchas
filtration,settling,centrifugation,andsizereduction.
 GasAbsorber

Majorapplication:
RemovalofCO2andH2Sfromnaturalgasorsynthesisgasbyabsorptionin
solutionsofaminesoralkalinesalts.
 DistillationOperations

McCabeThielemethod:Asimplifiedgraphicalprocedureforcalculatingthenumberof
plates.
 EVAPORATION
Aprocessinwhichwaterisremoved
fromanaqueoussolution.
Inevaporationthevaporfromboiling
liquidsolutionisremovedandamore
concentratedsolutionremains.
Theconcentratedsolutionisthedesired
productandtheevaporatedwateris
normallydiscarded.

Applications:
1. Productionofsweetened
condensedmilk.
2. Productionofdrinkingwaterby
seawaterevaporation.
3. Crystallizationbyconcentratinga
solutionuponcooling.
HumidificationOperations
CoolingTowers
Itisappliedtoasystemairwater.
Coolingtowersareusetolowerthe
temperatureofrecirculatedwaterused
forcondensersandheatexchangesin
chemicalplants,powerplantsandair
conditioningunits.
Ithaslargediametercolumnswith
specialpackingtoprovidegoodgasliquid
contactwithlowpressuredrop.
Processofproducingcommonsalt
Transportationofsolidstoliquids
Transferofheat
Evaporation
Crystallization
Drying
Screening

*Nochemicalreactionappearsinthesesteps.

 PetroleumCracking
Transportationofsolidsandfluids
Distillation
Variousmechanicalseparations