Social Science An Introduction To The Study of Society

Instructors Manual and Test Bank
for
Hunt and Colander
Social Science
An Introduction to the Study of Society
Fourteenth Edition
prepared by
Mathew Austin
Megan Murphy
Allyn & Bacon

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An Introduction to the Study of Society, Fourteenth Edition, by Elgin F. Hunt and David C.
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CONTENTS
Instructors Manual
Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods ..................................................................................1

Chapter 2 Human Origins............................................................................................................3
Chapter 3 Origins of Western Society.........................................................................................5
Chapter 4 Society, Culture, and Cultural Change .......................................................................7
Chapter 5 Geography, Demography, Ecology, and Society........................................................9
Chapter 6 Technology and Society............................................................................................10
Chapter 7 Psychology, Society, and Culture .............................................................................12
Chapter 8 The Family ................................................................................................................14
Chapter 9 Religion.....................................................................................................................16
Chapter 10 Education ..................................................................................................................18
Chapter 11 Social and Economic Stratification...........................................................................20
Chapter 12 Stratification, Minorities, and Discrimination ..........................................................22
Chapter 13 The Functions and Forms of Government ................................................................24
Chapter 14 Governments of the World........................................................................................26
Chapter 15 Democratic Government in the United States ..........................................................27
Chapter 16 The Organization of Economic Activities ................................................................29
Chapter 17 The Economy, Government, and Economic Challenges
Facing the United States ...........................................................................................31
Chapter 18 International Political Relations................................................................................33
Chapter 19 International Economic Relations.............................................................................34
Chapter 20 The Political Economies of Developing Countries...................................................36
Chapter 21 International Institutions and the Search for Peace...................................................38
Test Bank
Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods ................................................................................40

Chapter 2 Human Origins..........................................................................................................49
Chapter 3 Origins of Western Society.......................................................................................58
Chapter 4 Society, Culture, and Cultural Change .....................................................................67
Chapter 5 Geography, Demography, Ecology, and Society......................................................76
Chapter 6 Technology and Society............................................................................................85
Chapter 7 Psychology, Society, and Culture .............................................................................94
Chapter 8 The Family ..............................................................................................................104
Chapter 9 Religion...................................................................................................................113
Chapter 10 Education ................................................................................................................123
Chapter 11 Social and Economic Stratification.........................................................................133
Chapter 12 Stratification, Minorities, and Discrimination ........................................................142
Chapter 13 The Functions and Forms of Government ..............................................................151
Chapter 14 Governments of the World......................................................................................161
Chapter 15 Democratic Government in the United States ........................................................171
Chapter 16 The Organization of Economic Activities ..............................................................181
Facing the United States .........................................................................................191
Chapter 18 International Political Relations..............................................................................201
Chapter 19 International Economic Relations...........................................................................211
Chapter 20 The Political Economies of Developing Countries.................................................221
Chapter 21 International Institutions and the Search for Peace.................................................230
To The Instructor
This Instructors Manual and Test Bank is designed to assist you in teaching the material
contained in Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society, Fourteenth Edition, by Elgin
F. Hunt and David C. Colander, and to help you evaluate your students understanding of that
material. This manual consists of twenty-one chapters, each corresponding to a chapter in the
text. Each chapter contains (1) chapter outline, and (2) learning objectives, as well as a separate
section of test questions including multiple choice, true/false, and essay formats.
Instructors Manual for Hunt and Colanders Social Science, 14/e
Chapter 1
Social Science and Its Methods
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
A. Social Science
B. Social Science Versus the Soaps
C. Scientific Knowledge, Natural Science, Humanities
2. Social Science
A. The Evolving Social Sciences
B. Unified Social Systems Theory Derived
C. The History of Knowledge
D. Social Science as a System of Rules
E. Social Sciences
1. Anthropology
2. Sociology
3. Geography
4. History
5. Economics
6. Political Science
7. Psychology
F. The Scientific Method and Its Application
1. Conditions Favorable to Scientific Inquiry
2. Nature of the Scientific Method
3. The Experimental Method and Its Limitations
4. The Saga of Hans, the Thinking Horse
G. Methodology and the Social Sciences
3. The Methods of Social Science

A. Research Process
1. Observe
2. Define the Problem
3. Review the Literature
4. Observe Some More
5. Develop a Theoretical Framework and Formulate a Hypothesis
6. Choose the Research Design
7. Collect the Necessary Data
8. Analyze the Results
9. Draw Conclusions
B. Social Science Approaches to Problems
1. Alternative Approaches
a. Functionalist Theory
b. Exchange Theory
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1
Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods
c. Conflict Theory
d. Symbolic Interaction Theory
2. Alternative Methods
a. Historical
b. Case Method
c. Comparative and Cross-Cultural
C. Common Sense in the Social Sciences
D. The Use of Statistics
E. The Interdisciplinary Approach
4. Social Science and Society

A. Agreeing on Policy
B. Values, Terminology, and Rhetoric
5. Conclusion
Appendix
1. Historical Roots of Social Science

A. The Enlightenment
B. From Philosophy to Social Science
Learning Objectives
The student should be able to:
1. Define social science and explain why it is important.
2. List the various social sciences.
3. State the nine steps that make up the scientific method.
4. Discuss some reasonable approaches to problems in social science.
5. Differentiate the historical method from the case method and the comparative
method.
6. Distinguish educated common sense from common sense.
7. Explain why a good scientist is always open to new ways of looking at issues.

2
Chapter 2
Human Origins
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. The Origin of the Human Species

A. Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
1. Natural Selection
2. Mutation
3. Theories, Proofs, and the Darwinian Story
4. Limitations of Natural Selection
B. Recent Developments in Genetics
C. Some Implications of Recent Developments
1. Should the Species Be Regrouped?
D. Sociobiology
E. Punctuated Equilibrium Versus Gradual Change
3. The Evolution of Human Beings

A. Science, Faith and Controversy
B. Predecessors of Modern Humans
1. From Apelike Creature to Hominid
2. The Search for Eve
3. Remaining Gaps
4. From Hominids to Homo Sapiens
5. Neanderthals
6. Cro-Magnons
7. Is the Human Species Unique?
4. Conclusion
Learning Objectives
1. Summarize Darwins theory of evolution.
2. Explain the role of mutation in the theory of evolution.
3. Relate DNA to genes and genetic engineering.

3
Chapter 2 Human Origins
4. Distinguish between the theory of punctuated equilibrium and the theory of continuous
equilibrium.
5. Summarize briefly the evolution of human beings over the last 30 million years.

4
Chapter 3
Origins of Western Society
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. From the Stone Age to the Agricultural Age
3. Early Civilizations
A. The Cradle of Modern Civilization: Mesopotamia and Egypt
B. Development of the Greek Civilization
C. The Persian Empire
1. Greek Civilization in the Persian Empire
D. Roman Civilization
4. The Middle Ages

A. Origins of Pakistani Society
B. Is a Modern Plague Possible?
5. The Renaissance
A. Marco Polos Travels
6. The Development of Modern Economic and Political Institutions

A. From Serfdom to Mercantilism
1. Ripple from the Third Crusade
B. The Emergence of Nation-States
C. The Industrial and Political Revolutions of the 1750s to the 1850s
7. Conclusion
Learning Objectives
1. Explain why the domestication of animals and control of land were central developments that
created society as we know it today.
2. Trace the development of modern civilization from Mesopotamia and Egypt to today.
3. Explain the Greek and Roman origins of modern civilization.
4. Distinguish three periods of the Middle Ages.

IM -5
Chapter 3 Origins of Western Society
5. Explain the importance of the Renaissance to modern civilization.
6. Define the Age of Revolutions.

IM -6
Chapter 4
Society, Culture, and Cultural Change
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. Culture and Multiculturalism

A. Multiculturalism
B. The Shared Beliefs of Culture
3. Culture and the Nature of Society

A. The Cradle of Modern Civilization: Mesopotamia and Egypt
B. The Elements of Culture
1. Social Norms: Conventions, Mores, and Laws
2. Social Institutions
3. Material Products
4. Language
5. Social Values
4. Cultural Integration
5. Culture, Society and Social Change

A. Popular Theories of Social Change
B. Factors Causing Cultural Change
1. Technological Development
2. Cultural Diffusion
3. Ideas and Ideologies
4. Collective Action
5. Geography and Climate
C. Language and Cultural Change
D. Factors Stabilizing Culture
1. Stability of Social Norms
2. Habit
3. Value Attachment
E. Social Change Versus Social Stability
6. Social Change and Social Problems

A. Cultural Lag and Social Problems
B. Limitations of Cultural Lag Theory
7. Contrasts Among Cultures

A. The Interactions of Humans and Society
B. Cultural Relativism
C. Approach to the Study of Society

7
Chapter 4 Society, Culture, and Cultural Change
Learning Objectives
1. Explain why culture is necessary to hold society together.
2. List some important elements of culture.
3. Summarize briefly three popular theories of cultural change.
4. List five factors that cause culture to change.
5. List three factors stabilizing culture.
6. Discuss the cultural lag theory and its limitations.
7. Explain the doctrine of cultural relativism.

8

Chapter 5
Geography, Demography, Ecology, and Society
Chapter Outline
1. Geography
A. Do You Understand Space?
2. Demography
A. Population Estimates
B. Determinants of Population Growth
C. The Growth of Population Over Time
1. Why Population has Grown Rapidly Since the 1800s
2. Unequal Population Growth Since the Late 1800s
3. Population Growth in the Future
D. The Problem of Counting
E. The Malthusian Theory
F. Population and Means of Subsistence
G. The Concept of Optimal Population
H. The Question of Population Quality
3. Ecology: The Interaction of Geography, Demography, and Environment

A. The Ecological Balance
B. Pollution
C. Conservation and the High Price of Gasoline
4. Conclusion
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the major countries on a map of the world.
2. Explain why many people believe population growth is a problem.
3. State the Malthusian theory and explain how technology can affect its predictions.
4. Explain how culture and the environment interact.
5. Explain how geography, population, culture, and the natural environment interact and
affect the ecology.

IM -9
Chapter 6 Technology and Society
Chapter 6
Technology and Society
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. The Industrial Revolution

A. The Development of Industrialism in the United States
B. Standardization, Interchangeability, and Mass Production
1. Social and Economic Effects of Interchangeability
3. Technology and Globalization

A. Modern Technology and the Need for Skilled Workers
B. Machines and Unemployment
4. Technology and Social Change

A. Problems Created by Technology
B. Qwerty
C. Technology and Crime
5. Natural Resources, Economics, and Technology

A. Natural Resources and the Limits of Economic Growth
B. Global Warming
6. Technology of the Past
7. Technology of the Future

A. Timeline: The Future
B. The Social Basis for Technological Progress
C. Future Shock?
Learning Objectives
1. Define technology and explain its importance.
2. Explain how the Industrial Revolution significantly changed all aspects of society.
3. Discuss the role technology plays in social change.
4. Present both sides of the limits-to-growth debate.

10
5. List some of the important technological developments of the past.
6. Speculate on likely important technological developments in the future.

11
Chapter 7 Psychology, Society, and Culture
Chapter 7
Psychology, Society, and Culture
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. Socialization of the Individual

A. Significance of the Early Years of Childhood
B. Significance of Differences in Individual Environment
C. Effects of Extreme Isolation on Children
3. Personality and Its Development

A. The Nature/Nurture Debate
B. Explanations of Behavior
1. The Cognitive Approach
2. The Psychoanalytic Approach
3. The Behavioralist Approach
4. The Humanist Approach
C. The Well-Adjusted Individual
D. Adjustment and Normality
E. The Freudian Concept of Personality
1. The Id, Ego, and Superego
2. Defense Mechanisms
3. The Oedipus Complex
4. Perfection Blueprint
F. Pop Psychologies
4. Intelligence, Personal Adjustment, and Normality

A. Mental Tests
1. Mental Age and the IQ
2. Limitations of IQ and Other Tests
3. Intelligence is Far More Than Mental Manipulation
4. Intelligence and Personal Adjustment
5. Deviance
A. Major Theories on Deviance
6. Psychological and Biological Explanations of Deviance

A. Sociological Explanations of Deviance
1. Differential Association Theory
2. Labeling Theory
3. Control Theory
4. Strain Theory
5. Illegitimate Opportunity Theory

12
B. Economic Explanations of Deviance

C. Summary of Various Perspectives on Deviance
7. Conclusion
Learning Objectives
1. Explain how culture and personality are related.
2. Summarize the nature/nurture debate.
3. State the importance of positive and negative reinforcement.
4. Discuss Maslows hierarchy.
5. Differentiate the id, ego, and superego.
6. Explain how IQ is calculated and the problems with its use.
7. Define deviance and name five sociological theories about deviance.

13
Chapter 8 The Family
Chapter 8
The Family
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. Variations in the Family Pattern

A. Number of Mates
B. Selection of Mates
C. Family Control
D. Reckoning of Descent
3. Functions of the Family in Society
4. Matching Family Patterns with Family Functions

A. Number of Mates
B. Selection of Mates
C. Family Control and Reckoning of Descent
1. Living and Loving
D. Other Western Family Characteristics and Functions of the Family
1. Is an Arranged Marriage in Your or Your Childs Future?
5. The Family in the United States Today

A. How to Be a Good Wife
B. Dating
C. Sex and Singles
D. Children
E. Senior Citizens
F. Family Disorganization and Divorce
1. Why do People Get Divorced?
2. Some Caution about Divorce Statistics
3. Legal Grounds for Divorce
4. Breaking Up is Hard to Do
G. Singles
H. Living Together
I. Same-Sex Households
1. Same-Sex Marriage and Discrimination
6. The Family in Transition

A. Technologys Effect on the Family
B. The Future of the Family

14
Learning Objectives
1. List four variations in family patterns and discuss where such variations can be found.
2. List three functions of the family and explain how variations in family patterns serve those
functions.
3. Discuss the state and problems of the U.S. family today.
4. Discuss the effects of technology on the family and what effect future changes in
technology are likely to have on the family.

15
Chapter 9 Religion
Chapter 9
Religion
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. The Nature of Religion
3. The Great Religions of Today

A. Hinduism
1. Sacredness of Life
2. Castes India
3. Sikhs
B. Buddhism
1. Shakyamuni Gautama Buddha
2. Nirvana
3. Bodhisattvas
C. Judaism
1. Moses Israel
2. Torah
3. Holocaust
D. Christianity
1. Jesus
2. New Testament Gospels
3. The Early Christians
4. The Middle Ages and After
E. Islam
1. Mohammed and Mecca
2. Five Pillars
3. The Denominations of Islam
4. Islamic Fundamentalism
4. The Role of Religion in Society

A. Religion as a Source of Moral Values and Social Change
B. Impact of Religion on Education, the Arts, and Literature
C. Interfaith Efforts for Peace
D. The Potential Conflict between Religion and Government

16
Learning Objectives
1. Explain why religion has existed in all societies.
2. State the problem that fundamentalist religions pose for the state.
3. List the five great religions of today and summarize their beliefs.
4. Discuss the role of religion in society.

17
Chapter 10 Education
Chapter 10
Education
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. Schools as Agencies of Social Control

A. The Dual Thrust of U.S. Education
1. Individuality
2. Socialization
B. Education and U.S. Democracy
1. Literate Citizens Informed Voters
2. Diversity Tolerance
3. Equality of Opportunity
4. Effective Use of Human Resources
3. Development of U.S. Education

A. Real Education in Pakistan
B. Democratic Structure of the U.S. School System
C. Education in Some Other Countries
D. Formalization of the School System
E. How Much Does It Cost?
4. Examining the School System

A. Technological Change and Teaching
B. Private Schools and Home Schooling
C. Charter Schools, Privatization, and the Problem of School Finance
D. Textbooks
E. School Dropouts
F. Multiculturalism, Collaborative Learning, and Institutional Fairness
G. How good are U.S. Schools?
1. Are Boys Discriminated against in School?
H. The Search for Excellence
1. Can You Read This?
I. Changes in the College Curriculum
1. The Development of the Elective System
2. Following the Fads
a. Social Science: No Fad
J. Is the U.S. Educational System Equal?
K. How Much Education Should the Average Citizen Receive?
5. Interaction of Economics, Politics, and Social Institutions

18
Learning Objectives
1. Explain how schools serve as agents of social control.
2. Give a brief history of the development of U.S. education.
3. Discuss the main problems facing our school system.
4. Summarize the evolution of the college curriculum.
5. Explain why the methods of funding education contribute to unequal education.

19
Chapter 11 Social and Economic Stratification
Chapter 11
Social and Economic Stratification
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. Types of Social Stratification

A. Estates
B. Castes
C. Social Classes
1. Social Class Defined
2. The Family Basis of Social Class
3. Social Mobility
A. Who are the Upwardly Mobile?
1. Up, Down, and Out
B. Education and Social Mobility
C. Class Consciousness in the United States
D. Class Consciousness, Marx, and Weber
4. Economic and Social Inequality

A. Causes of Income Inequality
B. Measuring Poverty
5. Increasing Social and Economic Inequality

A. Policies to Reduce Inequality
B. Some Conclusions about the U.S. Class System
Learning Objectives
1. List three types of social stratification.
2. Discuss the role of social mobility in making some social stratification acceptable to
society.
3. List three sources of income inequality.
4. State what the poverty threshold is in the United States.

20
5. Discuss six issues that any practical program meeting the problems of economic
inequality must take into account.
6. Explain what is meant by the U.S. class system and how it relates to class consciousness.

21
Chapter 12 Stratification, Minorities, and Discrimination
Chapter 12
Stratification, Minorities, and Discrimination
Chapter Outline
1. Race and Ethnicity

A. Questions of Ethnic and Racial Superiority
B. Ethnic and Racial prejudice and Discrimination
1. Ethnic Cleansing
C. The Melting Pot
1. Stratification in the Former Soviet Union
2. Minorities
A. Native Americans
B. Blacks (African Americans)
1. The African Origins of U.S. Blacks
2. Continuing Discrimination against Blacks
a. Ivory and Ebony or Evory and Ibony?
3. Legal Discrimination and Segregation
4. Causes of Blacks Frustration
5. Progress toward Equality
6. Eliminating the Vestiges of Discrimination
7. Black-White Social Relations
8. The Future of Black Americans
C. Hispanics
1. Chicanos
2. Latinos
D. Asians
1. Chinese Immigrants
a. A U.S. Gulag?
2. Japanese Immigrants
3. Other Asian Immigrants
E. Arab Americans and Americans of Middle Eastern Descent
F. Immigration and Minorities
1. Restrictions on Immigration
2. Dealing with Undocumented Aliens
G. Religious Minorities
H. Women
1. History of the Womens Movement
2. Reasons for Women Entering the Workforce
a. One Womans Struggle
3. Discrimination Based on Sexual Preference
I. Senior Citizens
1. Senior Citizens Role in Society
2. The Growth in the Proportion of Senior Citizens
3. Age Discrimination
3. Conclusion
22
Learning Objectives
1. List four reasons for ethnic and racial prejudice.
2. Distinguish between minority and dominant groups.
3. Discuss the race problem in the United States today.
4. Distinguish Chicanos from Latinos and explain the problem of illegal Mexican
immigration.
5. Discuss briefly the problems of religious minorities.
6. Discuss briefly the problems of sexual minorities.
7. Give arguments for and against age discrimination.

23
Chapter 13 The Functions and Forms of Government
Chapter 13
The Functions and Forms of Government
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. The Primary Functions of Government
A. Maintaining Internal Order and External Security
B. Ensuring Justice
1. Somalia: A Failed State and Modern Day Pirates
C. Safeguarding Individual Freedoms
D. Regulating Individuals Actions
E. Promoting General Welfare
3. Debates about the Nature of Government
A. Political Theory and Government
1. Political Theories
a. Democracy
b. Fascism
B. Three Views of the Nature of Government
1. Government as a Necessary Evil
2. Government as a Positive Good
3. Government as an Unnecessary Evil
4. How Powerful Should Government Be?
a. Republicans, Democrats, and Political Ideologies
5. Elements of Truth in Each of the Views
4. Forms of Government
A. Democracies
1. Characteristics of a Democracy
2. Democratic Concept of the Individual
3. Rationality and the Democratic Way of Life
4. Equality
5. Primacy of the Individual
6. Where Democracy Works Best
7. Alternative Forms of Democracy
B. Autocracy
1. Justifications Given for an Autocracy
2. Autocracy and Power
3. Characteristics of an Autocracy
4. Loyalty to the Party and the State
5. Rule by Leaders
6. One-Party Monopoly
7. A Controlled Press
8. Communism, Fascism, and Autocracy
5. Governments Are Far From Simple

24
Learning Objectives
1. List five primary functions of government.
2. Identify three contrasting views of government.
3. Explain the liberal, conservative, radical, reactionary, and anarchist philosophies of

government.
4. Distinguish a democracy from an autocracy.
5. List some distinguishing characteristics of a democracy.
6. Explain the democratic concept of the individual.
7. List the common justifications for an autocracy.
8. List four characteristics of an autocracy.

25
Chapter 14 Governments of the World
Chapter 14
Governments of the World
Chapter Outline
1. French Government
A. The French Parliamentary System
B. The French Executive Branch
1. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2. Mexican Government
A. The Difference between a Parliamentary and a Presidential System
B. PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
3. Nigerian Government
A. The British Influence
B. Modern Nigerias Government: The Fourth Republic
4. Russian Government
A. The Russian Federation
5. Saudi Arabian Government
6. Some Lessons About Governments

A. Governments Reflect Their History
B. Governments are Evolving
C. Autocracies are More Likely to Change than Long-Standing Democracies
D. Changes in Autocracies Occur from Within as much as from Without
7. Future Changes in Governments
Learning Objectives
1. Give a history and describe key features of the French government.
2. Give a history and describe key features of the Mexican government.
3. Give a history and describe the key features of the Nigerian government.
4. Give a history and describe the key features of the Russian government.
5. Give a history and describe the key features of the Saudi Arabian Government.

26
Chapter 15 Democratic Government in the United States
Chapter 15
Democratic Government in the United States
Chapter Outline
1. Historical development of the U.S. Government

A. The Declaration of Independence
B. The Constitution
2. The Structure of U.S. Government

A. Structure of the National Government
B. The Nature of Our National Government
1. Why Our Government is Both a Democracy and a Republic
2. The Meaning of Presidential Government
3. Distribution of Powers by the Constitution
a. Federalism
b. Separation of powers
c. Checks and balances
d. Limited government
4. Division of Powers Between the Nation and the States
5. Separation of Powers of the Branches of Government
6. Checks and Balances
7. An Independent Judiciary and Judicial Review
8. Limited Government
9. Individuals Inalienable Rights
10. Rights versus Duties
11. Growth of the Living Constitution
3. The Political Process

A. Political Parties
1. Compromising Conflicting Interests
2. The Two-Party System
B. Elections
1. Obstacles to Effective Popular Control
2. The Nonvoter
3. Referendums, Recall Elections, and Direct Democracy
C. The Fourth Estate
D. The Political Elite
E. The Military-Industrial Complex and Pressure Groups
1. Political Action Committees
4. Evaluation of the Democratic Political Process

27
Learning Objectives
1. Give a brief account of the development of the U.S. government.
2. List the five key elements in the Declaration of Independence.
3. Outline the structure of the U.S. federal government.
4. Explain the distribution of powers as set out in the U.S. Constitution.
5. Describe the political process in the United States.
6. Summarize the role of the fourth estate, the political elite, the military-industrial complex,
and PACs in the political process.

28
Chapter 16
The Organization of Economic Activities
Chapter Outline
1. The Nature of An Economy

A. Functions of and Economy
B. Economics and the Social Science
C. Economic Wants and Economic Goods
D. The Economic Aspects of Culture
E. The Great Economic Problem
2. The Evolution of Economic Systems

A. From Feudalism to Mercantilism
B. From Mercantilism to a Pragmatic Market Economy
1. The Push for Socialism
2. Socialism and Communism
3. Planned and Unplanned Economies

A. How Planned Economies Are Supposed to Work
B. Why Central Planning Did Not Meet Its Goals
C. How Market Economies are Supposed to Work
1. Institutional Foundations of a Market Economy
D. Supply and Demand
4. Market Economies Are Pragmatic Market Economies
5. Conclusion
Learning Objectives
1. Define the great economic problem.
2. Discuss the evolution of our economy from feudalism, to mercantilism, to a market, and
to a pragmatic market economy.
3. Summarize the historical development of socialist thought.
4. Distinguish between a planned and an unplanned economy.

29
Chapter 16 The Organization of Economic Activities
5. Explain the terms supply and demand, and use them to explain how a market economy
works.
6. Explain why all modern economies are pragmatic market economies.

30
Chapter 17
The Economy, Government, and Economic Challenges Facing the United States
Chapter Outline
1. Governments Indirect Role in the Economy

A. The Problem of Regulating the Economy
B. Whose Desires Does the Government Reflect?
C. Fluctuating Attitudes toward Regulation
2. Governments Direct Role in the Economy

A. Where the Government Spends Its Money
B. Where Government Gets Its Money
C. Alternative Methods of Supply in a Pragmatic Market Economy
3. Some Controversial Role of the Government

A. Income Redistribution through Government
1. The U.S. Social Security System
a. Social Security is not insurance
b. Social Security benefits and taxes
c. The future of the Social Security system
B. Governments Macroeconomic Role
1. Stabilizing the Economy
2. Monetary and Fiscal Policy
3. Governments Role in the Financial Crisis of 2008-2009
4. Economic Challenges Facing the U.S. in the Future

A. The Fiscal Crisis
1. There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch
B. The Globalization Crisis
C. Global Warming
5. Conclusion
Learning Objectives
1. Distinguish governments indirect and direct roles in the economy.
2. Summarize the costs and benefits of regulation, and explain why regulation should be seen
as a continuous process.
3. Discuss two contentious roles of government.

31
Chapter 17 The Economy, Government, and Economic Challenges Facing the United States
4. Give examples of two ways the government influences the distribution of income.
5. Define monetary policy and fiscal policy.
6. Give a short summary of economists view of the fiscal crisis, globalization, and global
warming.
7. Define globalization, and explain the importance of the law of one price.

32
Chapter 18 International Political Relations
Chapter 18
International Political Relations
Chapter Outline
1. The State in International Relations

A. The Nation-State
B. The Establishment and Disappearance of Nation-States
C. The Rise of the European Union
D. Sovereignty of States
2. Power in the World Economy

A. The Nature and Sources of National Power
B. Other Sources of Power
C. Maintaining Security
3. Foreign Policies
A. Geography and Foreign Policy
B. Values, Ideologies, and Foreign Policy
1. Fascist ideology
2. Democratic capitalist ideology
3. Communist Ideology
C. Ideologies and Foreign Policies
4. The United States in the World Community

A. The President and Foreign Policy
B. U.S. Foreign Policies
1. An Outline of U.S. Foreign Policy
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the role of the state in international relations.
2. Define power and explain why nothing is more basic to an understanding of international
relations.
3. Define foreign policy and discuss five issues that policymakers must heed when forming
foreign policy.
4. List the three ideologies that have been prevalent since World War II.
5. Summarize the role of Congress and the president in conducting foreign policy.

33
Chapter 19
International Economic Relations
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. The Terminology of Trade

A. The Balance of Trade and the Balance of Payments
B. Visible and Invisible Trade
1. The Changing Nature of International Trade
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade

A. Three Advantages of Trade
1. Availability of Product
2. Quality of Product
3. Price of Product
B. Disadvantages of Trade
1. Harm to Local Producers
2. Regional Inequalities
C. Why Economists Generally Support Free Trade
D. Why You Cant Get the Advantages without the Disadvantages
1. Imports Pay for Exports and Vice Versa
2. Banks Currency Exchange
3. Multiple Country Trade
4. Imports must Equal Exports Over Time
4. Restrictions on International Trade

A. Tariffs on Imports
1. The Case Against Protective Tariffs
2. Arguments in Favor of Protective Tariffs
a. Home-Market Argument
b. High-Wages Argument
c. Infant-Industry Argument
d. Self-Sufficiency Argument
B. Import Quotas
C. Removing Trade Restrictions
1. General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)
2. World Trade Organization (WTO)
3. European Union (EU)
D. Globalization and Trade Restrictions
5. Foreign Exchange
A. The Meaning of Foreign Exchange
1. The European Monetary Union and the Euro

34
Chapter 19 International Economic Relations
B. Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rate Systems

1. Paper Standards and the Gold Exchange Standard
a. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2. From a Fixed System to Our Current System: The Dirty Float
3. Problems of Flexible Exchange Rates
6. Globalization, Trade Imbalances, and Exchange Rates
7. Conclusion
Learning Objectives
1. Differentiate between the balance of payments and the balance of trade.
2. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of international trade.
3. State the arguments in favor of and against protective tariffs.
4. Distinguish between a fixed and a flexible exchange rate.
5. State whether the United States is a debtor or a creditor nation and explain what that
means.
6. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of limiting imports to protect U.S. jobs from the
threat of globalization.

35
Chapter 20
The Political Economies of Developing Countries
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction Developing Countries

A. Latin American Countries
B. Pacific Rim Countries
C. African Countries
2. Problems of Developing Countries
A. The Political Consensus Problem
B. The Corruption Problem
1. Political Instability in Africa
C. The Economic Problem
1. Foreign Aid and Trade Barriers
2. The World Bank
3. The Historical Legacy of Colonialism
D. The Debt Problem
E. The Population Problem
F. The Brain Drain Problem
G. Mission Impossible: Advice to a Potential Leader
1. Keep an Open Mind
2. Recognize the Difficulties
3. Maintain Your Idealism
3. Options of Developing Countries
A. Political Options
B. Economic Options
C. Foreign Policy Options
D. Population Options
E. The Brain Drain Option
F. Who Will Be the Next Leader
4. Case Studies
A. China
1. Background of China
2. Chinas Population Problem
3. Chinas Political Problems
B. Mexico
1. History
2. Political Economy
C. Uganda
1. History
2. Political
5. Conclusion

36
Chapter 20 The Political Economies of Developing Countries
Learning Objectives
1. List six problems facing all developing countries.
2. Explain why each of those problems is so difficult to solve.
3. List three suggestions you might give to a potential leader of a developing country.
4. List and discuss the various policy options of developing countries.
5. Discuss developing countries problems with specific reference to the cases of China,
Mexico, and Uganda.

37
Chapter 21
International Institutions and the Search for Peace
Chapter Outline
1. The Problem of War

A. The Causes of War
B. Approaches to the Problem of War
1. Diplomacy
2. International Government
3. International Law and International Courts
4. The Usefulness and the Limitations of International Law
2. The United Nations

A. Structure
1. Security Council
2. General Assembly
3. Secretariat
B. Is the UN Worth It?
C. The UNs Role in Keeping the Peace
D. Other UN Approaches
3. The Outlook For Peace

A. Trouble Spots of the World
1. African Stability
2. Latin American Stability
3. Stability in the Former Soviet Republics and Eastern Europe
4. Stability in the Far East and Indochina
5. Stability in the Middle East
B. The War on Global Terrorism
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the statement, War is merely a continuation of politics by other means
2. Define the Bush policy of preemption and explain its implications for international
harmony.
3. Describe the usefulness and limitations of international law.
4. List the five principal organs of the United Nations.

38
Chapter 21 International Institutions and the Search for Peace
5. Summarize the United States position on the United Nations.
6. Summarize the current outlook for peace.
7. Give a history of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

39
Test Bank for Hunt and Colanders Social Science, 14/e
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Scientific knowledge is knowledge that has been:

A) systematically gathered, classified, related, and interpreted.
B) rediscovered and cherished as dogma.
C) found to be in agreement with popular opinion.
D) tested until it is perfect and then retained unchanged forever.
Answer: A
Ref: 1
Diff: 2
2) One way of understanding social science is to view it as a study of the game of life in which we are:
A) limited to a tic-tac-toe analogy.
B) without hope of ever changing.
C) a webmaster.
D) both the players and the played.
Answer: D
Ref: 2
Diff: 3
3) Social science and natural science are both scientific but different in focus because:
A) natural science deals with the spiritual values of nature.
B) social science deals with all aspects of the group life of humans.
C) social science deals with matter and energy.
D) natural science does not deal with living things.
Answer: B
Ref: 2
Diff: 3
4) Which of the following is NOT included in cognitive science?

A) Economics
B) Psychology
C) Linguistics
D) Social anthropology
Answer: A
Ref: 4
Diff: 2
5) There are many different social science disciplines with varying approaches but in understanding
modern problems social scientists need to know:
A) which discipline is the best.
B) less about the past.
C) more about their own specialty.
D) how the social sciences interrelate.
Answer: D
Ref: 4
Diff: 2

40

6) Anthropology is the study of the relationship between:

A) environment and trading systems.
B) biological traits and socially acquired characteristics.
C) physics and biology.
D) marketing strategies and geography (climate and resource allocation systems).
Answer: B
Ref: 7
Diff: 1
7) Some of the concerns of geography are ecology, climate, resources, and:

A) individual emotions.
B) demography.
C) monetary policy.
D) the theory of the state.
Answer: B
Ref: 8
Diff: 1
8) Scientific inquiry is possible in a society in which certain attitudes are developed and tolerated. These
attitudes include curiosity, objectivity, and:
A) aggression.
B) accessibility.
C) skepticism.
D) complacency.
Answer: C
Ref: 8
Diff: 2
9) Modern science is based on the assumption that:

A) this is an orderly universe.
B) cause and effect are not important.
C) all phenomena are simple.
D) there are only two scientific laws.
Answer: A
Ref: 9
Diff: 2
10) In the social sciences, very little use can be made of controlled experiments because the investigator:
A) cannot control the situations.
B) does not need this method.
C) knows too much about human behavior.
D) must not be part of the experiment.
Answer: A
Ref: 9
Diff: 1

41
11) Thomas Kuhn argued that scientific progression occurs by paradigm shifts. A paradigm is:
A) a scientific method and the technology that supports it.
B) a scientific record keeping method.
C) a scientific theory and the core of beliefs that surround it.
D) a way of understanding without evidence.
Answer: C
Ref: 11
Diff: 2
12) The study of social arrangements to maintain peace and order within a given society is called:
A) economics.
B) anthropology.
C) geography.
D) political science.
Answer: D
Ref: 11
Diff: 1
13) Which of the following is NOT one of the nine steps of scientific research outlined in your text:
A) defining the problem before drawing conclusion.
B) reviewing the literature.
C) determining a time frame.
D) analyzing the results.
Answer: C
Ref: 14
Diff: 2
14) Joseph Holz's study of the implications of teen pregnancy concluded that whether or not mothers had
borne a child in their teens made:
A) a major difference in their economic and social positions.
B) little difference in their economic and social positions.
C) a difference which was received well by conservatives.
D) a difference which was popular with both liberals and conservatives.
Answer: B
Ref: 15
Diff: 2
15) The functionalist theory approach emphasizes:

A) how society reflects individuals' desires.
B) social reality as being more what people think and feel rather than actions.
C) energy procurement.
D) the interconnectedness of social life.
Answer: D
Ref: 16
Diff: 2

42

16) Functionalist, conflict, exchange, and symbolic interaction are four major theoretical approaches that
are:
A) mutually exclusive as theoretical approaches.
B) used together as a combined approach instead of being used separately.
C) necessarily independent of each other.
D) sometimes used in combination to study problems.
Answer: D
Ref: 16
Diff: 2
17) The social science method that involves making a detailed examination and analysis of a particular
issue or problem situation is called the:
A) comparative method.
B) case method.
C) historical method.
D) cross-cultural method.
Answer: B
Ref: 17
Diff: 1
18) Educated common sense:

A) has no place in science.
B) has been important in the past but is unnecessary today.
C) is important in the social sciences.
D) is better than any rules about science.
Answer: C
Ref: 18
Diff: 2
19) The Delphic method refers to:

A) social scientists having their interpretations reviewed by other specialists in the field.
B) social scientists having the freedom to make assumptions without peer review.
C) asking others outside of the social sciences to review ones interpretations.
D) drawing a conclusion only after a panel of recognized specialists agree it is valid.
Answer: A
Ref: 18-19
Diff: 1
20) Social scientists find statistics useful because of the:

A) possible insights into social problems and relationships..
B) ability to measure social welfare.
C) self-evident nature of statistical data.
D) lack of a necessity to interpret statistics.
Answer: A
Ref: 19
Diff: 2

43
21) The Interdisciplinary Approach means:

A) there is no need for separate social sciences.
B) a group of scientists with different specialties work together on a common problem.
C) we will never need a unified social science.
D) all problems can be solved quickly.
Answer: B
Ref: 21
Diff: 3
22) Language is important in the communication of social scientific knowledge. Social scientists are
aware that language:
A) should require layers of translation.
B) used in high theory must, of necessity, include specialty-specific jargon to enhance understanding.
C) embodies value judgments and preserves ways of looking at things.
D) used to convey brilliant ideas will be complex.
Answer: C
Ref: 22
Diff: 3
23) The Enlightenment established the "three humiliations" of human beings. These include:
A) the earth is the center of the universe.
B) we are not creatures of nature like other animals.
C) humans cannot guide or direct social change.
D) our reasoning ability is subject to passions and subconscious desires.
Answer: D
Ref: 26
Diff: 2
24) Since its conception, social science has entwined two aspects. Sometimes it is simply trying to
achieve a limited understanding of our place in the cosmos, and at other times it is trying to:
A) finalize an unlimited complete explanation of human total reality.
B) evolve into a theology of human behavior.
C) change society.
D) become a physical science.
Answer: C
Ref: 27
Diff: 2
25) During the Enlightenment people began to believe that society and culture are themselves the
products of history and the evolution of culture. The Enlightenment is important in the origins of:
A) medieval science.
B) social science.
C) classical Greek philosophy.
D) the idea that civilization did not improve.
Answer: B
Ref: 27
Diff: 2

44

TRUE/FALSE
26) The function of social science is primarily to determine social values and goals.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 1
Diff: 3
27) Knowledge is made up of knowledge of human beings, including culture and products, and
knowledge of the natural environment.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 1
Diff: 3
28) Scientific knowledge can be roughly grouped into two major fields humanities and language arts.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 2
Diff: 2
29) All expressions of human culture are unrelated and independent.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 3
Diff: 3
30) Social science disciplines are clearly defined so that no two fields cover the same subjects.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 3
Diff: 3
31) New fields of social science are evolving such as cognitive science.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 4
Diff: 2
32) There is little agreement among specialists in a particular social science about what distinguishes their
field from others.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 4
Diff: 2
33) There are only disadvantages to the social sciences being specialized.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 5
Diff: 2
34) If the social sciences are ever going to have a united theory, it will be because people started thinking
about the rules and how the various rules of the social sciences fit together.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 7
Diff: 2
35) Sociology is the study of the ways in which men and women make a living.

45
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 8
Diff: 2
36) Geography has practical applications related to trade patterns, settlement of populations, and
aggression and acquisition.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 8
Diff: 3
37) Science offers final explanations of the universe and its phenomena.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 9
Diff: 3
38) Controlled experiments play a very important role in the scientific method.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 9
Diff: 3
39) The saga of Hans, the Thinking Horse is an example of why a good scientist must have both
skepticism and imagination.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 10
Diff: 1
40) Paul Feurabend argues that the correct methodology is no methodology.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 12
Diff: 2
41) To a considerable extent, the social scientist must substitute careful observation and the process of
abstraction for experiments.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 13
Diff: 2
42) Social scientists have more difficulty than physical scientists in being objective. This means that
social science is much less scientific than is physical science.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 13-14
Diff: 2
43) The scientific method is a set of beliefs all scientists use in the same way.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 14
Diff: 2

46

44) The line between what is social science and what is natural science is fixed.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 15
Diff: 1
45) Social scientists basically use the same approaches and methods and discourage different disciplinary
approaches.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 16
Diff: 3
46) Today, the attempt to find patterns of social evolution that can be applied to all societies has been
largely abandoned.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 17
Diff: 1
47) The processing speeds of computers double every two months according to Moore's Law.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 18
Diff: 2
48) Social scientists can have a great impact on policies by helping people to understand the issues.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 21
Diff: 2
49) One of the great problems in a democracy is getting the majority of people to reach substantial
agreement on the major policies that should be followed to create a better society.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 21
Diff: 1
50) The function of social science is not primarily to determine social objectives but instead to discover
how our objectives can be achieved.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 22
Diff: 1
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is the importance of knowing the interrelationships among social science disciplines?
Ref: 3-5
Suggested Answer: It is important to know the interrelationships among social science disciplines
because of the complexity of expressions of human culture. If you look at an aspect of human life from
the perspective of only one discipline you are likely to miss things. In other words, to understand
psychology sometimes you have to understand sociology and vice versa.

47
52) Outline the nine steps of scientific research presented in your text as research methods of social
science. What is the purpose of these methods?
Ref: 13-15
Suggested Answer:
Observe
Define the problem
Review the literature
Observe some more
Develop a theoretical framework and formulate a hypothesis
Choose a research design
Collect the necessary data
Analyze the results
Draw conclusions
The purpose of the scientific method is to systematically answer questions. The scientific
method allows researchers to match objective findings with observations.
53) What is the difference between common sense and educated common sense? Why is the distinction
important in science?
Ref: 18
Suggested Answer: Unlike common sense, educated common sense is rational thought based on
observation and the best information available. Educated common sense attempts to match data with
theories. This kind of distinction is important to science in that it led to the development of the scientific
method.
54) What is the distinction between correlation and causation? Give a hypothetical example that might
occur in social research to demonstrate each.
Ref: 19
Suggested Answer: Whereas causation implies that changes in one variable bring about change in
another variable, correlation simply refers to the simultaneous movement of two variables. For example,
the height and weight of adults are correlated, meaning that they are related. If a person is tall, he or she
usually weighs more; however height does not cause a persons weight.
55) Albert Einstein said that, "Theories should be as simple as possible, but not more so." Why and how
is this important in understanding social science methods and the whole purpose of social science?
Ref: 22
Suggested Answer: If a theory is complicated and difficult to understand it will be a harder
explanation of the world to test. Complicated theories also obscure the purpose of social science, which is
to understand and clarify social issues and social problems. If social scientists use simple theories that are
easier to test and explain, they are better able to meet the goals relative to the field of social science.

48
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The human species most probably originated five to seven million years ago in:
A) Europe.
B) Africa.
C) Asia.
D) South America.
Answer: B
Ref: 29
Diff: 1
2) Gregor Mendel discovered inheritance factors now called genes. Genes determine:
A) heredity but only in plants.
B) changes in earth movements.
C) the characteristics of future generations.
D) only beneficial physical traits.
Answer: C
Ref: 30
Diff: 1
3) The process of random genetic changes that create new characteristics is called:
A) natural selection.
B) mutation.
C) competition.
D) migration.
Answer: B
Ref: 30
Diff: 1
4) In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick unraveled the double helix structure of:
A) FDA.
B) the atom.
C) DNA.
D) hormones.
Answer: C
Ref: 32
Diff: 1
5) In the 1990s, Paul Berg:

A) spliced a gene.
B) cloned a mouse.
C) discovered gene linkage.
D) discovered mutation.
Answer: A
Ref: 32
Diff: 1

49
6) The purpose of the Human Genome Project is to:

A) develop a perfect human.
B) control human behavior.
C) limit human population size.
D) map or identify all the human genes.
Answer: D
Ref: 32
Diff: 2
7) Genetic engineering, including cloning technology, presents society with:

A) easy solutions for medical problems without ethical questions.
B) no choices, only solutions.
C) clear benefits with no moral complications.
D) extraordinarily difficult moral and political questions.
Answer: D
Ref: 33
Diff: 2
8) Genetic engineering has resulted in improved basic grains and expanded food production called:
A) the "green revolution."
B) the "population bomb."
C) slash and burn cultivation.
D) canal irrigation.
Answer: A
Ref: 33
Diff: 2
9) What is true of the current results of cloning?

A) Cloning produces strong specimens with no defects.
B) Cloning produces no live specimens and thus far is a failed experiment.
C) Cloning produces few live specimens, and many of those have defects.
D) Cloning is only theoretical and has not been attempted yet.
Answer: C
Ref: 33
Diff: 2
10) Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould argue that evolution is characterized by long periods of
relative stability that are:
A) the essence of gradual evolution.
B) punctuated by sudden changes.
C) only changed very slowly.
D) exactly like Darwin propose.
Answer: B
Ref: 35
Diff: 2

50
11) Whether evolution is punctuated or continuous is:

A) no longer a question.
B) still much in debate.
C) now replaced by a rapid pace theory.
D) unimportant.
Answer: B
Ref: 35
Diff: 3
12) The broad category of individuals that can mate with each other to produce fertile offspring is called:
A) a fossil.
B) a community.
C) a species.
D) a band.
Answer: C
Ref: 38
Diff: 1
13) David Reich's research suggests that the 1.2 percent difference in the genetic structure of humans and
chimps is due to:
A) humans and chimps living in identical environments.
B) humans and chimps interbreeding.
C) humans and chimps coincidentally sharing a common genetic makeup.
D) humans and chimps having similar diets.
Answer: B
Ref: 40
Diff: 2
14) The most important physical difference between humans and apes is in the larger size and complexity
of the human:
A) knee.
B) jaw.
C) brain.
D) ear.
Answer: C
Ref: 40
Diff: 1
15) Bryan Sykes, an Oxford geneticist, argues that he has found the "seven daughters of Eve," and that:
A) all existing humans descended from them.
B) these women lived 500,000 years ago.
C) these women lived 1.4 million years ago.
D) Neanderthals descended from them.
Answer: A
Ref: 40
Diff: 2

51
16) Early hominid tool making is a key element in determining to start human history about:
A) 2.5 million years ago.
B) 10 million years ago.
C) 7 million years ago.
D) 3.6 million years ago.
Answer: A
Ref: 41
Diff: 2
17) Homo erectus was first discovered in 1891 in Java by:

A) Richard Leakey.
B) Eugene Dubois.
C) Raymond Dart.
D) Davidson Black.
Answer: B
Ref: 41
Diff: 2
18) A 2003 fossil find of a modern human in Ethiopia fits recent genetic studies and supports the:
A) multiregional continuity theory of human evolution.
B) gene flow exchange theory.
C) "Out of Africa" replacement theory.
D) "Out of Eurasia" migration theory.
Answer: C
Ref: 42
Diff: 2
19) In 1997 two Spanish paleontologists announced that their study of 8,000,000 year old fossils in Spain
led them to believe that:
A) humans evolved first in Spain.
B) Homo erectus migrated into Spain from Asia.
C) Homo habilis evolved in Europe.
D) Homo antecessor is a separate species and possible Neanderthal ancestor.
Answer: D
Ref: 42
Diff: 3
20) Recent DNA tests have indicated that Neanderthals were most likely genetically:
A) not an ancestor to humans.
B) identical with modern humans.
C) not capable of speech in any form.
D) a smaller less robust species than modern humans.
Answer: A
Ref: 43
Diff: 2

52
21) There is evidence that Neanderthals did all of the following except:
A) control fire.
B) build shelters.
C) make written records.
D) make stone tools.
Answer: C
Ref: 43
Diff: 2
22) The Cro-Magnons, like the Neanderthals were:

A) lacking in any shelters.
B) irrigation farmers.
C) cattle domesticators.
D) able to make stone tools.
Answer: D
Ref: 43
Diff: 3
23) Some scientists argue that language is not limited to humans and that linguistic ability is also
possessed other species such as:
A) baboons.
B) bear.
C) all monkeys.
D) chimpanzees.
Answer: D
Ref: 44
Diff: 3
24) Which of the following is NOT discussed a reason human beings are unique?
A) Only humans can think and reason.
B) Only humans can communicate with others by means of language.
C) Only humans have a genome completely unique from all other species.
D) Only humans use tools.
Answer: C
Ref: 44
Diff: 2
25) Cave art is primarily associated with:

A) Neanderthals.
B) Homo erectus.
C) Australopithecus.
D) Modern people
Answer: D
Ref: 45
Diff: 2

53
TRUE/FALSE
26) To a great extent, the ability of people to live happy and satisfying lives depends on the nature of the
society they live in.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 28
Diff: 1
27) The conventional view is that the human species originated in Africa 3-5 million years ago.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 29
Diff: 2
28) Evolution in its broadest sense refers to any process of stable equilibrium.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 29
Diff: 2
29) Charles Darwin was influenced by his voyage on the Beagle to formulate his natural selection
mechanism of evolution.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 29
Diff: 2
30) Genetics explains the way we are and why and how we change.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 30
Diff: 2
31) Natural selection does not completely account for all evolutionary changes.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 29-30
Diff: 2
32) Virtually no one in our modern society interprets the Bible literally anymore as it relates to the origins
of man.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 31
Diff: 2
33) Intelligent design is different from scientific creationism in that it does not challenge evolutionary
evidence.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 31
Diff: 2
34) Science has no explanation for existence; evolution is a theory of change, not a theory of existence.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 31
Diff: 2
54
35) Tool use may have led to more protein and fat in the early hominid diet and enlarged brains.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 31-32
Diff: 2
36) In human genome research it was discovered that human genes are specific to homo sapiens and are
not shared by any other species.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 32
Diff: 2
37) Gene splicing was not important in genetic engineering developments.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 32-33
Diff: 2
38) In 1997, Scottish scientists appear to have succeeded in cloning sheep.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 33
Diff: 2
39) Edward Wilson helped advance the thesis of sociobiology with his work on fear of strangers.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 34
Diff: 2
40) Our future social evolution will likely be substantially influenced by the information we have about
our human evolution.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 34
Diff: 2
41) There is complete agreement among social scientists that there is no contradiction between
the idea of free will and the genetic basis for the human behavior idea of sociobiology.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 34
Diff: 3
42) Darwin saw evolution as a rapid process with sudden abrupt changes.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 35
Diff: 2
43) Gould's punctuated equilibrium theory holds that evolution is a stop/go process of sudden change with
long periods of no change.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 35
Diff: 2

55
44) The discovery of new fossils of birds challenged Goulds theory of punctuated equilibrium.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 36-37
Diff: 2
45) David Reich suggests that chimps and humanoids interbred for hundreds of thousands of years. This
accounts for their genetic structure being almost identical.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 40
Diff: 2
46) Gorillas, like humans, live on the ground. Chimpanzees spend much of the daytime on the ground.
One reason for this descent was their increase in size.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 40
Diff: 2
47) The earliest known species of Homo (human) is Homo habilis.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 41
Diff: 2
48) Average brain size of Homo erectus was smaller than people they had replaced.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 42
Diff: 3
49) It is suspected that Neanderthals are the ancestors of modern humans.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 43
Diff: 3
50) Noam Chomsky argues that gorilla language studies invalidate the theory that humans are unique.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 44
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is Darwin's theory of evolution and how does it apply to human evolution? What is natural
selection?
Ref: 29-30
Suggested Answer: Darwins theory of evolution outlines a process of progressive change. In its
broadest sense, evolution means that todays life forms are the descendants of earlier ones. This idea
applies to human evolution because Darwin noticed that there were remarkable similarities between
humans and other animal species and he wrote about the evolution of humans. Natural selection is a part
of evolution and is the idea that individuals in a species have characteristics that make them more likely to
survive and pass those traits on to future generations. This idea is often called the survival of the fittest.

56
52) What is genetic engineering and what has research using genetic engineering done? What ethical and
social issues does genetic engineering present?
Ref: 32-33
Suggested Answer: Genetic engineering is the term given to rearranging genetic material to create
new, man-made life forms or to change existing life forms. Scientists have genetically altered mice, made
a more productive type of rice, and cloned sheep. Research has also found that cloning has challenges and
often gives the clone incorrect growth instructions. The fact that cloning has not been perfected causes
many scientists to argue that we should not clone humans. Other ethical issues involved in cloning are
stem cell research and the rights of potential clones.
53) What is sociobiology and how is it applied to human behavior? What problems do some social
scientists find in sociobiology?
Ref: 34
Suggested Answer: Sociobiology is a combination of sociology and biology developed to help
explain the genetics behind human behavior. It is applied to the understanding of human behavior in
stating that certain behavior is evolutionary. Certain actions increase the chance of survival, and these
behaviors are a mix of biology and social settings. Some social scientists argue that sociobiology removes
free will and makes it easy to justify or rationalize behaviors like the unjust treatment of others.
54) What is the difference between the punctuated equilibrium and gradual change theories of evolution?
Ref: 35
Suggested Answer: Punctuated equilibrium states that evolution is a stop and go process marked
with periods of sudden change followed with long periods of no change. Gradual theories of evolution are
different in that they see evolution as a gradual and steady process. Graphed, gradual theories would look
like a straight line, while punctuated equilibrium looks like a staircase.
55) Is the human species unique? Discuss the current issues concerning ape thinking, language and tool
use. What difference does it make whether humans are unique?
Ref: 44
Suggested Answer: There are still debates over whether or not the human species is unique. Three
areas of debate are that humans have thinking and reason, humans are the only animals to communicate
through language, and that only humans use tools. Those who argue that humans are unique point to
syntax, an important aspect of language, as the key difference that makes humans unique. However, there
is evidence that disagrees with this. For example, some argue that certain animals have solved complex
problems, have learned sign language, expressed emotion, and used both tools and shelter. This is an
important question because it raises ethical issues towards the treatment of animals and of those in society
who are ill or have brain damage.

57
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The bow and arrow:

A) did not change the basics of people's daily lives.
B) fundamentally changed society.
C) was more important than plant domestication in changing peoples lives.
D) led to a significant population growth.
Answer: A
Ref: 48
Diff: 2
2) The gathering of people into a spatially and ethnically defined unit organized and run by a small group
who will maintain order and defend the unit is:
A) the basic biological unit.
B) the basic political institution.
C) the lineage council.
D) the core group.
Answer: B
Ref: 49
Diff: 3
3) The leaders of early kingdoms in Egypt and Mesopotamia became:

A) elected officials.
B) more democratic over time.
C) less concerned with owning more land.
D) king-gods.
Answer: D
Ref: 50
Diff: 2
4) Western political organizations have their foundations in the:

A) Persian Empire.
B) development of Chinese science.
C) Aztec Alliance.
D) Greek polis.
Answer: D
Ref: 52
Diff: 1
5) Striking features in Roman history include engineering, political administration and:

A) lack of military undertakings.
B) law.
C) music.
D) abolition of slavery.
Answer: B
Ref: 55
Diff: 1

58
6) The Moors were armies of what group?

A) Rome
B) England
C) European descent
D) Muslims
Answer: D
Ref: 56
Diff: 2
7) In general, life in Europe after the Fall of Rome came to be centered around an agricultural manor
called a:
A) urban metropolis.
B) factory towns.
C) coastal city.
D) feudal estate.
Answer: D
Ref: 56
Diff: 2
8) Feudal estates are associated with which kind of authority?

A) a president
B) a lord
C) a democracy
D) a citizens communal government
Answer: B
Ref: 56
Diff: 2
9) The two motives which interacted to begin the end of Europe's isolation were religion and:
A) decentralization.
B) serfdom.
C) commerce.
D) castle building.
Answer: C
Ref: 58
Diff: 1
10) The Hundred Years' War from 1337 and 1453 was fought between:
A) Spain and Italy.
B) Germany and Denmark.
C) England and France.
D) Poland and Russia.
Answer: C
Ref: 58
Diff: 2

59
11) The percent of population who died of the Black Death in Europe is generally accepted as:
A) 5 percent.
B) 100 percent.
C) 40 percent.
D) 90 percent.
Answer: C
Ref: 58
Diff: 2
12) Increased interconnections among countries that occur with globalization make it:
A) easier to detect health problems and diseases with long incubation periods.
B) possible to completely contain disease outbreaks in one locality.
C) easier to eliminate global diseases.
D) increasingly possible for a worldwide modern plague to occur.
Answer: D
Ref: 59
Diff: 2
13) In 1453 Constantinople fell to the:

A) Turks.
B) Russians.
C) Greeks.
D) Italians.
Answer: A
Ref: 59
Diff: 2
14) Leonard da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Donatello were artists during the:
A) Hellenistic Age.
B) time of the Caesars.
C) Industrial Revolution.
D) Renaissance.
Answer: D
Ref: 59
Diff: 2
15) Erasmus was a Renaissance philosopher who advocated:

A) thought control.
B) free thinking and rationality.
C) a return to feudal values and life.
D) the elimination of critical thinking.
Answer: B
Ref: 60
Diff: 2

60
16) Throughout the Renaissance values such as education, religion, and obedience to God were:
A) eliminated.
B) maintained.
C) discovered for the first time.
D) unknown.
Answer: B
Ref: 60
Diff: 2
17) The expansion of Renaissance trade and the creation of a new urban merchant class helped ma6ke
possible:
A) the emergence of feudalism.
B) the elimination of competition.
C) the emergence of wheeled vehicles.
D) the modern state.
Answer: D
Ref: 60
Diff: 3
18) The Crusades sped up and significantly increased the breakdown of the:
A) nation-state.
B) manorial system.
C) trade with North America.
D) information about other peoples.
Answer: B
Ref: 61
Diff: 2
19) What effort broadened Western development around the world during the Renaissance?
A) The voyages in search of better routes to India.
B) The growth of feudalism during the Middle Ages.
C) The Spanish Inquisition.
D) The development of the printing press.
Answer: A
Ref: 63
Diff: 3
20) In 1215 King John was forced to agree that free people had rights and liberties in a document called
the:
A) social contract.
B) constitution.
C) Declaration of Human Rights.
D) Magna Carta.
Answer: D
Ref: 63
Diff: 2

61
21) The Age of Revolutions (1750 - 1850) is referred to as such because

A) some of the bloodiest wars in history occurred during this period.
B) there was enormous economic and political changes occurring during this time.
C) communism took hold of the Western world.
D) Great Britain lost the Industrial Revolution.
Answer: B
Ref: 64
Diff: 1
22) James Watt's steam engine and James Hargreave's spinning jenny helped make it possible to produce
more output and to:
A) reorganize the types of work people did.
B) eliminate further inventions.
C) maintain work relationships.
D) keep serfdom as the dominant system.
Answer: A
Ref: 64
Diff: 1
23) The Industrial Revolution further strengthened the power of the merchants, who at first allied
themselves with the:
A) feudal nobility.
B) lower class.
C) scientific elite.
D) monarchy.
Answer: D
Ref: 64
Diff: 2
24) The French Revolution changed the political and economic organization of society and embodied the:
A) ideal of a completely nonviolent revolution.
B) return to medieval institutions.
C) ideas of the emerging social sciences.
D) triumph of the divine rights doctrine.
Answer: C
Ref: 65
Diff: 2
25) Beginning in the late 1980s the countries of Eastern Europe become independent of the Soviet Union
(U.S.S.R.) which:
A) itself broke up.
B) then re-conquered these countries by 1995.
C) did not change in political structure.
D) returned the Czar to power in 1996.
Answer: A
Ref: 65
Diff: 2

62
TRUE/FALSE
26) Chronologically, the Middle Ages falls approximately one thousand years after the Renaissance.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 50
Diff: 2
27) Early civilizations often become organized into a military aristocracy, a priesthood, and landless
peasants.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 50
Diff: 1
28) The "Code of Hammurabi" is an early collection of mathematical equations applied to architectural
construction which originated in Egypt..
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 51
Diff: 2
29) Aristotle argued that the polis was a natural outgrowth of the human being's nature.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 52
Diff: 2
30) Individuals in Rome fell into two categories: patricians and publicans.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 54
Diff: 2
31) The Roman Empire remained static for four centuries.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 55
Diff: 2
32) Today, Latin forms the basis of only a few words in the English language.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 55
Diff: 1
33) Edward Gibbon studied the question of, why did Rome last so long?
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 56
Diff: 2
34) As a nation-state Pakistan has been around for less than a century, but it has origins that predate
Islam.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 57
Diff: 2

63
35) During the Middle Ages religion began to lose its influence in peoples lives.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 58
Diff: 1
36) Throughout the Renaissance, the influence of religion remained strong.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 58
Diff: 2
37) The landed nobility lost power as the city merchants gained power during the Middle Ages.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 58
Diff: 2
38) The bubonic plague or Black Death was carried to Europe by sick rats from ships in the Near East
trade.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 58
Diff: 1
39) The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 prevented Greek scholars from influencing the development of the
European Renaissance.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 59
Diff: 2
40) One of the ways in which the West learned about the culture of the East was through the tales of
explorers.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 60
Diff: 1
41) Marco Polo reached Japan in 1290 and remained there for ten years.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 60
Diff: 2
42) Throughout the Renaissance the middle class continued to decline.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 61
Diff: 2
43) The phenomenon known as the Inquisition was exclusively medieval and restricted to one time
period.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 62
Diff: 2

64
44) Mercantilism was an early phase of capitalism.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 62
Diff: 2
45) Serfdom was formally abolished in France in 1789.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 62
Diff: 2
46) The Magna Carta is said to be the basis for many of the rights we take for granted today.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 63
Diff: 2
47) The emergence of nation-states in the seventeenth century led to numerous wars both within and
among nations.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 64
Diff: 2
48) The Age of Revolutions from about 180 to 400 led to the emergence of our modern economic and
government systems.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 64
Diff: 2
49) One of the important changes that took part during the Industrial Revolution was a migration into
cities.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 64
Diff: 1
50) In the 1750s, once again technological changes slowed down and became less important.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 64
Diff: 1
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) How was the domestication of plants and animals important in changing human societies?
Ref: 48-49
Suggested Answer: The role of domestication of plants and animals was hugely important in
changing the nature of human societies. Because people could stay in one place and no longer had to live
nomadically they could accumulate things (wealth) and could devote newfound time to other aspects of
life. People began to invent things and, since their plants and animals needed care, early villages began to
form.

65
52) Why were Egypt and Mesopotamia important in the development of early civilization? Why these
regions are called the cradle of modern civilization?
Ref: 49-51
Suggested Answer: Egypt and Mesopotamia were important in the development of early
civilization because in these regions we see the development of the basic political institution. As people
began to live in larger clusters they needed to protect themselves from constant warfare and likely
submitted to a powerful leader. These units worked together, recognized a form of leadership which is
found in nearly all modern civilizations following this era. Since this idea was born in Egypt and
Mesopotamia, these regions are called the cradle.
53) Describe and discuss the major social, political and economic developments of the Middle Ages. Why
were the church, serfs, merchants, nobles and monarchs important?
Ref: 56-58
Suggested Answer: After Europe was forced into a form of isolation much of the region was
forced into agriculture. Serfs, peasants, were bound to work at an estate belonging to a noble or lord. This
rigid structure played a large role in the structure of social and political life. The church attempted to
consolidate its political and military power and lords, kings, and the church were in a constant struggle for
political power. Social and political life followed this pattern until technological changes and a more
centralized government took over. As trading and towns grew, religion and commerce became major
social, political, and economic forces and the merchant class developed. The new merchant class then led
to the development of the modern state and the decline of the feudal system.
54) How and why were the Age of Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution related?
Ref: 64-65
Suggested Answer: Most importantly, the two ideas are related because the Industrial Revolution
is one of the revolutions to occur in the time period of 1750-1850 called the Age of Revolutions. This
Age saw many changes. One of them was the Industrial Revolution, characterized by the invention of
machines that increased production output and brought about many related organization and social
changes. The Age of Revolutions also saw such revolutions as the American Revolution and the French
Revolution.
55) How does globalization affect the potential for a modern plague? Note some recent events that
suggest this potential threat is a possibility. Discuss at least one measure that we could employ to stop a
plague if it were to present itself.
Ref: 59
Suggested Answer: Globalization makes it more likely that there will be a global plague. Since
countries are becoming more and more interconnected it is difficult to keep illnesses contained to one
geographic location. SARS and the Swine Flu, or H1N1, are recent examples of global plague scares,
where serious diseases spread across the planet quickly. If a plague were to take effect, counties could
mandate travel limits. By restricting people from entering and/or leaving the country we might slow the
spread of disease.

66
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Contemporary American culture is:

A) mostly dominated by urban black culture.
B) a traditional white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant culture.
C) a blending of overlapping cultures representing a wide variety of people.
D) there is no American culture.
Answer: C
Ref: 69
Diff: 1
2) Conventions:
A) are exact, codified, and enforced.
B) are interesting and quaint.
C) exist only in primitive societies.
D) are the usual ways of behavior in a group.
Answer: D
Ref: 71
Diff: 2
3) A group of people who come together accidentally for a brief time only is called a:
A) society.
B) crowd.
C) social institution.
D) family.
Answer: B
Ref: 70
Diff: 2
4) Conventions are:
A) everyday customs or usual ways of behaving.
B) complex group behaviors which do not change.
C) never followed by individuals.
D) legal norms enforced by courts.
Answer: A
Ref: 71
Diff: 2
5) Which social institution played a significant role in instigating social change during the civil rights
movement?
A) the public school system
B) the economy
C) the medical community
D) the church
Answer: D
Ref: 72
Diff: 2

67
6) Benjamin Lee Whorf argued that each particular language embodies and propagates:
A) a uniform system of meanings identical for all languages.
B) a system of communication lacking bias.
C) cultural artifacts.
D) a world view
Answer: D
Ref: 73
Diff: 2
7) The cultural change which made it possible to record human knowledge was the invention of:
A) the wheel.
B) the arch.
C) writing.
D) stone tools.
Answer: C
Ref: 75
Diff: 1
8) The degree to which a culture is internally consistent and homogeneous is called:

A) cultural integration.
B) cultural alteration.
C) cultural development crisis.
D) cultural transition.
Answer: A
Ref: 74
Diff: 2
9) Today the rate of technological change is increasing:

A) and so is the interaction among cultures.
B) but cultural interaction is decreasing.
C) but close contacts with distant lands is ending.
D) and cultural differences are greater.
Answer: A
Ref: 75
Diff: 2
10) Evolution and revolution are two ways in which basic social institutions:
A) change.
B) reach perfection.
C) remain the same.
D) resist change.
Answer: A
Ref: 75-76
Diff: 1

68
11) Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee suggested a theory that civilizations pass through:
A) upward spirals of prosperity indefinitely.
B) silver, bronze, and iron ages.
C) changes which reflect inevitable progress.
D) cycles of growth, climax, and decline.
Answer: D
Ref: 76
Diff: 3
12) Technological development begins:

A) without human influence.
B) without reference to previous technologies.
C) exactly the same way in all societies.
D) with discovery and invention
Answer: D
Ref: 76
Diff: 2
13) Geography and climate are:

A) unrelated to the natural environment.
B) always stabilizing factors in social changes.
C) never important when people migrate.
D) important factors to consider in social change.
Answer: D
Ref: 76
Diff: 2
14) The spread of cultural traits from one social group to another is called:
A) cultural integration.
B) cultural diffusion.
C) cultural subdivision.
D) cultural fixation.
Answer: B
Ref: 77
Diff: 2
15) An organized system of ideas for remodeling society is called:

A) an inventory.
B) material invention.
C) an ideology.
D) socialization scale.
Answer: C
Ref: 78
Diff: 2

69
16) Social changes may also be brought about by group action in a society, which is also called:
A) random action.
B) small scale revisions.
C) gradualism.
D) collective action.
Answer: D
Ref: 78
Diff: 3
17) Ways of behaving that have been learned so well that they can be carried on without conscious
attention are called:
A) traits.
B) innovations.
C) habits.
D) discoveries.
Answer: C
Ref: 81
Diff: 2
18) A _____________ is a privilege or advantage than an individual enjoys because of the status quo,
which is the existing state of affairs.
A) habit
B) perk
C) hidden benefit
D) vested interest
Answer: D
Ref: 81
Diff: 2
19) The causes of most social problems are:

A) simple.
B) complex.
C) non-existent.
D) obvious.
Answer: B
Ref: 82
Diff: 2
20) The slowness in the rate of change in one part of culture in relation to another is called:
A) cultural invention.
B) material progress.
C) cultural transformation.
D) cultural lag.
Answer: D
Ref: 83
Diff: 1

70
21) Different cultures change or evolve:

A) in the same way everywhere.
B) according to a universally similar pattern.
C) along quite different paths.
D) the same number of times every decade.
Answer: C
Ref: 84
Diff: 2
22) The doctrine that all cultures are for the most part equally valid is called:
A) cultural diffusion.
B) cultural relativism.
C) centralization.
D) democratization.
Answer: B
Ref: 85
Diff: 2
23) Understanding other cultures requires an effort to look at them from the viewpoint of:
A) all people according to one value system.
B) the dominant world culture.
C) those people brought up in other cultures.
D) the oldest existing culture.
Answer: C
Ref: 85
Diff: 3
24) Respect for different ways of living is the essence of:

A) forced conformity.
B) chauvinism.
C) ethnocentrism.
D) cultural relativism.
Answer: D
Ref: 85
Diff: 2
25) Ethnocentrism is:

A) the tendency to judge other cultures by a person's own culture.
B) universally avoided.
C) forbidden everywhere.
D) always beneficial to all humans.
Answer: A
Ref: 86
Diff: 2

71
TRUE/FALSE
26) It is possible to understand the nature of human beings independently of their social environment.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 68
Diff: 1
27) The United States does not have one single culture.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 69
Diff: 1
28) Socialization is the process that shapes the personality of individuals so they can become members of
society.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 69
Diff: 1
29) All people in a culture are alike in their personalities.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 69
Diff: 2
30) Multiculturalism allows subgroups to revere their own history and view that history as a strong
building block of the larger culture.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 70
Diff: 1
31) A group of people does not necessarily constitute a society.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 70
Diff: 2
32) Culture is the way of life that the people of a society follow.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 71
Diff: 1
33) Mores are regulations established in a community by some authority and enforced by judicial
decision.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 72
Diff: 3
34) Laws are different from mores in that to be a law, a principle or regulation has had to be accepted by
more people.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 72
Diff: 2

72
35) Social institutions are usually organized around some central interest or need.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 72
Diff: 2
36) Social institutions provide a society order, coordination, and provide for social change.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 72
Diff: 1
37) Language is not important in the development and transmission of culture.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 72-73
Diff: 2
38) Social values are the motivating power that makes institutions function effectively.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 73
Diff: 1
39) Social values are absolute rather than relative.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 74
Diff: 2
40) Cultural alternatives define the degree to which a culture is internally consistent and homogeneous.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 74
Diff: 3
41) The culture of a society is permanent and able to fit all new situations without evolving.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 75
Diff: 2
42) Diffusion of cultural traits is a one-way process.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 76
Diff: 3
43) The cycle theory of social change is based on the idea that history repeats itself.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 76
Diff: 1
44) Technological changes now constitute only a minor part of social life.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 76-77
Diff: 1

73
45) Christian churches in America have traditionally been and continue to be active in social change
movements in the United States.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 78
Diff: 2
46) Concepts such as "liberty, equality, and fraternity" of the French Revolution changed basic social
values.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 78
Diff: 2
47) An ideology is an organized system of ideas, values, and emotions.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 78
Diff: 2
48) William Ogburn described cultural lag as a pattern of stability and cultural cohesion.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 83
Diff: 3
49) Changes in the material aspects of culture always precede changes in the nonmaterial aspects.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 84
Diff: 3
50) Cultural relativism asserts that all cultures are for the most part equally valid.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 85
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) Explain the doctrine of inevitable progress and the theory of social change. How do these two ideas
differ?
Ref: 76
Suggested Answer: The doctrine of inevitable progress is a popular belief that the world is getting
better and better. This view holds that all social change is good and progressive. The theory of change
differs in that it does not view change as linear, resulting in increasing quality. Social change holds that
all civilizations go through a process of growth, climax, and decline.

74
52) What factors contribute to the stability of culture? How do these factors help to give continuity to
ways of living?
Ref: 81
Suggested Answer: Three factors contribute to social stability: stability of social norms, habits,
and value attachment. These factors all help give continuity and resist social change. Our social norms are
rather conservative and are difficult to change. The mores, institutions, and conventions are impressed
deeply in us and become engrained in our personalities. We also develop habits, and these beliefs that are
now a part of our personality go unnoticed, making for a more stable society. We have also attached
strong values to most existing beliefs, making it hard to replace or change our norms and habits. These
factors of stability work together to give us a more stable way of life.
53) How do social scientists define social problems? What are the reasons why some problems are called
social problems? State two examples of major social problems.
Ref: 82
Suggested Answer: Social problems are defined as situations that have been recognized as
negatively affecting large numbers of people. Some issues, which may in fact be personal, are called
social problems because so many people in a society are threatened that the whole society may be in
danger. Also, these problems are too big to be met or solved by individuals, and are thus called social.
Issues such as mass unemployment, crime, family disorganization, and war are examples of social
problems.
54) What is cultural lag theory? What are the limitations of cultural lag theory? How is cultural lag related
to social problems?
Ref: 83-84
Suggested Answer: Cultural lag theory states that there is slowness in the rate of change on one
part of culture in relation to another, which causes maladjustment in a society. Change related to the ease
of transportation versus the structure of political organizations is an example of cultural lag. Typically it
is thought that material aspects change first, and then non-material cultural change lags behind it. The
limitations of this theory are that it is incorrect to assume that changes in material culture always come
first. There is often interaction between the two. Also, there is often disagreement in how to respond to
changes in material culture. It is not that change is lagging behind; sometimes there isnt a clear answer as
to how to change the non-material culture. Cultural lag sometimes leads to social problems directly, or the
debate over how to respond to material change becomes the problem.
55) What is the meaning of cultural relativism? How is cultural relativism related to ethnocentrism?
Which view do social scientists tend to take?
Ref: 85
Suggested Answer: Cultural relativism is a belief or way of looking at other cultures with an open
mind. Relativism asserts that all cultures are for the most part equally valid and suggests that in order to
understand a culture different than our own we should try to look through the eyes of a person from that
culture. This is related to ethnocentrism in that they both are ways of looking at and evaluating another
culture. Ethnocentrism is less preferred by social scientists since the belief that your culture is superior
generally results in misunderstanding, prejudice, and conflict.

75
Chapter 5 Geography, Demography, Ecology, and Society
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Geography considers all of the following except:

A) why cities are located where they are.
B) why some areas develop while others don't.
C) why rivers flow in certain directions..
D) how technology can affect development.
Answer: C
Ref: 91
Diff: 2
2) The study of the number and characteristics of a population is called:

A) anatomy.
B) biodiversity.
C) demography.
D) geology.
Answer: C
Ref: 91
Diff: 2
3) In 2010 the approximate population of the world was just under:

A) 3. billion people
B)7 billion people.
C) 10 billion people.
D) 20 billion people.
Answer: A
Ref: 91
Diff: 2
4) Birthrate and death rate are:

A) secondary factors in population growth.
B) key determinants of population.
C) not influenced by government policies.
D) always equal.
Answer: B
Ref: 93
Diff: 2
5) The decline in birthrate in the United States and Western Europe may:
A) not last.
B) lead to more multiple births.
C) make people less willing to accept the responsibility of raising large families.
D) lead to more adoption.
Answer: C
Ref: 93
Diff: 3

76
6) Population growth in the United States and Western Europe has slowed because of:
A) population decline due to higher death rates.
B) birth control.
C) population migration away from these areas.
D) government policies of forced deportation.
Answer: B
Ref: 93
Diff: 2
7) What do demographers believe to be true of worldwide birthrates?

A) Birthrates will continue to rise as they have since 1909.
B) Birthrates will continue to decline as they have since 1909.
C) Birthrates will continue to elude demographers as counting births is nearly impossible.
D) Birthrates will only increase in prosperous Westernized nations.
Answer: B
Ref: 93
Diff: 3
8) World population has grown rapidly since the 1800s because:

A) the death rate has declined.
B) per capita output of food has declined.
C) per capita output of manufactured goods has declined.
D) sanitation has not changed since ancient times.
Answer: A
Ref: 94
Diff: 2
9) Large and rapid increases in population in the developing areas of the world often occur:
A) and lower standards of living.
B) with only positive economic consequences.
C) and reduce the danger of food shortages.
D) without social consequences.
Answer: A
Ref: 94
Diff: 2
10) The U.S. Census Bureau (1990 census) has reported that:
A) everyone was counted in 1990.
B) no double counting occurred in 1990.
C) it actually missed about 12 million people.
D) there were no disputes about its count.
Answer: C
Ref: 95
Diff: 2

77
11) In 1798 "an Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society"
was written by:
A) Diderot.
B) Thomas Jefferson.
C) Charles Darwin.
D) Thomas Malthus.
Answer: D
Ref: 96
Diff: 2
12) Julian Simon argues that:

A) there is an optimal population size.
B) there are limits to population growth.
C) people are an unlimited resource.
D) people cannot support through technology larger populations.
Answer: C
Ref: 97
Diff: 3
13) Some fear a serious deterioration of the biological quality of the human population because:
A) intelligent individuals will choose careers over family leaving the less advantaged and less educated to
bear the majority of children.
B) the birth rates are declining meaning the chances of healthy offspring is decreasing.
C) the birth rates are increasing meaning the available talent of a society is being spread more thinly.
D) of the limited interchange between people with different enough genes.
Answer: A
Ref: 97-98
Diff: 3
14) Individual success depends on:

A) only biological factors.
B) only social factors.
C) one factor - genetics.
D) both social environment and biological inheritance.
Answer: D
Ref: 98
Diff: 2
15) The elements in our surroundings that are human or of human origin are called:
A) the social environment.
B) the physical environment.
C) the material environment.
D) the supernatural environment.
Answer: A
Ref: 99
Diff: 2

78
16) The science concerned with the interactions between living things and their environment is called:
A) soil science.
B) political science.
C) physics.
D) ecology.
Answer: D
Ref: 99
Diff: 2
17) Human ecology applies some of the findings of:

A) the humanities to the physical sciences.
B) the social sciences to the arts.
C) the exact sciences to astronomy.
D) the biological sciences to the problems of social science.
Answer: D
Ref: 99
Diff: 3
18) Most species depend on:

A) other species for food or other needs.
B) themselves.
C) the lack of interdependence in nature to survive.
D) inability to adjust to changing environments to survive.
Answer: A
Ref: 99
Diff: 2
19) Industrial pollution, depletion of water table and smokestack emissions are all:
A) threats to the ecological balance.
B) signs of improved environmental conditions.
C) evidence of human progress without environment costs.
D) ways of stabilizing the ecological balance forever.
Answer: A
Ref: 100
Diff: 2
20) Some pollution is an inevitable consequence of production, presenting society with a:

A) tradeoff involving both costs and benefits.
B) standoff with no losers.
C) problem which can only be solved by technology.
D) clear choice without any debate.
Answer: A
Ref: 100
Diff: 3

79
21) The most important U.S. government antipollution agency is the:

A) Coast Guard.
B) Environmental Protection Agency.
C) Federal Reserve Board.
D) Food and Drug Administration.
Answer: B
Ref: 101
Diff: 1
22) Environmental issues:

A) are limited to internal affairs of nations.
B) are exclusively domestic policy issues.
C) involve both national and international dimensions.
D) can all be solved without any legislation.
Answer: C
Ref: 101
Diff: 3
23) What is the leading cause for the increase in energy cost?
A) Saddam Hussein's torching of oil wells during the Gulf War.
B) The on-going conflict between Palestinians and Israelis.
C) The extremely fast growth of the Chinese economy demanding energy and causing a shortage
worldwide.
D) The greed of a few oil moguls who control the resources and the political machines that regulate the
oil markets worldwide.
Answer: C
Ref: 102
Diff: 2
24) Emissions reduction to control global warming is:

A) not a controversial issue.
B) equally applied to both developed and developing nations.
C) a much debated issue.
D) no longer a political problem.
Answer: C
Ref: 101
Diff: 3
25) Demographic problems are:

A) constantly changing.
B) the least important problems in developing countries.
C) without influence on political issues.
D) only important in geography.
Answer: A
Ref: 102
Diff: 2

80
TRUE/FALSE
26) In the early 2000s, the National Geographic-Roper study found that just about half of U.S. citizens
could find New York on a map.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 89
Diff: 2
27) It is less important to know which social science has had a particular idea than it is to know the idea
itself.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 90
Diff: 2
28) China has the largest population of any country with about 1.3 billion people.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 91
Diff: 1
29) North America has the largest population of people in the world.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 91
Diff: 2
30) Demographers classify and count people on the basic of characteristics such as age, gender, marital
status, occupation, income, nationality, and race.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 91
Diff: 2
31) The current world death rate is more than 50.0 per thousand, which is higher than in the past.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 93
Diff: 3
32) Birth control has not been effective in slowing population growth in the United States.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 93
Diff: 2
33) The birthrate in Europe and the United States has been rising since the year 1800.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 94
Diff: 2
34) The decline of the death rate has resulting in the great increase in world population since 1800.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 94
Diff: 2

81
35) Sanitation and improved health care have increased rates of population growth.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 94
Diff: 1
36) A census is an official, systematic count of the number of people who live in an area.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 95
Diff: 1
37) The first reliable census of a European country was taken by Sweden in 1749.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 95
Diff: 3
38) Census statistics are very accurate and reliable with low amounts of error.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 95
Diff: 2
39) Thomas Malthus was interested in the relationship of population to the means of human subsistence.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 96
Diff: 2
40) The Malthusian Theory is the idea that the means of subsistence tends to outrun the growth of
population.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 96
Diff: 2
41) The optimal population is the population that would maximize welfare for its members.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 97
Diff: 2
42) Julian Simon argues that there can be no such thing as too many people.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 97
Diff: 2
43) Any statements about optimal population are inevitably culturally determined.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 98
Diff: 1

82
44) Some societies have attempted to control the genetic qualities of their population by offering bonuses
to college educated women for having children and to less educated mothers who opt to be sterilized.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 98
Diff: 2
45) Modern times have brought about stability in the ecological balance.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 99
Diff: 2
46) NIMBY refers to a way of thinking where citizens fight against the building of nuclear waste
facilities near where they live.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 100
Diff: 2
47) The United States met the year 2000 deadline for emission control set by the Kyoto Protocol.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 101
Diff: 2
48) China and India would not have had to comply with the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 101
Diff: 2
49) The increase in the price of gas has caused American consumers to conserve energy by traveling less.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 102
Diff: 3
50) As a country gets richer demographic problems increase while ecological problems decline.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 102
Diff: 3
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is geography? What questions does geography consider?

Ref: 90
Suggested Answer: Geography is a social science that focuses on the spatial interactions of
humans. These interactions occur between people and the physical environment. A geographer would
consider questions like; why are cities located where they are, how does the environment shape the
behavior of cultures and individuals, and why have some areas developed while others haven not?

83
52) What is demography? What key factors determine the population of any country?
Ref: 91
Suggested Answer: Demography is a social science that studies the number and characteristics of
a population. Key factors related to finding out the population of a country are any factors related to either
increases or decreases of the number of people. These might include; health care, sanitation, birth control,
birth rates, death rates, and net migration of people.
53) How has the growth of population changed over time? Why has world population grown rapidly but
unequally since the 1800s?
Ref: 94
Suggested Answer: Until the 1800s the population of the world grew rather consistently.
Following advances in sanitation, health care, food, and manufactured goods in the 1800s the world has
seen rapid population growth. These changes allowed for more development in the undeveloped parts of
the world and made it easier for the world to support a growing population. Changes related to modern
science reached different parts of the world at different times, which explains the unequal population
growth.
54) Compare and contrast the theories of Thomas Robert Malthus and Julian Simon.
Ref: 96-97
Suggested Answer: Both theories are about population growth but the two theories are quite
different from each other. Malthus, responsible for the Malthusian Theory, claims that population will
outstrip the food supply since population grows geometrically while food supply and other means of
subsistence grow arithmetically. Malthus was concerned about population growth and was pessimistic
about improving the conditions of life for people as populations grew. Simons beliefs are not negative
because he sees people as the ultimate resource and that there is no such thing as too many people. Simon
is not concerned about populations outgrowing food supplies since people create ideas and ideas, like
technology, can always adapt to support an ever-growing population.
55) How do geography, demography and environment interact? What is the importance of the ecological
balance, pollution, and conservation?
Ref: 99-102
Suggested Answer: Geography, demography, and the environment are very connected.
Geography, demography, and environment combine into a field of study called ecology, which is the
science concerned with the interactions between living things and their environment. This definition is
very similar to that of geography and demography and ecology utilizes understandings from both
disciplines. Ecological balance is a concept important in ecology, geography, demography, and all the
social sciences. Without balance, there is maladjustment in the environment and this is deemed as a bad
thing across most cultures. Pollution and conservation are two very big issues in the search for ecological
balance.

84
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio in:

A) 1876.
B) 1896.
C) 1885.
D) 1854.
Answer: B
Ref: 106
Diff: 3
2) In 1876 Thomas Edison invented the:

A) elevator.
B) first camera.
C) first motorcar.
D) incandescent light bulb.
Answer: D
Ref: 106
Diff: 2
3) John Gorrie was a doctor who invented the:

A) air conditioner.
B) elevator.
C) motor car.
D) television.
Answer: A
Ref: 106
Diff: 2
4) The Industrial Revolution began in England about the year:

A) 1760.
B) 1865.
C) 1453.
D) 1066.
Answer: A
Ref: 107
Diff: 2
5) A greatly improved steam engine was devised by:

A) Emile Durkheim.
B) James Watt.
C) Max Weber.
D) Herbert Spencer.
Answer: B
Ref: 107
Diff: 2

85
6) A growing domestic market, plentiful raw materials, and scarcity of labor all favored American (U.S.):
A) inability to turn to machine technology.
B) lack of opportunities in mass production.
C) industrialization.
D) satisfaction with dependency on European industry.
Answer: C
Ref: 108
Diff: 2
7) The production of uniform, substitutable parts is called:

A) acculturation.
B) diffusion.
C) standardization.
D) homemade uniqueness.
Answer: C
Ref: 108
Diff: 1
8) John Hall developed a method of precision machine production which made:

A) musket manufacture more difficult.
B) interchangeable parts possible.
C) each part different and unique.
D) fewer products available.
Answer: B
Ref: 109
Diff: 2
9) Interchangeability and mass production in an assembly line:

A) increased the price of a car in the 1920s.
B) in general increased the status and pay of skilled workers.
C) increased the cost of arms and ended all wars.
D) decreased the price of a car in the 1920s.
Answer: D
Ref: 110
Diff: 2
10) What is meant by "outsourced"?

A) Terminating ones employment
B) Foreign businesses coming into the U.S. to employ American workers
C) Replacing U.S. high-wage workers with low-wage foreign workers
D) Looking outside of your company for sources of parts
Answer: C
Ref: 111
Diff: 2

86
11) Technology also affects traditional societies in all of the following ways except:
A) making people worse off materially.
B) introducing large income inequalities.
C) increasing Westernization of culture.
D) new job creation.
Answer: A
Ref: 111
Diff: 1
12) Today modern machine technology has created great numbers of jobs that require:
A) unskilled labor.
B) no specialized training.
C) routine manual labor.
D) specialized skills or knowledge
Answer: D
Ref: 112
Diff: 2
13) Ultimately, advances in machine technology tend to:

A) increase cost.
B) increase prices.
C) reduce how much people can buy.
D) minimize new products.
Answer: D
Ref: 112
Diff: 2
14) Technological development has also created all of the problems below EXCEPT:
A) disruption of domestic life.
B) crowded town and cities.
C) health hazards (occupational).
D) the overall loss of employment opportunities.
Answer: D
Ref:112-113
Diff: 2
15) Modern civilization as we know it could not have developed without:

A) its disinterest in science.
B) complacent attitudes.
C) its technological base.
D) lack of interest in economic development.
Answer: C
Ref: 113
Diff: 1

87
16) The QWERTY keyboard:

A) serves an important purpose for society today.
B) served an important purpose in the past and is still necessary today.
C) served an important purpose in the past and is unnecessary today.
D) Was invented accidentally.
Answer: C
Ref: 114
Diff: 2
17) Michael Piori has argued that new technologies will result in:
A) class differences being more embodied in technology.
B) class distinctions no longer being embodied in technology.
C) more class distinction in the United States than there is now.
D) more blue-collar job opportunities.
Answer: B
Ref: 114
Diff: 3
18) What is NOT an example of cyber crime?

A) Identity theft
B) Illegal transfers of money
C) The theft of a computer
D) Cyber stalking by Internet predators
Answer: C
Ref: 115
Diff: 3
19) The supply of natural resources depends on:

A) only geographical factors.
B) economic planning more than technology.
C) social availability more than technology.
D) the type of technology we have.
Answer: D
Ref: 116
Diff: 2
20) Goods can become scarce:

A) in only one way.
B) only by being used up.
C) only by a lack of natural resources.
D) by government policies limiting use.
Answer: D
Ref: 116
Diff: 2

88
21) The gradual warming of the earth's temperature due to the burning of fossil fuels is called:
A) the ice age.
B) glaciation.
C) acclimatization.
D) global warming.
Answer: D
Ref: 117
Diff: 1
22) The earliest human-made wooden shelters have been dated about:
A) 6 million years ago.
B) 20,000 years ago.
C) 400,000 years ago.
D) 35,000 years ago.
Answer: C
Ref: 118
Diff: 2
23) Futurists can help us reflect and think about:

A) what our futures will be with 100% certainty.
B) the implications of possible future changes.
C) the lack of importance of all past history.
D) how the present is unimportant.
Answer: B
Ref: 120
Diff: 2
24) Alvin Toffler is a leading advocate of:

A) stronger reliance on the new technology.
B) controlled technological change.
C) people becoming unconscious puppets of technology.
D) future shock as a cure for social problems.
Answer: B
Ref: 121
Diff: 2
25) Potential technological developments in the future:

A) are limited only by the imagination.
B) will not prove unnecessary.
C) will not occur because we will all know all we need to.
D) will not occur because we will all fear to learn more.
Answer: A
Ref: 121
Diff: 2

89
TRUE/FALSE
26) Technology is the universe of tools, means, and methods through which we interact with our
environment.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 105
Diff: 1
27) The process of canning foods was initially motivated by a desire for increased military success.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 105
Diff: 2
28) John Gorrie was a doctor trying to help patients with malaria when he invented the first air
conditioner.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 106
Diff: 2
29) The Industrial Revolution involved the replacement of power-driven machines by hand tools.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 107
Diff: 1
30) England was one of the last countries in Europe to industrialize.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 107
Diff: 3
31) The Napoleonic Wars helped the process of American industrialization.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 107
Diff: 2
32) Musket manufacture was important in the development of the idea of interchangeability of parts.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 109
Diff: 2
33) Precision machine production made mass production obsolete and too costly.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 110
Diff: 3
34) Developments in industrial technology have diminished the importance of an individual's physical
strength.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 110
Diff: 2

90
35) The Internet is speeding the process of the disintegration of world economies through regionalization.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 111
Diff: 2
36) Modern machine technology has eliminated great numbers of jobs that require specialized skill or
knowledge.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 112
Diff: 3
37) The development of robots has increased the number of routine jobs.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 112
Diff: 3
38) Advances in machine technology progressively decrease total job opportunities and total employment.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 112
Diff: 2
39) Technology has played a dominant role in shaping our modern world.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 113
Diff: 1
40) Technology can be both a solution and cause of social problems.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 113
Diff: 1
41) The first six letters on the top of a keyboard spell QWERTY.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 114
Diff: 2
42) China attempted to kept Western technologies out until the conscious adaptation in the early 1900s.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 114
Diff: 2
43) Both the technology and economic activity of a society are entirely determined by the extent to which
various natural resources are available.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 115
Diff: 3

91
44) According to economists, the primary reasons for rising gas prices was the increased demand by
China and the war in Iraq.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 116
Diff: 2
45) Most scientists are now convinced that global warming is not taking place.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 117
Diff: 1
46) Thanks to a U.N. climate summit in 2009, much of the world operates under a global treaty to attempt
to slow down global warming.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 117
Diff: 2
47) Technological discoveries and breakthroughs also have social and cultural consequences.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 120
Diff: 2
48) Technological progress occurs without reference to social conditions.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 120
Diff: 2
49) Alvin Toffler has argued that rapid technological change is comforting and reassuring, making
controlled technological change unnecessary.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 121
Diff: 3
50) Potential technological developments in the future are limited only by the imagination.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 121
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What were the social and economic effects of standardization, interchangeability and mass
production?
Ref: 108-111
Suggested Answer: Standardization, interchangeability, and mass production greatly impacted the
social and economic fabric of society. For starters, with standardization and mass production, companies
were able to produce greater amounts and do so at lower costs, which led to greater profits. Workers were
held in less regard and paid less since their contribution to the overall process of production was
simplified. Meanwhile, the impacts of geography shrunk as transportation became more affordable and
widespread. Farming became more productive with technology and now we are seeing a change in the
social effects related to home offices and global workplaces.
92
52) How is modern technology related to the need for skilled and unskilled workers? Do machines cause
a decline in total employment?
Ref: 111-112
Suggested Answer: Modern technology is highly related to the need for workers, and it is debated
whether technology has reduced or increased the need for skilled workers. It was originally thought that
the use of machines would displace the original skilled workers since all they would need only to pull a
lever or push a button. However, technology has not removed the need for skilled laborers, the skills
needed have just become different. Yes, routine jobs have decreased as the capability of machines has
grown, but the need for skilled workers such as engineers, construction workers, machinists, mechanics,
administrators, advertisers, and accountants has grown.
53) How does technology influence social change? Why and how are class systems related to technology?
Ref: 113
Suggested Answer: Technology significantly influences social change. Our technology is
intertwined in our culture. Technology impacts how we relate to our habitat and the amount of benefit we
are able to extract from our resources. Technology and class are also related, and some argue that
technology is the primary reason we have capitalism and a class structure. On the contrary, others argue
that technology will instead close the gap between the working class and the upper class.
54) Are there sufficient resources for society to continue to grow? What three factors determine economic
activities?
Ref: 115-116
Suggested Answer: While some ecologists argue that we are headed for doom, the key to
answering the question are there sufficient resources for society to continue to grow lies in our
technology. Since the key element in using resources necessary for growth is the technology that turns
substances into usable goods/resources, there is ultimately an unlimited capacity for growth. The
economy is a large driver in what keeps successful growth possible, and three factors make up economic
activity. The three factors that determine economic activities are: the nature of scarce goods, available
resources, and the ability to use resources to produce desirable goods and services, or technology.
55) Why should we be concerned about the technology of the future? What social factors influence
technological development?
Ref: 118-120
Suggested Answer: We should be concerned about the development of future technology, since
the power of technology to shape our lives is huge. Technology can impact a societys social order,
economy, and culture. Our potential is endless, and the impacts of new technology could either be
lifesaving or damaging. By mistake we could negatively impact millions of lives, or find a cure for
cancer. Technology does not occur by itself though, in fact many factors influence technological
development. The cost of conducting research can either impede or foster growth, as well as the interests
of different parties- consumer groups or labor unions can sway the directions of technology. Also, the
overall cultural value placed on technology and change will greatly impact technological development.
Our values of consumption and growth might fade and the push for development might slow down. On
the other hand, we might increase in our desire for new technology, pushing technological development
even further.

93
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Culture's role in shaping individual personality is:

A) minor.
B) unimportant.
C) unknown.
D) major.
Answer: D
Ref: 123
Diff: 1
2) The study of children who have been largely isolated demonstrates the importance of:
A) genetic determinism in behavior.
B) socialization.
C) feral phases in all children.
D) the need for isolation in normal development.
Answer: B
Ref: 126-127
Diff: 2
3) Operant conditioning is often discussed in terms of:

A) superego development.
B) id identification.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) self-actualization.
Answer: C
Ref: 128
Diff: 2
4) Recent discussions of the nature/nurture debate have tended to emphasize the:

A) enormous importance of nurture and the environment.
B) complex interaction between the two.
C) inheritability of most intellectual behaviors.
D) importance of socialization reversals.
Answer: B
Ref: 130
Diff: 2
5) In the nature/nurture debate, the cognitive approach focuses on:

A) nature.
B) nurture.
C) the entire being.
D) suggesting an alternative to nature or nurture.
Answer: A
Ref: 130
Diff: 2

94
6) The psychoanalytic approach to understanding behavior focuses on:

A) Freud's theories of behavior.
B) ones conscious understanding of their environment.
C) cognitive science.
D) the actions one demonstrates.
Answer: A
Ref: 130
Diff: 2
7) Which approach to the explanation of behavior focuses on the unconscious and its relation to conscious
thoughts and actions?
A) cognitive approach
B) psychoanalytic approach
C) behavioralist approach
D) humanist approach
Answer: B
Ref: 130
Diff: 2
8) Which approach to the explanation of behavior did Sigmund Freud pioneer?

A) cognitive approach
B) psychoanalytical approach
C) behavioralist approach
D) humanist approach
Answer: B
Ref: 130
Diff: 2
9) The humanist approach emphasizes:

A) the entire person.
B) the mind.
C) psychoanalysis and genetics.
D) negative reinforcement.
Answer: A
Ref: 130
Diff: 2
10) Abraham Maslow's hierarchy states that each level:

A) must be satisfied before the next is attempted.
B) is independent of the others.
C) alone is enough to make an individual self-actualized.
D) will require no further effort once attained.
Answer: A
Ref: 131
Diff: 2

95
11) Good adjustment and normality:

A) have precisely the same meaning in all societies.
B) do not have precisely the same meaning when applied to personality.
C) are the same in all cultures.
D) are recognized as being not closely related.
Answer: B
Ref: 132
Diff: 2
12) David Lykken and Auke Tellegen's study of pairs of identical twins found that regardless of their
surroundings, their level of:
A) intelligence differed by only 10.5 percent.
B) happiness was the same.
C) insecurity was greatly overestimated for both.
D) depression were exactly opposite 80 percent of the time.
Answer: B
Ref: 131
Diff: 2
13) Martin Seligman argues that couples who stay together happily are the ones who:
A) see each other as objects.
B) do not see each other every week of the year.
C) see their spouse objectively.
D) see their spouse through rose-colored glasses.
Answer: D
Ref: 131
Diff: 2
14) Freud originated a system of:

A) environmental categories.
B) personality testing called IQ.
C) psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis.
D) pop psychology.
Answer: C
Ref: 132
Diff: 2
15) Judith Martin suggested that if the child acts perfect, the child:
A) is being deceptive.
B) is manipulative and dangerous.
C) is perfect.
D) is really not perfect.
Answer: C
Ref: 133
Diff: 2

96
16) Freud's Oedipus complex received much:

A) widespread support because people found it easy to accept.
B) praise from the general public.
C) positive reaction from all psychologists.
D) publicity and aroused widespread opposition.
Answer: D
Ref: 134
Diff: 3
17) The ability of a person to understand situations and make adjustments depending on learning and
thinking is called:
A) intelligence.
B) deviance.
C) illegitimate opportunity.
D) differential association.
Answer: A
Ref: 134
Diff: 2
18) Mental tests indicate:

A) no differences in intelligence.
B) great differences in intelligence.
C) the infallibility of IQ tests.
D) that tests are the best and only way to study people.
Answer: B
Ref: 136
Diff: 2
19) IQ tests, like all tests, can be useful, but only if:
A) their limitations are kept in perspective.
B) they are given to all people many times.
C) seen as the way to control behavior.
D) we prevent any criticism of the tests.
Answer: A
Ref: 137
Diff: 2
20) Cesare Lombroso claimed that criminals are:

A) recognized by their longer lower jaws.
B) known to be more sensitive to pain.
C) recognized by their heavy beards.
D) recognized by their short ears.
Answer: A
Ref: 140
Diff: 3

97
21) Labeling Theory is part of the broader theoretical perspective called the:
A) functionalist perspective.
B) symbolic interactionist perspective.
C) psycho analytical perspective.
D) historical perspective.
Answer: B
Ref: 141
Diff: 3
22) Differential association theory assumes that deviation or conformity is most influenced by:
A) genetics.
B) climate and geography.
C) skull shape and forehead dimensions.
D) group membership and interaction.
Answer: D
Ref: 141
Diff: 2
23) Richard Clower and Lloyd Ohlin suggest that distinct styles of crime are determined by:
A) social class differences.
B) aggressive genes.
C) brain chemicals.
D) inherited instincts.
Answer: A
Ref: 142
Diff: 3
24) Strain theory argues that:

A) we are all deviants.
B) labels are self-fulfilling.
C) society creates crime and criminals.
D) crime is a product of individuals.
Answer: C
Ref: 142
Diff: 2
25) A society is composed of individuals and as a whole society is:

A) equal exactly to the sum of these individuals.
B) is best understood as developing in the same way individuals develop.
C) known to have few adjustment problems.
D) more than the sum of those individuals.
Answer: D
Ref: 143
Diff: 2

98
TRUE/FALSE
26) The total organization of the inherited and acquired characteristics of an individual as evidenced by
human behavior is called personality.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 123
Diff: 1
27) Culture is external to the individual and not a part of personality.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 123
Diff: 2
28) Each individual is an independent entity without dependency on culture.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 123
Diff: 3
29) The experiences of the young child within the family group seem to have little influence on human
personality development.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 124
Diff: 2
30) Piaget finds it useful to consider a child's life as one undivided period in personality development.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 124
Diff: 2
31) Two individuals can have exactly the same social environment and therefore be exactly identical in
behavior.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 125
Diff: 2
32) It is possible to find children who have been completely isolated from other human beings from the
time of birth.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 126
Diff: 2
33) Stories of feral children should be regarded with skepticism.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 126
Diff: 2

99
34) Personality bears the imprint of four things: inherited potentialities of the individual, natural
environment, the culture of an individuals society, and unique personal experiences.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 128
Diff: 2
35) Once personality has begun to form it becomes an independent force in the adjustment of the
individual to the total environment.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 128
Diff: 2
36) The human baby is a helpless creature at birth.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 128
Diff: 1
37) B. F. Skinner strongly denied the influence of society on the individual.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 128
Diff: 2
38) Skinner argued that human behavior could be changed through operant conditioning.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 128
Diff: 2
39) The nature-nurture debate focuses on whether heredity or environment is more important in
determining personality.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 129
Diff: 1
40) The behavioralist approach focuses on thought as the determinant of behavior.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 130
Diff: 2
41) The humanist approach emphasizes actions in shaping behavior rather than the mind.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 130
Diff: 2
42) Abraham Maslow developed the Oedipus complex to explain personality development.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 133
Diff: 2

100
43) The pop psychology of the early 2000s has a common theme the gradual long-term solution to
problems.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 134
Diff: 1
44) People with an IQ of less than 80 are considered retarded.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 136
Diff: 2
45) Intelligence is measured without limitations because it is just mental manipulation.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 138
Diff: 1
46) Women are emotionally and psychiatrically disabled and have more symptoms of stress than men.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 139
Diff: 2
47) Edwin Sutherland developed the Biological Predisposition Theory of Deviance.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 141
Diff: 2
48) Functionalists argue that deviance is a necessary part of a society.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 142
Diff: 2
49) Strain theory sees deviance as a product of society, not of individuals.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 142
Diff: 2
50) Economists argue that exploring crime through a cost-benefit approach fully explains the issue.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 143
Diff: 2

101
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) Answer and explain why the following question is important: What is the greater determinant of
human behavior: nature or nurture?
Ref: 128-130
Suggested Answer: While some researchers make arguments for either nature or nurture as the key
determinate of human behavior the best answer appears to draw from both sides of the argument. There
are some aspects of human behavior that are more clearly evident from birth, highlighting the importance
of nature. Other aspects of our behavior are more clearly seen as a product of socialization and our
environment, or nurture. Research, even twin studies, seems to conclude that rather than nature or
nurture its a combination of nature and nurture that determines human behavior. This is an important
question because it drives much of the research behind understanding behavior.
52) How and why are the cognitive, psychoanalytic, behavioralist and humanist explanations of human
behavior different? Give specific examples of a famous researcher for all of these approaches except
cognitive.
Ref: 130
Suggested Answer: The cognitive, psychoanalytic, behavioralist, and humanist explanations of
human behavior are all different in that they each use a different approach to understand human behavior.
The cognitive approach focuses on nature and sees thought as the initiator and determinant of behavior.
Behaviors are specific reactions to physical processes in the brain according to cognitive scholars. This is
different from the psychoanalytic approach, which is also a nature approach, but which sees behavior as
a result of more mystical, innate characteristics of people. Freud is famous for his work in the
psychoanalytic approach. The behavioralist approach focuses on actions instead of thoughts, and sees the
mind as just another part of the physical world. Skinner, with his work on conditioning, is a famous
example of a behavioralist researcher. The humanist approach takes the largest perspective and
emphasizes the entire person and his or her interrelationship with culture. Maslows theory of the well-
adjusted individual uses the humanist approach.
53) What is pop psychology? How is pop psychology different from the more scientific theories of
psychology?
Ref: 134
Suggested Answer: Pop psychology is a field which offers a more easily understood version of a
scientific psychological theory that is often created for popular consumption. Transactional analysis is an
example of pop psychology and is loosely linked to Freuds theories. Pop psychology is different than
the more scientific theories of psychology because it lacks more rigorous testing of theories and often
advocates a quick fix.

102
54) What is intelligence? How have psychologists tested for intelligence? Why did the book titled The
Bell Curve cause a controversy among social scientists?
Ref: 134-138
Suggested Answer: Intelligence is the ability of a person to understand situations and to make
adjustments according to learning and thinking. Psychologists use a variety of tests to determine the
characteristics of individuals. The most well known intelligence test is the IQ test. IQ stands for
Intelligence Quotient and this test attempts to reduce many aspects of intelligence to a single number. In
short, IQ scores which are a ratio of mental age to chronological age of an individual are used to compare
an individuals intelligence to that of the rest of the population. The book The Bell Curve is about the
declining intelligence, based off of IQ scores, in the U.S. and was very controversial. The author claims
that the declining IQ is due to nonwhite immigrants coming into the U.S. The author argues that since the
immigrants IQ scores are lower than those of the white majority they are causing the average for the
entire country to drop in intelligence. This argument received much negative attention because some
believe it is highly prejudiced. Also, it makes the claim that IQ equals intelligence and many social
scientists still question exactly what an IQ score actually means.
55) How do sociological explanations of deviance differ from psychological and biological explanations
of deviance? Compare and contrast specific theories from each perspective.
Ref: 140-142
Suggested Answer: Sociological explanations of deviance tend to focus more on factors external
to the individual whereas psychological and biological explanations tend to explain deviance by looking
within the individual. A classic psychological explanation of deviance focuses on personality disorders, or
abnormalities in an individual caused by either heredity or upbringing. Early biological explanations
focused only on the connection between heredity and deviance, for instance claiming that criminals had
features such as longer jaws and long ears. Differential association theory, a sociological theory, explains
deviant behavior through social norms instead of focusing on genes or body type. This theory, similar to
the psychological explanation, looks at upbringings, as well as current settings. According to differential
association theory, a person commits a crime because they are in a group with values different from those
of the norm, and according to the values of their own group the behavior is not deviant. Each of these
perspectives would explain the same deviant act in a different way.

103
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) A group of persons closely related by marriage, blood, or some other bond is called the:
A) horde.
B) troop.
C) family.
D) state.
Answer: C
Ref: 146
Diff: 1
2) In the United States the question of the legal status of same sex marriages and families has:
A) created new social, legal and political problems.
B) resolved old cultural issues.
C) become more secretive and less well known in society.
D) declined enormously in the last decade.
Answer: A
Ref: 147
Diff: 2
3) Marriage within the kinship or other social group is known as:

A) exogamy.
B) endogamy.
C) polygamy.
D) patriarchy.
Answer: B
Ref: 148
Diff: 2
4) An egalitarian family is:

A) a matriarchy.
B) a patriarchy.
C) a patrilineal family.
D) one with shared control.
Answer: D
Ref: 149
Diff: 2
5) In the Western world the most common method of reckoning descent is called:
A) unilateral.
B) polyandry.
C) pluralism.
D) bilateral.
Answer: D
Ref: 149
Diff: 2

104
6) The family function that primarily involves the need to reproduce is the:
A) political function.
B) educational function.
C) biological function.
D) economic function.
Answer: C
Ref: 151
Diff: 1
7) In the last twenty years the number of families having no children has been:
A) relatively stable.
B) increasing.
C) decreasing.
D) rapidly decreasing.
Answer: B
Ref: 151
Diff: 2
8) The number of mates, selection of mates, family control, and reckoning of descent determine:
A) variations in family patterns.
B) a single family type for all cultures.
C) the two types of family found in all nations.
D) very little about families but much about geography.
Answer: A
Ref: 151
Diff: 2
9) Reasons for desiring more or fewer children:

A) are the same in all types of society.
B) vary in different societies.
C) remain unchanged once established.
D) result in no family variation.
Answer: B
Ref: 151
Diff: 2
10) The advantage of family selection of mates is that it is more:

A) likely to fulfill economic and social stability goals.
B) likely to save time in child rearing.
C) likely to eliminate weddings.
D) likely to make the best choices.
Answer: A
Ref: 152
Diff: 2

105
11) Marriage between one husband and one wife followed by a dissolution of that marriage and a
subsequent marriage between the same husband or wife and another opposite-sex partner is called:
A) cenogamy.
B) dating.
C) serial monogamy.
D) polygamy.
Answer: C
Ref: 147
Diff: 2
12) In 2005, married-couple family households in the U.S.A. made up:

A) 25 percent of all households.
B) 12 percent of all households.
C) 50 percent of all households.
D) 90 percent of all households.
Answer: C
Ref: 156
Diff: 2
13) What is true of U.S. dating customs today?

A) Internet sites such as MySpace and Facebook allow people to meet others outside their immediate
geographic area.
B) The Internet has had little impact on dating.
C) People seldom date until they are ready to make a marital commitment.
D) Fewer people are cohabitating than ever before.
Answer: A
Ref: 157
Diff: 2
14) What is true of sexual relations among college students today?

A) The prohibition against sexual relations is increasing.
B) The prohibition against sexual relations is decreasing.
C) Sexual relations among college students has not changed in the past 50 years.
D) This is not something social scientists study due to its private nature.
Answer: B
Ref: 158
Diff: 3
15) The average number of children per family in the U.S. has been:
A) increasing since 1800.
B) dropping most recently.
C) very stable since 1800.
D) constant over the last four generations.
Answer: B
Ref: 160
Diff: 2

106
16) In the United States in 2006 the approximate ratio of divorces to marriages was one divorce for every:
A) 5.8 marriages.
B) 4.3 marriages.
C) 2.0 marriages.
D) 18.0 marriages.
Answer: C
Ref: 161
Diff: 2
17) A maxim of marriage counselors is that people don't change, or if they do change, it:
A) will be exactly what the other partner wants.
B) will invariably help the marriage.
C) will not be what the other partner wants.
D) will never alter the marriage.
Answer: C
Ref: 162
Diff: 2
18) Divorce statistics are often used as a measure of:

A) family disorganization.
B) exchange rates.
C) the standard of living.
D) regional culture.
Answer: A
Ref: 162
Diff: 2
19) No-fault divorces were introduced in many U.S. states during the:
A) 1780s.
B) 1950s.
C) 1970s.
D) 1890s.
Answer: C
Ref: 162
Diff: 2
20) The number of individuals choosing not to marry and the large number of divorces have created the
class called:
A) singles.
B) variables.
C) couples.
D) bigamists.
Answer: A
Ref: 163
Diff: 1

107
21) In 2008, the number of unmarried couples living together is about:

A) 40 million.
B) 1.5 million.
C) 10 million.
D) 6.4 million.
Answer: D
Ref: 163
Diff: 2
22) A major reason why the family continues to be a social institution in transition is:
A) its newness.
B) its interdependence with technology.
C) its lack of variation.
D) its unusual lack of functions.
Answer: B
Ref: 164
Diff: 2
23) A woman's ability to plan her pregnancies has:

A) not changed family life.
B) no relationship to family life.
C) revolutionized family life.
D) changed gender roles but not family life.
Answer: C
Ref: 164
Diff: 2
24) Flexible working hours, infant care, and family leaves for both sexes help the family to:
A) continue unchanged.
B) gradually disappear.
C) cease to exist.
D) stay together.
Answer: D
Ref: 166
Diff: 2
25) The American family today is:

A) just like its counterpart sixty years ago.
B) less variable than ever before.
C) quite different from its counterpart fifty years ago.
D) not influenced by technology.
Answer: C
Ref: 166
Diff: 2

108
TRUE/FALSE
26) Throughout history the family has been the basic primary human group.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 146
Diff: 1
27) In modern America, civil unions no longer exist and civil and religious authorities recognize only
marriages.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 146
Diff: 2
28) Polygamy and same-sex marriages in the U.S. are rejected by all religious faiths.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 147
Diff: 2
29) An extended family consists of only two generations.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 147
Diff: 2
30) Polygamy is the term for the marriage of one husband and one wife.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 147
Diff: 1
31) Cenogamy is a form of union in which several men are married to one woman.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 147
Diff: 2
32) Polyandry is the term for the marriage of one wife and two or more husbands.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 147
Diff: 2
33) The rules governing the choice of mates are the same in all societies.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 148
Diff: 2
34) Within the last hundred years family control in the U.S. has gradually shifted toward the partnership
form.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 149
Diff: 3

109
35) The family has only two functions.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 150
Diff: 2
36) The transition in the U.S. from an agricultural nation to a mainly urban nation has helped change
family life.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 154
Diff: 1
37) Latchkey children have their own house key and immediately lock themselves in once inside their
homes.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 155
Diff: 1
38) Married couples constitute two-thirds of U.S. families.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 156
Diff: 2
39) The ratio of divorces to marriages has not changed much since 1980.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 161
Diff: 2
40) Marriage involves little change in roles.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 159
Diff: 1
41) For an increasing number of families marriage and having children are not necessarily linked.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 159
Diff: 2
42) The number of children that couples are willing to have is smaller now than three generations ago.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 160
Diff: 2
43) There has been a significant decrease in the number of single-parent households.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 163
Diff: 1

110
44) The increase in the number of people living together did not continue after the 1970s.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 163
Diff: 1
45) Same sex marriage is not legal in Canada.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 163
Diff: 2
46) Same-sex marriages are now legal in all U.S. states.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 163
Diff: 1
47) Infertility related medical technologies have had little effect on the family.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 164
Diff: 2
48) The personal computer has enabled more people to work at home.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 165
Diff: 1
49) The diagnosis of the family unit's imminent death seems premature.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 166
Diff: 2
50) Family patterns evolve to meet the needs of family functions.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 166
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What are the four major factors that determine variations in family patterns? Give examples of each.
Ref: 147-150
Suggested Answer: The four major factors that determine variations in family patterns are
number of mates, selection of mates, family control, and reckoning of descent. There are a variety of
patterns related to number of mates, ranging from monogamy to polygamy. Different societies have
different ways of picking their mates; some societies have arranged marriages while other societies
practice personal choice. Family control varies from father-controlled, or mother-controlled to shared
control. Reckoning of descent determines how we trace our ancestors. In the Western world we use the
bilateral method, meaning that our biological inheritance on both our mothers and fathers side is
counted.

111
52) What are the functions of the family? How are the functions of the family related to variations of
family patterns?
Ref: 150-151
Suggested Answer: The family has many functions. First, families serve to reproduce the species.
Second, families help to socialize children so that they grow up to be productive biologically, physically,
and socially. Third, the family functions to help parents stay well adjusted. These functions are all related
to the variations of family patterns. Number of mates has ties to both the biological functions of family
and aids in the psychological adjustment of individuals. Mate selection helps to fulfill economic and
social stability roles. Family control and reckoning of descent help fulfill a males psychological
adjustment.
53) How have social scientists described and explained the family in the United States today? Consider
gender roles, dating, sex and singles, and children.
Ref: 154-159
Suggested Answer: Social scientists describe and explain the family in the U.S. in terms of
change. Large shifts from agriculture to industry helped start family changes, along with the car. Women
began working outside the home more, became less dependant on males for survival, and as a result we
have seen a shift in gender roles. The sexual revolution of the 1960s changed marriage and dating, and is
now much more informal than in the past. Sexually transmitted diseases and the decision to live together
before marriage are bigger concerns now for single individuals and often people have a number of serious
relationships before they marry. Marriage and the decision to have kids has become less and less linked
and the number of children U.S. couples are deciding to have has been dropping since the 1950s.
54) Why do people get divorced? How is divorce related to family disorganization? What cautions are
necessary in understanding the meaning of divorce rates?
Ref: 160-161
Suggested Answer: There are a number of reasons why people get divorced but the essential
reason is some sort of incompatibility. Sometimes a third party is involved. Divorce is often used as a
measurement of family disorganization, as a divorce presents a family with serious difficulties. There are
two cautions necessary in understanding the meaning of divorce rates. Initially, the divorce rate, at a 1 to
2 ratio, does not mean that half of marriages in a given year end in divorces. Instead, two new couples
were married, and one couple divorced that could have been married at any time. Secondly, the increase
in divorces does not automatically point to the family being in serious trouble. The rise could be attributed
to an increased social acceptance of being divorced and more unhappy couples simply choosing to get
divorced.
55) Why and how is technology important in causing the family to be a social institution in transition?
What is the future of the family?
Ref: 164-166
Suggested Answer: Technology has played a crucial role in changing the institution of the family.
Technology is important because it impacts our culture and is changing the way families function.
Medical technology has changed methods of contraception, which has led to social upheavals. Infertility
is becoming less of a problem for families as science has created new solutions. Computers have, and are,
changing the family as more people can work from home, which allows people to work and raise a family
at the same time more easily. The future of the family is rather unknown and it is suggested that families
adapt to changing realities. Certain challenges include more paths for women to chose other than
marriage, fewer marriages in general, children being left alone more often than before, and children
learning more and more values from sources outside the family.

112
Chapter 9 Religion
Chapter 9 Religion
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Religion helps satisfy the need for:

A) purpose.
B) meaning.
C) ritual.
D) community.
Answer: A
Ref: 168
Diff: 2
2) Rousseau referred to religious beliefs that lead people to want to live according to the laws of the land
as:
A) public religion.
B) legal religion.
C) state religion.
D) civil religion.
Answer: D
Ref: 169
Diff: 2
3) A major religion without a deity or a personal concept of God is:

A) Christianity.
B) Islam.
C) Buddhism.
D) Judaism.
Answer: C
Ref: 169
Diff: 2
4) Which religious identification does most of the worlds population claim?

A) Buddhist
B) Muslim
C) Hindu
D) Christian
Answer: D
Ref: 170
Diff: 2
5) Which religious identification does most of the U.S. population claim?

A) Jewish
B) No religious identification
C) Protestants and Catholic Christians
D) All of the above are equally represented in the U.S. population.
Answer: C
Ref: 170
Diff: 1

113
6) The largest percentage of Christians in the world is:

A) Greek Orthodox.
B) Roman Catholic.
C) Lutheran.
D) Protestant.
Answer: B
Ref: 170
Diff: 2
7) Sikh is derived from the Hindu word meaning:

A) source of life.
B) expansive force.
C) disciple.
D) the enlightened one.
Answer: C
Ref: 172
Diff: 2
8) The core of Buddhas teaching is:

A) assertiveness and confidence.
B) pleasure and profit.
C) greed and success.
D) gentleness, compassion, rationality and moderation.
Answer: D
Ref: 173
Diff: 2
9) Bodhisattvas are people who have:

A) given up Buddhas teachings completely.
B) given up or delayed entering Nirvana.
C) learned to think of themselves before helping others.
D) converted from Buddhism to a different religion.
Answer: B
Ref: 173
Diff: 3
10) In 2008 the entire Jewish population of the world was about:
A) 900 million.
B) 500 million.
C) 13.5 million.
D) 6.5 million.
Answer: C
Ref: 174
Diff: 2

114
Chapter 9 Religion
11) Judaism was the first great religion to:

A) develop a belief in many gods.
B) not have a belief in any creator god.
C) develop a clear concept of a single God of all.
D) be based on nature spirits.
Answer: C
Ref: 174
Diff: 2
12) Jews in Europe were forced to live in special sections of cities called:
A) sectors.
B) ghettos.
C) precincts.
D) wards.
Answer: B
Ref: 174
Diff: 2
13) The French Revolution and Napoleon did much to:

A) isolate Jews in ghettos.
B) increase Jewish restrictions.
C) free Jews from the ghettos.
D) end Judaism.
Answer: C
Ref: 174
Diff: 2
14) Six million Jews were killed in Europe during the:

A) Crusades.
B) Hundred Years War.
C) Holocaust.
D) Thirty Years War.
Answer: C
Ref: 176
Diff: 1
15) The four Gospels are thought by historians to have been written between:
A) A.D. 65 to A.D. 100.
B) A.D. 1500 to A.D. 1600.
C) 100 B.C. to 50 B.C..
D) A.D. 350 to A.D. 400.
Answer: A
Ref: 177
Diff: 2

115
16) A central belief of Christianity is that Jesus:

A) died while fighting the Romans.
B) died to redeem the sins of humankind.
C) fled to avoid capture by the Romans.
D) was not the Messiah.
Answer: B
Ref: 178
Diff: 2
17) The spread of Christianity after Jesus death was:

A) gradual.
B) never accepted in the area of the Roman Empire.
C) relatively rapid.
D) very brief and limited.
Answer: C
Ref: 178
Diff: 2
18) John Calvin and John Knox were leaders of the:

A) first trade mission to China.
B) Orthodox Church.
C) Protestant Reformation.
D) Catholic counter-reformation.
Answer: C
Ref: 179
Diff: 2
19) The holy scriptures of the Muslims is:

A) the Bible.
B) the Pentateuch.
C) the Quran.
D) All books are equally reverenced by Muslims.
Answer: C
Ref: 180
Diff: 2
20) Christianity and Judaism influenced Muhammad in the development of:

A) Shintoism.
B) Buddhism.
C) Confucianism.
D) Islam.
Answer: D
Ref: 180
Diff: 1

116
Chapter 9 Religion
21) Islam spread from Spain to the Philippines between the:

A) second century to the fourth century.
B) first century to the third century.
C) twelfth century to the fourteenth century.
D) seventh century to the eighteenth century.
Answer: D
Ref: 181
Diff: 2
22) After Muhammads death, Islam split into two factions:

A) the Shiites and the Sunni.
B) the Taoists and the Hindus.
C) the Sikhs and the Hindus.
D) the Left and the Right.
Answer: A
Ref: 181
Diff: 2
23) Today the percent of all Muslims who are Sunni is about:
A) 40 percent.
B) 85 percent.
C) 15.3 percent.
D) 98.2 percent.
Answer: B
Ref: 181
Diff: 3
24) One of the most important differences between the Sunni and the Shiite sects of Islam is about:
A) The Prophet.
B) Mecca.
C) Ramadan.
D) the Imams role.
Answer: D
Ref: 181
Diff: 2
25) In India a perfect language was developed to preserve religious traditions. This language is called:
A) Sanskrit.
B) Arabic.
C) Chinese.
D) Greek.
Answer: A
Ref: 184
Diff: 2

117
TRUE/FALSE
26) Religion includes beliefs in supernatural powers.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 168
Diff: 1
27) Religious beliefs, institutions and rituals have been a major element in most societies.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 168
Diff: 1
28) In the world, about 70% of the population identifies itself with no religious affiliation.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 171
Diff: 1
29) Shintoism is the ancient religion of Japan.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 171
Diff: 2
30) When Emperor Hirohito died in 1989, a new calendar beginning at year zero was introduced.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 171
Diff: 2
31) In Hinduism only gods must die and be reborn.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 171
Diff: 2
32) Hinduism includes the belief that all life is sacred because all life has a soul.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 171
Diff: 2
33) Buddhism teaches that by right thinking and self-denial its followers can achieve Nirvana.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 172
Diff: 1
34) Buddha is also called Siddhartha, the perfected or completed one.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 172
Diff: 1

118
Chapter 9 Religion
35) Bodhisattvas are people who have already entered Nirvana.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 173
Diff: 3
36) Buddhas teaching involved appeals to a higher being.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 173
Diff: 2
37) The three major monotheistic religions are Judaism, Christianity, and Buddhism.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 174
Diff: 2
38) In Judaism, the Torah consists of the five books of Moses.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 174
Diff: 2
39) Prejudice against the Jews is called Anti-Semitism.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 175
Diff: 1
40) Our knowledge of Jesus teachings comes in part from the four Gospels.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 177
Diff: 2
41) Islam, like Judaism, is a religion based on divine revelation.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 180
Diff: 1
42) The pilgrimage to the Kaaba at Mecca is one of the five pillars of Islam.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 181
Diff: 1
43) Jihad in Arabic means a sacred war against the Western world.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 182
Diff: 1
44) In Islam there is only one clear understanding of what Islam Fundamentalism means.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 182
Diff: 1

119
45) Religion is always a divisive factor in societies.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 183
Diff: 1
46) Religious beliefs usually support custom and tradition.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 183
Diff: 2
47) Max Weber argued that religious values and capitalism have no connection.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 183
Diff: 2
48) Religion is against social change because social change challenges its moral values.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 184
Diff: 2
49) In her book The Mighty and the Almighty, former Secretary of State Madeline Albright argues that
interfaith religious efforts are central to solving major conflicts in the world.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 184
Diff: 2
50) Today religion exerts almost no influence on society.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 185
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is the nature of religion? What role has religion played in the development of human societies?
Ref: 169-170, 183-184
Suggested Answer: There are many different religions, with many different beliefs, but all
religions are somewhat similar in their nature. All religions hold something to be of great value, or belief
in the sacred. Religions are likely to involve some type of organization, like a church or synagogue.
Religions also share a common aspect of community in that believers often come together with others
with the same beliefs. Religion has played a huge role in the development of human societies. Sometimes
religion brings people together and other times, it is a force of conflict and division. Religious beliefs help
give people guidelines for behavior and support custom and tradition. Religion also greatly impacts
values and social change. Religion has further impacts upon economic and political institutions. In short,
religion is very influential.

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Chapter 9 Religion
52) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of religion as an institution. What functions does it serve?
What harm can religion bring?
Ref: 168-170
Suggested Answer: Religion is greatly important in the development of human societies and
religion helps satisfy the needs of a society. Religions help provide comfort with the issue of death, as
dying has troubled people throughout time and religion often promises life beyond death. Religion also
helps give human existence greater meaning and dignity. Religion gives lives order, fosters community
and regard for others, and gives hope. On the other hand, religion can be seen as a cause for great hatred
and violence. Jews have been victims of anti-Semitism for many centuries and were killed in organized
massacres and during the Holocaust. Jews and Israelis are still fighting over religiously important land.
Christians engaged in Crusades in the name of religion and much of the current terrorism can be traced
back to religious fundamentalism. Religion can be both positive and negative, but its impact cannot be
overemphasized.
53) What is the nature and influence of Islam on the world today? How important are Islamic sects and
Islamic fundamentalism?
Ref: 180-183
Suggested Answer: Islam is experiencing resurgence and is again extending its influence even
though its numbers are somewhat localizedcentralized in and near the Arabian Peninsula, North and
West Africa, and the Middle East. Islam has a strong influence on the world today, and it is predicted that
within this century there will be more Muslims in the U.S. than Jews. Sects are central to understanding
how Islam influences the world. The conflict and differing beliefs between the Sunnis and Shiites relate to
governmental influences, earlier wars in Iran, and part of the challenge of the United States efforts to
establish secular democratic rule in Iraq. Islamic fundamentalism is also important to understand since
some commit terrorist acts in the name of Islamic fundamentalism. It is important to understand that not
all Muslims believe in a Jihad with the Western world and the debate over future relationships with the
West are ongoing in Islamic religion.
54) What are the central beliefs of two of the five major religions of the world?
Ref: 171-181
Suggested Answer:
Hinduism: Hinduism has no founder, no distinct set of creeds, and no unique path. All beings,
including insect and plant life have a soul. All beings, even gods, must die in an endless cycle and social
life is governed through a caste system.
Buddhism: Developed out of Hinduism, one of its key objectives is to free individuals from the
endless cycle of reincarnation. Central teachings of Buddha, the founder, are gentleness, compassion,
rationality, and moderation. There is no central god to Buddhists, but instead an emphasis on
contemplation and relinquishing.
Judaism: Judaism, a monotheistic religion, proclaims belief in one God and the religion has some
unique characteristics. First, Jews are generally able to trace their ancestry to the ancient Israelites.
Second, Judaism has preserved much of its essential character and Judaism was the first religion to have a
clear concept of a single God as the creator and ruler of the universe. Jews believe that God chose them
and they view this as both a blessing and a burden. Jews await the Messiah, the expected deliverer of the
Jews. The Torah is the central text in Judaism.
Christianity: Christianity is the principle religion of the Western world and developed from
Judaism. Jesus is the founder of Christianity, and it is believed that he was sent to earth by God in order to
show the way to heavenly salvation. Jesus taught that the most important things to do are to believe in
God, do his will, and believe in Jesus as the son of God. Jesus death is important to Christians, who
believe that Jesus died to redeem the sins of mankind. The bible is the central text in Christianity.
Islam: Muhammad is the founder of Islam, who believed that he was chosen by God, or Allah.
Muslims strive to live as Muhammad in his lifetime and as outlined in the Quran, Islams central text.
121
Islam proclaims the five pillars: acceptance and frequent repetition of a creed, the performance five
times a day of prescribed rituals and prayer, the giving of alms to the needy, the fast during Ramadan, and
the pilgrimage to Mecca.
55) What is the future of religion? Will religion continue to play a crucial role in society? Consider faith
and the problems of religious institutions.
Ref: 184-185
Suggested Answer: Religion has been an aspect of society for thousands of years and will likely
continue to be a major institution in our lives for thousands more years. Because religious beliefs are such
a part of our moral values and a source for social change it is unlikely that religion will stop playing a
crucial role in society. There are many important issues, such as death, morality, and the meaning of life
which religion answers and it is unlikely that religion will disappear. However, problems stemming from
religious institutions, like efforts to undermine the state and influences leading individuals towards hating
others might negatively impact religions influence. If religions combine spiritual religion with civil
religion, as is the case of Islamic fundamentalism, there might exist great conflict between government
and religion. These decisions will greatly impact the future of religion.

122
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) In 2008, U.S. education cost over:

A) 1 billion dollars.
B) 10 billion dollars.
C) 700 billion dollars.
D) 800 billion dollars.
Answer: D
Ref: 187
Diff: 2
2) The freedom of students and teachers to pursue, discuss and teach knowledge without hindrance or
censorship is called:
A) objectivity.
B) neutrality.
C) academic freedom.
D) cultural conformity.
Answer: C
Ref: 188
Diff: 2
3) The dual thrust of U.S. education includes the development of both individuality and student:
A) graduation.
B) socialization.
C) processing.
D) validating.
Answer: B
Ref: 188
Diff: 2
4) U.S. public education is designed to teach citizens to be literate so people can learn about politics and
public policy to:
A) lose a sense of heritage by all knowing the same history.
B) dislike other people.
C) vote more intelligently and to chose leaders more wisely.
D) make uninformed choices.
Answer: C
Ref: 188
Diff: 2

123
5) The most striking expansion of education in the twentieth century has been in the:
A) colleges and universities.
B) public schools.
C) high schools.
D) elementary schools.
Answer: A
Ref: 191
Diff: 2
6) In the U.S. in the late nineteenth century we developed a so-called:

A) dual school system.
B) unitary school system.
C) multiple system of education.
D) six part system of education.
Answer: B
Ref: 192
Diff: 2
7) In Germany, schools are divided into:

A) five categories by age groups.
B) three categoriesgrammar, technical and vocational.
C) four categories by geography.
D) two tiers.
Answer: B
Ref: 192
Diff: 2
8) The federal program that seeks to enhance the social and intellectual development of students as young
as three-years-old is:
A) the 8-4-4 system.
B) the 5-3-4-4 system.
C) Head Start.
D) the middle school.
Answer: C
Ref: 193
Diff: 1
9) Which of the following countries spends the highest percentage of their gross national product on
education?
A) United States
B) Denmark
C) Japan
D) France
Answer: B
Ref: 193
Diff: 2

124
10) The methods of teaching and what needs to be taught:

A) remain unchanged forever.
B) is the same in all societies.
C) changes when technology changes.
D) is not part of culture.
Answer: C
Ref: 195
Diff: 2
11) Of the 53 million school-aged children in the U.S., about what percent are either home-schooled or
attend independent schools?
A) 8%
B) 14%
C) 20%
D) 25%
Answer: B
Ref: 195
Diff: 2
12) Historically, in the U.S. education is paid for largely by:

A) foreign trade taxes.
B) property taxes.
C) special student taxes.
D) private donations.
Answer: B
Ref: 196
Diff: 2
13) Charter schools are an alternative to private and public schools. The percent of charter schools run by
businesses is about:
A) 77 percent.
B) 90 percent.
C) 10 percent.
D) 46 percent.
Answer: C
Ref: 197
Diff: 2
14) Accountability of charter schools is achieved by:

A) performance tests.
B) arbitrary factors.
C) accountants.
D) random selection.
Answer: A
Ref: 197
Diff: 2

125
15) Which group has the highest drop out rate?

A) Blacks
B) Whites
C) Hispanics
D) All are about equal
Answer: C
Ref: 198
Diff: 2
16) Peggy McIntosh argues that the current educational system:

A) does not provide a collaborative learning environment.
B) does not stress a "winner-killer" competitive environment.
C) does not encourage biased thinking.
D) is very careful to consider the diverse cultural backgrounds of students.
Answer: A
Ref: 198
Diff: 2
17) The movement to make social institutions unbiased with respect to all ethnic groups is called the:
A) Prejudiced Revival Movement.
B) Institutional Movement.
C) Unitary Movement.
D) Multiculturalism Movement.
Answer: D
Ref: 198
Diff: 2
18) Uri Treisman's research work with black college math majors showed:
A) the unimportance of institutional structure in the math program.
B) the important role of ability in math program success.
C) the importance of collaborative learning in increasing the percentage of black math majors.
D) that there were many more black math majors at the University of Texas than any other group of
people.
Answer: C
Ref: 199
Diff: 3
19) Many argue that there has been a(n) __________ in the effectiveness of education over the past
decades.
A) decline
B) increase
C) maintenance
D) marked increase
Answer: A
Ref: 199
Dif: 2

126
20) In 1995 SAT scores of U.S. students:

A) declined sharply.
B) rose substantially because test scores were normed.
C) remained the same as the previous 10 years.
D) were lowered by 45 points to help students achieve.
Answer: B
Ref: 200
Diff: 3
21) In 1994, a federal law about national education standards went into effect. This law is called:
A) "Project Education for the Student Act."
B) "Future Schools Act."
C) "Goals 2000: Educate America Act."
D) "Voluntary Education."
Answer: C
Ref: 201
Diff: 2
22) College programs that are intended to broaden the intellectual horizon of students are called:
A) technical education.
B) specialized education.
C) humanities education.
D) general education.
Answer: D
Ref: 202
Diff: 2
23) What is true of some state funding of public schools in the past decade?
A) Statewide taxation is used to fund schools.
B) Only local property taxes fund schools.
C) Federal taxes fund most public schools.
D) Private institutions are funding public schools.
Answer: A
Ref: 204
Diff: 3
24) Most subjects in social science can be isolated for purposes of study:
A) because social topics are by nature isolated.
B) because human behavior is not patterned.
C) because social science research strongly supports this method.
D) but in reality they are not isolated.
Answer: D
Ref: 206
Diff: 2

127
25) U.S. educational institutions are:

A) a product of their history.
B) without problems.
C) not a subject of current debate.
D) currently all alike.
Answer: A
Ref: 206
Diff: 1
TRUE/FALSE
26) There are about 45 million U.S. students at all levels of the educational ladder.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 187
Diff: 1
27) In modern society there is less to learn so that more of the total amount of knowledge can be acquired.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 187
Diff: 2
28) Credentializing is a positive term for excellence in education.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 187
Diff: 3
29) Ideally U.S. education is a fundamental building block of U.S. democracy.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 188
Diff: 2
30) American interest in education goes back to earliest colonial times.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 189
Diff: 1
31) In the early 2000s, almost 100 percent of children from the ages of five to seventeen are in school at
least some days every school year.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 191
Diff: 2
32) By 2007 the number of students in colleges and universities had increased more than eight times, to
more than 60 million.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 191
Diff: 2

128
33) The school structure of the U.S. is quite different from what is traditional in most countries.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 191
Diff: 2
34) Britain has a national curriculum, tested by national exams.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 192
Diff: 2
35) After World War II the number of two-year colleges rose rapidly.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 194
Diff: 1
36) Community colleges are no longer regarded primarily as institutions preparing students to enter four-
year colleges.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 194
Diff: 2
37) 30% of all schoolchildren in the U.S. attend private schools.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 195
Diff: 2
38) Research has found that attending independent schools leads children towards isolation, narrow
interests, and poor socialization.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 195-196
Diff: 2
39) Local financing of schools has no effect on the quality of schools.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 196
Diff: 2
40) According to Harriet Bernstein the word "because" does not appear in most U.S. textbooks before the
eighth grade.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 197
Diff: 2
41) A high dropout rate is a problem for the individual and the entire community.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 198
Diff: 2

129
42) The unemployment rate among high school dropouts is roughly the same as for high school graduates.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 198
Diff: 3
43) People learn in different ways and various groups respond differently to alternative learning
environments.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 198
Diff: 2
44) The tendency to pass students from grade to grade on the basis of little or no achievement is
strengthened by a policy of social promotion.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 201
Diff: 2
45) The college curriculum has evolved from an elective system to a rigid system.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 202
Diff: 2
46) The expression "liberal education" is associated with the attempt to give students a narrow specialized
education.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 202
Diff: 1
47) In the early 2000s, slightly less than half of the students who entered college as first-year students
failed to get degrees.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 203
Diff: 2
48) There is no correlation between the amount of schooling received by children and the income status
of their families.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 204
Diff: 2
49) The percentage of the U.S. population receiving a high school and college education has decreased
since 1960.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 205
Diff: 1
50) An important reason why our educational system is not equal is the methods used to fund it.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 206
Diff: 2

130
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is the dual nature of the U.S. educational system? How does the educational system attempt to
accomplish both objectives?
Ref: 188
Suggested Answer: The dual nature of the U.S educational system has two goals: the
development of individuality and the socialization of students. The development of individuality is
emphasized in schools through students working alone, being graded individually, and through an overall
emphasis on competition. U.S. education also encourages the socialization of students via teamwork,
cooperative learning, and shared curriculum. There is often tension between these dual thrusts as they
sometimes work in opposite directions.
52) There are four reasons why education serves as a fundamental building block of U.S. democracy.
Identify and describe two of them.
Ref: 188-189
Suggested Answer:
1. By teaching the citizens to be literate, the society is more effective at communicating beyond
the immediate community and people can participate more intelligently in politics.
2. Public schools teach children to get along with different kinds of people so they have better
understandings of others and a keener sense of their common U.S. heritage.
3. A system of public education helps to reduce inequalities by offering education to all people,
across income levels and backgrounds.
4. Our public school system has enabled us to make much more effective use of our human
resources. In a sense, public education makes it easier to "uncover" talents and skills of students that
might otherwise go unnoticed.
53) Why is the history of U.S. education important in understanding educational problems and possible
solutions today?
Ref: 195
Suggested Answer: It is important to understand the history of education in America since U.S.
educational institutions are products of their history. Many of the big questions related to education such
as how its services are delivered, how it is paid for, what it teaches, and what the results are all stem from
the original founding of education in the U.S. Problems like racial inequality in schools began in the
1600s, and the idea of publically supported high schools did not become widely accepted until the Civil
War. Understanding the history of U.S. education will help us to continue to improve the system of
education in our country.
54) What are the reasons why the U.S. educational system is not equal? In what ways is the U.S.
educational system unequal?
Ref: 204
Suggested Answer: Race and class are the two biggest causes of inequality in the U.S.
educational system. While there have been improvements in the difference between black and white
students, there are still disproportionately fewer blacks receiving high school educations. Wealth and
income also greatly impact the type and duration of educational experience a student will have. The more
money a family has the more likely it is that a child will finish high school or go to college. Since school
funding is mostly based on property taxes schools reflect the neighborhoods they are in, and help to keep
the system unequal.

131
55) As it relates to public school systems, what is meant by "5-3-4-4", which was common for most
communities in the early 2000s?
Ref: 193
Suggested Answer: 5-3-4-4 refers to the formal structure of the U.S. educational system. Each
number corresponds to the number of years at each level of the standard U.S. progression of education; 5
years of elementary school, 3 years of middle school, 4 years of high school, and 4 years of college. The
formal structure in the U.S. was not always this way, at times it was 8-4-4, but in the 1970s the 5-3-4-4
structure became very common.

132
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) When firmly established, social stratification contributes to social:

A) confusion.
B) instability.
C) ambiguity.
D) stability.
Answer: D
Ref: 209
Diff: 2
2) In an estate system, the position of an individual in society is nearly always:

A) inherited from parents.
B) based on achievement.
C) rotated each year.
D) subject to annual renewal.
Answer: A
Ref: 210
Diff: 2
3) Caste:
A) is a rigid class distinction based on birth or wealth.
B) systems are flexible class systems.
C) refers to a system of stratification first developed in feudal Europe.
D) systems are never clear-cut distinctions.
Answer: A
Ref: 210
Diff: 2
4) Which of the following is NOT one of the three principle types of social stratification?
A) Slavery
B) Estates
C) Castes
D) Class
Answer: A
Ref: 210
Diff: 1
5) The combination of hierarchieseducation, occupation, and incomeforms an individuals:

A) mental IQ.
B) personality hierarch.
C) socioeconomic status.
D) level of intelligence.
Answer: C
Ref: 212
Diff: 2

133
6) What is true of socioeconomic hierarchies in American society since the 1930s?

A) We evolved into a society of upper class people.
B) We evolved into a society of middle class people.
C) The underclass has become the largest class in America.
D) Our society has changed little in socioeconomic hierarchy since the 1930s.
Answer: B
Ref: 212
Diff: 2
7) People in a community who are somewhat similar in their economic status, their attitudes and beliefs,
their educational attainments, their ways of living, the regard in which others hold them, and their power
are called a(n):
A) neighborhood.
B) social class.
C) hierarchy.
D) peer group.
Answer: B
Ref: 212
Diff: 1
8) Social classes are:

A) organized like families.
B) organized like communities.
C) not social realities.
D) best compared in all situations with a layer cake.
Answer: D
Ref: 213
Diff: 3
9) As a rule, the most important factors in determining social class are:

A) random chance and fortune.
B) occupation, wealth and income.
C) regional.
D) based on geography.
Answer: B
Ref: 213
Diff: 2
10) The primary unit of stratification is the:

A) village.
B) family.
C) region.
D) social club.
Answer: B
Ref: 213
Diff: 2

134
11) Any class system is somewhat inconsistent with the:

A) autocratic system of rule by a few.
B) idea of noble classes.
C) democratic ideal of equal opportunity.
D) idea of royal families.
Answer: C
Ref: 214
Diff: 3
12) The number of social classes recognized as existing by social scientists is:
A) over one hundred.
B) thought to be between four and seven.
C) always three.
D) not generally agreed upon by social scientists.
Answer: D
Ref: 214
Diff: 2
13) According to Bratsberg and colleagues, what is true of American social mobility compared to that of
Europeans?
A) Europeans are more upwardly mobile than Americans.
B) Europeans and Americans have equal upward mobility.
C) Americans are and always have been more upwardly mobile.
D) Mobility is impossible to study because people will not report their income.
Answer: A
Ref: 215
Diff: 3
14) What is the experience for those immigrating to the U.S. to work in the unskilled labor market?
A) They find there are no unskilled jobs available for immigrant laborers.
B) They rapidly move into the American middle class because their wages are so high.
C) They usually return to their native countries because they cant survive here on such low wages.
D) They make good money because our low-wage jobs are high-wage jobs for them.
Answer: D
Ref: 216
Diff: 3
15) One of the best ways to advance from one class to another is through:
A) thrift.
B) winning the lotto.
C) education.
D) an increase of income.
Answer: C
Ref: 216
Diff: 2

135
16) Most Americans are:

A) highly conscious of class distinctions.
B) very much concerned about class status.
C) highly interested in relative social classes.
D) not highly class conscious.
Answer: D
Ref: 217
Diff: 2
17) Karl Marx divided the populations of industrial societies into:

A) four classes.
B) one equal class.
C) capitalists and the proletariat social classes.
D) technical and nontechnical groups.
Answer: C
Ref: 218
Diff: 2
18) Max Weber argued that the basis of class was:

A) property alone.
B) prestige alone.
C) power and influence.
D) property, prestige and power.
Answer: D
Ref: 218
Diff: 2
19) Most sociologists today tend to use a form of:

A) Marxs concept of class.
B) Webers concept of class.
C) Orwells concept of class.
D) Ancient Greek class categories.
Answer: B
Ref: 218
Diff: 2
20) What effect is reform in public assistance programming believed to be having?

A) If it continues it will increase the number of people on welfare.
B) If it continues it will decrease the number of people on welfare.
C) If it continues it will decrease the number of jobs available to unskilled workers.
D) If it continues it will eventually eliminate public assistance all together.
Answer: B
Ref: 219
Diff: 3

136
21) Differences in income arise directly from all of the following sources EXCEPT:
A) variations in taxes owed to the government each year.
B) variations in earnings from personal services.
C) differences in the amounts of property owned.
D) variations in transfer payments from the government.
Answer: A
Ref: 219
Diff: 3
22) According to the census estimates, the total number of Americans in poverty in 2008 was about:
A) 100 million.
B) 39 million.
C) 41 million.
D) 13 million.
Answer: B
Ref: 221
Diff: 2
23) The poverty threshold will be:

A) higher for an individual than for a family.
B) exactly the same for an individual and a family.
C) lower for an individual than for a family.
D) not different for families of different size.
Answer: C
Ref: 221
Diff: 3
24) Which is NOT a part of the reason the U.S. economic class system is not strongly developed?
A) historical factors
B) social inequality
C) the government and market economy
D) U.S. ideology that sees class consciousness as a negative trait
Answer: B
Ref: 224
Diff: 3
TRUE/FALSE
25) The people of every society can always be divided into groups.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 209
Diff: 1
26) The lessening of stratification often is accompanied by social unrest because that reduction focuses
attention on the unfairness of the system.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 210
Diff: 2

137
27) The medieval estate system was better suited to a static society.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 210
Diff: 2
28) Under the caste system an individual acquired a social position at birth.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 210
Diff: 1
29) Karma is the belief that every person should fulfill in this life the duties associated with membership
in a caste.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 210
Diff: 1
30) In India, the government is reinforcing the caste system by denying university placements for lower
caste members.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 210
Diff: 3
31) Some claim that blacks in the U.S. are stratified as a caste system, like in India.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 211
Diff: 2
32) The apartheid system is not like a caste system.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 211
Diff: 2
33) Most modern industrial societies do not have formal stratification systems.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 211
Diff: 2
34) Social classes are clear-cut entities.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 211
Diff: 2
35) Mobility in a class system is much less possible than in a caste system.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 211
Diff: 2

138
36) In the U.S. today far more people occupy a position in the middle than near the bottom of the class
structure.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 212
Diff: 1
37) Most people do not have any idea of the social class to which they belong.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 213
Diff: 2
38) Except in rare cases all members of a family are regarded as belonging to the same social stratum.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 213
Diff: 2
39) Greg Duncan and colleagues compared class mobility between 1968-1979 and 1980-1987 and found
that the incidence of upward mobility for those in the lower class increased.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 215
Diff: 2
40) Discussions of mobility often overlook one simple fact: Room at the top is always limited.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 216
Diff: 2
41) One of the best ways to advance from one social class to another is through education.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 216
Diff: 2
42) Horizontal mobility has reduced class consciousness in the U.S.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 217
Diff: 3
43) Max Weber argued that property is the sole basis of class.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 218
Diff: 2
44) Karl Marx believed capitalistic exploitation would lead to an increase in the condition of the worker.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 218
Diff: 2

139
45) Defining poverty is easy for social scientists.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 220
Diff: 2
46) A substantial amount of poverty exists in the U.S.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 221
Diff: 1
47) The serious problems with highly progressive taxes have led to the demand-side economic argument.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 223
Diff: 2
48) The U.S. economic class system is strongly developed.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 224
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
49) What are the three major types of social stratification? How do these three types differ from one
another?
Ref: 210-212
Suggested Answer: The three major types of social stratification are estates, castes, and social
classes. Estates refer to a system of stratification based on groups such as the nobility, the clergy, artisans,
and peasants. Individuals are born into their position in society, although limited mobility is possible
within the framework of law and custom. The caste system is more rigid, and is bound by birth, wealth, or
some other characteristic. In a caste system there is very limited upward mobility. In the caste and estate
systems, the distinctions between people are very clear and established. Social classes, unlike estates and
castes, are not supported by any legal or religious sanctions, and are not clear-cut. It is easier to achieve
upward mobility in a system of social class.
50) What is social mobility? Why is social mobility important in studies of social stratification?
Ref: 214-215
Suggested Answer: Social mobility is the comparative ease with which persons improve, or
worsen, their economic status in a system of social class. In other words, this is climbing up or down the
social ladder. Understanding social mobility is important in understanding social stratification because
an understanding that mobility can lead to an understanding that class lines are not definite. Also, research
has shown that upward social mobility in the U.S. is declining, or has fallen. This has the potential to
upset the stability of our social stratification system, since it is believed that the current stratification is
because of the hard work of the rich.

140
51) How is globalization related to social mobility in the United States?

Ref: 216
Suggested Answer: The issues of a global economy are greatly related to social class in the U.S.
In general, globalization is making upward social mobility for U.S. citizens at the bottom of the
class/income scale more difficult. Worldwide, poor U.S. workers are still on the high end of the income
distribution ladder, and U.S. low-wage jobs are high-wage jobs for many. An increasing amount of
U.S. companies are moving overseas, making those jobs in the U.S. scarcer. It is expected that as we
experience social change, the question of social mobility will be of increasing concern.
52) What are the causes of income inequality? How is poverty measured by social scientists?
Ref: 219-220
Suggested Answer: There are three sources that help explain the causes of income inequality. The
first is variations in earnings from personal services, based partly on occupation and partly on the
personal qualities of individuals. The second is differences in the amounts of property owned, which
impacts income inequality. Finally, the third cause of income inequality is variations in transfer payments
from the government, which make up for inequalities of income. Social scientists measure poverty by
determining the money needed by a family to obtain food, clothing, and shelter that will maintain health,
and allow for a slight margin for other necessary expenditures. Since the number of the poverty line
depends on money needed to support people, the figure depends on the size of the household. For a family
of four in the year 2009 the poverty line is set at $21,050 while for an individual the figure is $11,000.
53) What is class consciousness? Describe factors that explain why Americans are not overly class
conscious?
Ref: 217-218
Suggested Answer: Class consciousness is being concerned about ones status in society and of the
standing of other people in relation to oneself. There are a number of possible reasons why Americans are
not overly class conscious. Historically, the U.S. did not have hereditary nobility and our early history
was filled with rapid growth and considerable mobility. Throughout the 1980s there was a general
increase in standard of living that further influenced the decreased focus on class distinctions. Horizontal
mobilitythe ability to change careersalso reduces class consciousness. Also, it is said that American
culture places an emphasis on group consciousness instead of class consciousness.

141
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) A group of people who identify with each other on the basis of common ancestry and cultural heritage
is called a(n):
A) census group.
B) urban network.
C) migrant unit.
D) ethnic group.
Answer: D
Ref: 227
Diff: 2
2) Social scientists argue that race is:

A) fully determined by physical characteristics.
B) clearly apparent by biological testing.
C) a social term, not an important physical construction.
D) a predictor of greater capacity for development.
Answer: C
Ref: 228
Diff: 2
3) Actions, behavior or treatment based on prejudice are called:

A) inventions.
B) classes.
C) discrimination.
D) systematic.
Answer: C
Ref: 229
Diff: 2
4) During the nineteenth century the number immigrants coming to the U.S. were about:
A) 1 million.
B) 200 million.
C) 5 million.
D) 30 million.
Answer: D
Ref: 230
Diff: 2
5) Groups of people singled out for unequal negative treatment and objects of discrimination are:
A) superior groups.
B) dominant groups.
C) majority groups.
D) minority groups.
Answer: D
Ref: 231
Diff: 1

142
6) The first settlers of what is now the United States are called:
A) pilgrims.
B) Native Americans.
C) European colonists.
D) Spanish colonists.
Answer: B
Ref: 231
Diff: 2
7) The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 was to encourage Native American nations to:
A) manage more of their own economic and political affairs.
B) migrate back to Asia.
C) surrender all authority to the Federal Government.
D) move off reservations and give up all political rights.
Answer: A
Ref: 231
Diff: 2
8) The slave trade out of Africa occurred:

A) as early as 900 A.D.
B) first in 1619 with the slave trade to America.
C) first in the 1800s with the sending of slaves to America.
D) Actually, slaves came from the Caribbean Island, not Africa.
Answer: A
Ref: 232
Diff: 2
9) The Emancipation Proclamation changed the legal status of slaves:

A) and ended discrimination.
B) but not their social status.
C) and ended prejudice.
D) and ended unequal treatment.
Answer: B
Ref: 232
Diff: 3
10) Jim Crow laws were part of the:

A) equal opportunity laws in the South.
B) housing integration legislation.
C) voting rights acts.
D) systematic legal segregation of blacks.
Answer: D
Ref: 232
Diff: 2

143
11) The U.S. Supreme Court outlawed public school segregation in:
A) 1917.
B) 1906.
C) 1954.
D) 1964.
Answer: C
Ref: 233
Diff: 2
12) The U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1896 which was based on the so-called separate-but-equal
doctrine was:
A) Brown v. Board of Education.
B) Dred Scott v. Sandford.
C) Plessy v. Ferguson.
D) Bingham v. Cabot.
Answer: C
Ref: 233
Diff: 2
13) Segregation that occurs because of social and cultural, not legal, reasons is called:
A) de jure segregation.
B) unintended segregation.
C) de facto segregation.
D) international segregation.
Answer: C
Ref: 234
Diff: 2
14) In 2005, the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics reported which ethnic group to have the highest
unemployment?
A) Whites
B) Blacks
C) Hispanics
D) All are reported as equal.
Answer: B
Ref: 234
Diff: 2
15) Affirmative Action programs are designed to:

A) discriminate against minorities.
B) favor minority groups.
C) help majority groups exclude minorities.
D) protect the dominant group.
Answer: B
Ref: 236
Diff: 2

144
16) In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that at an undergraduate level admission points were too
much like affirmative action. The court also held that in admission decisions colleges could:
A) not take race into account.
B) take race into account.
C) use any point-based system giving preferences.
D) take any factor except race into account.
Answer: B
Ref: 236
Diff: 3
17) One place where social scientists have found significant discrimination against blacks is in entry-level
jobs and low-skilled positions. In a job applicant experiment:
A) having a criminal record made no difference regardless of assumed racial background.
B) the discrimination was less when both black and white applicants had criminal records.
C) the applicants job history was more important than racial differences.
D) applicants with white-sounding names received many more callbacks than a person with a more
African American name.
Answer: D
Ref: 237
Diff: 3
18) Myrdal states that the race problem in the U.S. is a:

A) simple problem.
B) black problem.
C) white problem.
D) disappearing problem.
Answer: C
Ref: 238
Diff: 3
19) The modern influx of Mexican immigration came after 1900 and was:
A) much reduced by the quota laws.
B) not affected by the 1921-1924 quota laws.
C) completely ended in 1964.
D) not related to agricultural job opportunities.
Answer: B
Ref: 240
Diff: 3
20) The Chinese first came to the U.S. in large numbers when:
A) gold was discovered in California.
B) oil was discovered in Oklahoma.
C) the Revolutionary War ended.
D) the War of 1812 ended.
Answer: A
Ref: 242
Diff: 1

145
21) The U.S. government forcibly held West Coast people of Japanese descent in camps during:
A) the Civil War.
B) World War II.
C) the Korean War.
D) the Vietnam War.
Answer: B
Ref: 242
Diff: 2
22) Women whose primary aim was to win the right to vote were called:
A) traditionalists.
B) suffragettes.
C) debaters.
D) pro-legals.
Answer: B
Ref: 247
Diff: 2
23) In the early 2000s women in the workforce as a percentage of total women of working age rose to:
A) 90 percent.
B) 70 percent.
C) 50 percent.
D) 80 percent.
Answer: B
Ref: 249
Diff: 1
24) Burnita S. Matthews was the first woman ever appointed as a:

A) college professor in 1950.
B) U.S. Cabinet member in 1990.
C) U.S. Federal Judge in 1949.
D) U.S. Ambassador in 1841.
Answer: C
Ref: 249
Diff: 2
25) In 1986 the mandatory retirement age was:

A) eliminated for most occupations.
B) lowered to 65.
C) raised to 70.
D) lowered to 55 for most occupations.
Answer: A
Ref: 253
Diff: 2

146
TRUE/FALSE
26) Race is a social construction only loosely based on a few biological differences.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 227
Diff: 2
27) The assumption that race determines culture has strong scientific or factual basis.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 227
Diff: 3
28) The year 2000 was the first time the U.S. Census Bureau changed its race classification system.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 227
Diff: 2
29) Ethnic divisions in Bosnia and Rwanda in the 1990s led to the tragic slaughter of large numbers of
people.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 229
Diff: 2
30) The United States is the only country that has problems with prejudice and discrimination.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 230
Diff: 2
31) Importation of slaves into the U.S. became illegal in 1808.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 232
Diff: 3
32) Since 1954 no major civil rights laws have been passed in the U.S.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 234
Diff: 1
33) In 2000, blacks earned a median income that was only about 60 percent of that earned by whites.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 234
Diff: 2
34) From 1960 to 2008, the percentage of blacks completing four years of college rose from 3 percent to
about 41.5 percent.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 236
Diff: 2

147
35) The largest minority group in the United States is African-Americans.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 239
Diff: 2
36) Hispanics with historical and cultural ties to Latin American are called Latinos.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 239
Diff: 1
37) The 1986 law passed by Congress to grant amnesty to illegal aliens who have been in this country for
more than 5 years effectively resolved the problem of citizenship for illegals.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 240
Diff: 1
38) Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens and have the same rights as all other citizens.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 241
Diff: 2
39) In 1950 the U.S. government finally apologized to the surviving Japanese Americans who had been
interned.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 242
Diff: 2
40) Most early Arab immigrants were from Lebanon and Syria.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 243
Diff: 2
41) In the early 1990s, when immigration into the United States reached its peak, some 1 million persons
were arriving every year.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 243
Diff: 2
42) Anti-Semitism has been eliminated in the U.S.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 246
Diff: 2
43) Women in the U.S. are referred to as a minority group because there are less women than men in the
population.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 247
Diff: 2

148
44) The Equal Rights Amendment was ratified by two-thirds of the states.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 247
Diff: 2
45) The average earnings of a woman are still less than the average for a man.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 248
Diff: 2
46) Homosexuals experience discrimination in the U.S.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 251
Diff: 2
47) In 2000 the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the Boy Scouts of America, a private organization, had a
right to exclude persons based on their sexual orientation.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 251
Diff: 2
48) Chronological age often reflects a persons mental age or capacity to work and contribute to society.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 251-252
Diff: 2
49) In 2010 nearly 13 percent of the U.S. population was over 65 years of age.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 252
Diff: 2
50) Senior citizens are not likely to be a major political force in the twenty-first century.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 254
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What are the causes of racial and ethnic prejudice and discrimination? What is the difference between
prejudice and discrimination?
Ref: 227-230
Suggested Answer: Scholars suggest that there are four various reasons for ethnic and racial
prejudice; the influence of tradition, the psychological need of individuals to belong to a particular and
identifiable group, the building up of the ego by cultivating a feeling of superiority, and the usefulness of
prejudice as an economic and political weapon. Prejudice describes adverse judgments or opinions
formed without knowledge of facts whereas discrimination includes actions, behaviors, or treatments
based on prejudice.

149
52) What is meant by reparations? Who would benefit if reparations were granted? Note one argument
for and one argument against such an action.
Ref: 238-239
Suggested Answer: Reparations are potential solutions for past racial inequality in the U.S.
Reparations are discussed as a way to repair the past damages done to blacks that are the result of slavery
and continued oppression. An argument in favor of reparations cites the fact that many companies and
universities profited from the slave trade and that it will take a long time for blacks as a group to
completely overcome all of the effects that slavery has had on these institutions. Those who argue against
reparations state that holding people accountable for the actions of their ancestors is highly tenuous and
that reparations are unlikely to achieve results from a practical point of view.
53) What is the cultural history of Hispanics in the U.S.? Discuss the experiences of Chicanos and Latinos
in the U.S.
Ref: 239-241
Suggested Answer: The population of Hispanics, or people of Spanish-speaking origin, has more
than doubled from 1988 to 2000. Currently, more than 15 percent of the U.S. population identifies as
having a Spanish origin. Chicanos are the largest section of Hispanic minorities, and Mexicans were some
of the earliest settlers of what is now the U.S. The modern influx of Mexican immigration came after
1900 and the issues of immigration and citizenship are important to this section of our population. Latinos
are another ethnic-culture group of Hispanics and are comprised of people from Puerto Rico and Cuba.
Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens but face many challenges.
54) What is the history of prejudice and discrimination in the U.S. toward religious minorities? What is
the experience of Jewish and Muslim minority groups?
Ref: 246
Suggested Answer: While discrimination on the basis of religion has occurred in the U.S., relative
to other countries, America is relatively accepting. However, members of religions like the Amish,
Seventh-Day Adventists, and Jehovahs Witnesses have experienced prejudice and discrimination
because of their religious affiliation. Jews have also been discriminated against; the history of anti-
Semitism is long in both the world and the U.S. While anti-Semitism has been declining in America,
issues such as increased Jewish support of Israel and the identification of Jews as part of the white
oppression facing blacks cause some Jews to believe that anti-Semitism is increasing. Muslims also face
religious discrimination and prejudice in the U.S. This prejudice stems from the fact that some Americans
make the incorrect generalization that since some terrorists are Islamic and that Islam is the religion of
Muslims, then all Muslims are terrorists.
55) What are the major problems women have experienced as a minority in the U.S.? Discuss the history
of the womens movement and gender discrimination in the workplace.
Ref: 247-248
Suggested Answer: Women in the U.S. have faced numerous types of discrimination, including:
being prohibited from certain activities since they are perceived as weaker than men, being treated as
objects as opposed to people, and being denied access to certain jobs. The history of the womens
movement in America began in the late 1800s and early 1900s as suffragettes fought for the right for
women to vote. This right was won in 1920 with the Nineteenth Amendment. In World War I and II
women were given more responsibility while men were away at war, and following the wars women
found it hard to give up the freedoms they had just received. The womens movement has continued and
while gender discrimination in the workplace has been improving, women still suffer from discrimination
in the workplace. For example, women still only account for 25 percent of state legislators and on average
make less than men for the same work.

150
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The U.S. army moving into Iraq:

A) reestablished the government of Saddam Hussein.
B) did not completely halt the economic and social life of most Iraqis.
C) led to anarchywidespread looting and destruction of property.
D) is a classic example supporting the theory that government is an unnecessary evil to be abolished as
soon as possible.
Answer: C
Ref: 257
Diff: 2
2) The set of institutions by which a society is ruled is called a:

A) conglomerate.
B) corporation.
C) social league.
D) government.
Answer: D
Ref: 257
Diff: 1
3) The view that government must exist as is and should not be tampered with because it serves a
necessary function is called the:
A) positivist approach.
B) functionalist approach.
C) conflict approach.
D) rationalist approach.
Answer: B
Ref: 257
Diff: 2
4) Justice means:
A) the same things to all people.
B) different things to different people.
C) some are entitled to more than others.
D) inequality is the way of life.
Answer: B
Ref: 258
Diff: 2

151
5) Political theory has its origins in the writings of:

A) Aristotle.
B) Douglas.
C) Comte.
D) Durkheim.
Answer: A
Ref: 262
Diff: 2
6) Democracy, the rule of the people, is rooted in the writings of:

A) George Washington.
B) Thomas Jefferson.
C) John Locke.
D) Aaron Burr.
Answer: C
Ref: 262
Diff: 2
7) Political ideology consists of:

A) passing trends in economic theory.
B) deeply held beliefs in ideas about the best form of government.
C) temporary ideas about family institutions.
D) beliefs held with little conviction.
Answer: B
Ref: 262
Diff: 3
8) Oliver Wendell Holmes and William O. Douglas both held the view of government as a:
A) positive good.
B) means to punish evil with maximum force.
C) means to regulate absolute conformity in all things.
D) necessary evil.
Answer: A
Ref: 263
Diff: 2
9) Communist theory views government as a:

A) positive good.
B) necessary protector of civilization.
C) necessary evil.
D) unnecessary evil.
Answer: D
Ref: 263
Diff: 2

152
10) Of all institutions of social control, government is the most powerful and:
A) inclusive.
B) exclusive.
C) dangerous.
D) safe.
Answer: A
Ref: 262
Diff: 2
11) Anarchists and libertarians believe in the:

A) least role for government.
B) most important part of human life.
C) expansion of government public policies.
D) need for government intervention in society.
Answer: A
Ref: 264
Diff: 3
12) Robert Nozick sees a role for a minimal state and his views are called:
A) Anarchist.
B) Reactionary.
C) Libertarian.
D) Communist.
Answer: C
Ref: 264
Diff: 2
13) Reactionaries are people who believe that:

A) all governments should be abolished.
B) government is necessary but currently plays too large a role.
C) dictatorship is best and that the government role should be expanded.
D) think only a minimal government is necessary.
Answer: B
Ref: 264
Diff: 2
14) When conservatism was founded its focus was on a:

A) strong government.
B) weak government.
C) state with a minimal government.
D) society without any government.
Answer: A
Ref: 265
Diff: 3

153
15) In the early 2000s democracy was the form of government in about:
A) 70% of the countries of the world.
B) 10% of the countries of the world.
C) 30% of the countries of the world.
D) 90% of the countries of the world.
Answer: C
Ref: 266
Diff: 2
16) The right of individuals to select their leaders by voting for them is called:
A) autocratic right.
B) oligarchy.
C) popular sovereignty.
D) divine right of the monarchy.
Answer: C
Ref: 267
Diff: 2
17) Democracy is a Western ideology. For democracy to work, one needs the right environment which
includes:
A) a commitment to minority rights.
B) a commitment to religion over democracy.
C) the technology available for a print and other media communications network.
D) a tradition of respect for group over individual rights.
Answer: A
Ref: 269
Diff: 3
18) Democracy demands that the people:

A) obey their leader without question.
B) establish a ruling elite who will make the best choices for all.
C) exercise sovereign authority over themselves.
D) never compromise in legislation.
Answer: C
Ref: 268
Diff: 2
19) The form of government in which the society is ruled by a dictator or clique that forbids all threats to
its position is called:
A) a democracy.
B) a liberal democracy.
C) an authoritarian autocracy.
D) a unitary democracy.
Answer: C
Ref: 270
Diff: 2

154
20) Nazism and Marxism are two examples of ideologies underlying:

A) democracy.
B) parliamentary democracy.
C) totalitarian rule.
D) authoritarian democracy.
Answer: C
Ref: 271
Diff: 2
21) In an autocratic government its right to rule:

A) is derived from the people.
B) depend on the will of the majority.
C) is derived from popular sovereignty.
D) is derived from power.
Answer: D
Ref: 272
Diff: 3
22) Autocrats:
A) expect that people will make good decisions in free elections.
B) do not expect people to know what is good for them.
C) believe in majority rule.
D) believe in the power of the people.
Answer: B
Ref: 273
Diff: 2
23) A philosophy of life which, by rejecting the democratic concept of the mass-man, endeavors to give
this earth to the best nation, the highest type of human beings, ... must secure leadership and greatest
influence for the best brains. It rests on the basis of personality, not on that of the majority. The previous
statement is:
A) an excerpt from the writings of Benito Mussolini about the virtues of liberal democracy.
B) taken from the writings of Abraham Lincoln to support the idea of a democratic republic.
C) a quote written by Benjamin Franklin at the time of the Declaration of Independence in America.
D) a quote from Mein Kampf written by Adolf Hitler used here as an example of classic totalitarian
autocracy.
Answer: D
Ref: 273
Diff: 3
24) The liberal, conservative, reactionary, and anarchist philosophies of government are:
A) really all the same.
B) identical in their views of the role of government.
C) different in their views of how strong government should be.
D) fundamentally similar in theories of government.
Answer: C
Ref: 277
Diff: 2

155
25) The concept of the individual as a rational being, equal to all others is a primary idea of:
A) totalitarianism.
B) democracy.
C) authoritarian autocracy.
D) autocracy.
Answer: B
Ref: 277
Diff: 2
TRUE/FALSE
26) The functionalist approach to government is too rigid a position for most social scientists.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 257
Diff: 2
27) In small societies forms of organized government do not exist.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 258
Diff: 2
28) A basic function of government is to protect its citizens from internal and external enemies.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 258
Diff: 2
29) Thomas Hobbes concluded that government results from a contract among free persons desirous of
preserving life and increasing its contentment.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 258
Diff: 2
30) All governments strive for justice.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 258
Diff: 2
31) The Enron and Worldcom accounting scandals are examples of the need for less government controls
and more deregulation.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 260
Diff: 2
32) Government is by far the most powerful of all social institutions.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 262
Diff: 2

156
33) The belief in the rule of elite whose members have special abilities is called fascism.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 262
Diff: 3
34) Libertarians advocate strong governments led by educated elite.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 264
Diff: 3
35) Of all institutions of social control, government is the least inclusive.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 262
Diff: 2
36) Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said, I like to pay taxes. With taxes I buy civilization.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 263
Diff: 2
37) Thomas Paine contended that government is unnecessary to supply the defect of moral virtue.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 263
Diff: 2
38) Karl Marx wrote that there should be an expansion of the coercive powers of government.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 263
Diff: 2
39) Anarchists believe that institutions, like private property and the state, exploit and corrupt humans.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 264
Diff: 2
40) The number of people counting themselves as politically independent is decreasing as more and more
people affiliate themselves with one of the two mainstay parties, Republicans and Democrats.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 265
Diff: 3
41) Radicals believe that existing governments are important and must be maintained unchanged.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 265
Diff: 2

157
42) In early 2000s about 20 percent of the countries of the world were autocracies.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 266
Diff: 2
43) The advantage of democracy is that it can be defined in a precise way that satisfies everyone.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 267
Diff: 1
44) In many countries of the world, the environment for democracy does not exist, making the
establishment of a democracy difficult.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 269
Diff: 1
45) The primacy of the individual can be seen in the Miranda Rights.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 270
Diff: 2
46) In an autocracy, a leader who has lost the support of the people may find it difficult to stay in power.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 272
Diff: 2
47) In an autocracy the press, religion, family, work, and society are all subject to strict controls designed
to maximize the freedom of citizens.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 274
Diff: 2
48) The Magna Carta is a document that helps enforce the power of autocracies.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 274
Diff: 2
49) Propaganda is the product of the state controlling the press and structuring the flow of information to
the people in order to make the state look good.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 275
Diff: 2
50) Three distinguishing characteristics of a democracy are freedom of speech, effective representation of
the people, and free elections.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 277
Diff: 1

158
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What are the primary functions of government? How do these functions help in better understanding
what government is?
Ref: 258-263
Suggested Answer: There are five main functions of governments. The first function of
government is to maintain internal order and external security. A government is an agency to protect a
nation, from both inside and outside threats. The second function of governments is ensuring justice, and
all forms of modern government profess devotion to justice. The third and fourth functions of government
are safeguarding individual freedoms and regulating individuals actions. The fifth and final function of
governments is to promote general welfare. Understanding these various functions help to explain what
governments actually do and the major debates about the activities of governments. In order to rationally
evaluate a government it is important to understand these functions.
52) What are three major views about the nature of government? How powerful should government be?
What elements of truth can be found in the three major views about the nature of government?
Ref: 262-263
Suggested Answer: The three major views on the nature of government are: 1) government is a
necessary evil, 2) government is a positive good, and 3) government is an unnecessary evil. There is no
one answer to the question of how much power a government should have, and there are eight main
classifications of the views people have. While there are these different views on the role that
governments should play, there are elements of truth in them all. This is because over time and in
different governmental structures there has been a wide variety of levels of power held; governments have
oppressed people, restrained the unruly, and promoted of the common good.
53) What is the democratic concept of an individual and why is it important in government? What is the
role of the individual in a democratic government? How does the individual relate to the basic
characteristics of a democracy?
Ref: 268-269
Suggested Answer: The democratic theory holds that all individuals are equal before the law and
that people are capable of listening to arguments and making rational choices after weighing evidence.
These ideas are central to understanding a democracy, since in a democracy the emphasis is placed upon
the dignity and worth of the individual. The characteristics of democracy, freedom of speech,
representative legislative organs, and free elections are built around these key concepts of the individual
according to democratic theory.

159
54) What is the right environment in which a democracy will work best? Describe at least five specific
characteristics of the right environment for democracy. What are some possible consequences of not
having the right environment for democracy? Is democracy a Western ideology?
Ref: 269
Suggested Answer: Democracy is a Western ideology that, while effective, is not universal. There
are some environments that would not be suited to democracy, and in those places, the establishment of a
well-functioning democracy is difficult, if not impossible. There are many characteristics that make up the
right environment for democracy. For starters, there must be a tradition of respect for individual rights
and a commitment to solving problems peacefully. For a democracy to succeed there should be a
relatively homogeneous population where the subgroups of the population are not antagonistic towards
each other and there should be a commitment to minority rights. The right environment also includes a
generally acceptable distribution of wealth and income, an educated population, a free press, and a
commitment to law. Lastly, if there is an emphasis on democracy, as opposed to things such as religion, it
is likely that democracy is in an ideal environment.
55) What are some of the justifications given for an autocracy? Why does classifying a countrys
government as autocratic not automatically mean a bad thing?
Ref: 271-272
Suggested Answer: Some communists argue that autocratic rule is just a reflection of the will of
capitalists and the power elite since the workers are already at the mercy of their employers and unable to
express their free will. Others argue that only in accepting some limitation on free will in the present can
citizens achieve true freedom in the future. Furthermore, some autocratic leaders claim that they are just
caretakers and that if they were not in charge someone worse would take over. They state that they are
non antidemocratic, just that the country is not ready for democracy yet. A government being autocratic is
not necessarily a bad thing since these arguments have merit. Democracy does not always flourish and
since democracy is a Western idea, the transplant of a political ideology does not always work. An
autocratic government is not bad, it just means it is not responsive to the will of the people in the same
way as Western Democracies.

160
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Since the Third Republic (1871) France has had a modified:

A) autocratic system.
B) dictatorship.
C) parliamentary system.
D) monarchy.
Answer: C
Ref: 280
Diff: 2
2) The storming of the Bastille in 1789 began the:

A) American Revolution.
B) Prussian Invasion.
C) French Revolution.
D) Italian Independence Movement.
Answer: C
Ref: 279
Diff: 1
3) A formal and constitutionally binding expression of preference in favor of the prime minister by the
French parliament is called:
A) a censure motion.
B) an excommunication.
C) an impeachment.
D) a vote of confidence.
Answer: D
Ref: 280
Diff: 2
4) In France the executive branch can in many cases:

A) be controlled by the legislature.
B) both legislate and carry out the laws.
C) weaken itself even further when a crisis occurs.
D) decide to give authority to a four persona panel.
Answer: B
Ref: 280
Diff: 2
5) The executive branch of the French government has:

A) one leader.
B) three leaders.
C) two leaders
D) a ruling committee for leadership.
Answer: C
Ref: 280
Diff: 2

161
6) In the French system of government the President:

A) is appointed by the prime minister.
B) chooses a cabinet before picking a prime minister.
C) is elected for life.
D) appoints the prime minister.
Answer: D
Ref: 280
Diff: 3
7) According to the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, liberty is:
A) unlimited.
B) being able to do anything that does not harm others.
C) being able to do anything you want to do.
D) dependent on birth rights.
Answer: B
Ref: 281
Diff: 2
8) In 1867 Mexico again won its independence and Mexico became a liberal dictatorship under:
A) Ernesto Zedillo.
B) Jacques Chirac.
C) Porfirio Diaz.
D) Lazaro Cardenas.
Answer: C
Ref: 283
Diff: 3
9) Presidents in Mexico serve only one term that is how long?

A) 2 years
B) 4) years
C) 6 years
D) 8 years
Answer: C
Ref: 285
Diff: 2
10) A severe recession in 1995 along with domestic unrest in Mexico:

A) weakened the PRI monopoly in the Congress.
B) began a new era of one party dominance.
C) changed Mexico into a monarchy.
D) caused the first ever held election in Mexico.
Answer: A
Ref: 285
Diff: 2

162
11) Prior to its 1960 independence, Nigeria was a protectorate of which country?
A) The United States
B) The Soviet Union
C) Holland
D) Great Britain
Answer: D
Ref: 286-287
Diff: 2
12) Nigeria was of particular interest to Great Britain because of their:

A) slave trade.
B) gold resources.
C) spice trade.
D) trade routes.
Answer: A
Ref: 287
Diff: 3
13) What was NOT one of the benefits of the British influence in Nigeria?
A) the creation of a government with both legislative and executive branches
B) the establishment of rules based on common law
C) it spurred the creation of political parties
D) a system with very limited local governments
Answer: D
Ref: 289
Diff: 3
14) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ended in:

A) 1917.
B) 1991.
C) 1986.
D) 1946.
Answer: B
Ref: 289
Diff: 2
15) The Bolsheviks took over the Russian government in 1917 under the leadership of:
A) Joseph Stalin.
B) Czar Nicholas II.
C) Vladimir Lenin.
D) Boris Yeltsin.
Answer: C
Ref: 290
Diff: 2

163
16) In 1991 a group of Communist leaders attempted a coup to:

A) stop the breakup of the U.S.S.R.
B) return the Czar to power.
C) create a reformed communist state in Russia.
D) divide the Russian Soviet Republic into three independent states.
Answer: A
Ref: 290
Diff: 2
17) The President of the Russian Federation is:

A) appointed by the Duma for a ten year term.
B) elected for a four year term.
C) selected by the Communist Party.
D) is very weak in comparison with the Duma.
Answer: B
Ref: 292
Diff: 2
18) Saudi Arabia is a:

A) republic.
B) democracy.
C) monarchy.
D) representative democracy.
Answer: C
Ref: 292
Diff: 2
19) In 1932 the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was created by:

A) Ibn Saud.
B) a democratic election.
C) King Faisal.
D) Prince Fahd.
Answer: A
Ref: 292
Diff: 2
20) The Saudi government is an autocracy based largely on:

A) fascist dictatorships.
B) the U.S. Constitution.
C) Communist ideology.
D) Islamic principles.
Answer: D
Ref: 293
Diff: 2

164
21) King Fahd set up a Majlis Al-Shura, or:

A) parliament.
B) military advisory panel.
C) congress.
D) consultative council.
Answer: D
Ref: 293
Diff: 3
22) All Saudis are entitled to:

A) full freedom of speech.
B) free medical care.
C) equal opportunities and treatment for both men and women.
D) vote for the head of state of their country.
Answer: B
Ref: 293
Diff: 2
23) The U.S. support for what country has created unrest throughout the Middle East?
A) Saudi Arabia
B) Iraq
C) Israel
D) Iran
Answer: C
Ref: 294-295
Diff: 2
24) Changes in autocracies occur from:

A) within.
B) without.
C) within and without.
D) chance factors only.
Answer: C
Ref: 295
Diff: 2
25) The governments of republics of the former Soviet Union are in a state of:
A) transition.
B) dissolution.
C) upheaval.
D) revolution.
Answer: A
Ref: 296
Diff: 2

165
TRUE/FALSE
26) The current system of French government developed because the monarchy had become non-
responsive to the emerging middle class.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 279
Diff: 2
27) France is now organized under what is called the Fourth Republic.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 280
Diff: 2
28) The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted by the National
Assembly during the French Revolution in 1789 and was affirmed by the constitution of 1958.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 281
Diff: 2
29) The currency unit of France is the Franc.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 282
Diff: 2
30) The government of Mexico reveals the blurred line between democratic and autocratic governments.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 282
Diff: 3
31) The difference between democratic countries of the world is found in who elects the leader of the
country.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 283
Diff: 2
32) Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 283
Diff: 2
33) After losing the Mexican-American War Mexico lost about two-thirds of its territory to the United
States.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 283
Diff: 2

166
34) The Mexican constitution compared to the U.S. Constitution deals more extensively with social and
economic concerns.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 284
Diff: 2
35) Members of Mexicos bureaucratic structure receive their positions through competitive civil service
exams.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 285
Diff: 3
36) The Mexican Constitution (1917) created an extremely weak president.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 285
Diff: 2
37) Mexicos Lazaro Cardenas redistributed almost fifty million acres of land from rich landlords to
peasants.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 285
Diff: 2
38) 1992 represented a turning point in Mexican politics where there was shift from who you know to
how well you can campaign style of government.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 285
Diff: 2
39) For administrative ease, the British government grouped together three distinct tribal regions into one
area, now called Lagos.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 286
Diff: 3
40) Since gaining independence from Britain in 1960, Nigeria has progressed through three separate
republics and is currently in the fourth republic.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 286
Diff: 2
41) The sixty years of British rule were marked by continual peace.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 288
Diff: 1

167
42) Today Nigeria has various regional governments, and is divided into 36 states and 774 local
governments.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 289
Diff: 2
43) In 1999 Vladimir Putin was elected President of Russia.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 290
Diff: 2
44) In the 2000s the leadership of the Saudi Arabian government changed to Western-style liberal
democracy.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 292
Diff: 1
45) Saudi Arabia has no written constitution.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 292
Diff: 2
46) In Saudi Arabia the countrys oil revenues constitute more than 75 percent of its annual budget.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 294
Diff: 2
47) The 2008 the GDP per capita of Saudi Arabia was greater than the GDP per capita of France.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 282, 294
Diff: 2
48) The 2000s literacy rate of Saudi Arabia is greater than the literacy rate of Mexico.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 284, 294
Diff: 3
49) In 2007 Mexico had more internet users than Russia.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 284, 291
Diff: 3
50) In the year 2009 the population of France was larger than the population of Mexico.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 282-284
Diff: 2

168
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What are the key features of the French government? How is government power divided in France?
Ref: 279-280
Suggested Answer: The French government is based off a written constitution that has changed
sixteen times since 1789. The power in the French government is divided into two main branches, the
parliament and the executive branch. France has a modified parliamentary system that is modeled after
the British parliamentary system. There are over one hundred prime ministers in France that serve eight-
month terms. The legislative branch consists of two houses, the National Assembly and the Senate. The
executive branch of the French government has two leaders, a president and a prime leader, both with
considerable power.
52) What are the key features of the government of Mexico? How and why are revolutions and
constitutions important in Mexican history? What is the current situation in Mexican politics?
Ref: 282-285
Suggested Answer: The government of Mexico is a democracy, it holds elections and has
multiple political parties, but until recently Mexico was governed autocratically. The revolutions that
make up this history are important, and without them, Mexico would likely still have an autocratic
government. The constitution of Mexico guarantees a strong president and many social and economic
rights to individuals. Members of the bureaucratic structure are appointed. In the 1990s congress was
given more power and the role of the presidency was reduced.
53) What is the Russian Federation? How is power divided in the Russian government?
Ref: 290-292
Suggested Answer: The Russian government began in 1991 after the breakup of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The Russian Federation is made up of independent states, connected
with history and a loose commonwealth. After chaos in the 1990s republics separated and Russia, the
largest of the republics took control of the government. There were two branches of government
consisting of a president and a legislative branch and they share roughly equal powers. In 1993 a new
constitution created a stronger president but also maintained a legislative branch that has checks on
presidential power.
54) What are four major lessons about governments? How are these lessons evident in the history or
contemporary organization of specific governments today?
Ref: 295
Suggested Answer: The four main lessons about government are: governments reflect their
history, governments are evolving, autocracies are more likely to change than long-standing democracies,
and changes in autocracies occur from within as much as from without. The fact that governments reflect
their history is found in the lessons of the French where the strong government reflects its unstable
history. Governments evolving can be seen in France, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia who all do not have the
same government they did fifty years ago. The former Soviet Unions relatively easy change
demonstrates that autocracies are easier to change than democracies. The changes in the Mexican and
former Soviet Union represent the fact that changes in autocracies occur from within and without.

169
55) What are current troublesome social and economic conditions that may dash the hopes of peace? Why
is it unlikely that these conditions will not result in war?
Ref: 295
Suggested Answer: Some of these social and economic conditions are high unemployment rates,
spreading of weapons systems where there are already quarrels, repression and denial of opportunities to
large populations, financial hardship, heavy national debt, and environmental pollution. Thankfully, these
conditions do not exist all in one country. Also, it is possible that with diplomacy good governmental
judgment, compromises, and adjustments, that peace can prevail.

170
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The Constitutional Convention succeeded because the delegates:

A) were always in complete agreement with each other.
B) were unwilling to compromise.
C) agreed that the large states should dominate the government.
D) were willing to compromise.
Answer: D
Ref: 299
Diff: 2
2) The United States has a federal government which operates on:

A) two levels.
B) six levels.
C) thirteen levels.
D) three levels.
Answer: D
Ref: 299
Diff: 2
3) The first ten amendments to the Constitution were adopted in 1791 and are called:
A) the Last Amendments.
B) Constitutional Extension.
C) the Modifiers.
D) the Bill of Rights.
Answer: D
Ref: 299
Diff: 1
4) The Constitution divided the national government into three branches: the executive, legislative, and:
A) economic.
B) judicial.
C) commercial.
D) records.
Answer: B
Ref: 300
Diff: 1
5) For legal purposes, the Constitution of the United States means whatever the:
A) chief executive says it means.
B) Speaker of the House says it means.
C) president and vice president think it means.
D) Supreme Court says it means.
Answer: D
Ref: 300
Diff: 2

171
6) The form of government in which the head of state does not inherit the office but is elected by the
citizens is called a:
A) monarchy.
B) republic.
C) quasi-monarchy.
D) partial dictatorship.
Answer: B
Ref: 302
Diff: 2
7) A pure democracy is a political system under which:

A) the people make most governmental decisions through elected representatives.
B) all citizens vote directly on every piece of legislation.
C) one person is able to represent all.
D) no government decisions are ever made.
Answer: B
Ref: 302
Diff: 2
8) In 2006, which political party controlled both the House and the Senate?
A) the Democrats
B) the Republicans
C) the Independents
D) all shared equal control
Answer: A
Ref: 303
Diff: 1
9) Those powers expressly delegated by the Constitution are called:

A) flexible powers.
B) popular powers.
C) enumerated powers.
D) divided powers.
Answer: C
Ref: 304
Diff: 3
10) Concurrent powers are those powers belonging:

A) only to the states.
B) only to the national government.
C) to both the national and state governments.
D) to foreign governments.
Answer: C
Ref: 304
Diff: 2

172
11) The European Economic Community became the European Union after the:
A) Maastricht Treaty.
B) Treaty of Rome.
C) Euro Conference.
D) All-Europe Convention.
Answer: A
Ref: 305
Diff: 2
12) In 2007, the European Union had:

A) 10 members.
B) 12 members.
C) 27 members.
D) 18 members.
Answer: C
Ref: 305
Diff: 2
13) Supplementing and modifying the principle of separation of powers is:

A) popular rotation.
B) checks and balances.
C) tyranny.
D) emergency powers.
Answer: B
Ref: 306
Diff: 2
14) A presidential veto can be overridden by a:

A) simple majority in each house.
B) three-quarters majority in each house.
C) two-thirds majority in each house.
D) simple majority in the Senate but a five-eighths majority in the House.
Answer: C
Ref: 306
Diff: 2
15) The function of the courts is to:

A) make the law.
B) write laws which are proposed in Congress.
C) act as a presidential advisory board.
D) interpret the law and apply it in individual cases.
Answer: D
Ref: 307
Diff: 2

173
16) Which of the following is NOT an inalienable right of citizens in the U.S.?
A) freedom of speech.
B) freedom of assembly.
C) freedom of privacy.
D) right to due process of law.
Answer: C
Ref: 309
Diff: 1
17) One great protection against an unfair trial is the right to:
A) a trial by jury.
B) a trial by a panel of three judges.
C) a trial without legal advice.
D) an instant trial outside the court system.
Answer: A
Ref: 311
Diff: 2
18) The United States has a(n):

A) living constitution.
B) fixed constitution.
C) written constitution which cannot be amended.
D) oral constitution.
Answer: A
Ref: 312
Diff: 1
19) Although the number of parties is not determined in the Constitution, the United States has generally
operated on a:
A) two-party system.
B) three-party system.
C) four-party system.
D) multiparty system.
Answer: A
Ref: 313
Diff: 1
20) In 1790, only adult white males could vote. Property and other restrictions resulted in only a small
number of men who could vote, about:
A) twenty-five percent.
B) fifteen percent.
C) fifty percent.
D) seventy percent.
Answer: B
Ref: 314
Diff: 3

174
21) In the United States, not all voting age citizens actually vote. In presidential elections, perhaps
____________ percent of those citizens who can vote actually do.
A) 20-30.
B) 10-20.
C) 50-60.
D) 80-90.
Answer: C
Ref: 315
Diff: 2
22) The journalistic profession or its members is called:

A) the first association.
B) the middle factors.
C) the sixth estate.
D) the fourth estate.
Answer: D
Ref: 317
Diff: 2
23) The military-industrial complex is the nexus between defense industries, the Pentagon, and:
A) Congress.
B) the Government Accounting Office.
C) the armed forces.
D) the State Department.
Answer: C
Ref: 318
Diff: 2
24) In 2008, defense spending totaled nearly:

A) $100 million.
B) $700 billion.
C) $100 trillion.
D) $500 trillion.
Answer: B
Ref: 318
Diff: 3
25) Political Action Committees (PACs) began:

A) as a result of the revised 1974 federal election laws.
B) in the 1830s to stop corruption.
C) in the Civil War period to block foreign intervention.
D) before World War I to help U.S. soldiers.
Answer: A
Ref: 319
Diff: 2

175
TRUE/FALSE
26) The government of the United States is both a democracy and a republic.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 302
Diff: 2
27) The United States has a parliamentary form of government.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 302
Diff: 2
28) One of the great problems under federalism is how to divide powers between the central government
and the states.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 304
Diff: 2
29) The founding fathers, though desiring a central government strong enough to govern, feared too great
a concentration of power and attempted to devise a means for preventing the abuse of power.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 304
Diff: 3
30) James Madison was an opponent of the principle of the separation of powers.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 306
Diff: 2
31) The founding fathers feared tyranny by a majority of the electorate as well as by a strong executive.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 306
Diff: 3
32) The writers of the Constitution clearly intended the three branches of government to be completely
independent of each other.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 306
Diff: 3
33) The Constitution specifically gives both Congress and the president the right to declare war either
separately or jointly.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 306
Diff: 2
34) Democratic theory has demanded that the courts be directly subject to popular control.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 307
Diff: 3

176
35) The federal Constitution is easy to amend.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 309
Diff: 2
36) Rights are never absolute. Furthermore, rights involve duties.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 310
Diff: 2
37) The right to freedoms does not include respecting the freedoms of others.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 310
Diff: 2
38) The U.S. government is a constitutional government.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 311
Diff: 1
39) Since 1985, the Supreme Court has begun to crack down on criminals by giving the police more
rights.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 311
Diff: 2
40) A two-party system seldom shows sharp and clear-cut differences in program or principle.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 313
Diff: 2
41) The potential development of a third party prevents the two major parties from being responsive to
the demands of the people.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 314
Diff: 3
42) One of the ways electorates in democracies throughout the world have had their ballot power
weakened is the limitation of categories of those who can hold office.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 315
Diff: 2
43) American voters have a much higher percentage of voter participation in elections than voters in
Britain.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 315
Diff: 2

177
44) The direct democracy approach is least used in California as exemplified by the recall of Governor
Gray Davis and election of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2003.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 317
Diff: 2
45) The press, or fourth estate, has freedom inherent in the constitution and is also free from influence
from private pressure groups and businesses.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 317
Diff: 1
46) Roughly estimated, there are approximately 100,000 people in the U.S. who could be considered the
political and economic elite of our society.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 318
Diff: 2
47) President Gerald Ford originated the term military-industrial complex.

Answer: FALSE
Re: 318
Diff: 2
48) Pressure groups play an important role in trying to shape public opinion.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 319
Diff: 2
49) Under the 1974 federal election laws, individual contributors could only give $1,000 to a candidates
primary general election campaign, whereas a PAC could give $5,000.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 319
Diff: 2
50) In the 2008 election, Senator Barack Obama promised to abide by the limits and accept federal money
but then not to accept the money when he discovered he could raise more money through private
donations.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 319
Diff: 2

178
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is the historical development of the U.S. government? Why was compromise important in the
writing of the U.S. Constitution?
Ref: 298-299
Suggested Answer: The United States began as a colonial possession of Great Britain and when
unhappy with controls over trade and taxes levied, took action to end Britain rule. Key to this was the
Second Continental Congress of 1776 that issued the Declaration of Independence and resolved to draw
up a plan for the United Sates of America. Following the war, the states then faced the challenge of
establishing a workable form of government. This was done in Philadelphia at the Constitutional
Convention. There were strong and differing opinions on the structure of government between a unitary
government and federation. Compromising was central to success of this convention, the writing of the
Constitution, and ultimately the formation of the U.S.
52) What is the structure of the U.S. government as established by the Constitution? Why is the U.S.
government both a democracy and a republic?
Ref: 300-302
Suggested Answer: The Constitution divides the national government into three branches: the
executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. The executive branch is charged with the
execution of laws and the administration of public affairs. Headed by the president, there is also the vice-
president, Cabinet, and numerous agencies and commissions that help enforce laws and carry on the
activities necessary for a modern government to exist. The legislative branch is vested with the power to
enact and legislate law. The Congress is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The
judicial branch of the government interprets the laws and is headed by the Supreme Court. This court, and
others beneath it, interpret laws passed by Congress and the Constitution itself. The U.S. is both a
democracy and a republic because it is headed by a president that is elected but also has decisions made
by elected officials and is thus a representative democracy.
53) What are the four major constitutional principles of the U.S. government? Why and how is each
principle important?
Ref: 304
Suggested Answer: The four major constitutional principles of the U.S. government are
federalism, separation of powers, limited government, and checks and balances. These arose out of a
desire for an effective government but also a fear of a concentration of power. Federalism is the
separation of power between a national government and separate states and is important in helping to
keep power distributed. Power is further separated via the separation of powers in the legislative, judicial,
and executive branches of the federal government. These different branches have checks and balances
where decisions by one must be ratified or agreed upon by another branch to further keep one branch
from becoming too powerful. Lastly, the Constitution has the principle of limited government so power is
divided between people and the government. Through ideas such as popular sovereignty, the inviolability
of personal rights, and constitutionalism, the government is designed to not become too powerful.

179
54) What are an individuals inalienable rights? Why are rights never absolute? Why does the right to
freedoms involve the duty of respecting the freedoms of others?
Ref: 309-310
Suggested Answer: The Preamble of the U.S. Constitution contains the declaration that
government is to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. The U.S. constitutional
government is based on the idea that people have certain inalienable rights that the government cannot
take away. These include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These rights, and others outlined in
the Bill of Rights are never absolute. Our freedoms require respecting the freedom of others, and without
respecting the freedom of others there is no real freedom at all. The courts have the important
responsibility of determining the line between controls essential for the welfare and safety of society
versus unnecessarily invading citizens inalienable rights.
55) Evaluate the democratic political process in the United States. What are the major elements and
problems in the U.S. political process? Consider parties, elections, elites, pressure groups and the
military-industrial complex.
Ref: 313-320
Suggested Answer: The political process in the U.S. has been described as a mess that works.
While it is effective and wonderful in many ways, there are also a number of problems that impact
politics in the United States. Political parties help to aggregate interests and ease policymaking, but the
growing numbers of individuals to affiliate as independents points to more nuanced decisions and
disillusionment with the party system. Elections are a wonderful exercise in individual freedom and
power although there are numerous obstacles to effective popular control and there are many nonvoters in
the states. While in many ways there is power in the hands of the people, there are also forces in the
political process that are also quite powerful. The fourth estate, or media, is extremely important in
shaping public onion. The political elite use their money or influence to guide politics and roughly
100,000 people have more say in politics than common citizens. Pressure groups are organizations that
influence the political process through indirect and direct influence and may pose a threat to the will of
the majority. The nexus between the armed forces, the Pentagon, and the defense industry is also quite
powerful and may impact the political process. Due to these elements, there is the potential for fraud and
favoritism but also the opportunity for people to rule themselves.

180
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) An economy may be defined as:

A) the social organization by means of which people of a given society produce and distribute economic
goods.
B) production of material goods.
C) the ratio of supply and demand in a society as measured by domestic input and cost.
D) labor, resources and capital multiplied by political considerations in any society.
Answer: A
Ref: 323
Diff: 1
2) Which of the following is NOT a determination that an economy must perform?

A) The kinds of goods to be produced.
B) The amount of each good to be produced.
C) The resources that are to be allocated to its output.
D) The storage of the goods for those who are to enjoy them.
Answer: D
Ref: 323
Diff: 1
3) Research has found that after society has reached an annual income threshold of about _________ per
capita, additional income does not seem to make a society happier.
A) $5,000
B) $15,000
C) $25,0000
D) $45,000
Answer: B
Ref: 323
Diff: 2
4) Desires for things that can be obtained by labor or through exchange are called:
A) economic goods.
B) economic artifacts.
C) economic loses.
D) economic wants.
Answer: D
Ref: 323
Diff: 2
5) Economic goods are the objects of our economic wants and are the things that:
A) are constant in supply.
B) money can buy.
C) are never scarce.
D) are always impossible to place a price on.
Answer: B
Ref: 324
Diff: 2

181
6) Wealth is what we call:

A) material economic goods.
B) the material and nonmaterial items of our culture.
C) the services we desire.
D) the economic goods we cannot see or feel.
Answer: A
Ref: 324
Diff: 2
7) All economic goods take the form of either wealth or:

A) savings.
B) services.
C) possessions.
D) property.
Answer: B
Ref: 324
Diff: 2
8) Adam Smith's concept of the invisible hand refers to:

A) government controls.
B) import and export costs.
C) the rise and fall of prices that guide individual actions in a market.
D) the combined impact of foreign trade and aid on a national economy.
Answer: C
Ref: 326
Diff: 1
9) Adam Smith argued that peoples needs were met by the market because people were:
A) generous.
B) selfish.
C) concerned about the welfare of others.
D) caring.
Answer: B
Ref: 326
Diff: 2
10) Allowing the market to operate with a minimum of government regulation is called:
A) laissez-faire.
B) socialism.
C) controlled choice.
D) quota planning.
Answer: A
Ref: 326
Diff: 2

182
11) Charles Fourier and Robert Owen were:

A) laissez-faire economists.
B) Soviet economists.
C) free-market proponents.
D) utopian socialists.
Answer: D
Ref: 327
Diff: 3
12) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued for a new form of economic organization called:
A) capitalism.
B) communism.
C) free-market economics.
D) private property economics.
Answer: B
Ref: 327
Diff: 1
13) Louis Blanc was one of the originators of:

A) capitalism.
B) unplanned economics.
C) socialism.
D) mixed economics.
Answer: C
Ref: 327
Diff: 2
14) Communism refers to a state in which:

A) the means of production are held by cooperative groups of citizens.
B) all citizens are economically and socially equal.
C) the Communist Party determines society's goals.
D) the Communist Party runs the government but not the economy.
Answer: C
Ref: 328
Diff: 2
15) Soviet-style socialism was abandoned because:

A) soviet-style economies delivered too many goods.
B) new technologies gave the soviet-style economies an advantage.
C) a strong national consensus was maintained by the economy.
D) socialist economies were significantly lagging behind capitalist economies.
Answer: D
Ref: 329
Diff: 2

183
16) A planned economy is characterized by:

A) a market economy.
B) a free enterprise economy.
C) government controlled production and distribution.
D) the absence of socialism.
Answer: C
Ref: 329
Diff: 2
17) Which institution controls a planned economic system?

A) the citizenry
B) the religious institution of that nation
C) the private sector
D) the government
Answer: D
Ref: 329
Diff: 1
18) What institution controls an unplanned economic system?

A) the citizenry
B) the religious institution of that nation
C) the private sector
D) markets
Answer: D
Ref: 329
Diff: 2
19) Which of the following is an example of a country with a planned economy?

A) China
B) the Russian Federation
C) Britain
D) the United States
Answer: A
Ref: 329
Diff: 1
20) In a market economy, the chief incentive is:

A) the need to fill government quotas.
B) the possibility of making profits.
C) the freedom a lack of competition provides.
D) the pride derived by helping a state-managed enterprise.
Answer: B
Ref: 331
Diff: 2

184
21) An economy in which the government plays no part at all is called:

A) a pure free enterprise economy.
B) an absolute state economy.
C) a mixed economy.
D) a managed economy.
Answer: A
Ref: 332
Diff: 2
22) Equilibrium price is the price:

A) on which buyers and sellers cannot agree.
B) at which demand exactly equals supply.
C) which everyone thinks is too high.
D) which the state determines for the good of all.
Answer: B
Ref: 333
Diff: 2
23) Major technological breakthroughs in the development of computers increased supply and quality. In
response, prices of computers:
A) varied too widely for a price pattern to emerge.
B) increased until computers were too expensive to buy.
C) fell.
D) rose slightly.
Answer: C
Ref: 335
Diff: 2
24) All modern economies, whatever their history, have evolved into:
A) macroeconomic structures.
B) microeconomic structures.
C) pragmatic market economies.
D) transcendental market economies.
Answer: C
Ref: 335
Diff: 2
25) The rule of law in the U.S. limits the governments ability to change:
A) property rights.
B) tax rates.
C) economic structures.
D) the supply and demand curve.
Answer: A
Ref: 335
Diff: 2

185
TRUE/FALSE
26) Economics is the study of the social organization through which people satisfy their wants.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 322
Diff: 1
27) In modern industrial societies, economic relationships are quite simple.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 323
Diff: 1
28) Determining the resources that are to be allocated to a goods output is one of the functions of an
economy.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 323
Diff: 2
29) Economic goods are the things that money can buy and that are the objects of our economic wants.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 324
Diff: 1
30) Economic goods have monetary value because they are desirable and scarce.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 324
Diff: 2
31) Economic goods are only material and tangible.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 324
Diff: 2
32) All productive resources labor, natural resources, and capital are limited.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 325
Diff: 2
33) The great economic problem facing every modern society is the competition from other nations
economies.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 325
Diff: 2
34) As people moved into the city, the economic situation evolved into the mercantilist system, in which
farming was favored over manufacturing or processing.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 326
Diff: 2

186
35) Adam Smith argued that economic freedom would lead to chaos.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 326
Diff: 2
36) Laissez-faire means allowing the market to operate with a maximum of government regulation.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 326
Diff: 2
37) Louis Blanc argued that an individual had an inherent right to a decent job.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 327
Diff: 3
38) Communism is another name for socialism.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 328
Diff: 1
39) Elements of socialist thought have influenced the evolution of capitalist societies.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 328
Diff: 2
40) Karl Marx had much to say about how a communist economy would operate.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 328
Diff: 3
41) The fact that Socialist economies were significantly lagging behind capitalist economies is one of the
reasons Soviet-style socialism was abandoned.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 329
Diff: 2
42) Unplanned economies rely on markets to control economic decisions.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 329
Diff: 2
43) In the pre-1990 Soviet economy, no workers were allowed to choose their jobs.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 330
Diff: 3
44) Government production quotas are an important part of the U.S. planned economy.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 331
Diff: 2

187
45) In China, the communist government made the provision of health care a top priority.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 331
Diff: 2
46) As a response to dissatisfaction with the countrys planned economy, the Chinese government
introduced major modifications in its economic system, allowing the development of private markets
while maintaining overall political control.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 331
Diff: 2
47) We can see some of the problems of the market economy in the United States by considering the
recent plight of farmers, who, in the recent recession, have lost their farms.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 331
Diff: 2
48) There is no such thing as a pure or absolute free enterprise economy.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 332
Diff: 2
49) The demand curve, DD, shows the amount of a good buyers would be willing to purchase at different
prices in the market on a certain day.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 333
Diff: 2
50) The supply curve, SS, shows the amount of a goods buyers are willing to purchase on a certain day.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 333
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is the great economic problem that faces every modern society? What are the factors of
production? How have societies attempted to solve the great economic problem?
Ref: 324-325
Suggested Answer: The great economic problem facing every modern society is how to make
scarce resources satisfy as fully as possible the ever-expanding wants of its members. Factors of
production, or the human and nonhuman resources that go into the production of material goods, are not
unlimited and are scarce resources. There are three main types of factors of production: labor, natural
resources, and capital. Societies utilize economizing to try to solve the great economic problem, which is
making the best possible use of the resources that we employ at any time.

188
52) What are the major transitions in the history of Western economic systems? What have all modern
economic systems evolved into today?
Ref: 325-327
Suggested Answer: The early economic system of the Western world was feudalism, in which
tradition ruled and most individuals were peasants tied to the land and under the rule of a lord. Some were
able to escape this system and set up temporary markets, which in turn evolved into towns and cities. As
people began to move into these population centers, there was a shift to a mercantilist system, in which
manufacturing and processing was favored above agriculture. Under this system, permission to engage in
economic activity had to be obtained from local authorities and increasing trade helped foster the
development of the nation-state. The Industrial Revolution brought a change to machine production,
which placed a strain on the mercantilist system since individuals were frustrated at the denied
opportunity to engage in economic activity. This prompted laissez-faire capitalism in the mid-1800s and
today all modern economies are considered pragmatic market economies. These are economies that use
markets as a central way of allocating resources, but also regulate and control those markets.
53) What were the reasons Soviet-style socialism was abandoned?

Ref: 329
Suggested Answer: The reasons the Soviet-style socialism was abandoned can be summarized
with five ideas. One, Soviet-style economies werent delivering goods. Two, there was uneven
distribution of goods, and Communist Party members were using their position to obtain desired goods
and favorable treatment. Third, socialist economies were significantly lagging behind capitalist
economies. Fourth, new technological developments made it more difficult for the government to repress
information and ideas that were contrary to the interest of the ruling parties. Lastly, long-standing ethnic
and cultural differences undermined the ability of the societies to form a national consensus.
54) What is a planned economy? What is an unplanned economy? How and why are planned and
unplanned economies different? How do planned and unplanned economies work?
Ref: 329-332
Suggested Answer: Planned and unplanned economies differ in how they are organized and
controlled. There is more individual freedom in unplanned economies compared to planned economies.
These differences stem from control. A planned economy is an economy that relies on government-
controlled production and distribution systems; in an unplanned economy, the market controls economic
decisions. In a planned economy, money for building comes from the government, and any profits or
losses accrue to the government. In a pure form of a planned economy, the government has the power to
plan, own, and directly operate all productive activities. This differs greatly from an unplanned economy,
where ownership is in the hands of individuals who raise the funds, or capital, to invest in production and
either profit or lose accordingly. In this system, individuals have significant power to own, operate,
produce, and to develop specialized institutions, like banks and insurance companies.

189
55) How does a market economy work? What is the role of government in market economies? Why are
the principles of supply and demand important?
Ref: 331-335
Suggested Answer: A market economy relies on the initiative of private citizens for the
production of economic goods. There are no production quotas, individuals gain and lose on their own
accord, and workers seek their own jobs. The chief incentive in a market economy is the possibility of
making profits. While there is considerable freedom in a market economy, the government provides the
legal and economic framework and the general rules within which private businesses operate.
Governments further define the relationship between workers and owners and collect taxes to provide
services to both. Understanding supply and demand is central to understanding a market economy, since it
is dominant in organizing and controlling economic activities. If an items demand by the market is low it
will not be produced. Changes in demand and supply drive the market economy.

190

Facing the United States
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The role of government in the economy is:

A) indirect and hidden.
B) both direct and indirect.
C) direct and obvious.
D) obscure and covert.
Answer: B
Ref: 339
Diff: 2
2) Because of governments large indirect role, we call our economic system a pragmatic market
economy rather than a(n):
A) hybrid economy.
B) unplanned economy.
C) free market economy.
D) planned economy.
Answer: C
Ref: 340
Diff: 2
3) Regulations that impose significant costs but do not provide the funds to pay these costs are called:
A) economic inducements.
B) unfunded mandates.
C) economic stimulators.
D) hidden benefits.
Answer: B
Ref: 340
Diff: 2
4) Large-scale regulations have brought about a reaction on the part of some people supporting the
doctrine of:
A) socialism.
B) laissez-faire.
C) reinvestment.
D) anti-trust laws.
Answer: B
Ref: 340
Diff: 1

191
5) The effects of a firms actions or decisions that negatively affect others but that the firm does not
consider when undertaking the action are called:
A) externalities.
B) manifest consequences.
C) the cost of doing business.
D) ancillaries.
Answer: A
Ref: 341
Diff: 2
6) The need for government stabilization policies through regulation comes from the tendency for the
aggregate economy to:
A) remain the same.
B) fluctuate.
C) self regulate.
D) maintain equilibrium.
Answer: B
Ref: 342-343
Diff: 2
7) Collective consumption goods more efficiently supplied by government than by individuals are
sometimes called:
A) commodities.
B) public goods.
C) collective holdings.
D) national treasures.
Answer: B
Ref: 343
Diff: 2
8) According to the U.S. Department of Commerce (2008), which receives the highest percent of federal
outlay?
A) Medicare
B) Social Security
C) health
D) defense
Answer: B
Ref: 343
Diff: 3
9) According to the U.S. Department of Commerce (2008), which receives the highest percent of local
outlay?
A) Medicare
B) Social Security
C) health
D) education and roads
Answer: D
Ref: 343
Diff: 3

192
10) Every year, the U.S. federal, state, and local governments together collect over ________ in taxes.
A) $4 trillion
B) $6 trillion
C) $15 billion
D) $85 billion
Answer: A
Ref: 344
Diff: 2
11) What is an example of how the government directs the flow of profits toward corporations and away
from consumers?
A) the extension of patent rights
B) price controls
C) regulations on safety and quality
D) price fixing
Answer: A
Ref: 345
Diff: 2
12) Which of the following is NOT a way the U.S. directly influences the distribution of income?
A) a progressive income tax system
B) low-income tax credits
C) licensing of certain professions
D) entitlement programs that favor the poor
Answer: C
Ref: 345
Diff: 2
13) The first comprehensive government-administered social insurance system was enacted in:
A) France.
B) Canada.
C) Sweden.
D) Germany.
Answer: D
Ref: 346
Diff: 2
14) The U.S. Social Security system paid out almost immediately the money it took in. Thus, it was not
funded:
A) like a bank.
B) like insurance.
C) like an investment company.
D) like a profit corporation.
Answer: B
Ref: 346
Diff: 2

193
15) Macroeconomic policies of government concern:

A) individuals.
B) only large states.
C) only general welfare as a whole.
D) only some parts of the larger economy.
Answer: C
Ref: 347
Diff: 2
16) Fluctuations in aggregate output are often called:

A) business cycles.
B) steady states.
C) events.
D) developments.
Answer: A
Ref: 348
Diff: 1
17) From 1929 to 1932, U.S. industrial production and national income:
A) rose by 33 percent.
B) dropped by about half.
C) increased by 25 percent.
D) dropped by about 90 percent.
Answer: B
Ref: 348
Diff: 2
18) The Keynesian Revolution introduced the concept that government:

A) should not intervene in the economy.
B) must resist the desire to stabilize the economy.
C) should not be concerned with unemployment figures.
D) can and should play a stabilizing role in the economy.
Answer: D
Ref: 349
Diff: 2
19) The policy of using the government budget surplus or deficit to control the level of spending in the
economy is called:
A) monetary policy.
B) foreign policy.
C) fiscal policy.
D) general policy.
Answer: C
Ref: 349
Diff: 2

194
20) The fiscal policy rule of thumb allows that some government budget deficits can be useful in
stimulating the economy out of a:
A) slump.
B) recession.
C) depression.
D) boom
Answer: B
Ref: 349
Diff: 1
21) Money has value because the Fed:

A) backs its notes with silver.
B) backs its notes with gold.
C) issues notes in any amount in unlimited quantities.
D) issues only a limited quantity of its notes.
Answer: D
Ref: 349
Diff: 3
22) Monetary policy does NOT affect:

A) the level of income directly.
B) interest rates.
C) credit availability.
D) inflation.
Answer: A
Ref: 349
Diff: 2
23) Credit and the financial sector are the equivalent to an economys:
A) brain.
B) veins.
C) lungs.
D) heart.
Answer: D
Ref: 349
Diff: 2
24) The U.S. debt is made up of the nation's:

A) accumulated tribute.
B) accumulated deficits.
C) estimated gains in foreign exchange.
D) accumulated profits.
Answer: B
Ref: 351
Diff: 1

195
25) To maintain its dominance in a globalized economy, and the higher wages that go with that
dominance, the United States will have to maintain:
A) a technological edge.
B) a larger work-force.
C) outsourcing.
D) a high standard of living.
Answer: A
Ref: 355
Diff: 2
TRUE/FALSE
26) Governments direct role in the economy involves its control of the laws that specify what individuals
and businesses can and cannot do.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 339
Diff: 2
27) In our free enterprise system, the government has no control over economic activities in the private
sector.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 340
Diff: 1
28) The government passing a law that requires drivers to be licensed is an example of the indirect
influence of the economy.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 339-340
Diff: 2
29) The passing of a law that required all public buildings to be accessible to all individuals was an
example of laissez-faire economic involvement.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 340
Diff: 1
30) If a firm is too big to fail, economists argue it is too big to be regulated.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 342
Diff: 2
31) The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 is often called the Ronald McDonald Protection Act.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 342
Diff: 2
32) Each year, the federal and state governments spend over $3 and $1 trillion respectively to fund their
activities.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 343
Diff: 2

196
33) The majority of federal revenue comes from Social Security.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 344
Diff: 3
34) At one time in the history of the U.S. progressive income tax system, the top federal tax on high-
income individuals was over 90 percent.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 346
Diff: 2
35) The largest government expenditure program is the Social Security system.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 346
Diff: 1
36) Social Security was called an insurance plan but actually does not meet that definition.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 346
Diff: 2
37) In the early 2000s, the Social Security system ratio had about 1 person drawing out for every 20
people paying in.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 347
Diff: 2
38) Social Security is a pay-as-you-go system that depends on how many people are paying into it.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 347
Diff: 2
39) In ten to twenty years, the Social Security system will be supporting many more retirees than it does
now, while at the same time having many fewer contributors per retiree.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 347
Diff: 2
40) One of the most controversial forms of government involvement in the economy is through
microeconomics.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 347
Diff: 2
41) A depression is a period of drastic decline in an economy.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 348
Diff: 1

197
42) In the 1970s, the government instituted many security programs and took a greater role in maintaining
the level of employment and in stabilizing the economy.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 348
Diff: 3
43) The Keynesian view helped create the field of macroeconomics.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 349
Diff: 2
44) A general fiscal policy is that if total spending in the economy is too low, the government should run
a budget surplus.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 349
Diff: 2
45) Contractionary monetary policy makes credit harder to get, raises interest rates, and has a downward
effect on the level of income.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 349
Diff: 2
46) In 2009, the U.S. government ran a $1.4 trillion deficit.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 350
Diff: 2
47) The amount of money the federal government spends on interest payments for its debts has
diminished because it has significantly reduced the national debt in the last decade.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 351
Diff: 1
48) Over the years, the U.S. government has spent about half of the time in a budget surplus and half in a
budget deficit.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 351
Diff: 2
49) The U.S. is in the globalization crisis today because it violated what is called the economic law of one
price.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 354
Diff: 2
50) Economics alone provides a relatively easy answer to economic issues in the United States and there
is little to be done politically.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 356
Diff: 2

198
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is the governments direct role in the economy? How do federal and state governments spend
their budgets? What are the three sources from which governments receive funding?
Ref: 343-345
Suggested Answer: The government is directly involved in the economy because it collects and
spends trillions of dollars a year. Governments are largely involved in collective action, or supplying
public goods. At the federal level these include defense, Social Security, and Medicare, with states being
involved economically in education, administration, and the public welfare. The money to supply these
public goods and services come from three sources; voluntary contribution, taxes, and borrowing, with
taxes being the most prominent.
52) Describe the problem facing the U.S. Social Security system.
Ref: 347
Suggested Answer: The U.S. Social Security system is a pay-as-you-go system that is thought of
as insurance and is dependant on how many people are paying into and withdrawing from it. In 1950,
there were over 15 people paying into Social Security for every one person drawing benefits. This high
ratio of supporters to withdrawers meant that workers paid low interest. In the early 2000s, this ratio
changed to 3 to 1, and the fewer supports were paying much higher tax rates. As the baby boom
generation retires, from 2020 to 2030, it is expected that only two people will be paying in for every one
person drawing out.
53) What is fiscal policy? What is monetary policy? Why are these two policies called primary
macroeconomic policies? How does monetary policy differ from fiscal policy?
Ref: 348-349
Suggested Answer: Fiscal policy is a policy of using the government surplus or deficit to
influence the level of spending and income in the economy. If spending is too low, the government
typically runs a budget deficit, which adds spending to the total flow of income in the country, and has a
multiplied effect on the total level of spending. This can be useful in stimulating the economy out of a
recession. Monetary policy is an economic policy where the Federal Reserve Bank (Fed) varies the level
of money and credit in the economy to affect the level of income. It affects the interest rate, making it
easier or harder to borrow money, which in turn changes the level of income. These two policies are
called macroeconomic policies because the concern is on the whole, or aggregate, society. They are both
policies conducted at the federal level aimed at stabilizing the economy, but differ in whom performs
these policies. The executive branch of the government conducts fiscal policy and the Fed conducts
monetary policy.
54) What is the fiscal crisis facing the United States? What will the government have to do to solve it?
Describe how the phrase no free lunch applies to the possible solutions of our fiscal crisis.
Ref: 351-353
Suggested Answer: The fiscal crisis in the U.S. is the increase of deficits and debt to a level that
can threaten the financial stability of the country. U.S. debt has been increasing for the last 30 years and
has increased enormously in recent years. In order to solve the fiscal crisis, the government must
eliminate the deficit and start paying back some of the debt it has accumulated. Part of this must be a
combination of cutting spending or raising taxes. The challenge of any solution to the fiscal crisis is that
someone will have to pay for it - there is no free lunch. No matter the time or situation, someone will
have to fund decisions made and whenever the payer is a different person than the one receiving the
benefit, the amount demanded increases and the costs go up.

199
55) How is global warming an economic issue? What are economic answers to the problem of global
warming and what are criticisms of our current solution? Why must solutions to global warming occur at
a global level?
Ref: 355-356
Suggested Answer: Global warming is an economic issue because it is the use of carbon-based
fuels for economic production that has increased the level of CO2 in the atmosphere. This is an externality
to economic production in that those making the decisions balance the costs and benefits to the company
but often not the social impact. The economic answer to this problem is to see that the costs of the
decision to use carbon-based fuels are taken into account by the private decision makers. Two possible
solutions are taxes on carbon-based fuel or by a cap-and-trade system; the government has implemented a
cap-and-trade system. This is problematic because it entrenches existing companies and makes creating
new firms more costly. This may result in reducing the U.S.s overall competitive edge in a global
market. Solutions to global warming must occur globally because otherwise, firms will just move to
wherever the restrictions are weak.

200
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) What is today known as the European Union began forming in:

A) 1919.
B) 1951.
C) 1990.
D) 2001.
Answer: B
Ref: 362
Diff: 2
2) The primary reason for the formation of the European Union was to form:
A) a collective defense against Communism.
B) a common market and a political union.
C) a common currency.
D) a new nation-state.
Answer: D
Ref: 362
Diff: 2
3) Which of the following countries chose not to adopt the euro?

A) Britain and Denmark
B) France and Netherlands
C) Spain
D) Germany
Answer: A
Ref: 362
Diff: 1
4) In international relations, the capacity to compel another party to commit an act contrary to its
explicitly stated will is called:
A) policy expansion.
B) negotiation based on weakness.
C) reasoning enhancement.
D) power.
Answer: D
Ref: 364
Diff: 2
5) Which of the various forms of power is the most important?

A) moral
B) public opinion
C) economic
D) military
Answer: B
Ref: 365
Diff: 1

201
6) Military power is:

A) unlimited.
B) not limited by the will to use military power.
C) limited by social, political and cultural conventions.
D) never affected by public opinion.
Answer: C
Ref: 365
Diff: 2
7) In the beginning of the twenty-first century, the United States was a country with almost indisputable
superior military power, called a:
A) monopoly.
B) dtente.
C) coalition.
D) hegemon.
Answer: D
Ref: 365
Diff: 2
8) During the century that followed the Congress of Vienna (1815), a fairly effective:
A) balance of power existed with no wars.
B) balance of terror existed because of the constant world wars.
C) balance of power was maintained..
D) peace persisted with no power adjustments.
Answer: C
Ref: 369
Diff: 2
9) The theory in which a balance of power with two competing nations was necessary to maintain peace
was:
A) the theory of Complex Interdependence.
B) the New World order theory.
C) the Formal Alliance.
D) realist theory.
Answer: D
Ref: 369
Diff: 2
10) In the 1990s, NATO lost much of its former purpose and:
A) actually lost many members.
B) became completely unimportant.
C) ceased to exist.
D) expanded in membership..
Answer: D
Ref: 369
Diff: 2

202
11) In 2010, NATO had ________ member states.

A) 4
B) 28
C) 75
D) 100
Answer: B
Ref: 369
Diff: 2
12) Generally speaking, foreign policies of a state are designed to:

A) help all nations prosper.
B) achieve equal distribution of power.
C) insure mutual respect and advance the needs of all states.
D) serve the national interests of the state.
Answer: D
Ref: 370
Diff: 2
13) The relationship between geography and security that foreign policy makers attempt to consider is
called:
A) ideology.
B) frontier security.
C) boundary maintenance.
D) geopolitics.
Answer: D
Ref: 371
Diff: 1
14) The fascist ideology holds that the nation, the people and the culture will be made great by the:
A) political system.
B) economic system.
C) religious system.
D) leader.
Answer: D
Ref: 372
Diff: 2
15) The 1980s and 1990s have seen:

A) almost no change in communism.
B) enormous change in communism.
C) the continued expansion of communism everywhere.
D) no need for communist countries to change economic policies.
Answer: B
Ref: 372
Diff: 2

203
16) Ideologues are individuals who:

A) can tolerate many different ideas.
B) can study ideologies in an objective manner.
C) are interested in the study of all ideologies but cannot decide which one is the best.
D) are so fixated on certain ideologies that they cannot reasonably examine opposing ideas.
Answer: D
Ref: 373
Diff: 2
17) The dominant global ideology today is:

A) democratic capitalism
B) communist ideology.
C) fascist ideology.
D) unilateralism.
Answer: A
Ref: 373
Diff: 1
18) In the U.S. government, the right to appoint and receive foreign diplomats is assigned to the:
A) Senate.
B) House of Representatives.
C) Supreme Court.
D) president.
Answer: D
Ref: 374
Diff: 2
19) The presidents authority in foreign affairs is augmented by:

A) the vice presidents role as foreign minister.
B) the presidents ability to name ambassadors without consent.
C) the presidents commander-in-chief of the armed forces role.
D) the cabinets role in enacting treaty legislation.
Answer: C
Ref: 374
Diff: 2
20) The current structure of the U.S. democratic system clearly:

A) divides the war power functions.
B) indicates that only the president can make war.
C) shows that only Congress can involve U.S. troops in a war zone.
D) does not unambiguously divide war powers between the presidency and Congress.
Answer: D
Ref: 375
Diff: 2

204
21) Throughout much of the nineteenth century, the United States was committed to a policy of:
A) empire building in Africa.
B) colonial expansion on every continent.
C) isolationism.
D) deep involvement in the wars in Europe.
Answer: C
Ref: 376
Diff: 2
22) After World War II, the policy of the U.S. to help any country threatened by communist aggression
was called the:
A) Roosevelt Plan.
B) Truman Doctrine.
C) Eisenhower Contract.
D) Kennedy Decree.
Answer: B
Ref: 376
Diff: 2
23) The basis of peace in the Cold War was:

A) the lack of international competition.
B) the power of the United Nations to disarm all nations.
C) a nuclear stand-off.
D) the mutual trust of the two superpowers.
Answer: C
Ref: 376
Diff: 2
24) Today, an easing or relaxation of strained relations and political tensions between countries seems to
have replaced:
A) the purely economic struggles of the past Cold War.
B) the ideological rivalries of the Cold War.
C) the cooperation among all nations during the Cold War.
D) religious conflicts everywhere.
Answer: B
Ref: 376
Diff: 2
25) The containment of communism approach to U.S. foreign policy lost favor:
A) following U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
B) before the Korean War.
C) during World War II.
D) before the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Answer: A
Ref: 376
Diff: 2

205
TRUE/FALSE
26) There are some nation-states that do not have a common language or cultural background.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 361
Diff: 3
27) England was one of the first nations-states.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 361
Diff: 2
28) When nations join the European Union they merge their government into the EUs government.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 362
Diff: 1
29) The European Union has a common currency used by most of its member nations.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 362
Diff: 1
30) The last nation states gradually disappeared during the late Middle Ages.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 362
Diff: 2
31) All states lack sovereignty.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 363
Diff: 1
32) Of all the sources of power, political power is the most important.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 365
Diff: 1
33) A military hegemonic state has unlimited power.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 365
Diff: 2
34) Weapons of mass destruction were an issue in the Iraq War.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 365
Diff: 1
35) In the 2003 Iraq War, some members of the press were embedded within military units.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 366
Diff: 2

206
36) Autocratic governments have direct control over foreign opinion.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 366
Diff: 2
37) Economic power has never been important in international relations.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 367
Diff: 1
38) As of 2009, there were nine cable providers in the U.S. that carried the Al Jazeera network.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 367
Diff: 2
39) One of a countrys major sources of power is dependable access to adequate supplies of raw
materials.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 368
Diff: 2
40) In 1997, NATO worked out a cooperative agreement with Russia.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 369
Diff: 2
41) After World War II, the balance of power was between a Western bloc (U.S. led) and an Eastern bloc
(U.S.S.R. led).
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 369
Diff: 1
42) Since World War I, the three most prevalent ideologies have been fascist, democratic capitalist, and
communist ideology.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 371
Diff: 2
43) With the defeat of Hitler and Mussolini, fascism disappeared as a political ideology.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 372
Diff: 2
44) In the U.S. government, the president has little control of diplomacy.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 374
Diff: 2

207
45) The U.S. president can declare war.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 375
Diff: 2
46) U.S. foreign policy during most of the nineteenth century was isolationist.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 376
Diff: 2
47) The war on terrorism pitted the United States not against a particular country but an enemy who could
be anywhere.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 376
Diff: 1
48) Many were convinced that under President George W. Bush, the U.S. saw itself as above the
international community and was willing to rely on its military power to achieve its ends. Answer: TRUE
Ref: 376
Diff: 1
49) The election of Barack Obama in 2009 brought a shift towards unilateral foreign policy and continued
preemption.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 377
Diff: 1
50) The state is the institution empowered to conduct international relations for its citizens.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 378
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What does the term state mean in international relations? What are the characteristics of a state? Why
and how have nation-states been important in the history of international relations?
Ref: 359-361
Suggested Answer: The state is a body politic organized for civil rule and government and is an
independent unit that carries on negotiations or makes agreements with other such units. This term is
important in international relations because within the term is the assumption that states have
relationships with each other. These relationships are what make up international politics and relations.
States have 1) are permanent population, 2) a clearly defined territory, 3) a government, and 4)
sovereignty that requires a capacity for international relations. This definition makes states like Ohio
and Utah not true states, whereas the United States qualifies as a state.

208
52) What is the nature of national power? What are the sources of national power? How and why is
national power limited? What recent examples show how the will of the United States is limited by social
and cultural conventions?
Ref: 364-366
Suggested Answer: The nature of power is basic to an understanding of international relations.
The powers of states allow them to promote their vital interests by influencing or controlling the behavior
of other states. Power comes in a number of sources, including military, economic, moral, geographic,
and political. Power is not unlimited, and is controlled by social, political and cultural conventions as well
as the willingness of a country to accept criticism of its actions. The U.S. could have used nuclear
weapons in Iraq but was limited by pressures from cultural and social sources. Furthermore, the U.S.
going into Iraq against UN limitations and social pressures undermined much of the worlds view about
its commitment to fairness.
53) In the world community how do sovereign states maintain their security? What are the differences
between the balance of power and the theory of complex interdependence?
Ref: 368-369
Suggested Answer: There are several ways in which a state could conceivably attempt to achieve
security. One such way is a unilateral buildup of military power so that no other state or group of states
would want to challenge it. This is challenging, and many states form cooperative organizations of world
governments as an attempt to gain security. A common way of preventing disastrous wars between
nations is to maintain a balance of power where there is equilibrium of power that no nation is willing to
disrupt. Now, the theory of complex interdependence, in which the largest nations powers are limited by
a variety of interdependencies, is more widely accepted. These theories are different in that with the
balance of power theory, power is more evenly spread, but in the theory of complex interdependence,
power is more one-sided. This view is more accepted since the U.S. is a primary superpower.
54) Why and how do geography and ideology affect foreign policies of sovereign states? What is
geopolitics? What three ideologies have been most important in twentieth century international relations?
Where in the world can examples of these ideologies can be found?
Ref: 371-373
Suggested Answer: Geography and ideologies are key ideas in understanding the nature of
foreign policies. Geopolitics is a term used to describe the relation between geography and security that
policymakers take into account. Geography is important because if a state is satisfied with its geography it
will create policies to try to protect it and if a state is dissatisfied it will use policy to try to get from others
what it wants. Ideologies, deeply held visions of what the correct form of government should be, are also
largely important to foreign policies. Three ideologies that are important to twentieth century politics
have been the fascist ideology, the democratic ideology, and the communist ideology. Fascist ideology
can be seen with Hitler, Mussolini, and some countries where significant social turmoil exists.
Communism today is the ruling ideology in governments in China, North Korea, and Cuba. Democratic
capitalist ideology is dominant throughout the world and is the prevailing U.S. belief.

209
55) What are isolationism, interventionism, internationalism, and preemption and what roles have they
played in the history of U.S. foreign policy?
Ref: 376-377
Suggested Answer: Isolationism, a policy in which the U.S. made no alliances abroad and kept
free from political embroilments of Europe, played a huge role in foreign policy for much of the
nineteenth century. Isolationism broke down some with WWI, but U.S. foreign policy changed to
internationalism after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. In this period of internationalism the
U.S. believed that world peace could be gained through friendly associations with nations and policy was
aimed at being enmeshed in international relations. In 2000, the U.S. began a period of unilateralism and
preemption, where we acted largely alone and claimed the right to invade counties we thought to be
harboring terrorists. These beliefs largely shaped recent foreign policy and the war on terror. In 2009,
Obama moved the U.S. towards a more multilateral foreign policy and away from preemption.

210
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Since the 1930s, the importance of international trade for the United States has:
A) declined.
B) remained unchanged.
C) increased until 1950 and then sharply declined.
D) grown significantly.
Answer: D
Ref: 380
Diff: 2
2) The relation of our total exports to our total imports is called the balance of:
A) income.
B) payments.
C) trade.
D) money.
Answer: C
Ref: 381
Diff: 2
3) Between 2000 and 2005, the Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that the U.S. trade balance:
A) improved.
B) worsened significantly.
C) had no appreciable change.
D) There is no way to factor the amount of trade between countries.
Answer: B
Ref: 381
Diff: 2
4) In 2008, the U.S. balance of payments was:

A) running a major deficit.
B) balanced by increased trade advantage.
C) running a significant deficit.
D) exactly equal to the balance of trade surplus.
Answer: C
Ref: 382
Diff: 3
5) Invisible items of trade include:

A) wheat, barley, corn, and rye.
B) machinery.
C) U.S. tourist payments in foreign countries.
D) rice.
Answer: C
Ref: 382
Diff: 2

211
6) In the U.S., more visible items of trade were exported than imported before:
A) the 1990s.
B) the 1980s.
C) the 1970s.
D) World War II.
Answer: D
Ref: 383
Diff: 2
7) In the 1980s, the balance of trade deficits become so large that the U.S. became:
A) a net debtor nation.
B) a net creditor nation.
C) a surplus nation.
D) the first nation not to import anything.
Answer: A
Ref: 383
Diff: 2
8) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of international trade?

A) better product can be obtained
B) lower prices for products
C) local producers may be hurt
D) products that cannot be produced at home can be obtained
Answer: C
Ref: 384
Diff: 2
9) In most cases, nations would derive the greatest economic advantage from international trade if they:
A) tightly controlled imports.
B) allowed free trade.
C) controlled all types of trade.
D) eliminated all exports.
Answer: B
Ref: 385
Diff: 2
10) The reason international trade is controlled has to do with how economics relates to:
A) politics.
B) biology.
C) chance factors.
D) invention.
Answer: A
Ref: 386
Diff: 2

212
11) A tax or duty on an imported commodity is called a(n):

A) tariff.
B) bill.
C) arbitrary cost.
D) revenue limit.
Answer: A
Ref: 386
Diff: 1
12) Most economists oppose the levying of:

A) all taxes.
B) protective tariffs.
C) any kind of minimal tariff.
D) any kind of revenue generating tax by a government.
Answer: B
Ref: 386
Diff: 2
13) When one country institutes tariffs, it is likely that other countries will follow resulting in:
A) a contracting spiral of trade.
B) an expanding trade network.
C) benefits from increased trade worldwide.
D) a free trade zone.
Answer: A
Ref: 386
Diff: 2
14) The home-market argument in favor of protective tariffs results in:

A) decreases in home product industry employment.
B) decreases in protected home product industry profits.
C) short term failure of home industry.
D) long term benefits for some producers at the expense of losing foreign markets for other producers.
Answer: D
Ref: 387
Diff: 3
15) Which of the following is NOT an argument against protective tariffs?

A) restricting international trade robs us of part of its benefits
B) free admission of imports is one of the most effective ways of expanding the foreign markets of home
industries
C) when one country institutes tariffs, it is likely that other countries will follow
D) a tariff that keeps out foreign goods increases the market for U.S. goods
Answer: D
Ref: 386
Diff: 2

213
16) A limit on the quantity or the value of a commodity that can be brought into a country is called a(n):
A) tax barrier.
B) tariff.
C) quality control.
D) import quota.
Answer: D
Ref: 388
Diff: 1
17) In 1947, most Western nations agreed to a mutual effort to reduce trade barriers through the:
A) North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
B) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
C) Security Council of the United Nations.
D) General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs.
Answer: D
Ref: 388
Diff: 2
18) In the mid-1990s, GATT was replaced by the:

A) Reciprocal Trade Group (RTG).
B) International Commerce Circle (ICC).
C) World Trade Organization (WTO).
D) Global Corporation Group (GCG).
Answer: C
Ref: 388
Diff: 2
19) When countries meet under GATT in order to reduce trade barriers, these meetings are called:
A) circles.
B) trade rounds.
C) confrontations.
D) squares.
Answer: B
Ref: 388
Diff: 2
20) Economists who favor free trade view free trade areas created by associations of countries with:
A) much favor.
B) much fear.
C) both favor and fear.
D) great joy.
Answer: A
Ref: 389
Diff: 2

214
21) For many years before World War I, the principal trading countries maintained monetary systems
based on:
A) flexible exchange rates.
B) adjustable exchange rates.
C) variable exchange rates.
D) fixed exchange rates.
Answer: D
Ref: 391
Diff: 1
22) The U.S. changed from a fixed exchange rate to a generally flexible exchange rate in:
A) 1917.
B) 1986.
C) 1945.
D) 1971.
Answer: D
Ref: 392
Diff: 3
23) The U.S. exchange rate system is called a(n):

A) dirty float.
B) sinking boat.
C) dollar value-added.
D) ad valorem.
Answer: A
Ref: 392
Diff: 3
24) Today with computer transfer technology, short-term investments are called:
A) cold cash.
B) electro-dollars.
C) info-dollars.
D) hot money.
Answer: D
Ref: 393
Diff: 2
25) If countries decide to stop accepting U.S. dollars and promissory notes and instead want goods and
services, the value of the dollar will likely:
A) fall substantially.
B) rise modestly.
C) decrease slightly.
D) be maintained.
Answer: A
Ref: 394
Diff: 2

215
TRUE/FALSE
26) In the 1930s, the United States followed an isolationist policy toward trade.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 380
Diff: 1
27) International trade now accounts for well over 50 percent of our total GDP.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 380
Diff: 2
28) A cartel is an organization of countries that unite to promote free trade.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 381
Diff: 2
29) The economic role of OPEC was significant in the 1970s and the early 2000s.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 381
Diff: 2
30) From 2000 to 2008, the U.S. balance of trade deficit leapt to over $700 billion a year.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 382
Diff: 2
31) Trade imbalances can be offset by foreign capital investment.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 382
Diff: 2
32) Interest Americans receive from foreign investments are unimportant in the U.S. economy.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 382
Diff: 1
33) Invisible items of trade consist of services of all sorts for which people of one country pay those of
another.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 382
Diff: 2
34) The 1970s marked a new dimension in the expansion of international trade.
Answer: FALSE
Ref; 282
Diff: 2

216
35) Trade is the lifeblood of a modern economy.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 383
Diff: 2
36) International trade raises standards of living by increasing consumer purchasing power.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 383
Diff: 2
37) U.S. producers as a group are injured by foreign purchases.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 384
Diff: 2
38) International trade has only advantages.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 384
Diff: 1
39) Trade is best seen as taking place between two counties without the other countries in the picture.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 385
Diff: 2
40) Controls on international trade include subsidies on exports, tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, and
bilateral barter agreements.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 385
Diff: 1
41) When tariffs are levied as a percentage of a value of a commodity, they are said to be ad hominen.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 386
Diff: 2
42) World trade expanded during 1929-1933.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 386
Diff: 2
43) The U.S. dollar serves as an international reserve currency.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 390
Diff: 2
44) Global corporations can avoid import quotas.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 390
Diff: 2

217
45) Critics of globalization argue that to prevent job loss we should protect domestic jobs by establishing
tariffs on imports.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 390
Diff: 2
46) Erratic fluctuations in exchange rates help trade and reduce risk in transactions.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 391
Diff: 2
47) After World War II, the Western world went on a modified gold standard.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 392
Diff: 2
48) Long-term investments are called hot money.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 393
Diff: 2
49) On an average day, more than $200 billion in short-term investments may be traded by computer
transfers.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 393
Diff: 2
50) Recently the American dollar has been very stable.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 393
Diff: 1
51) The United States is the largest debtor nation in the world.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 394
Diff: 2

218
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
52) What are the advantages and disadvantages of international trade? Why and how are the advantages
linked to the disadvantages?
Ref: 383-385
Suggested Answer: Trade is the lifeblood of a modern economy. Initially, trade enables a country
to obtain products that cannot be produced at home at all or in insufficient quantities. Secondly, trade
allows countries to get a better product than can be produced at home. Lastly, international trade allows
for products to be available at a lower price than possible if produced at home. However, international
trade is not all positive and often purchasing imported items robs U.S. producers and employees of profits
and wages they might have received if those goods had been purchased at home. These advantages and
disadvantages are linked because in the long run, foreign countries can only pay for what they buy with
the goods they sell. Simply put, the U.S. needs to import things from other countries, which is a
disadvantage to some U.S. citizens, giving other countries money so that they in turn can spend that
money on U.S. exports.
53) Why do countries place restrictions on international trade? What are tariffs and import quotas? What
are the arguments for and against protective tariffs?
Ref: 385-389
Suggested Answer: The reasons for restrictions on international trade stem from politics, and
even though the total costs of trade are positive, politicians will listen to and protect the few who are hurt.
One example of a restriction on trade is a tariff, which is a tax, or duty, on an imported commodity.
Another example is an import quota, which limits the quantity or the value of a commodity that can be
brought into a country in a given period of time. There is a debate over protective tariffs and those against
them claim that by restricting international trade, tariffs rob us of part of its benefits. Also, when one
country institutes tariffs it is likely others will follow, which could result in a contracting spiral of trade.
Those in favor of protective tariffs have four different arguments: the home-market argument, the high-
wages argument, the infant-industry argument, and the self-sufficiency argument. Supports of protective
tariffs argue that they keep out foreign goods and thereby increase home profits and employment,
maintain the U.S. wage level and the U.S. standard of living by protecting our workers from having to
compete with cheap foreign labor, and that tariffs make a country more self-sufficient. Lastly, supporters
of tariffs often disclaim any wish for permanent tariffs and instead only want protections for new
industries as they compete with established industry abroad.
54) What are the arguments in favor of free trade? What global efforts have been made to remove trade
restrictions? How do free trade areas impact free trade?
Ref: 388-389
Suggested Answer: Supporters of free trade argue that if trade could flow freely there would be a
great expansion of its total volume and that in the long run all nations would be more prosperous. There
would be less need for foreign aid because every country would have access to the markets and raw
materials of the world and the price of goods would be lower everywhere. Steps to remove restrictions
include the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, the 1947 General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs,
and the foundation of the World Trade Organization, an international organization designed to foster trade
among countries. Free trade areas, like the European Union and those created under the North American
Free Trade Agreement are beneficial for the countries involved but make it harder to achieve a worldwide
reduction in trade barriers.

219
55) Note some ways to protect American jobs from being lost to foreign nations. Why do most economist
oppose such measures? What do they cite as being the impact on pricing of goods in the American
market?
Ref: 390
Suggested Answer: Critics of globalization argue that we should protect U.S. jobs by establishing
tariffs on imports or limiting imports directly by quotas. Economists often oppose such measures because
the loss of U.S. jobs is only a piece of the global trade picture, and is ignoring the advantages, namely the
lower costs of goods. If we were to remove globalization and international trade, the costs of goods in the
American market would be two to four times higher. The lower costs of goods we experience are stealth
benefits that impact large numbers of consumers a little bit whereas the disadvantages of trade are
localized to an industry or a region.
56) What is the meaning of foreign exchange? What is the difference between a fixed and flexible
exchange rate system? How does the current exchange rate system of the United States work?
Ref: 390-393
Suggested Answer: Foreign exchange refers to the process of exchanging the money of one
country for that of another and the monies themselves. In a fixed exchange rate system, the exchange
rates and their relative values of the various currencies are established by agreement. This is the how the
principle trading countries conducted business before WWI. In a flexible exchange rate system, market
forces of supply and demand determine the exchange rates. In 1971, the U.S. converted from a fixed
exchange rate based off the gold standard to a flexible exchange rate system. U.S. reserves are no longer
held in gold and are instead held in reserve currencies and a type of paper gold. Foreign countries can no
longer trade U.S. dollars for gold, and instead must deal in goods. As the supply and demand for these
goods changes, so does the U.S. currency rate. Our exchange system is called a dirty float, in that it is a
flexible exchange rate system but the government enters into the foreign exchange market affecting the
exchange rate.

220
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The percentage of the worlds population made up by developing countries is about:

A) 25 percent.
B) 60 percent.
C) 80 percent.
D) 95 percent.
Answer: C
Ref: 397
Diff: 2
2) Developing countries are called developing because they have:

A) fewer languages than developed countries.
B) smaller populations than developed countries.
C) larger populations than developed countries.
D) lower incomes than developed countries.
Answer: D
Ref: 398
Diff: 2
3) The political consensus problem is:

A) the central problem facing nonindustrial nations.
B) an interesting question but not a problem for developing countries.
C) a problem in industrial countries but not nonindustrial countries.
D) relatively easy to solve.
Answer: A
Ref: 400
Diff: 2
4) Since 1988 how many presidents has Haiti had?

A) 1
B) more than 10
C) A new one every year.
D) 4
Answer: B
Ref: 400
Diff: 5
5) To achieve takeoff into economic growth, a country needs to raise the level of:
A) corruption.
B) military pressure on foreign companies.
C) investment.
D) population so more people can work.
Answer: C
Ref: 402
Diff: 2

221
6) The World Bank is an international organization to help:

A) developed countries profit from developing countries problems.
B) foster development through loans and advice
C) finance failing governments as a tax evading tactic.
D) the developed countries remain dominant.
Answer: B
Ref: 402
Diff: 2
7) Over the last sixty years, the U.S. has given foreign aid at about the rate of:
A) 10 percent of U.S. total output.
B) one half of 1 percent of U.S. total output.
C) 33 percent of U.S. total output.
D) 50 percent of U.S. total output.
Answer: B
Ref: 403
Diff: 2
8) Much of U.S. foreign aid has been given for:

A) political and military purposes.
B) humanitarian purposes.
C) nongovernmental organizations.
D) national security reasons.
Answer: A
Ref: 403
Diff: 2
9) In the 1980s, the problem of the international debt:

A) grew in importance.
B) declined in importance.
C) stabilized because of wise fiscal policies.
D) was eliminated in most developing countries.
Answer: A
Ref: 404
Diff: 2
10) In the 1990s, the international debt problem was greatly reduced by:
A) equilibrium accounting.
B) debt restructuring.
C) military intervention.
D) widespread refusal to pay interest on all debt.
Answer: B
Ref: 404
Diff: 2

222
11) Increasing per capita output becomes very difficult for a developing country when
A) government monetary policies make more credit available.
B) too much foreign aid is available.
C) continued population growth occurs.
D) economic reforms make more funds available for development.
Answer: C
Ref: 404
Diff: 3
12) Developing countries often suffer when the individuals who could help a country develop leave. This
process is called:
A) brain drain.
B) leverage buying.
C) power loss.
D) cultural gain.
Answer: A
Ref: 404
Diff: 1
13) During the Cold War, developing countries could:

A) find no way to benefit from the superpower struggle.
B) benefit by playing the U.S.S.R. against the U.S.
C) suffer and only watch the conflict that never involved them.
D) never change sides and benefit from military aid.
Answer: B
Ref: 406
Diff: 2
14) The largest and most populous country in the world is:
A) India.
B) the U.S..
C) Brazil.
D) China.
Answer: D
Ref: 407
Diff: 1
15) Beginning in the late 1980s, China has undergone an enormous:

A) population explosion.
B) territorial expansion.
C) economic liberalization with the introduction of markets.
D) political reform with the introduction of democracy and end of communism.
Answer: C
Ref: 407
Diff: 2

223
16) The current official religion of China is:

A) atheism.
B) Confucianism.
C) Islam.
D) Christianity.
Answer: A
Ref: 408
Diff: 2
17) Birth control has been a national priority in China with a one-child family limit since:
A) 1950.
B) 1964.
C) 1979.
D) 1993.
Answer: C
Ref: 409
Diff: 2
18) How many Internet users were in China as of 2007?

A) 1 million
B) 500,000
C) 253 million
D) China still has no access to the Internet
Answer: C
Ref: 409
Diff: 1
19) China is barely able to feed its own people. In terms of world food producers, China ranks:
A) first.
B) third.
C) eleventh.
D) fifteenth.
Answer: B
Ref: 410
Diff: 3
20) From 1966 until 1976, China was governed by a radical faction that attempted:
A) world conquest.
B) a Cultural Revolution.
C) increased contact with Western culture.
D) to introduce a market economy.
Answer: B
Ref: 410
Diff: 2

224
21) The percentage of Mexicos population living in towns and cities is about:
A) 20 percent.
B) 50 percent.
C) 77 percent.
D) 95 percent.
Answer: C
Ref: 412
Diff: 2
22) In 2000, Mexican voters elected Vincente Fox as the first:

A) non-Mexican vice president.
B) democratically elected dictator.
C) monarch since the nineteenth century.
D) non-PRI president.
Answer: D
Ref: 413
Diff: 2
23) As of 2008, the GDP per capita in Uganda is about:

A) $1500.
B) $1100.
C) $ 850.
D) $ 1260.
Answer: B
Ref: 414
Diff: 2
24) Ugandas biggest problem is:

A) lack of agricultural land.
B) lack of water resources.
C) lack of political coherence.
D) the absence of any export products.
Answer: C
Ref: 413
Diff: 2
25) Yoweri Museveni has turned Uganda into:

A) a more politically stable country.
B) a military empire in East Africa that threatens other countries.
C) a bastion of government controlled monopolies.
D) a country exclusively governed by one tribe.
Answer: A
Ref: 414
Diff: 2

225
TRUE/FALSE
26) There are about 56 countries in the world that are considered developing countries.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 397
Diff: 2
27) Since 1965, developing countries have grown at a faster rate than industrial countries.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 398
Diff: 2
28) The two main economic systems are capitalism and socialism.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 299
Diff: 2
29) Both autocracy and democracy present problems for developing countries.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 400
Diff: 2
30) The old saying that power corrupts is not without merit.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 400
Diff: 1
31) Corruption is a way of life in many developing countries.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 400
Diff: 2
32) Under President Alvaro Uribe, Columbia has abolished the drug trade and become a stable
government.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 400
Diff: 1
33) Corruption as a way of life is now almost completely absent in developing countries.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 400
Diff: 2
34) Today the World Bank is concentrating on environmentally sound investments.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 402
Diff: 2

226
35) More U.S. foreign aid is now flowing to nongovernmental agencies.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 403
Diff: 2
36) Low interest rates and small amounts borrowed make it easy for developing countries to meet their
debt obligations.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 404
Diff: 3
37) Maintenance of your idealism and love of your country is unimportant advice to an advisor to a
developing country.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 405
Diff: 2
38) In the early 2000s, most development plans have been democratic, market-oriented plans.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 406
Diff: 2
39) About 65 percent of the people in China are Chinese-speaking.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 408
Diff: 1
40) Today China is the worlds fastest growing economy.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 408
Diff: 2
41) After the communist revolution in China, the status of women in Chinese society improved greatly.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 408-409
Diff: 2
42) The Chinese one-child policy has been very successful in rural areas.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 409
Diff: 2
43) In 1978, a change in Chinese leadership gradually eliminated market-oriented reforms in China.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 409
Diff: 1
44) In China, all available land is already under cultivation.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 410
Diff: 3

227
45) The National Revolutionary Party in Mexico was formed from all major political groups in 1939.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 412
Diff: 3
46) About 9 percent of the population of Mexico is illiterate.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 412
Diff: 2
47) Uganda remains one of the worlds largest producers of coffee.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 413
Diff: 2
48) Ugandas President Museveni has instituted a multiparty democracy.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 414
Diff: 2
49) The Lords Resistance Army in Uganda has abducted an estimated 5,000 children and used them as
soldiers.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 414
Diff: 2
50) Slightly less than half of the population of Uganda over the age of 25 have no formal schooling or
less than one year of schooling.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 415
Diff: 2
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What is a developing country? What are the differences between a developed and developing
country?
Ref: 397-399
Suggested Answer: Developing countries are still in the process of developing their economy and
system of government or political structure. Developing countries have far lower incomes than developed
countries. While most of the countries in the world are developing countries, these countries use only a
quarter of the worlds output.
52) What six problems that face all developing countries? Which problem is most important? Why and
how are these six problems interrelated?
Ref: 399-405
Suggested Answer: Six problems that face all developing countries are: political consensus,
corruption, the economy, debt, population, and the brain drain problem. The most important problem
facing developing countries is the problem of political consensus. These problems are all interrelated
through unstable systems of government.

228
53) Why are the economic problems facing developing countries especially difficult to solve? What is the
debt problem? What economic options are available for developing countries?
Ref: 401-404
Suggested Answer: Developing countries face economic problems that are difficult to solve
because they do not have the money to invest, especially while they cannot even feed starving citizens.
They also do not have many of the foundational aspects (e.g., education and training, transportation,
communication, banking) or knowledge to make investment possible. The debt problem exists because
developing countries had to rely on private investment and or loans from other countries, which came
with high interest rates, making it impossible for countries to pay back their debt. Economic options that
are available for developing countries include foreign aid and trade barriers.
54) What advice would you give to a potential leader of a developing country? What advice can you offer
to help manage or solve the six major problems facing developing countries?
Ref: 405-407
Suggested Answer: Advice for a potential leader of a developing country could include: be
creative and keep an open mind, set goals carefully taking difficulties that will be faced in attempting to
meet these goals into consideration, and maintain idealism and love for country while attempting to create
a plan for development. In choosing a political system, an economic system, a foreign policy, a means for
controlling population and a system for encouraging the brightest citizens to stay in or return to the
country, a potential leader for a developing country would want to consider the individual ethnic and
regional necessities of the country.
55) How have the problems facing developing countries been managed in China, Mexico, and Uganda?
What success have these countries had in dealing with the major problems confronting these countries?
Ref: 407-411
Suggested Answer: China is one example of a developing country facing many of the problems
that are common to developing countries. In the last few decades China has made steps to manage many
of these problems. For example, introducing markets and market incentives has led China to become the
worlds fastest-growing economy. To control their large and quickly growing population, the Chinese
government implemented a one-child limit. While China is still controlled by the communist party,
economic liberalization has continued to make improvements in many of the areas commonly seen as
problems for developing countries.

229
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) After September 11, 2001, President Bush followed a policy in which the United States would attack
terrorists wherever they are before they commit terrorist acts. This is a policy of:
A) The United Nations.
B) defeatism.
C) appeasement.
D) preemption.
Answer: D
Ref: 418
Diff: 2
2) In light of the U.S.s difficulties in controlling the events in Iraq, what 2 nations have seized this
opportunity to stand against U.S. demands?
A) Iran and North Korea
B) Israel and Palestine
C) Canada and Mexico
D) China and Japan
Answer: A
Ref: 419
Diff: 4
3) The nineteenth century military strategist who argued that war is merely a continuation of politics by
other means was:
A) Otto von Bismark.
B) Karl von Clausewitz.
C) Napoleon.
D) Frederick the Great.
Answer: B
Ref: 419
Diff: 2
4) War making in humans is believed to depend on:

A) acquired attitudes, beliefs, and points of view.
B) inherent nature.
C) anger and other primary emotions.
D) monetary resources.
Answer: A
Ref: 420
Diff: 2

230
5) On the international level, reasonable discussion is called:

A) negotiation.
B) verbal discretion.
C) diplomacy.
D) a pacifistic address.
Answer: C
Ref: 421
Diff: 2
6) Throughout the history of the nation-state, diplomacy has:

A) proven useless when compared with war.
B) never been tried to prevent wars.
C) done much to avoid war.
D) never helped even once to avoid a war.
Answer: C
Ref: 421
Diff: 2
7) The founder of modern international law was:

A) Hugo Grotius.
B) William Penn.
C) Immanuel Kant.
D) Voltaire.
Answer: A
Ref: 422
Diff: 2
8) The usefulness of international law in the maintenance of order and peace has always been:
A) enormous during wars.
B) greatly overestimated in times of peace.
C) very strong in punishing violators.
D) limited.
Answer: D
Ref: 422
Diff: 2
9) The first comprehensive approach to the problem of war by a group of states was the:
A) Organization of American States.
B) League of Nations.
C) North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
D) Warsaw Pact.
Answer: B
Ref: 423
Diff: 2

231
10) The most powerful organ of the United Nations, responsible for the maintenance of international
peace and security, is the:
A) General Assembly.
B) Secretariat.
C) Security Council.
D) World Health Organization.
Answer: C
Ref: 423
Diff: 2
11) All of the following countries are permanent members of the UN Security Council EXCEPT:
A) the United Kingdom.
B) Germany.
C) Russia.
D) the United States.
Answer: B
Ref: 423
Diff: 2
12) The United States withdrew from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) because the organization was:
A) too much in favor of free markets and individual human rights.
B) too expensive.
C) over-funded.
D) hostile toward the institutions of a free society.
Answer: D
Ref: 425
Diff: 3
13) In 2009, the U.S. contribution or assessment toward paying for the United Nations budget was about:
A) 25 percent.
B) 35 percent.
C) 15 percent.
D) 9 percent.
Answer: A
Ref: 425
Diff: 2
14) The UN military sanction in its peacekeeping efforts is supposed to be the:

A) first option.
B) second plan if diplomacy fails.
C) final recourse.
D) threat which is never used.
Answer: C
Ref: 426
Diff: 2

232
15) All of the following are coercive measures which the UN can take against the state that is to blame for
a threat to peace, breach of peace, or act of aggression, EXCEPT:
A) severance of diplomatic relations.
B) the complete or partial interruption of economic relations with the dissident state.
C) terrorism.
D) the use of armed forces.
Answer: C
Ref: 426
Diff: 2
16) In imposing sanctions, the UN is limited because:

A) member states retain their sovereignty.
B) the UN is a superstate.
C) the power of the world is not concentrated in a few states.
D) it can force states to accept its decisions in all cases.
Answer: A
Ref: 428
Diff: 3
17) The practice of having treaties registered and published by the UN Secretariat is designed to:
A) create an historical archive.
B) justify the existence of the Secretariat.
C) reduce the chances of secret agreements existing.
D) make the reasons for war more obvious.
Answer: C
Ref: 429
Diff: 3
18) The UNs International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has supervisory power over:
A) all of the worlds nuclear weapons.
B) every nation using nuclear energy.
C) all physics projects.
D) the Treaty on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
Answer: D
Ref: 429
Diff: 2
19) The breakup of the Soviet Union has been marked by:
A) ethnic unrest.
B) smooth economic transitions.
C) greater security for all nations.
D) less danger of war.
Answer: A
Ref: 430
Diff: 2

233
20) In Africa, governments have generally been:

A) democracies.
B) monarchies.
C) dictatorships.
D) autocracies.
Answer: D
Ref: 431
Diff: 2
21) In the mid-1990s, the border between North and South Korea:
A) still remained a trouble spot.
B) was of little concern to the U.S.
C) was eliminated by the reunification of Korea.
D) was demilitarized.
Answer: A
Ref: 433
Diff: 1
22) Between 1922 and 1939, the Jewish population in Palestine (now Israel) rose from 84,000 to:
A) 96,000.
B) 234,000.
C) 445,000.
D) 667,000.
Answer: C
Ref: 434
Diff: 2
23) In 1979, Egypt and Israel agreed to a peace treaty and Israel withdrew from:
A) all of the Golan.
B) the West Bank.
C) the Sinai Peninsula.
D) the Jordan Valley.
Answer: C
Ref: 435
Diff: 2
24) Arafats successor party was:

A) Zionist.
B) Al Qaeda.
C) Fatah.
D) the Israeli Defense League.
Answer: C
Ref: 436
Diff: 2

234
25) What area of the world do experts believe holds the potential for the next worldwide war?
A) North America
B) Latin America
C) China
D) The Middle East
Answer: D
Ref: 437
Diff: 2
TRUE/FALSE
26) President Bush singled out four countries as an Axis of Evil Iraq, Iran, Syria, and South Korea.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 418
Diff: 2
27) Identifying forces that tend to bring about war is easier than explaining or evaluating them.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 420
Diff: 2
28) The power vacuum created by the breakup of the Soviet Union improves the conditions for peace.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 421
Diff: 2
29) Nation-states began to develop in the late Middle Ages.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 421
Diff: 1
30) Dante, King Henry IV of France and William Penn all proposed plans for peace.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 421
Diff: 2
31) The United Nations officially sanctioned war against Iraq.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 422
Diff: 2
32) The system of international law rules on the rights and duties of states in their mutual relations.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 422
Diff: 2
33) There is no international system of criminal law.

Answer: TRUE
Ref: 422
Diff: 2

235
34) Submission to an international courts justice is involuntary.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 422
Diff: 2
35) In the 1990s, many states discovered the high costs of having a bad reputation due to violations of
international law.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 423
Diff: 2
36) The most important organs of the United Nations are the Security Council, the General Assembly and
the Secretariat.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 423
Diff: 1
37) The UN Security Council is composed of twenty-five nations.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 423
Diff: 3
38) The Secretariat is the legislative arm of the UN.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 424
Diff: 2
39) In the late 1980s, changes in the former Soviet Union and China made agreement in the Security
Council less likely.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 424
Diff: 2
40) The UN charter does not list the use of armed forces as a coercive measure.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 426
Diff: 2
41) The absence of the Soviet delegate helped make the role of the UN-led military action possible in
Korea from 1950 to 1953.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 427
Diff: 2
42) The UN is a superstate with authority over sovereign states.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 428
Diff: 2

236
43) The war on terrorism has more of a geographic component than did previous wars.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 431
Diff: 2
44) Hugo Chavez took power in Venezuela by military force.

Answer: FALSE
Ref: 432
Diff: 1
45) Before the war on terrorism, the United States had strongly supported Russian military action in
Chechnya.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 433
Diff: 1
46) China remains a communist state, but has become a market economy.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 433
Diff: 2
47) As the Jewish population in the Middle East increased, the Zionist population decreased.
Answer: FALSE
Ref: 434
Diff: 2
48) Resolution 242, passed in 1974 by the UN General Assembly, called for the return of land and
property taken by Israel during the wars.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 435
Diff: 2
49) In 2003, the United States and other Western countries established a Roadmap to Peace, which
required both Palestinians and Israelis to move simultaneously toward peace.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 433
Diff: 2
50) In 2009, President Obama reached out to the Arab and Palestine communities and took a strong stand
against the expansions of Israeli settlements.
Answer: TRUE
Ref: 436
Diff: 2

237
SHORT ANSWER ESSAYS
51) What are the causes of war? How have people and nation-states attempted to maintain peace?
Ref: 419-422
Suggested Answer: Although direct causes of war cannot be determined, it is believed that there
are many factors depending on acquired attitudes, beliefs and points of view that may contribute to war.
Examples of factors that might contribute to the start of a war include: desire for power, economic rivalry,
religious and/or political divisions, social unrest, the ambitions of political and military leaders, fanatical
devotion to revolutionary ideologies, intense ethnic rivalries, desire for security or territory, national
honor, or mistaken intentions. The quest for peace goes back to biblical times. Numerous attempts to
maintain peace have been made throughout the span of time, including: diplomacy, international
government, and international law and international courts.
52) What is international law? How effective is international law? What are the limitations of it?
Ref: 422-423
Suggested Answer: International law is the system of rules on rights and duties of states in their
mutual relations. Custom, treaties, conventions, and formal agreements are the basis of international law
today. Unfortunately, international law has not been incredibly effective; however a countrys reputation
in following international law seems important. International law is limited in that a countrys submission
to an international courts justice is voluntary; additionally it is limited in that there are no means of
enforcement of laws.
53) What is the role of the United Nations in international relations? How is the UN organized? How
successful has the UN been in keeping the peace? What are the limitations on the UNs ability to maintain
peace?
Ref: 423-428
Suggested Answer: The United Nations is a world organization, thought to be the closest we have
to a world government, which is given the role of keeping peace. The UN consists of three important
organs: the Security Council the primary legislative body which is composed of fifteen nations, the
general assembly a legislative body that includes representatives of all the member states, and the
secretariat the executive arm. The UN has been quite successful in keeping peace through sanctions
invoked against the state that is to blame in the event of a threat to peace, breach of peace, or act of
aggression. However, military sanctions from the UN have been of limited value. Limitations of the UNs
ability to maintain peace include: failure to make agreements and clear specifications necessary to
implement sanctions, and the UN does not have the high level military structure needed to gain control. If
a state is unhappy with the actions of the UN they can simply recall their troops.
54) What are the major trouble spots of the world today? What threatens stability in these areas?
Ref: 431
Suggested Answer: Major trouble spots of the world today include: Africa, Latin America, the
Former Soviet Republics and Eastern Europe, the Far East and Indochina, and the Middle East. Stability
in African nations (e.g., Somalia, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe) is threatened by the competing ethnic groups
combined within historically imposed boundaries. Stability in Latin American countries is threatened by
disparities in income and the existence of large drug cartels. In the former Soviet Republics and Eastern
Europe, stability is threatened by ethnic hatreds and political instability. In the Far East and Indochina,
stability is threatened by the border between North and South Korea, and the threat North Korea poses to
other countries in its willingness to use nuclear weapons. In China, there are threats from significant
pressures for political reform. Finally, in the Middle East, stability is threatened by external threats to
territorial gain, political unrest and monarchy, and the perceived threat of nuclear/terrorist weapons.

238
55) What is the outlook for peace in the future? How does the war on global terrorism affect international
institutions? Is war really inevitable?
Ref: 437
Suggested Answer: Despite attempts at maintaining world peace, there are numerous threats to
peace that exist currently throughout the world. The war on global terrorism may have done more to
threaten future peace than it did to promote world peace. In spite of efforts on the behalf of the U.S.,
fighting continues in Afghanistan, and more people throughout the world hate the United States and are
committed to terrorism. It is hard to say whether war is inevitable, but at this point there does not seem to
be a method of maintaining peace that is completely successful.

239

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Instructors Manual and Test Bank

Hunt and Colander

Allyn & Bacon

Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods ..................................................................................1

Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods ................................................................................40

3. The Methods of Social Science

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Social Science and Society

1. Historical Roots of Social Science

The student should be able to:

1. Define social science and explain why it is important.

2. List the various social sciences.

3. State the nine steps that make up the scientific method.

4. Discuss some reasonable approaches to problems in social science.

6. Distinguish educated common sense from common sense.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. The Origin of the Human Species

3. The Evolution of Human Beings

The student should be able to:

1. Summarize Darwins theory of evolution.

2. Explain the role of mutation in the theory of evolution.

3. Relate DNA to genes and genetic engineering.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. From the Stone Age to the Agricultural Age

4. The Middle Ages

6. The Development of Modern Economic and Political Institutions

The student should be able to:

3. Explain the Greek and Roman origins of modern civilization.

4. Distinguish three periods of the Middle Ages.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Explain the importance of the Renaissance to modern civilization.

6. Define the Age of Revolutions.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Culture and Multiculturalism

3. Culture and the Nature of Society

5. Culture, Society and Social Change

6. Social Change and Social Problems

7. Contrasts Among Cultures

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The student should be able to:

1. Explain why culture is necessary to hold society together.

2. List some important elements of culture.

3. Summarize briefly three popular theories of cultural change.

4. List five factors that cause culture to change.

5. List three factors stabilizing culture.

6. Discuss the cultural lag theory and its limitations.

7. Explain the doctrine of cultural relativism.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Ecology: The Interaction of Geography, Demography, and Environment

The student should be able to:

1. Identify the major countries on a map of the world.

2. Explain why many people believe population growth is a problem.

4. Explain how culture and the environment interact.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. The Industrial Revolution

3. Technology and Globalization

4. Technology and Social Change

5. Natural Resources, Economics, and Technology

6. Technology of the Past

7. Technology of the Future

The student should be able to:

1. Define technology and explain its importance.