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PROPIEDADES
NOMENCLATURA
La IUPAC nombra los cidos carboxlicos reemplazando la terminacin -ano del alcano con
igual nmero de carbonos por -oico.
O O O O
HC CH3C CH3CH2C CH3CH2CH2C
OH OH OH OH
c. Metanoico c. Etanoico c. Propanoico c. Butanoico
(c. Frmico) (c. Actico) (c. Propionico) (c. Butrico)
OH Br
3
O O
5 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
4
OH O OH
c. 4-hidroxi-3-metilpentanoico c. 2-bromo-5-oxoheptanoico
Los cidos carboxlicos tambin son prioritarios frente a alquenos y alquinos. Molculas
con dos grupos cido se nombran con la terminacin -dioico.
O O O OH
3 1
2
6 4 2 1 4 2 1
3 5 3
5 OH HO OH O 4
c. Hex-4-enoico c. Pentanodioico c. But-3-inoico
Cuando el grupo cido va unido a un anillo, se toma el ciclo como cadena principal y se
termina en -carboxlico.
COOH COOH
1 2
3
CH3
c. Ciclohexanocarboxlico c. 3-metilciclopentanocarboxlico
Otros ejemplos
OO
O O
O O
O O
O O
COOH
COOH
Acido ftlico
cido p-nitrobenzoico cido tesoftlico cido isoftlico
COOH
NO2 COOH
USOS INDUSTRIALES
O
H2 CrO4 H2 CrO4
R-CH2OH R-C-H R-COOH
Na2 Cr2 O7 Na2 Cr2 O7
KMnO4
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH
calor
CrO3
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH
calor
O O
KMnO4
R-CH=CH-R R-C-OH + HO-C-R
H+ ,calor
O O
KMnO4
H3C-CH2-CC-CH3 CH3-CH2-C-OH + CH3-C-OH
calor
O O
KMnO4
R-CC-R R-C-OH + HO-C-R
H+ ,calor
O O
KMnO4
H3C-CH2-CC-CH3 CH3-CH2-C-OH + CH3-C-OH
conc.
O O
1)O3
H3C-CH2-CC-CH3 CH3-CH2-C-OH + CH3-C-OH
2)H3 O
O O
1)O3
H3C-CC-CH3 CH3-C-OH + CH3-C-OH
2)H3 O,Zn
Carboxilacin de los Rectivos de Grignard:
O OH
R MgX + H2O
R C R C
O O
CH3 CH3 CH3
O O
H3O
H3C CH2 CH2 MgCl + C H3C CH2 CH2 C H3C CH2 CH2 COOH
O O
O
H
R CH2 C N + H2O R CH2 C OH
OH
O O
H H
H3C CH2 CN + H2O H3C CH2 C NH2 H3C CH2 C OH
OH OH
Oxidacin de alquilbencenos:
R COOH
Na2CrO7
KMnO4
KMnO4
H2O
NO2 NO2
CH3
H3C C CH3
KMnO4
N.R.
H2O
Br
A partir de las sales de diazonio:
N N C N COOH
CuCN H2O
H , OH
s al de diazonio
N N
C N COOH
CuCN H2O
H , OH
Br
Br Br
Formacin de aminas:
O O O
R C OH + NH3 R C O calor
NH4 R1 C NH2 + H2O
amida 1
O O O
calor
R C OH + R1 NH2 R C O NH3 R1 R1 C NH R1
amida 2
O O O
R C OH + R1 NH2 R C O calor
NH2 R1 R1 C N R1
R2 R2 R2
amida 3
O O
O
1 ) LiAlH4
R C OH R CH2 OH
2 ) H3O
O O O
S OCl2 LiAl[OCO(CH3)3 ]H
R C OH R C Cl R C H
Reaccin de descarboxilacin:
O
B r2
R CH2 C OH + Ag2O R CH2 Br
calor
O
H3C CH C OH + Pb(OAc)4 I2
H3C CH I
calor
CH3 CH3
Reacciones de Halogenacin:
O O X O
X2/P X2/P X2/P
R CH2 C OH R CH C OH R C C OH N.R.
H2O H2O H2O
X X
O O O
Br2/P NH3
H3C CH2 C OH H3C CH C OH H3C CH C OH + HBr
H2O
Br NH2
-aminocido
Reacciones de neutralizacin:
O O
O O
O
NaOH
H3C-CH2-CH2-C-OH CH3-CH2- CH3 + CO2
CaO
O O
H2 O
R-C-Cl R-C-OH
H+ ,OH
O O
2
R-C-NH2 R-C-OH
+
O O O
H2 O
R-C-O-C-R 2R-C-OH
H+
O O
H2 O
R-C-OR R-C-OH
H+
Oxidacin de aldehdos:
O O
K2 Cr2 O7
H3C-CH2-C-H H3C-CH2-C-OH
calor
Ejercicios en clase
Escriba ecuaciones para indicar como podra convertirse los siguientes compuestos
en acido benzoico
CH3 COOH
KMnO4
calor
Br MgBr COOH
Mg 1)CO2
eter 2)H3 O+
Br CN COOH
NaCN H3 O +
1 1
CH2OH COOH
KMnO4
calor
Cl
CH3 Cl 3Cl2 H2 O
HCl3 h.v. |OH|
O
KMnO4
H3C-CH2- CH2-CH2 H3C-CH2- CH2-C-OH
calor
OH
O
Cl3 , NaCN
H3C-CH2-CH2 H3C-CH2-CH2 H3C-CH2- CH2-C-OH
H3 +
OH Cl
Cl3 , Mg 1)CO2
H3C-CH2-CH2 H3C-CH2-CH2 H3C-CH2- CH2-MgCl
eter 2)H3 O+
OH Cl
H3C-CH2- CH2-COOH
Escriba ecuaciones para la reaccin del cido benzoico (de haberlo) en:
O:Na
COOH O=C
Na2 CO3
calor
COOH COOK
KOH
calor
COOH CH2-OH
1)LiAlH4
2)H3 O+
COOH
Al
calor
NH2
COOH O=C
NH3 ,ac
calor
COOH COCl
SOCl2
calor
TALLER 18/julio/2016
1) cido valerinico
CH3 OH
OH
4) cido-2-metil-4-etil octanoico
OH
5) cido-fenil acetico
7) cido-p-tolueico
COOH
CH3
8) cido-p-hidroxibenzoico
OH
Acido 4-hidroxibenzoico
COOH
H3C-CH2-CH-C-O-H+
CH3
H3C-CH-C-O-K+
Cl
11) cido maleico
O O
12) cido-p-hidroxibenzoico
CN
NO2
NO2
TALLER 25/julio/2016
a) CH3-C(CH2CH3)CH3-CHCl-COOH
NCl
CHCH calor CHCNa
b) CH3-C(Ph)Cl-CH2-COOH
HBr HCl CH3 CHCLBr
HCCH calor CH2=CHBr calor CH3-CHClBr + (Ph) AlBr3
CH3-CH(Ph)Cl + HCCH
Na 2 H ,Pt 2
calor
HCCH.Na CH3-CH(Ph)-CCH AlBr CH3-CH(Ph)-CH=CH2 h.v.
CH3-CH(Ph)Cl-
3
(3 )2 KMnO4
CH=CH2 H CH3-CH(Ph)Cl-CH2-CH2-OH CH3-C(Ph)Cl-CH2-COOH
2 O2 ,OH calor
c) CH3-C(CH2-CH=CH2)Ph-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-COOH
2molH2 Na
HCCH CH3-CH3 h.v.2 2CH2-CH3-Cl calor CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 h.v.2 CH3-CH2-CHCl-
Pd/C
KOH Na
CH3 CH3-CH2-CH=CH2 2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2Br CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-
alcohol H 2 O2 calor
2 KOH
CH2-CH2-CH3 calor2 CH3-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-CH3 CH3-CHCl-CH2-CH2-
alcohol
CHCl-CH2-CH=CH2 CH3-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CH2Cl CH3-
H 2 O2 H2 O2 ,calor.Pt
KMnO4
CHCl-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CH2OH CH3-CHCl-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH2-COOH
calor
23 3 23
HCCH calor
HCCNa h.v.
HCCCH3 calor
NaCCCH3
3 2 2 2 2
h.v.
CH3- CH(CH2-CCH)-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH2-COOH
2 2
h.v.
CH3-C(CH2-CCH)Cl-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH2-COOH Pt
CH3-C(CH2-C=CH2)Cl-CH2-
CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH2-COOH
3 (2 )2 2 2 2
Ph AlCl3
CH3-C(CH2-CH=CH2)Ph-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-
CH2-COOH
d) CH3-C(CH=CH-CH3)CH2Cl-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH=CH-CHBr-COOH
2 2
HCCH Pt
CH2=CH2 H 2CH3-CH2Cl CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 calor CH3-CHCl-CH2-
2 O2 Pt
KOH
CH3 CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 H O 2CH2Br-CH2-CH2-CH3 Pt CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-
alcohol 2 2
2 KOH
CH2-CH3 calor CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-
alcohol
1)
CH=CH2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2Br 2)H3 O+
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-
H2 O2
2 KOH
CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH 3calor CH3-CHBr-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHBr-CH2-CHBr-COOH CH3-
alcohol
CHBr-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CHBr-COOH
23 3 23
HCCH calor
HCCNa h.v.
HCCCH3 calor
NaCCCH3
3 2 2 2 =
AlCl3
CH3-C(CHCCH3)-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH=CH-CHBr-
2 2
COOH Pt
CH3-C(CH=CH-CH3)-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH=CH-CHBr-COOH calor CH3-C(CH=CH-
Mg
CH3)Cl-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH=CH-CHBr-COOH CH3-C(CH=CH-CH3)MgCl-CH2-CH2-
eter
CH2-CH=CH-CHBr-COOH + HCOH CH3-C(CH=CH-CH3)CH2OH-CH2-CH2- CH2-
3
CH=CH-CHBr-COOH Pt
CH3-C(CH=CH-CH3)CH2Cl-CH2-CH2- CH2-CH=CH-CHBr-
COOH
e) CH3-CH(Ph)CC-CHOH-CHOH-COOH
CH3 CH2 Cl 2
(Ph) AlCl3
(Ph)CH2-CH3 h.v.
(Ph)CHBr-CH3
f) CH3-CH2C(CH3OH)CH3-CHOH-CHOH-CHBr-CHBr-COOH
3 ,3 3 ,3 2
HCCH CH3 CH2 Br
CH3-CH2CCH CH3 Br
CH3-CH2CCCH3 h.v.
CH3-
2 KOH
CH2CHBrCHBrCH3 CH3-CH2CBrCBrBrCH3 CH3-CH2CHBrCBr=CH2 Pt 3 CH3-
h.v. alcohol
KMnO4 2
CH2CHBrCHBr-CH2OH CH3-CH2CHBrCHBr-COOH h.v.
CH3-CHBr-CHBr-CHBr-
calor
KOH 2KOH
COOH CH2=CH-CHBr-CHBr-COOH CCl2 CH2Cl-CHCl-CHBr-CHBrCOOH
alcohol 4 alcohol
3
HCCH-CHBr-CHBr-COOH CH NaCCH-CHBr-CHBr-COOH + CH3-CH(CH3)Br-
3 CH2 Br
2
CH3 3 CH3-CH(CH3)CH3-CC-CH-CH-COOH Pt
CH3-CH2-C(CH3)CH3-CH=CH-CH-
COOH CH CH3-CH2C(CH3OH)CH3-CHOH-CHOH-CHBr-CHBr-COOH
3 CH2 Br