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International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011
AbstractIron in groundwater is one of the problems that render Iron which is usually present in groundwater as divalent
the water unsuitable for drinking. The concentration above 0.3 mg/L ions (Fe2+) is considered as contaminants because of their
is common in groundwater. The conventional method of removal is organoleptic properties [9]. The presence of iron in
by precipitation under oxic condition. In this study, iron removal
groundwater is attributed to the dissolution of iron bearing
under anaerobic conditions was examined by batch experiment as a
main purpose. The process involved by purging of groundwater rocks and minerals under anaerobic conditions in the presence
of reducing agents like organic matter [10]. This
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011 waset.org/Publication/15093
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 811 scholar.waset.org/1999.6/15093
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 812 scholar.waset.org/1999.6/15093
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011
2. Experiments on Iron Removal From Groundwater Half life equation for first order reaction:
Experiment on iron removal under anaerobic condition by T 1/2 = ln [2] / k (8)
using actual groundwater was conducted at room temperature Second order reaction:
of 25C. Three of groundwater samples were collected from Rate = k [A]2 (9)
2
monitoring wells in the campus of Universiti Teknologi k = rate / [A] , in calculus equation, this rate law it can be
PETRONAS. The iron concentrations in the samples were 1.5, derived as :
3.55 and 5.01 mg/L. Spectrophotometer was used to determine -1 / [A]t + 1 / [A]0 = - kt (10)
the total iron by using phenanthroline method (APHA 1980). Where units of k are in mol-1time-1
The experiment was conducted using a stainless steel Half life equation for second order reaction:
reactor of 3 L capacity. The reactor was equipped with pH and t1/2 = 1 / k[A]0 (11)
Eh probes for the monitoring hydrogen ion activity and redox Zero order reaction:
potential as shown in Fig. 3. Three liters of groundwater Rate = k
samples were placed in the reactor. Thirty gram of sodium Where units of k are in mol/time, while linear equation can
acetate was added to the samples and stirred by using be derived as:
magnetic stirrer. The water was purged with Nitrogen gas was [A]t (certain time) [A]0 ( at initial) = - kt (12)
for 30 minutes to remove the oxygen from the reactor. Half life equation for zero order reaction:
Subsequently the water was purged with H2S for 6 hours. t1/2 = [A]0 / 2k (13)
Water samples were collected every 30 minutes for analysis of
iron level over the 6 hours period. Simultaneously, total
sulfide was determined out by using methylene blue method. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Results on Preliminary Experiments
Results from the preliminary experiment on the effect of pH
levels on iron removal are shown in Fig. 4. Iron concentrations
in every hour during the process from pH 2 to pH 9 indicated
the lowest was at pH 7.
1
Iron concentration (mg/L)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
Fig. 3 Experiment using actual groundwater Initial 1st hour 2nd hour 3rd hour 4th hour 5th hour 6th hour
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 813 scholar.waset.org/1999.6/15093
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011
The reduction of iron concentration level from prepared Fig. 6 Effect on initial concentration of iron at pH 7
solution of 1 mg/L under anaerobic condition is shown in
Fig. 5. The removal was 83%, 82% and 75% for each initial
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011 waset.org/Publication/15093
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 814 scholar.waset.org/1999.6/15093
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
-50
-100
Eh (mv)
-150
-200
-250
-300
Contact time, min
Iron conc (5.01 mg/L) Iron conc (3.55 mg/L) Iron conc (1.5 mg/L)
From the figure, it shows that, the Eh was gradually Fig. 9 The first order of chemical kinetic on initial concentration of
decreased to -300 mV after six hours of contact time. Initially, iron at pH 7
the redox potential (Eh) value of the samples was -54 mV in
International Science Index, Environmental and Ecological Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011 waset.org/Publication/15093
an average. It is shows that the groundwater samples were Table II shows the result of analyzed parameters for second
already in anoxic condition [37]. In the first 30 minutes, of order of kinetics reaction with three different concentrations.
purging with nitrogen gas, the Eh value decreased to an The average half life was 92 minutes for the concentration to
average of -80 mV. The Eh values during the experiment reduce into half from the initial value. The data shows that, the
using groundwater with iron concentration of 1.5, 3.55 and half-life was very high at 5.01 mg/L of iron concentration.
5.01 mg/L were -290, -280 and -272 mV for 1.5, 3.55 and 5.01
mg/L, respectively. This result related with previous statement TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF CHEMICAL KINETIC STUDIES ON SECOND ORDER
where anaerobic process should be maintained constantly at
Eh value -218 mV for iron to be removed [38]. Parameters Chemical kinetics of second order
Table I shows the result of analyzed parameters for first slope, K (mol-1time-1) 0.52 0.19 0.09
order of kinetics reaction with different concentration. The Half life, t1/2 71 82 123
average rate constant and time for the concentration to
R2 0.858 0.92 0.932
decrease to half from the initial concentration were 4.52 x 10-3
per time and 150 minutes, respectively.
Fig. 10 shows the plots the kinetics reaction after 6 hours
TABLE I for second order. The plotted data in figure below indicated
PARAMETERS OF CHEMICAL KINETIC STUDIES ON FIRST ORDER the average of correlation and rate constant values were 0.90
Parameters Chemical kinetics of first order and 0.26 per mol per time, respectively.
Iron conc. (mg/L) 1.5 3.55 5.01
1 / iron concentration, [M-1]
-1 -3 -3
slope, K (time ) 4.97x10 4.71 x10 3.87x10-3 200
2
R 0.987 0.974 0.969 100
50
Fig. 9 shows the plots of applying the kinetics reaction after
6 hours of contact time. The plotted data in figure below 0
indicate the correlation between the reductions of 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
concentration over time. The value of correlation coefficient, Contact time, min
R2 was 0.976 in average where the highest R2 was 0.987 at Iron conc (5.01 mg/L) Iron conc (3.55 mg/L) Iron conc (1.5 mg/L)
concentration 1.5 mg/L.
Fig. 10 The second order of chemical kinetic on initial concentration
of iron at pH 7
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 5(12) 2011 815 scholar.waset.org/1999.6/15093
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering Vol:5, No:12, 2011
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