Disaster Advances
10 (8) August (2017)
Morphometric Investigation of Morna River Basin,
Maharashtra, India using Geospatial Techniques
Chougale Sujit S. and Sapkale Jagdish B.*
Department of Geography, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, INDIA
*sapkalejagdish@gmail.com
Abstract
Nowadays river systems consisting with uneven
number of natural resources face different problems
with a large population pressure and climate change.
To overcome such problems, the river basins must
monitor properly using advanced technologies. In the
present research work, an effort verifying the detailed
morphometric characteristics of Morna river is
undertaken which itself is a part of Warna basin of
Maharashtra. A morphometric analysis of Morna river
proceeds using geospatial techniques. The purpose of
assimilation of morphological features and analyzing
properties of basins can be done by using GIS and
image processing techniques. Linear and areal aspects
of morphometric parameters can be evaluated using
GIS. The present task copes mainly with morphometric
parameters such as stream order, stream length,
bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency,
texture ratio, elongation ratio, circularity ratio and
form factor ratio etc. For the preparation of DEM,
Cartosat data can be used; whereas for the evaluation
of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphometric
parameters GIS technique can be taken into
consideration.
The Morna river basin is estimated to have an area of
172.2 km2. The study area was concerned with 1st to 6th
stream orders. There are altogether 449 streams with
a total stream length of 395.25km. Present research
work is useful to understand the topography, erosional
status and drainage pattern of the area and also for
constructing a comprehensive watershed development
plan. This study plays an important role in planning
rainwater harvesting and watershed management also.
Keywords: Morna river, Morphometric analysis, GIS and
Remote sensing, Geomorphology.
Introduction
Currently, most of the regions in our country are facing
problems of food and water. Watershed management and
sustainable development of the river basins are the priorities
in the present time. In view of this, a morphometric analysis
will help to regulate and understand the hydrological
characteristics of river basin and their results will be a
necessary input for an absolute water resource management
and plan. The main purpose of the morphometric study of
the drainage basin is to gather skilled data onto assessable
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Vol.
features of stream network. A major emphasis on
geomorphology over the past several decades has been on
the development of quantitative physiographic methods to
describe the evolution and behavior of surface drainage
networks.1,11,12,17
For perceiving the knowledge of hydrology, mainly the
morphological characteristics such as stream order, drainage
density, channel slope, relief, a length of overland flow,
stream frequency and other morphological aspects of the
river basin are vital. Morphometry corresponds to the
topographical appearance of land by manner of an area,
slope, shape, length etc. These parameters influence
catchment stream flow pattern through their influence on
concentration time. Chorley et al4,5 invented models in
geomorphology with spatial analysis. Initiation work on
basin morphometry has been successfully done by
Horton11,12, Miller20, Smith36 and Strahler.37-39
Besides this, river channels, being the container of the
moving water and also the product of the movement of the
same, become the most dynamic component of a river basin.
Basin parameters also interact with the hydraulic geometry
of river.25-29 On morphometric analysis of river basins,
parallel work has been functioning throughout the world by
the different researchers using various methods. For
acquiring the reliable and accurate result, most of them have
used GIS and Remote sensing techniques for the calculation
of morphometric parameters.
GIS has been used as a powerful tool for resolving,
explanation and examination of spatial information that is
associated with river basin. The rapidly emerging spatial
information technology e.g. Remote sensing, GIS and GPS
are helpful techniques to handle most of the catastrophic
events on the earth surface. In view of this, morphometric
analysis can be carried out through estimation of different
aspects such as linear, aerial, relief, channel network and
slope of the basin.
Together for landscaping and for creating the elevation
model to make use of digital elevation data, digital elevation
model (DEM) was used. Initiating the hydrological element
of the basin like flow direction, flow accumulation, stream
network and other layers that were leading the morphometric
analysis, DEM file was used.
Study area: The Morna river basin extends between 160 54
8 to 170 5 58 north latitudes and 740 1 24 to 740 10 37
east longitudes with adopting an area of 172.2 Km2 with the
reference of Survey of India (SOI) toposheets 41-L1 and 47-
 Disaster Advances
K4 (1980) on 1:50000 scales. The Morna river and Kadvi
river are major tributaries of Warna river25. Basin area of
Morna covers nearby 30 villages of Shirala tehsil of Sangli
district in Maharashtra, India (Fig.1). It originated near
Western Ghat at the height of 820 mt near Dhamavade
village. The study area is located on Deccan trap and
composed with basaltic hard rock40,42. Morna basin region is
entirely enclosed with undulating areas. Heavy rainfall is
one of the key characteristic of this basin.
Fig. 1: Location map
Methodology
A couple of SOI toposheets 41-L1 and 47-K4 (1980) on
1:50000 scales were used for the purpose of geo-referencing
and base map preparation (Fig. 2). Geometrically rectified
SOI toposheets and geo-referenced to world space
coordinate system using Erdas Imagine 9.1 and with the help
of Arc GIS 9.3, digitization work has been carried out for the
analysis of basin morphometry. The order was allotted to
each stream followed by Strahler stream ordering technique.
Various drainage parameters were analyzed namely ordering
of various stream and measurements of area of basin,
perimeter of basin, length of drainage channels, drainage
density (Dd), drainage frequency, bifurcation ratio (Rb),
texture ratio (T) and circulatory ratio (Rc), Stream frequency
(Fs), Elongation ratio (Re), form factor (Rf), total basin relief
(Rr) and relief ratio (Rh) of the Morna river basin were
computed.6-15,18- 24,30,41,43
As per the law of Horton11, the drainage network of the basin
was analyzed. The detailed results have been shown in table
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Vol. 10 (8) August (2017)
1 and 3. The determination of different morphometric
parameters was carried out.
Results and Discussion
Stream order: The first step of quantitative analysis of the
watershed includes stream ordering. Horton11 proposed the
stream ordering system for the first time, but later in 1952
Strahler has made some modification in ordering system and
promoted it31,37-39. In present work, authors have adopted the
same system of stream ordering proposed by Strahler. It is
seen that first stream order has the maximum frequency. It is
also highlighted that stream frequency is inversely
proportional to stream order which means that stream
frequency decreases with increase in stream order. There are
449 streams linked with 1st to 6th order of stream extended
over an area of 172.2 Km2 (Table 1).
Stream Number (Nu): The number of stream segments in
particular order is estimated separately and is called as
stream number of that respective order. Horton11 states that
the number of stream segments of each order form an inverse
geometric sequence with order number as mentioned in table
122. Nu is the number of particular stream order. Generally,
stream numbers are decreasing with increasing stream orders
(Fig. 3). High value of first order streams indicates that there
is possibility of sudden flash flood after heavy rainfall in the
downstream3. By taking the help of GIS software, the
measurement of various stream lengths of segments is taken.
449 streams are recognized in Morna river basin out of
which 74.86% (336 streams) is of 1st order, 18.49% (83
streams) from 2nd order, 4.68% (21 streams), 1.34% (6
streams) is of 4th order, 0.44% (2 streams) to 5th order and
0.22% (1 stream) is of 6th order.
Stream length: The total length of the stream in each order
is referred to as stream length of that order.11,12 The total
stream length of Morna river basin has various orders
computed with the help of SOI toposheets and Arc GIS
software. Usually the total length of stream segments is
maximum for the first order stream and decreased as the
stream order increased19. Stream length is indicative of
chronological development of the stream segments
including some tectonic disturbances10. Total stream length
of Morna river is shown in table 1. The result reveals that 1st
order streams are shorter in length and are found in upstream
area.
Mean stream length: Mean stream length is a dimensional
property revealing the characteristic size of components of a
drainage network and its contributing watershed surface37-39.
The mean stream length has been estimated by dividing the
total stream length of given order by number of stream
order19. It has been observed that 0.67 to 9.79 are the
variations in mean stream length values. The mean stream
length of stream increases with the increase in the stream
order. With respect to different basins, the mean stream
length values change as it is directly proportional to the size
and topography of the basin.
Disaster Advances Vol. 10 (8) August (2017)

Fig. 2: (a) Morna river basin, (b) DEM, (c) Contour map,
(d) Slope map and (e) Flow direction of Morna river basin

Table 1
Morphometric analysis of Morna River
Stream Number of Bifurcation Total length of Mean stream Stream Log Log
order streams ratio streams (Km) length (Km) Length ratio Nu Lu
1 336 4.05 225.99 0.67 1.69 2.5 2.4
2 83 3.95 93.84 1.13 1.69 1.9 2
3 21 3.5 40.2 1.91 1.76 1.3 1.6
4 6 3 20.2 3.37 0.78 0.8 1.3
5 2 2 5.23 2.62 3.74 0.3 0.7
6 1 9.79 9.79 1
Total 449 395.25

Stream order versus log of stream number, Morna River

3
Log of stream number

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Stream Order

Fig. 3: Stream order versus log of stream number, Morna river

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 Disaster Advances
Stream order versus log of stream length, Morna River
Log of Stream length 2.5
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2
Fig. 4: Stream order versus log of stream length, Morna river
Stream length ratio: The stream length ratio can be defined
as the ratio of the mean stream length of a given order to the
mean stream length of next lower order and having
important relationship with surface flow, discharge and
erosion stage of the basin11. Change in stream length ratio
from one order to another order is indicating the late youth
stage of geomorphic development35. The amount of stream
length ratio varies unevenly from 1.69 to 3.74 due to the
change in mean stream length of Morna river basin.
Bifurcation Ratio: The term bifurcation ratio is used to
express the ratio of the number of streams of any given order
to the number of streams in the next higher order32-34. It is
observed that the bifurcation ratio is not same from one order
to its next order. These irregularities are dependent upon the
geological and lithological development of the drainage
basin and the processes operating in the basin39. Generally
higher bifurcation values have shown with strong structural
control on the drainage pattern and lower bifurcation ratio
indicate that drainage pattern is not disturbed by structural
disturbance. The average bifurcation ratio of Morna river
watershed is 3.3 (Table 1).
Basin Area: As like other morphometric parameters, basin
area of Morna river is also an important parameter. An
impressive relation was set up between the total Morna river
basin areas and the total stream length. The contributing area
of the basin is 172.2 km2. Basin area is supposed to be the
direct outcome of drainage development in a particular
basin. As shape of the basin affects the stream discharge
characteristics, the shape is significant38.
Length of basin: Schumm32 defined the basin length as the
greatest dimension of the basin similar to the chief drainage
line. With reference to Schumm32-35, the length of Morna
river basin seems to be 23.55 km. The shape of the basin is
resolved by the length of basin. Elongated basin is
characteristic of high basin length.
Vol. 10 (8) August (2017)
Series1
3 4 5 6
Stream Order
Relief Ratio: The relief ratio may be specified as the ratio
between total relief of a basin and the longest dimension of
basin parallel to main drainage line. The chance of a close
association between relief ratio and hydrological
characteristic of a basin was suggested by Schumm32-35 who
found that sediments loose per unit area is closely correlated
with relief ratio. In the basin of Morna river the value of
relief ratio is 0.0146 (Table 3). Morna river basin is having
moderate relief and moderate slope. Relief ratio normally
increases with decreasing drainage area and size of a given
drainage basin.
Gradient of total basin: Concept of relief is introduced by
the third dimension. There is a possibility of perusing the
average vertical fall by estimating the vertical fall from the
head of each stream segment to the point where it joins the
higher order stream and dividing the total by the number of
streams of particular order32-35. The average gradient is
obtained when it is plotted against the average stream length
of the order.
Figure 5 shows long profile of the Morna river basin. The
long profile of Morna river basin demonstrates that the lower
order streams are steeper than those of the higher order
streams.
Drainage density: Drainage density reflects its signs of the
relationship between basin aspects and the
geomorphological processes of the basin. Drainage density
means the length of stream per unit of the watershed. Factors
affiliated to density are climate, type of rocks, infiltration
capacity, vegetation cover and drainage density have no
important correlation with surface roughness.2,3,8,18 High
drainage density gives rise to weak or impervious sub
surface material, thin vegetation and mountainous relief,
course drainage texture is resultant of low drainage where as
high drainage motivates to fine drainage texture.
Drainage density is defined as the total stream length in a
given basin to the total area of the basin12. A low drainage
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 Disaster Advances Vol. 10 (8) August (2017)

density denotes permeable sub surface strata and course
drainage is a feature which usually measures value less than
5.0. Drainage density24 is the ratio of total channel segment
length cumulated for all order within a basin to the basin area
that is expressed in terms of Km/Km2. To study the analysis
of landform, the drainage density is a significant quantitative
expression. Although there are many functions which are
used as an indirect indicative to explain, those variables as
well as the morphogenesis of landform are climate,
lithology, structures and relief history of a region. Authors
have estimated the drainage density of Morna river basin as
2.79 km / km2 by using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS- 10.
The drainage density of the basin shows the moderate
drainage density.

Table 2
Long Profile
Stream order Fall (m) Length (Km) Total fall (m) Total fall (Km) Total Length (Km)
1 13149 225.99 16029 16.029 395.25
2 2106 93.84 2880 2.88 169.26
3 528 40.2 774 0.774 75.42
4 210 20.2 246 0.246 35.22
5 12 5.23 36 0.036 15.02
6 24 9.79 24 0.024 9.79

Fig. 5: Long Profile of Morna river basin

Table 3
Morphometric analysis of Morna river Basin
S.N. Drainage Basin Parameter Formula Result
1 Basin Area (Km)32 A 172.2 Km
2 Perimeter (Km) 32 P 70.97 Km
3 Basin Order39 Hierarchical Rank 1 to 6
4 Drainage density (Km)12 Dd = Lu/A 2.3
5 Stream frequency (Km)12 Fs = Nu/A 2.61
6 Relief ratio (Rh)32 Rh = H/Lb 0.0146
7 Texture ratio (Rt)32 Rt = N1/P 4.73
8 Basin length (Lb)32 GIS Software Analysis 23.55 Km
9 Total basin relief (H)37 H = Z-z 346 mt
10 Ruggedness number (Rn)32 Rn = Dd * (H/1000) 0.8
11 Mean Bifurcation ratio (Rb)39 Rbm 3.3
12 Form factor (Rf)12 Rf = A/Lb 0.31
13 Circulation ratio (Rc)20 Rc = 4*(A/P) 0.429
14 Elongation ratio (Re)32 Re = 2/Lb*(A/Pi)0.5 0.63
15 Length of overland flow (Lg) (Km)11 Lg = A/2*Lu 0.22
16 Constant channel maintenance (Km)11 C = A/L 0.44
17 Drainage texture (Dt)11 Dt = Nu / P 6.33
18 Height of highest point of the river basin (Z) H max 896 Mt
19 Height of lowest point of the river basin (z) H min 550 Mt

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 Disaster Advances
Stream frequency: Lithological characteristics have a
direct relationship with the stream frequency. The number of
stream segments per unit area is termed Stream Frequency12.
High stream frequency occurs in the regions of impermeable
subsoil and steep gradients. When the stream frequency is
higher, faster is the surface run off and hence needs less time
for infiltration. Moderate stream frequency found in Morna
river basin is 2.61 km2. The rate of stream frequency (Fs) for
the basin shows positive association with the drainage
density value of the area which points the increase in stream
numbers with respect to increase in density. Indication of
larger run off from a basin is carried out by high drainage
density7.
Drainage texture: According to Horton11, drainage texture
is defined as the total number of stream segments of all order
in a basin per perimeter of the basin. Dependence of drainage
texture is on penetration capacity and relief aspect of the
landscape. Classification of drainage texture into 5 different
types is done by Smith36, they are very coarse (smaller than
2), coarse (2 to 4), moderate (4 to 6), fine (6 to 8) and very
fine (greater than 8)36. The drainage texture of the Morna
river basin is 6.33 which is found as fine drainage texture.
As per Smiths law36, the drainage texture relies on natural
factors such as climate, rainfall, vegetation, rock and soil
type, infiltration capacity, relief and stage of development13.
Form factor: The form factor indicates outlines of a
drainage basin that is capable of being grasped and alters
stream discharge behaviour. A form factor nearer to zero and
other closer to 1 represents highly elongated shape and
circular shape respectively. According to Horton12, form
factor is defined as the ratio of the basin area and square of
the basin length. It is observed that long narrow basins
have larger lengths and due to these, smaller form factors
occur. Intermediate form factor, which is closer to 1 is
characteristics of circular basin. The Morna basin having
0.31 form factor showing lesser value of form factor and thus
indicates elongated shape.
Circulatory ratio: Shape estimated based on stream flow in
the sub basin is probably called as circulatory ratio. As per
law of Miller20, circulatory ratio is the ratio of the area of a
basin to the area of a circle possessing the same
circumference as the perimeter of the basin. The low values
of circulatory ratio indicate basins youth stage, the medium
value indicates its mature stage and high value represents its
old stages of life cycle. Morna river having the circulatory
ratio of 0.43 shows its mature stage of development.
Circulatory ratio has an impact of length and frequency of
streams, physical structures, climate, relief and slope of the
basin.
Elongation ratio: As given by Schum32, elongation ratio is
illustrated as the ratio of diameter of a circle having same
area as of the basin and maximum basin length. The value
0.6 to 1.0 is the actual range of elongation ratio values for
almost basins31-34. The regions of high relief vary its
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Vol. 10 (8) August (2017)
elongation ratio from 0.6 to 0.8. Very low relief with circular
shape has value of elongation ratio close to 1.0. Shapes of
basin are based on elongation ratio; smaller than 0.7 it is
elongated, 0.8 to 0.7 it is less elongated, 0.9 to 0.8 it is oval
shaped and greater than 0.9 it is circular shape. Singh and
Singh35 in 1997 concluded that more efficiency in terms of
runoff discharge is of circular basin than of elongated basin.
The elongation ratio of Morna basin is 0.63.
Conclusion
Current research has proved that geo-spatial techniques like
GIS and Remote sensing are very efficient techniques for
analysis and evolution of morphometric parameters of river
basin. Morna river basin is having a mature drainage pattern
with 1st to 6th stream orders. 1st stream order is mostly
covered with basin area as well as stream length. It means
that present basin is covered with complex geological
structure. Basin indicates variations in topography of
watershed. Morna basin is an elongated basin with a ratio of
0.63, which represents that basin is less elongated. The
drainage texture of the Morna river basin is 6.33 which was
found to have fine drainage texture. Low drainage density is
found in Morna river basin, it is 2.3km2.
Morna river is seasonal river. In rainy season, this river is in
spate due to heavy rainfall. But because of high slope, less
water availability in upper river area is seen. Terrain
parameters of basin such as rock structure, runoff,
infiltration, slope, geological structure etc. are studied with
GIS. Satellite data was also used for better understating of
landform and their processes. Both processes are helpful for
water management planning, natural resource management,
plantation and understanding physiography of basin.
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Technology, 7(11), 1871-1881 (2014).
(Received 20th June 2017, accepted 21st July 2017)