Torsion of Shafts

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Torsion of Shafts

Torsion of solid and hollow shafts - Polar Moment of Inertia of an Area

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Shear Stress in the Shaft

When a shaft is subjected to a torque or twisting a shearing stress is produced in the shaft. The shear stress varies from zero in the axis to a maximum at the outside surface
of the shaft.

The shear stress in a solid circular shaft in a given position can be expressed as:

= T r / J (1)

where

= shear stress (MPa, psi)

T = twisting moment (Nmm, in lb)

r = distance from center to stressed surface in the given position (mm, in)

4 4
J = Polar Moment of Inertia of an Area (mm , in )

Note

the "Polar Moment of Inertia of an Area" is a measure of a beam's ability to resist torsion. The"Polar Moment of Inertia" is defined with respect to an axis
perpendicular to the area considered. It is analogous to the "Area Moment of Inertia" - which characterizes a beam's ability to resist bending - required to predict
deflection and stress in a beam.

"Polar Moment of Inertia of an Area" is also called "Polar Moment of Inertia", "Second Moment of Area", "Area Moment of Inertia", "Polar Moment of Area" or "Second Area
Moment".

Circular Shaft and Maximum Moment or Torque

Maximum moment in a circular shaft can be expressed as:

Tmax = max J / R (2)

where

Tmax = maximum twisting moment (Nmm, in lb)

max = maximum shear stress (MPa, psi)

R = radius of shaft (mm, in)

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Torsion of Shafts

Combining (2) and (3) for a solid shaft

3
T max = ( / 16) max D (2b)

Combining (2) and (3b) for a hollow shaft

4 4
T max = ( / 16) max (D - d ) / D (2c)

Circular Shaft and Polar Moment of Inertia

Polar Moment of Inertia of a circular solid shaft can be expressed as

4
J=R /2

4
= (D / 2) / 2

4
= D / 32 (3)

where

D = shaft outside diameter (mm, in)

Polar Moment of Inertiaof a circular hollow shaft can be expressed as

4 4
J = (D - d ) / 32 (3b)

where

d = shaft inside diameter (mm, in)

Diameter of a Solid Shaft

Diameter of a solid shaft can calculated by the formula

1/3
D = 1.72 (Tmax / max) (4)

Torsional Deflection of Shaft

The angular deflection of a torsion shaft can be expressed as

= L T / (J G) (5)

where

= angular shaft deflection (radians )

L = length of shaft (mm, in)

G =modulus of rigidity(Mpa, psi)

The angular deflection of a torsion solid shaft can be expressed as

4
= 32 L T / (G D ) (5a)

The angular deflection of a torsion hollow shaft can be expressed as

4 4
= 32 L T / (G (D - d )) (5b)

The angle in degrees can be achieved by multiplying the angle in radians with 180 /

Solid shaft ( replaced)

4
degrees 584 L T / (G D ) (6a)

Hollow shaft (replaced)

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Torsion of Shafts

4 4
degrees584L T / (G (D - d ) (6b)

Torsion Resisting Moments of Shafts of Various Cross Sections

Maximum Torsional
Resisting Moment
Shaft Cross Section Area Nomenclature
- Tmax -
(Nm, in lb)

Solid Cylinder Shaft 3

( / 16) max D

Hollow Cylinder Shaft 4 4

( / 16) max (D - d ) / D

h = "height" of shaft
Ellipse Shaft 2 b = "width" of shaft
( / 16) max b h
h>b

Rectangle Shaft 2 h>b

(2 / 9) max b h

Square Shaft 3
(2 / 9) max b

Triangle Shaft 3 b = length of triangle side

(1 / 20) max b

Hexagon Shaft 3 b = length of hexagon side

1.09 max b

Example - Shear Stress and Angular Deflection in a Solid Cylinder

9
A moment of 1000 Nm is acting on a solid cylinder shaft with diameter 50 mm and length 1 m. The shaft is made in steel with modulus of rigidity 79 GPa (79 10 Pa).

Maximum shear stress can be calculated as

max = T r / J

4
= T (D / 2) / ( D / 32)

4
= (1000 Nm) ((0.05 m) / 2) / ( (0.05 m) / 32)

= 40.8 MPa

The angular deflection of the shaft can be calculated as

= L T / (J G)

4
= L T / ( ( D / 32) G)

4 9
= (1 m) (1000 Nm) / ( ( (0.05 m) / 32) (79 10 Pa))

= 0.021 (radians)

o
= 1.2

Example - Shear Stress and Angular Deflection in a Hollow Cylinder

A moment of 1000 Nm is acting on a hollow cylinder shaft with outer diameter 50 mm, inner diameter 30 mm and length 1 m. The shaft is made in steel with modulus of
9
rigidity 79 GPa (79 10 Pa).

Maximum shear stress can be calculated as

max= T r / J

4 4
= T (D / 2) / ( (D - d ) / 32)

4 4
= (1000 Nm) ((0.05 m) / 2) / ( ((0.05 m) - (0.03 m) ) / 32)

= 46.8 MPa

The angular deflection of the shaft can be calculated as

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Torsion of Shafts

= L T / (J G)

4
= L T / (( D / 32) G)

4 4 9
= (1 m) (1000 Nm) / ( (((0.05 m) - (0.03 m) ) / 32) (79 10 Pa))

= 0.023 (radians)

o
= 1.4

Polar Moment of Inertia vs. Area Moment of Inertia

"Polar Moment of Inertia" - a measure of a beam's ability to resist torsion - which is required to calculate the twist of a beam subjected to torque
"Area Moment of Inertia" - a property of shape that is used to predict deflection, bending and stress in beams

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Related Topics

Mechanics
- Forces, acceleration, displacement, vectors, motion, momentum, energy of objects and more

Statics
- Loads - force and torque, beams and columns

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Related Documents

Rotating Shafts and their Moments

- Torsional moments acting on rotating shafts

Modulus of Rigidity
- Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing or torsion force

Tag Search

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de: Torsion festen hohlen kreisfrmigen Wellen Scherspannung polare Moment

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