Precast and Prestressed Concrete Structures Analysis and Design Composite Beams

Precast and prestressed concrete structures
Lecture 7
Analysis and design composite beams
Professor Jari Puttonen
composite concrete structures
design aspects
methodology of transformed cross section
analysis of a composite concrete cross-section
Relates to Chapters 9 n the course book: A.E. Naaman Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design.
Part of the slides, particularly mathematical derivations, are based on slides prepared by
Dr. Pajari for the preceding course
Aalto University Precast and prestressed concrete structures Structural Engineering 1
School of Engineering
Concrete composite structure
In composite structures the load bearing Examples of composite structures of

capacity is based on the interaction concrete
between different structural members In place cast plate on the beams
made with similar or different materials
Concrete structures made in different
stages shall be analysed as a composite
structure, if the properties of concrete
used in the different stages differ Precast prestressed beams
physically or the age difference between
concretes is essential for a structural
Precast prestressed T-beam with a
behaviour
concrete topping cast in place
A typical example of a concrete
composite structure is a combination of
prestressed concrete members with the
concrete cast in place.
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Precast and prestressed concrete structures Structural Engineering 2
Examples
Hollow core slab + topping
Solid plank + topping
Double-tee slab + topping
I-beam + topping
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Advantages of concrete composite structures
Reduction of total construction time

Pretensioning in factory is more cost-effective than post-
tensioning on site.
Factory production and its quality control support the use high
strength concrete and optimized solutions
Forms can be replaced by precast concrete panels (elements)
A topping or topping plate can be used to create continuity and
increase ductility by connecting precast elements
The topping layer offers possibilities to control deflections as the
thickness of the topping affects the bending stiffness of the
system.
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Loading stages
The support arrangement determines
the starting point of the composite Shored construction
behaviour
If the concrete cast in place is not

supported by the other members
of the composite structure, the
composite action starts after the
removal of the forms (shored
construction) Temporary supports during the
If the members of the composite hardening of concrete
structures support the loads during
Unshored construction
the casting, the composite
behaviour starts during the
hardening of concrete cast
(unshored construction)
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Effect of a shored or unshored construction on loadings
In the shored construction, the In the unshored construction, the

precast part shall be analysed for its precast part shall also be analysed for
dead weight and prestressing force all the loads caused by the
construction of the members cast in
Composite structure shall be place
analysed for all the loads affecting Composite structure shall be analysed
after the removal of shores for the loads affecting after hardening
of the concrete cast in place
Unshored Shored
Precast 1. Prestressing, own weight
member 2. Weight of cast-in-place member
Composite Other dead loads and live loads Weight of cast-in-place member
member and other dead loads and live
loads
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Transformed width of concrete section
A linear behaviour is assumed for a The transformed width for the plate B on
prestressed composite beam under the precast beam A
service load.
The strain distribution is assumed to be
linear over the entire cross section due A = E A av
to bending h B av
A
The stresses are obtained from strains A B = E B av
according to Hookes law.
As the precast and cast-in-place concrete
are different, equal strains produce strain stress
different stresses
B h b = A h btr
In design analysis the difference of B E
material properties may be considered btr = b = B b
by applying the method of transformed A EA
cross-section where a beam consisting of The transformation does not affect the
different material is transformed to a
fictitious cross-section of a single location of the resultant forces in the
material section as the influence of the width on
bending is linear
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Design of a composite cross-section based on linear theory
Mmin is caused by the self-weight of Critical stress values for the bending
prestressed beam design
cs
Mmax is due to the maximum slab
hf
moments of the precast Mp and the
composite sections Mc
ti cs
F+Mmax girder/beam
A proper cross-section should fulfill
five inequality equations, if the h
moment is always in the same
direction, and a condition for the Fi+Mmin
maximum practical eccentricity of
the prestressing tendons ts ci
F+Mmin
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Development of loading and stresses in composite sections
Unshored composite beam
Fi: prestressing force

+ = Mp: external
+ = moment acting on
the precast beam
Ms: slab weight
Fi+MGP MS F+Mp MSD+ML F+Mp+Mc MGP:beam weight
MSD: added dead load
Shored composite beam
ML: live load
Mc: external moment
acting on the
+ = composite beam
+ =
Fi+MGP Shored F+Mp Ms+MSD+ML F+Mp+Mc

slab
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Beam theory in the bending analysis of composite concrete beams
1/2
n
Ak and Ek present the area and modulus of
elasticity of a part k (k = 1,,n) hpp,n
yn
h is a distance from the bottom fiber 2 3
hpp,k is the distance of the mass centre of hpp,3
y2 1
a part k from the bottom fibre h
hpp,1
yk is the vertical coordinate measured
downwards from the mass centre of a Ak = dA hdA
h pp ,k = k
part k k
Ak
Ikx is the moment of inertia of a part k in I kx = I k + Ak ( hx h pp ,k )2
respect of an arbitrary horizontal axis x
Ik is the moment of inertia of a part k in
respect of an axis passing by its centre of
gravity
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Beam theory in the bending analysis of composite concrete beams
2/2
Axial stiffness of composite ( EA ) = E k Ak

k
section
Distance of centre axis of E k Ak hpp ,k
composite section to the bottom hpp = k
( EA )
fiber of section
Bending stiffness of composite ( EI ) = E k I kpp
section k
[
= E k I k + E k Ak (h pp h pp ,k ) 2 ]
k
The axial stiffness (EA) is the cross-sectional area weighted by the modulus of
elasticity of each parts.
The distance hpp defines the position of the center considering differences in the
moduli of elasticity within the cross-section
If Ek equals E for all the part k, the whole section is homogenous and the cross
section can be analyzed as a cross-section of a single material (e.g. a transformed
cross section)
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Example of the determination of cross-sectional values for a
composite section
A1 = 200300 - 240190 = 14400 500
hpp,1 = 150
I1 = 2003003/12 1902403/12 = 2,3112108 100
30
E2 = 30
A2 = 500100 = 50000 E 1 = 210
10 240
hpp,2 = 350
I2 = 5001003/12 = 4,167107
30
200
(EA) = 21014400 + 3050000 = 3,024106 + 1,50106 = 4,524106 MN
hpp = (3.024106150 + 1.50106350)/(4.524106) = 216.3 mm
[ ] [
( EI ) = E 1 I 1 + A1 ( h pp h pp ,1 ) 2 + E 2 I 2 + A 2 ( h pp h pp , 2 ) 2 ]
(EI)= 210[2.311108+14400(216.3 - 150)2] + 30[4.167107+50000(216.3 - 350)2]
(EI)= 8.991010 Nm2
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Dependency of the stress resultants in bending from the
deformations of the composite cross-section

With the curvature and strain 0 at the
centre axis, the strain can be expressed M
in the form h pp N 0
h y
= 0 + y k = Ek ( 0 + y )
N = E k ( 0 + y )dA = 0 E k dA + E k ydA = 0 ( EA )
k Ak k Ak k Ak
*
M = E k y ( 0 + y )dA = 0 Ek ydA + Ek y 2 dA = ( EI )
k Ak k Ak k Ak
*
E ydA = E ( h + h
k
k
k
k pp )dA = Ek hdA +h pp Ek dA = h pp ( EA) + h pp ( EA) = 0
k k
Ak Ak Ak Ak
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Calculation of normal stresses for the composite cross-section
Normal stress in the material An example of composite cross-section

k: Section
E1 -
N M
k = Ek = Ek + y
( EA ) ( EI ) E2=2E1
0
E3=3E1
+ 1
N M
= + y
( EA ) ( EI )
N M
0 = =
( EA ) ( EI )
( EA ) = E k Ak
k
( EI ) = E k I kpp
k
[
= E k I k + E k Ak (h pp h pp ,k ) 2 ]
k
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Transformed cross-sectional characteristics 1/2
Ek
In general, a cross-section may nk = Ak ,m = nk Ak
E0
comprise materials of different The area of the transformed cross-section
moduli of elasticity ( EA ) 1
The method of transformed Am =
E0
=
E0
E
k
k Ak = nk Ak = Ak ,m
k k
areas means that one modulus The moment of inertia for the transformed
of elasticity is used as a base cross-section
value ( EI )
Im = = nk I k + nk Ak ( hpp hpp ,k )2
The determination of the E0 k k
transformed area Ak,m is based
on the ratio of the modulus of The analysis of the transformed cross-
elasticity Ek to the selected base section can be made as for a cross-section
value of a homogeneous material with the
following values
The location of the centre of
gravity of each part Ak remains ( EA) = E 0 Am ( EI ) = E 0 I m
unchanged E k Ak h pp ,k E k Ak h pp ,k n k Ak h pp ,k
h pp = k
= k
= k
( EA) E 0 Am Am
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Transformed cross-sectional characteristics 2/2
N M N M
Stress in terms of the base 0 = E0 = + y= + y
material ( EA ) / E0 ( EI ) / E0 Am I m
N M
Stress in terms of a material k k = nk + y
Am I m
1 Ek N M
k 1 N M
Strain in terms of a material k = = + y = + y
E k E k E0 Am Im E 0 mA Im
Prestressed concrete structures are often analyzed by applying the method of

transformed cross-sections. The method benefits from a direct use of the
formulas based on an ordinary beam theory
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Example. Reinforced concrete section
The moment of inertia of rebars in Ac A c + A s = A c+s

respect of their common axis of
centre is often negligible. In the
formulas c+s refers to the zone As As
occupied by either concrete or steel. (n-1)A s
2
Ac hpc + nAs hps
hpp = Ec Es
Am nc = =1 ns = n =
Ec Ec
Ac hpc + As hps As hps + nAs hps
=
Am Am = Ac + nAs
Ac +s hp ,c +s + ( n 1 )As hps = Ac + As + ( n 1 )As
=
Am = Ac +s + ( n 1 )As
I m = Ic + Ac ( hpp hpc )2 + nI s + nAs ( hpp hps )2

= Ic + Ac ( hpp hpc )2 + Is + As ( hpp hps )2 + ( n 1 )Is + ( n 1 )As ( hpp hps )2
Ic +s + Ac +s ( hpp hp ,c +s )2 + ( n 1 )As ( hpp hps )2
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Division of normal force and moment for the parts of a composite
section 1/2
For a beam section loaded by an axial

force N and moment M the average pp,2
2
strain o and curvature are
pp-akseli M
0 N
N pp,1 ypp,1 y
M
0 = =
1 1
( EA ) ( EI )
The resultants of the axial stresses of pp,2 M2
a part k in respect of its axis using the N2

y2
part-specific values for (EA)k and (EI)k M
pp
are: N
M1
pp,1 y
N k = ( EA )k k = ( EA )k ( 0 + y pp ,k ) N1
y1
M k = ( EI )k
pp-akseli: axis of center of stiffness
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Division of normal force and moment for the parts of a composite
section 2/2
The ratio M = M 1 + M 2 + N1 y pp ,1 N 2 y pp , 2
N = N1 + N 2 M2
pp,2
M ( M1 + M 2 ) ( EI )1 + ( EI )2 ) ( EI )1 + ( EI )2
lv = =1 =1 N2
M ( EI ) ( EI ) If N=0: y2
pp M
M = M1 + M 2 + N1 ( y pp ,1 y pp ,2 ) N
M1
pp,1
is called the composite stiffness = M1 + M 2 + N1e12 y
N1
y1
coefficient.
Assuming:
If the composite stiffness coefficient is - 2 identical adjacent beams, lv = 0
0, no composite action exits and the - 2 identical superposed slabs,
bending stiffness of the section is lv = 1
( EI )1 + ( EI ) 2
= 1
h3 + h3
= 0.75
obtained by summing up the stiffness ( EI ) (2h) 3
values of the parts.

lv = 0.75
lv = 0
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Calculation of deflections
M M
The beam theory gives for the deflection f an f ' ' = = =
( EI ) E0 I m
equation
If EI is constant along the span
M
f ' ' = =
E I
For example the maximum

All calculation rules developed for a homogeneous deflection due to uniformly
beam can be applied when the product E I is replaced distributed load q on a
by (EI) or E0Im simple beam is
5 qL4
f =
384 ( EI )
Analogously, the axial deformation of a beam at its
centre axis can be calculated using the rules developed
for a homogeneous beam when the product E A is
replaced by axial stiffness (EA) or E0Am
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Evaluation deflections of concrete composite beams
Two basic stages in load-bearing:

At the beginning structure behaves as a non-composite member
The hardening of the part cast-in-place initiates the composite action
The differences in the age and material of concrete members affect

structural behaviour
internal stresses, member-specific time dependent behaviour
Differential shrinkage and creep between e.g. precast beam and the cast-in-
place slab influence long-term deflection
Time-dependent deflections are substantially influenced by the time and

the order of construction operations (e.g. shore or unshored construction)
The adding of the slab on the precast beam cause prestress losses leading
to additional long-term deflection
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A procedure for evaluation of deflections of concrete
composite beams
Even if an appropriate method for evaluation of deflections is case-specific
the following steps may often be applied:
Determine elastic deflection due to prestressing force and FG
self-weight of precast beam
Determine the increase of deflection of precast beam up to FGadd
the time when the slab is added
Determine the instantaneous deflection of the precast
beam due to slab weight using properties of the beam with slab
unshored construction or the properties of composite
structure with shored construction 1=FG+FGadd+slab
Determine instantaneous deflection of the composite P
structure due to the additional permanent load total,inst=1+P
Determine or estimate the increase of deflection due to Pt
long-term effects of permanent loads total=total,inst+P
Determine the instantaneous deflection of the composite live
structure due to live load
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Shear according to elementary beam theory
Consider the shear along the interface ABCD (horizontal or 3

not) 1 2
B C
Indices j and k refer to the parts above and below the
interface, respectively. A D
d
k
The change of normal stress due to an increment x is x n
dx
A free body diagram for the part with length x below
section ABCD. The equilibrium of horizontal forces gives for
force T and shear flow Fv = T/x F x =
v T +
d k d
Fv x = T = dA =
k dx
xdA = x k dA
k Ak dx

Alow Ak
T d
Fv = = k dA k covers all parts below the line
x k Ak dx ABCD
x
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Effect of age difference on internal stresses between the
concrete topping and the concrete slab 1/2
The bond between the topping

and slab prevents free shrinkage
sh
(or creep) of the parts creating sh Shrinkage of an upper part
internal stresses that bend
composite structure
Using the symbols defined the sh
axial stress from the shrinkage
(or creep) difference may be
evaluated by an equation
t
x
P Py p
x ( y ) = E k y y Shrinkage of a lower part
( EA) ( EI )
t
Ek is the modulus of elasticity of
part k
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Effect of age difference on internal stresses between the
concrete topping and the concrete slab 2/2
As the topping may dry both downwards and upwards, a

uniform shrinkage can often be assumed for the topping
part
Distribution of internal stresses during phases I-IV:
Tension
positive!

I II III IV
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Shear at the interface when the cross-section is uncracked
For an uncracked
b
prestressed member the
shear stress in the interface
of composite parts can be
calculated by applying the
method of transformed
cross-sectional
characteristics and the ( ES )up V Sm ,upV
bending theory = =
( EI )b Im b
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Shear at interface of composite parts in a cracked cross-section
In a cracked cross-section the axial

stress distribution differs from the
bending theory
Equilibrium equations in the axial
direction for the normal stresses:
C=C1+C2 = T,
M = Cz ,
M = (Cz)=zC=z(C1+C2)
Equilibrium of shear stresses in the interface
vEd bx = C2 = ( C )
As is <1, we may write In the derivation it has been assumed that z is
C V constant, which is not always true (e.g. near
v Ed Ed the supports)
bx bz dM Ed d ( Cz ) C
VEd = = z
and it is on safe side to assume =1 dx dx x
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Shear resistance of interface
The interface between the topping and

the member below is subjected to the
compressive stress n ja and the shear
stress vEd.
According to EC2 (6.2.5), the shear
resistance of the joint is:
v Rd = min{0.5f cd ; cfctd + cn + f yd ( sin + cos )}
Parameters c and depend on the surface roughness

If the angle is not within the range of 45 90, f ck
= 0.61
the reinforcement is ignored ( = 0)
250
n is compressive stress normal to the interface
=As/Ai
(compression is positive). If it is tension, it is set equal
to zero.
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Bending resistance of concrete-concrete composite beam 1/4
In the service limit state compressive strains are small compared to values
in the ultimate limit state
The bending resistance can often be calculated as for a homogenous
concrete beam taking into account the different strength values, but
ignoring the differences in strains arising in construction phase.
cu cu f cd
O C
c 2 x x
-0,35 -0,2
c [%]
Servicebility
z
Kytt- 1 & =
limit
tila state
P T
P+g q totQ Forces

Tension positive
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EC2: The stress distribution in concrete can be replaced by stress blocks

with a total depth of x. The stress equals fcd .( 1 ja 0.8 from
EC2). An approximate value for the location of the neutral axis (x) is
determined as follows:
1. Strain on the top equals the failure strain cu
2. Assume that strain cpp at the centroid of gravity of tendons leads to their
yielding and to the tensile force T.
3. Use the line QO to calculate x x and compression C = C1+C2 .
4. Change cpp new x, until C = T , i.e. equilibrium of forces. If the strain-
hardening of steel is ignored, iteration is not needed to solve x.
cu cu 2fcd,2
O C2
x x
2
C1
& =
1f cd,1
1 z2
z1
P T
Q
P+g q tot Forces
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Example: Hollow core slab with topping
Concrete: acc=0.85, gc =1.5; Steel: gc =1.15

Hollow core slab: Width 1160 mm, strength C50/60 l=0.8, h =1, fcd1=0.85x1x50/1.50
= 28.3 MPa, effective depth d = 230 mm
Strands: 10 , Ap=93 mm2/ strand, prestressing sp0 = 1000 MPa, losses =20%, Ep = 190
GPa, strength 1600 MPa , yield force = 1.294 MN
Topping: width 1160 mm, strength C35/45 l=0.8, h =1, ecu =0.0035,
fcd2=0.85x1x35/1.50 = 19.8 MPa, thickness = 50 mm
f cd,2
50 cu cu C2
x 0,8x
& = fcd,1 C1
230 z1 z2
(1-)p0 p p T
Equilibrium of forces x = 68.0 mm, z1 = 228 mm, z2 = 255 mm, C2 = 1.148 MN,
C1 = 0.146 MN and MRd = C1z1 + C2 z2 = 326 kNm
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Example: Hollow core slab with topping
Ductile or brittle failure?
An assumption that the steel strength does not change after yielding leads to
a constant value of 1294 MN for the tensile force T
The maximum value of C2 is (19.8 MPa) x (1160x50 mm2) = 1.148 MN < T
C1 = (28.3 MPa)xh1x(1.160 m) = (1.294 1.148) = 0.146 MN
the depth of the stress block in the hollow core slab is h1 = 4.44 mm
z1 = 230 4.44/2 = 227.8 mm, z2 = 230+50/2=255 mm.
To verify the failure mode, it must be checked that the ultimate strain ecu =
cu = 0,35 %
0.0035 is not exceeded. 127
The strain of the steel at the start of yielding is 1600/190000 = 0.842 %.
The strain due to the prestressing after losses is (1-0.20)x1000/190000 = 0.421
% at the centroid of the tendons (assumed that losses are caused by concrete,
level of pretensioning is usually about 60 % of the yield strength in hollow core
slabs) p = 0,421 %
The additional strain required for yielding is 0.842 0.421 = 0.421 %.
The strain of 0.0035 on the top fibre gives the depth of the compression zone a
value of 127 mm, which is much more than the concrete ((50+4.44)/0,8=68
mm) required to balance the tensile force T. Thus, a brittle compression failure
is avoided.
If the strain-hardening of tendon is assumed, the steel stress changes

as a function of strain leading to iterative solution
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Precast and Prestressed Concrete Structures Analysis and Design Composite Beams

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Precast and Prestressed Concrete Structures Analysis and Design Composite Beams

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Precast and prestressed concrete structures

In composite structures the load bearing Examples of composite structures of

Hollow core slab + topping

Solid plank + topping

Double-tee slab + topping

Reduction of total construction time

If the concrete cast in place is not

In the shored construction, the In the unshored construction, the

Unshored composite beam

Fi: prestressing force

Fi+MGP Shored F+Mp Ms+MSD+ML F+Mp+Mc

Axial stiffness of composite ( EA ) = E k Ak

(EA) = 21014400 + 3050000 = 3,024106 + 1,50106 = 4,524106 MN

hpp = (3.024106150 + 1.50106350)/(4.524106) = 216.3 mm

Normal stress in the material An example of composite cross-section

Prestressed concrete structures are often analyzed by applying the method of

The moment of inertia of rebars in Ac A c + A s = A c+s

I m = Ic + Ac ( hpp hpc )2 + nI s + nAs ( hpp hps )2

For a beam section loaded by an axial

The resultants of the axial stresses of pp,2 M2

a part k in respect of its axis using the N2

values of the parts.

For example the maximum

Two basic stages in load-bearing:

The differences in the age and material of concrete members affect

Time-dependent deflections are substantially influenced by the time and

Consider the shear along the interface ABCD (horizontal or 3

The bond between the topping

As the topping may dry both downwards and upwards, a

Distribution of internal stresses during phases I-IV:

In a cracked cross-section the axial

The interface between the topping and

v Rd = min{0.5f cd ; cfctd + cn + f yd ( sin + cos )}

Parameters c and depend on the surface roughness

P+g q totQ Forces

EC2: The stress distribution in concrete can be replaced by stress blocks

Concrete: acc=0.85, gc =1.5; Steel: gc =1.15

If the strain-hardening of tendon is assumed, the steel stress changes

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