Professional Documents
Culture Documents
From the
Treasures
of
Arabic
Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
email al_inaam@yahoo.com
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Contents
Introduction
Morphology or Etymology?
Some Useful Terms
Arabic Terms
The Types of Words
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Positive and Negative
Active and Passive
The Second Category of Verbs
Exercise 1
Types of Nouns
The Scales of Verbs
Exercise 2
The Categories of Triliteral Verbs
Exercise 3
The Perfect Active (
)
Exercise 4
The Perfect Passive ( )
Exercise 5
The Imperfect ()
Exercise 6
The Imperfect Passive ( )
Exercise 7
The ( !"#
)
Exercise 8
The ( $
)
Exercise 9
The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis
Exercise 10
The Imperative (()
Exercise 11
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(/1A 6)
Exercise 20
( B01 6)
Exercise 21
(1#@ 6)
Exercise 22
(*<@ 6)
Exercise 23
(:<@ 6)
Exercise 24
(/C1A 6)
Exercise 25
(/01A 6)
Exercise 26
(1*2@ 6)
Exercise 27
(<@ 6)
Exercise 28
(:<@ 6)
Exercise 29
(C<@ 6)
Exercise 30
Four Root-Letter Verbs
The (6() of (DEB ;< =>? 9:9)
The Classification of Verbs
Exercise 31
The Derived Forms of Four Root-Letter
Verbs
Exercise 32
Exercise 33
Exercise 34
Other Derived Forms
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 35
The Seven Categories
Exercise 36
The Rules of (F)
Rule 1
Rule 2
Rule 3
Rule 4
Rule 5
Rule 6
Rule 7
Rule 8
Rule 9
Rule 10
Exercise 37
The Orthography of the Hamzah
The Paradigms of (F)
Exercise 38
Exercise 39
Exercise 40
Discussion of (G F)
Discussion of (%: F)
Exercise 41
The Rules of (/*)
Rule 1
Rule 2
Rule 3
Rule 4
Rule 5
Rule 6
Rule 7
Rule 8
Rule 9
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 10
Exercise 42
Rule 11
Rule 12
Rule 13
Rule 14
Rule 15
Rule 16
Rule 17
Rule 18
Rule 19
Rule 20
Rule 21
Rule 22
Rule 23
Rule 24
Rule 25
Rule 26
Exercise 43
The Paradigms of (H)
Exercise 44
The Paradigms of (
$()
Exercise 45
The Paradigm of (I>
$()
Exercise 46
The Paradigms of (JK#) and (L1)
Exercise 47
Exercise 48
Combination of (F) and (/*)
Exercise 49
The Rules of (L0)
Rule 1
Rule 2
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 3
Rule 4
Rule 5
Exercise 50
Exercise 51
A Combination of (F) ,(L0) and (/*)
Exercise 52
Challenging Words
Special Meanings (P"O) of Each (6)
The (P"O) of (# 6)
The (P"O) of (6 6)
The (P"O) of (Q- 6)
The (P"O) of (% 6)
The Derived Categories
The (P"O) of (<@ 6)
The (P"O) of (/1A 6)
The (P"O) of ( B01 6)
The (P"O) of (*<@ 6)
The (P"O) of (1#@ 6)
The (P"O) of (:<@ 6)
The (P"O) of (/1A 6)
The (P"O) of (/01A 6)
The (P"O) of (1*2@ 6)
The (P"O) of (<@ 6)
The (P"O) of (:<@ 6)
The (P"O) of (C<@ 6)
Application of the Special Meanings
Bibliography
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Introduction
Page 10
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
1
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 256, 1992.
2
Ibid, p. 281.
3
Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1160.
4
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 747, 1992.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Arabic Terms
Term Meaning
A diacritical point UR denoting the sound
of a.
A diacritical point - VR denoting the sound
of u.
A diacritical point - WR denoting the sound
of i.
A diacritical point - XR that serves the
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(_
Y *Y<`)
! #$ The second root letter of a word, e.g. the
(P) of (_
Y *Y<`)
! % The third root letter of a word, e.g. the (a)
of (_
Y *Y<`)
&'( Word-form denoting the number, gender
and mood of the verb
)!*+ (6() is the plural of (6) which refers
to a category of verbs belonging to one
class. The first verb of the perfect tense
() and the imperfect tense (),
are used to indicate the diacritical points of
the alphabets of the verbs.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/ . - , word
6
b Y*W
10 2 !- noun
/c $Z Y
3/ 42 - verb
/Y<`
5
0 2 . particle it is dependent on either
] W
an (R2) or (/R<) in conveying its
meaning
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 1
(b) h
Y Y ] 7Y
(c) h
Y Y OY
(d) Y 1]0Y
(e) Y i]K
Term Meaning
.
9:9
0
78
;< =>?
Page 17
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Types of Nouns
(5) The (=RR) and the (D*+RR) also fall under the
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
in a ( ).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
C 8 5
) >
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 2
(a) (Y
Y #Y)
C 8 5
E
The (') is the ( FBS ,<), the (o) is the ( RFBS GR0), the
() is the ( FBS %Z & ` ).
(b) (Q] FY 2] @W)
(c) (_Z *Y1e AY)
(d) (6Z W ] #Y)
(e) (/d Y p
] Y>)
(f) (%Y Z
`)
(g) (gZ WE ] Y>)
(h) (gZ qY ne Y>)
(i) (` rY2)
(j) (sY Y 2Y )
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(F G! 6@;H ! )!*+)
(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in
the active tense is always vowelled with a fathah ( RRE*<).
The second letter or radical may be vowelled by a ( RE*<),
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(5) The (
R ) of (/RW<`) is sometimes (/d RY1e Y>) e.g.
(QZ FY ] Y> QY FW 2Y ) and sometimes (/d W 1e Y>) e.g. (g
Z
WE
] Y> g
Y
W Y ).
(6) The (
R R) of (/RZ<` ) is only (/ d RZ1e Y>) e.g.
(%Z Z S
e Y> %Y Z ` ).
(7) The () of all three scales is (/W<d).
(8) The (8 ) of all three scales is (/
d Y 1e Z>).
(9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six
categories (6() of (78 9:9) which are as follows:
(Z
Z ]Y> Y Y #Y)(v)
(6
Z W ] Y> 6 Y Y Y ) (w)
(_Z *Y1e Y> _Y *Y<`) (x)
(Q
Z FY ] Y> QY FW 2Y ) (y)
(%Z Z S
e Y> %Y Z ` ) (z)
(g
Z WE ] Y> g Y W Y ) ({)
(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs to
which category (6R
R). It is based on (R
R-) as heard
from the Arabs. One can also ascertain which
category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are
however certain guidelines which are as follows:
[a] If the verb belongs to the category of ( _Y *YRR`<
Page 24
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
category of (Q
Z FY
] Y> QY FW 2Y ).
[c] If the perfect (R
/1) is of the form (/RZ<`),
the imperfect (RR /RR1) is generally from the
category of (%Z Z S
e Y> %Y Z ` ).
Exercise 3
To which category (6R
R) does each of the following verb
belong:
(1) (}
d Y !]Y> }
` Y Y)
(2) (\
Z Z *]Y> \Y Y AY)
(3) (
Z Y 1e Y> Y W <`)
(4) (g
Z Bdie Y> g Y Bk)
(5) (s
Z W ] Y> s Y Y 2Y )
5
)B
) are the following six letters:
The (
(~ a ,).
Page 25
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the
second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural
form is used for both the dual and plural.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 27
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 4
Page 28
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
The (R
R RR) is constructed from the ( RR
R) in all triliteral verbs ( 7R8 R9:9). If we take the
first verb, namely the third person singular form, (/R
RY <`), a
( FR) is rendered to the first letter, a (tR) is rendered
to the second letter while the third letter remains in its
original condition. The result is (/RW<d). No matter what the
( R
R) of the second letter in the active tense is, in the
Y
Y #Y Y
W #Z
QY FW 2Y QY FW 2Z
%Y Z ` %Y W d
Note that the intransitive verbs can be used in the passive tense if
they are used with a particle (
), e.g.
(W;W g
Y qW |d ) It was taken.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
T
] BW<d
rd
singular feminine 3 person
Y*BW <d
rd
dual feminine 3 person
Y Be W <d
rd
plural feminine 3 person
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 31
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 32
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 5
Page 33
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
[1] ('
` ?W Y )
[2] (T
Y Be !WKd)
[3] (
j AZ] W d )
[4] (=
Y Z Y)
[5] (Y#=
]
W Kd)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
After adding the prefix, the first radical or letter of the verb has
('S2), e.g. the (
) of (/
d Y 1e Y>) has a sukn. The second letter
can have any of the three harakt, depending on which category
(6) the verb belongs to.
In the indicative case (Q< ), the final vowel of the third
radical ( FBS %&) is ( F) in the singular form of the verb, e.g.
(/
d Y 1e Y>), (/d Y 1e AY), (/d Y <e (`) and (/d Y 1e #Y). For the subjunctive case (
g), this ( F) is changed to ( E*<), e.g. (/Y1e Y>), (/Y1e AY),
(/Y<e (`) and (/Y1e #Y); while for the jussive case (%? ), it is
replaced by a ('S2), e.g. (/ e Y 1e Y>), (/e Y 1e AY), (/e Y <e (`) and (/e Y 1e #Y). The
changes in the singular and dual forms will be discussed later.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
I?H7! CDG! 87! 34 ! 6K7! 5 47! 87! 34 ! 6K7! CDG! 87! 34 !
Page 37
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 6
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Z
Z ]Y> Z
Y ]Z>
QZ FY
] Y> QZ FY
] Z>
6
Z W
] Y> 6
Z Y
] Z>
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 7
'` ] Bd`
] Z> q /d Y 1e Y> jF0Y /d ` ] Z> &` (v)
Z !YB 6 Z Y +] Z> (w)
Z .U Y
Z FY
j %Y ] Ye /d ` ] Z> (x)
W YY YEFZ e W< W S]Y e /d *Y)e Z> (y)
` S C ] <W
=W ]W 'd YB Z Y 1e Z> /e qY (z)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 41
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
edBY 1e Y> ] ` :
` Y 1e Y> ] ` /Y1e Y> ] `
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 43
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 8
Page 44
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
W ] j). When they precede the ( /<), they render (%?$)
to the following five words:
gIm n = /d Y 1e Y> (v)
gIm }# = /d Y 1e AY (w)
n = /d Y 1e AY (x)
BS* = /d Y <e (` (y)
BS* Q /d Y 1e #Y (z)
The (60 '#) of the following seven words is deleted:
gIm n HA 'W BY 1e Y> (v)
gIm n Q '` ] BdY 1e Y> (w)
gIm }# HA 'W BY 1e AY (x)
n HA 'W BY 1e AY (y)
n Q '` ] BdY 1e AY (z)
}# = Y ]BWY 1e AY ({)
}# HA 'W BY 1e AY ()
The following two words remain unchanged:
gIm }# Q Y Be Y 1e Y> (v)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 46
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 47
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/e Y 1e Y> ] ` /e Y 1e Z> ] `
BY 1e Y> ] ` BY 1e Z> ] `
]BdY 1e Y> ] ` ]BdY 1e Z> ] `
/e Y 1e AY ] ` /e Y 1e AZ ] `
BY 1e AY ] ` BY 1e AZ ] `
Y Be Y 1e Y> ] ` Y Be Y 1e Z> ] `
/e Y 1e AY ] ` /e Y 1e AZ ] `
BY 1e AY ] ` BY 1e AZ ] `
]BdY 1e AY ] ` ]BdY 1e AZ ] `
] BWY 1e AY ] ` ] BWY 1e AZ ] `
BY 1e AY ] ` BY 1e AZ ] `
Y Be Y 1e AY ] ` Y Be Y 1e AZ ] `
/e Y <e (` ] ` /e Y <e (d ] `
/e Y 1e #Y ] ` /e Y 1e #Z ] `
Page 48
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 9
Page 49
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
' BY 1e Y` R gIm n HA 'W BY 1e Y> (v)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(4) The (L) of the ( HA) is retained while the ( B)9 '#) itself
becomes (S), e.g. (' BY 1e Y`).
(5) The () of (n Q) and the () of (}# =) are also
deleted. The ( F) before the () and the (t) before the
the ('#) of (Q) and the ( B)9 '#) so that three nns do not
occur in one place. This will occur in the following two word-
forms:
(7) The ( B)9 '#) itself is (S) in these two words. In short,
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
the ( B)9 '#) is (S) after (L) and (a*1) in the other
instances.
(8) The ( 11O '#) is similar to the ( B)9 '#) except in the
( HA) and (}# Q) word-forms. The ( 11O '#) is only used
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 53
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 54
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 10
g
Z BdE ] Y> (v)
QZ YF] Y> (w)
Z Sd + ] Y> (x)
g
Z Y Be Y> (y)
6
Z Z )e Y> (z)
Z BWF] Y> (v)
QZ <`] Y> (w)
=Z !Z] Y> (x)
Z BWp ] Y> (y)
/d FY ] Y> (z)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 56
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(
] 0Z =] AY) becomes (Z 7] (d).
(
] W ] AY) becomes (%W ] @W).
(Y+ ] AY) becomes ( Y O] @W).
on the verbs as (
] `).
(9) The (=Rr* %&) and (=Rr* 'R#) can also be attached
to the (() word-forms.
Page 57
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/e Y 1e YW /e Y 1e ZW
BY 1e YW BY 1e ZW
]BdY 1e YW ]BdY 1e ZW
/e Y 1e *YW /e Y 1e *ZW
BY 1e *YW BY 1e *ZW
Y Be Y 1e YW Y Be Y 1e ZW
/e Y <e @W /e Y 1e *ZW
BY <e @W BY 1e *ZW
]BdY <e @W ]BdY 1e *ZW
] BWY <e @W ] BWY 1e *ZW
BY <e @W BY 1e *ZW
Y Be Y <e @W Y Be Y 1e *ZW
/e Y <e rW /e Y <e rdW
/e Y 1e YW /e Y 1e ZW
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 60
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 11
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 64
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 12
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
second letter and (>A) to the final letter. Thus, (/Y<` ) becomes
(/
c 0W `<). In the dual forms ( HA), (L) and ('#) are attached to
the end, e.g. (' W: ` 0W `<). For the feminine form, a round (t) is
inserted at the end. For the masculine plural (n Q), (') is
inserted, e.g. (' ` ] Bd0W `<), while for the feminine plural (}# Q),
the syllable, (P) is attached, e.g. (P b :
` 0W `<). There are three
scales for the masculine form and three for the feminine form of
the word.
Page 66
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
In the indicative case (Q< ), the ( HA) is used with an (L)
while in the accusative and genative cases ( g ), it
('#) of (Q) is (a*1), e.g. (' ` ] Bd0W `<) and (Y ] BW0W `<).
Page 67
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 13
Page 68
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
second letter and (>A) at the end. The first root letter (
B"() becomes (2) while the second one becomes (%F).
The additions for the dual and plural forms are the same as the
(/01 2). Like the (/01 2), it also has six word-forms.
Page 69
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 14
Page 70
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(Z
Y ] (`) - more famous.
Page 71
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 72
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 14
%Z Z Se Y> (v)
/d FZ p ] Y> (w)
Z ZE ] Y> (x)
Z Z +] Y> (y)
d !Y ] Y> (z)
/d W 5] Y> ({)
/d OZ =] Y> ()
g
Z WE ] Y> ()
/d Y p ] Y> ()
QZ YF] Y> (v)
Page 73
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
between (Q
b W Y2) and (Qb ]FW 2Y ) is that (Qb W Y2) indicates a being
listening at the moment while (Q
b ]FW 2Y ) indicates a being which
permanently has the quality of listening even though there may
be no object. Therefore one can say (
Y Y B` Qb W Y2), but to say
(
Y Y B`
Qb ]FW 2Y ) is incorrect. The ( !+ 1") has six word-forms
like the (/01 2). For the dual and plural forms, changes are
Page 74
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/c Z <d g
b Z$Z impure
c Y<d
b YpZ brave
Page 75
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/c ] <` b
]
Y thick
/c ] <W b 1e "
W empty
/c ] <d Z free
/c W <` a
b W <` happy
/c 0W `< g
b W Y" companion
/d Y <e (` Z FY ] (` red
Scales
/c Y 1e W c BY 1e W c Y1e W
Examples
c Y
] W c Y Y ] W a
b Y*1e W
Meanings needle fan key
Page 76
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Scales Examples
/c Y 1e W b
Y ]W
'W BY 1e W 'W Y
Y ]W
/d 0W 1Y Z "
W YY
c BY 1e W tc Y
Y ]W
'W Y*BY 1e W 'W YAY
Y ]W
/d 0W 1Y Z "
W YY
c Y1e W b Y]W
'W `Y1e W 'W YY]W
/d ]0W 1Y Z ]"
W YY
6
Adze: kind of axe with arched blade used for shaping wood.
Page 77
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 15
Y 4Y# (z) s
Y Y k (y) 7Y Y Y (x)
Y Y` (w) _Y *Y<` (v)
Page 78
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
ad 'KHO =!
/d 0W 1Y 'W :
` Y 1e Y /c Y 1e Y scale
Page 79
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(tc =
Y 2Y e Y ) a place of many lions - derived from (=b 2Y (`) lion,
(c Y !Y
] Y ) a place of many predators - derived from (Qb !Z2Y )
predator,
(c
Y i]!Y ) a place of many ducks - derived from (b ]i W) duck.
There are certain words, which according to the rule should have
a( E*<) on the ( FBS G0), but have been used with a (t)
instead. These may be regarded as exceptions to the rule. The
scholars have written that it is permissible to pronounce these
words with a ( E*<) as well. These words are:
=b p
W
] Y place of
prostration
b +
WE
] Y place of assembly
b SW
] Y place of staying
s
b W 1e Y intersection
b
W ]Y place of
slaughtering
b ?W p
] Y place of slaughtering
T
b !W]Y place of
germinating
s
b W +
] Y east
b
W ]Y nostril
c j4W Y place where one
expects something
Page 80
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(c BE
Y Se Z ) antimony bottle, from (/c E
] d ) - antimony.
The scale of (c `Y<d) indicates the place where a thing falls during
the action, e.g.
(c `Ym
d ) the water which falls during bathing,
(c 2
Y Yd ) the dirt which falls off the broom when sweeping.
Exercise 16
_Y *Y<` (v)
Y Y` (w)
7Y Y Y (x)
s
Y Y k (y)
Y 4Y# (z)
/Ym ({)
/YO7Y ()
QY iK ()
QY Y" Y ()
/`(` (v)
Page 81
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
When (/
c ]W <`) is in the meaning of (/c 0W `<), or (c ] Z <`) is in the
meaning of (
c ] Z 1e Y ), a differentiation is made between the
masculine and feminine forms. Examples:
(
b ]BW0Y Y qZ ) , (c FY ]BW0Y Y qW )
(
c ] FZ Y /c FY $Y ) , (c `] FZ Y c KY#).
The following scales are the ones most frequently used for
Page 82
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
( 5! 5"):
Scale Example Meaning
/c W <` b nW Y very cautious
/c Y 1e W %b ?Y p
] W one who cuts a lot
c Y<d 6
b Yp0Z very strange
c ] 0Z `< s
b ] Z `< very decisive
c ] <` %b ] K eternal
c ] <d ^
b ] = Kd most holy
/c j <d g
b BKd very agile
Page 83
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 17
Page 84
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
You have already learnt that the verbs of (78 9:9) three root-
letter verbs have six categories (6() plural of (6).
Y Z <`
] #Y Z Y ]Z> Y
W #ZY b "W Y# Y Z <` ] #Y Z Z ]Y> Y Y #Y
;Z ]W
Z ] 4 ] Z ]AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY ]
Z ]#(d ;Z ]W Z ] re` b ]
Z ]Y
/W ]W 1e *j /d Y <e (`Y b Y]W Y tc Y
Y ]W Y b Y ]W ;Z ]W d `eY b Y ]Y
Y ] #Z ;Z ]W }
d #jY FZ eY Z
Y #](` ;Z ]W
7
The abbreviated paradigm is where the first ( 5R
R") of each paradigm
of the active and passive tenses is used.
Page 85
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
]
Y 6 Z Y ] Z> 6Y W Z 6 b W Y Y Z <` ] Y 6 Z W ] Y> 6 Y Y Y
6
] W ] AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY 6 ] W ] @W ;Z ]W Z ] re` 6
b ] Z ] Y Y Z <`
Y c YY
] W Y 6b Y ] W ;Z ]W d `eY 6b W ] Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4
Y] Z ;Z ]W }d #jY FZ eY 6
Z Y ] (` ;Z ]W /W ]
W 1e *j /d Y e<(`Y 6b Y ] W
8
(_ER") is that word which has no ( RB
R), two letters of the
Page 86
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
a
b ] *Z1e Y Y Z <` E*]<` _Z *Y1e Z> _Y *W<dY _b AW`< Y Z <` E*]<` _Z *Y1e Y> _Y *Y<`
_b *Y1e Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 _] *Y1e AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY _] *Y<e @W ;Z ]W Z ] re`
;Z ]W /W ]W 1e *j /d Y <e (`Y a
b Y*1e W Y c E Y *Y1e W Y _b *Y1e W ;Z ]W d `eY
YE*]<d ;Z ]W } d #jY FZ eY _Z *Y<e (`
Page 87
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(/01 2), the ( !+ 1") on the scale of (/c ]W <`) has been
used, e.g. (
b ]>W ` ).
Page 88
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
from this (6). However, verbs that are (H)9 or (L1)10 have
g
Z YE ] Z> gY W Z Y g b 2W Y Y Z <` ! ] Y gZ WE] Y> g Y W Y
&` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY g ] W ] @W ;Z ]W Z ] re` 6
b ] ZE] Y Y Z <` !
] Y
Y g b YE] W ;Z ]W d `eY g
b WE ] Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 g] WE ] AY
}
d #jY FZ eY g
Z Y ] (` ;Z ]W /W ]
W 1e *j /d Y <e `(Y 6b YE ] W Y c !Y YE ] W
Y!
] Z ;Z ]W
9
A word having a () or () as the ( FBS ,<).
10
A word having two ( B
).
Page 89
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 18
g
Y *Y` (v)
_Y !Y2Y (w)
Y BW0Y (x)
Y W #Y (y)
/YFY (z)
L
Y Z Y ({)
Y Z Y ()
g
Y Bm ()
QY YY ()
6
Y Y qY (v)
Page 90
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Verb Meaning
Y "
Y Y# to support
Y
j YAY to try to help
Y "
Y YAY to render mutual assistance
Y
Y *Y#](W to come to someones aid
Y
Y ]*Y2] (W to ask for assistance
Page 91
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Verb Meaning
/j*K to massacre
Very few verb roots have all the other derived forms. Some have
only one (like 6
j |` to drive away) or two (like L
Y
Y OY to sink),
while others have four or five as in the above examples. There is
often a good deal of overlapping of meaning between the forms.
Sometimes the root form is not in use while the derived forms
are used, e.g. ( g
Y AjY - to arrange).
The (6() of (;< =>? 9:9) are twelve in total. They are
Page 92
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 93
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
C/ .4-V A- g
Y Y*Y$] @W P( /" t?
C/ .4- B2A- Y i1]#@W '( /" t?
C/ ,4- V A- j FY ] @W ( /" t?
3/ f4, O. /j!)` AY
C P no hamza
C/ .4V -2 A- Y
Y ]*Y2] @W P^( /" t?
C/ .4'2 4- V A- Y Y ] +
Y O] @W ( /" t?
C/ ,'2 4- V A- %j Yq7] @W ( /" t?
C/ !g4- V A- |` j B$] @W C ( /" t?
Page 94
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
The (1 2) is like the (/01 2) except that the
these (6(). In ordert to express the meaning of the ( 3 2),
Page 95
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
the words (;W WY) are added to the (=) for this purpose, e.g.
(6
Z Y*W$] We ;W WY) the means of refraining.
To express the (/1* 2), the word (= Y (`) is used before the
(6 =), e.g. (Y*W$ ] @W = Y (`) more refraining. Words like
(Z H
e (`), (/ K`() etc. can also be used.
Page 96
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
C4A )*
Z ] re` %b Y Se Z Y Z <` Ye @W %Z Y Se Z> %Y W e (dY %b WSe Z Y Z <` Ye @W %Z W Se Z> %Y Y e (`
%] W Se AZ &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY %] W e (` ;Z ]W
11
A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any
letter.
Page 97
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
c R Y W Se Z '` ] R Z W Se Z 'W R
RY W Se Z %b WR Se Z :/R R01 R R2
. P b YW Se Z 'W Y*Y W Se Z
Page 98
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 19
3'4O )*
Y Z <` 1]>W
] AY
Z j
Y Z>
Y " Z Y
b
Y Z Y Z <` 1]>W
] AY
Z
Y Z>
Y j "
Y
]
Y AZ &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY
] "
Y ;Z ]W Z ] re`
b j
Y Z
(
c Y<`) e.g. (%b B2Y %b B` );
(
c j<W) e.g. (6 b nW );
(c BW 1e AY) e.g. (c Y
W ?] AY);
(
c Y1e AY) e.g. (b YSe AY).
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.
Page 99
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
]
Y Z> &`
]
Y ZW
Z
Y Z>
Y j "
Y
<`
Y Z> &` <`
Y ZW 'W <`
Y Z> <`j "
Y
] <d
Y Z> &` ] <d
Y ZW '` ] <d
Y Z> ]<dj "
Y
]
Y AZ &`
]
Y *ZW
Z
Y AZ T
] <`j "
Y
<`
Y AZ &` <`
Y *ZW 'W <`
Y AZ Y*<`j "
Y
Y <e
Y Z> &` Y <e
Y ZW Y <e
Y Z> Y <e j "
Y
]
Y AZ &`
] "
Y
Z
Y AZ T
Y <e j "
Y
<`
Y AZ &` <` "
Y 'W <`
Y AZ YF*Z<e j "
Y
]<d
Y AZ &` ] <d "
Y '` ] <d
Y AZ ] *Z<e j "
Y
] <W
Y AZ &` ] <W "
Y Y ]<W
Y AZ T
W <e j "
Y
<`
Y AZ &` <` "
Y 'W <`
Y AZ YF*Z<e j "
Y
Y <e
Y AZ &` Y <e "
Y Y <e
Y AZ j *Z<e j "
Y
] "
Y (dV &`
] "
Y rdVW
Z "
Y (dV T
Z <e j "
Y
]
Y #Z &`
]
Y ZW
Z
Y #Z Y<e j "
Y
c <`
Y RZ '` ] <d
Y RZ 'W `<
Y RZ
b
Y RZ :/R01 2
.P b `<
Y Z 'W Y*<`
Y Z
Page 100
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 20
s
Y =j "
Y (z) Y =j K (y) Y +
j Y (x) /j!K (w) Y B2Y (v)
$ )*
;Z ]W Z ] re` /c AY`)Z Y Z <` BAY`)Z /d AY`)Z> /WA] KdY /c AW`)Z Y Z <` BAY`)Z /d AW`)Z> /YAK
/e AW`)AZ &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY /e AWK
The sign of ( B01 6) is the (t=I L) after the ( FBS ,<)
in the ( /1) and (f . /<) without a (P)
(%F).
(
c Y<W) e.g. (c Y*KW);
(
c Y]<W) e.g. (c Y*]KW).
Page 101
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 102
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 21
C4B! )*
b i1]Z Y Z <` iW1#]@W Z i1]Z> Y iW 1d #](dY b iW 1]Z Y Z <` iW1#]@W Z iW 1]Y> Y i1]#@W
] iW 1]AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY ] iW 1]#@W ;Z ]W Z ] re`
The sign of (1# 6) is the (') before the ( FBS ,<). This
(6) is always intransitive (%&).
Page 103
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 104
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 22
Y Y
Y #]@W (z) =Y )` Y #]@W (y) g
Y B)` #]@W (x) L
Y +
Y S]#@W (w) Y
Y S]#@W (v)
C4! )*
Y Z <` Y*W$] @W g
Z Y*Yp
] Z> g
Y W*Z$] (dY g
b W*Yp
] Z Y Z <` Y*W$] @W g
Z W*Yp
] Y> g
Y Y*Y$] @W
g
] W*Yp
] AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY g
] W*Y$] @W ;Z ]W Z] re` g
b Y*Yp
] Z
(1) The (|) is changed to (7) and the rule of (%m7@) is applied,
Page 105
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(2) Sometimes the (7) is changed to (|) and then the rule of
(%m7@) is applied to the ( FBS ,<), e.g. (Y SYA|e @W) changes to
(Y
` | @W).
(3) Sometimes the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of
(%m7@), e.g. (Y
` 7Y |e @W).
(%m7@) is applied to the ( FBS ,<), e.g. (Y p Y AY] @W) changes to
(Y $
Y j @W).
Rule 2
Page 106
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
e.g. (
Y B*Ye @W) changes to (Y Bk @W).
(2) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%m7@),
e.g. (
Y Bie @W).
(3) The () is changed to () and the rule of (%m7@) is applied,
e.g. (
Y B*Ye @W) changes to (Y B @W).
Page 107
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 4
(P) to the same letter as the ( FBS G0), the ( ) of the (P)
Page 108
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
g
] W*Yp
] Y> &` g
] W*Yp
] YW g
Z W*Yp
] Y> g
Y Y*Y$] @W
!YW*Yp
] Y> &` !YW*Yp
] YW 'W !YW*Yp
] Y> !YY*Y$] @W
]!ZW*Yp
] Y> &` ]!ZW*Yp
] YW '` ] !ZW*Yp
] Y> ] !ZY*Y$] @W
g
] W*Yp
] AY &` g
] W*Yp
] *YW g
Z W*Yp
] AY T
] !YY*Y$] @W
!YW*Yp
] AY &` !YW*Yp
] *YW 'W !YW*Yp
] AY Y*!YY*Y$] @W
Y !]W*Yp
] Y> &` Y !]W*Yp
] YW Y !]W*Yp
] Y> Y !]Y*Y$] @W
g
] W*Yp
] AY &` g
] W*Y$] @W g
Z W*Yp
] AY T
Y !]Y*Y$] @W
!YW*Yp
] AY &` !YW*Y$] @W 'W !YW*Yp
] AY YF*Z!]Y*Y$] @W
] !ZW*Yp
] AY &` ] !ZW*Y$] @W '` ] !ZW*Yp
] AY ] *Z!]Y*Y$] @W
] !WW*Yp
] AY &` ] !WW*Y$] @W Y ]!WW*Yp
] AY T
W !]Y*Y$] @W
!YW*Yp
] AY &` !YW*Y$] @W 'W !YW*Yp
] AY YF*Z!]Y*Y$] @W
Y !]W*Yp
] AY &` Y !]W*Y$] @W Y !]W*Yp
] AY j *Z!]Y*Y$] @W
g
] W*Y$] (` &` g
] W*Y$] rW g
Z W*Y$] (` T
Z !]Y*Y$] @W
g
] W*Yp
] #Y &` g
] W*Yp
] YW g
Z W*Yp
] #Y Y!]Y*Y$] @W
c RY!W*Yp
] Z '` ] RZ!W*Yp
] Z 'W RY!W*Yp
] Z g
b RW*Yp
] Z :/R01 2
.Pb !YW*Yp
] Z 'W Y*!YW*Yp
] Z
Page 109
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 23
/Y5*Y] @W (z) QY FY *Y2] @W (y) %Y Y *Y] @W (x) /YF*Y] @W (w) QY FY *Y$] @W (v)
C/ ,4- V A- )*
] W FY ] @W FY ] @W j FY ] @W ;Z ]W Z ] re` YFE
] Z Y Z <` YFW ] @W FY E
] Y> j FY ] @W
] W FY E
] AY &` FY E ] AY &` j FY E ] AY &` ;Z Y0 Z ] jY
12
The rules of (JK#) will be discussed later.
Page 110
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
j FY E
] Y> &` j FY E
] YW FY E
] Y> j FY ] @W
j FY E
] Y> &` j FY E
] YW 'W j FY E
] Y> j FY ] @W
] FY E
] Y> &` ] FY E
] YW '` ] FY E
] Y> ] FY ] @W
j FY E
] AY &` j FY E
] *YW FY E
] AY P
] j FY ] @W
j FY E
] AY &` j FY E
] *YW 'W j FY E
] AY YAj FY ] @W
'` ] W FY E
] Y> &` '` ] W FY E
] YW '` ] W FY E
] Y> '` ] Y FY ] @W
j FY E
] AY &` j FY ] @W FY E
] AY P
Y ] Y FY ] @W
j FY E
] AY &` j FY ] @W 'W j FY E
] AY YFAZ] Y FY ] @W
] FY E
] AY &` ] FY ] @W '` ] FY E
] AY ] AZ] Y FY ] @W
] FY E
] AY &`
] FY ] @W Y ]> FY E
] AY P
W ] Y FY ] @W
j FY E
] AY &` j FY ] @W 'W j FY E
] AY YFAZ] Y FY ] @W
'` ] W FY E
] AY &` '` ] W FY ] @W '` ] W FY E
] AY j AZ] Y FY ] @W
j FY ] (` &` j FY ] rW FY ] (` P
Z ] Y FY ] @W
j FY E
] #Y &` j FY E
] YW FY E
] #Y Y#] Y FY ] @W
tc jU RYFE
] Z '` ] V RYFE
] Z 'W j RYFE
] Z RYFE
] Z :/R01 2
.Pb j FY E
] Z 'W YAj FY E
] Z
Page 111
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 24
j Y]@W (z) j 1]"@W (y) j !Yme @W (x) j
Y O] @W (w) 7j Y 2] @W (v)
3/ f4, O. )*
;Z ]W Z ] re` /c !j)` *YZ Y Z <` B!)` AY /d !j)` *YZ> /!)d AZY /c !)` *YZ Y Z <` B!)` AY /d !j)` *YY> /j!)` AY
/e !j)` *YAY &` ;Z Y0 Z ] jY /e !j)` AY
The sign of (/C1A6) is the tashdd of the ( FBS G0) and (P)
precedes the ( FBS ,<) in the ( /1).
Page 112
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 113
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 25
Y BY AY (z) g
Y p
j Y AY (y) Y BSYA (x) %Y =j )` AY (w) Y B
Y AY (v)
3/ $R ,.O )*
/c Y`)Y*Z Y Z <` :
Z`)YA /d Y`)*YZ> /W] )d AZY /c W`)Y*Z Y Z <` :
Z`)YA /d Y`)*YY> /Y`)YA
/e Y`)Y*AY &` ;Z Y0 Z ] jY /e Y`)YA ;Z ]W Z ] re`
The sign of (/01A6) is that the (P) precedes the ( FBS ,<)
in the ( /1) and there is an extra (L) after the ( ,<
FBS).
Rule 1
In (/C1A
6) and (/01A 6), when two (P)s are adjacent to
one another in the ( /<), it is permissible to delete one,
e.g.
(/
d !j)` *YAY) (/
d !j)` AY)
('
` ] Z qY 4Y*AY) ('
` ] Z qY 4YA).
Page 114
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 2
permissible to change the (P) into the ( FBS ,<) and apply the
rule of (%m7@). In this case, the ( /1) and (() require a
(/" t?) at the beginning. The (/c <@W 6) and (/c 0Z <@W 6)
have been created due to this rule.
Examples:
(Y
j iYA) (Y
j ik) (Y
j k @W)
(/KHAY) (/KH9) (/K9@W)
Page 115
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 116
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 26
Y "
Y YAY (z) Y qY 4YA (y) s
Y Y 1YA (x) /YA`)AY (w)
` 7Y YEAY (v)
The sign of (
c Y1e *W2] @W 6) is the extra (^) and (P) before the
( FBS ,<).
It is permissible to delete the (P) from the verb (
Y iY*2] @W
QZ ]iW *Y
] Y>). The verbs (]0Z i]2 YF<`) and (Q] iW
] AY ] ` Y) mentioned
Page 117
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
]
W ]*Y
] Y> &` ]
W ]*Y
] YW Z
W ]*Y
] Y> Y
Y ]*Y2] @W
Y
W ]*Y
] Y> &` Y
W ]*Y
] YW 'W Y
W ]*Y
] Y> Y
Y ]*Y2] @W
]Z
W ]*Y
] Y> &` ] Z
W ]*Y
] YW '` ] Z
W ]*Y
] Y> ] Z
Y ]*Y2] @W
]
W ]*Y
] AY &` ]
W ]*Y
] *YW Z
W ]*Y
] AY P
] Y
Y ]*Y2] @W
Y
W ]*Y
] AY &` Y
W ]*Y
] *YW 'W Y
W ]*Y
] AY YAY
Y ]*Y2] @W
'` ]
W ]*Y
] Y> &` '` ]
W ]*Y
] YW '` ]
W ]*Y
] Y> '` ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
]
W ]*Y
] AY &` ]
W ]*Y2] @W Z
W ]*Y
] AY P
Y ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
Y
W ]*Y
] AY &` `W]*Y2] @W 'W Y
W ]*Y
] AY YFAZ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
] Z
W ]*Y
] AY &` ] Z
W ]*Y2] @W '` ] Z
W ]*Y
] AY ] AZ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
] W
W ]*Y
] AY &`
] W]*Y2] @W Y ]>W
W ]*Y
] AY P
W ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
Y
W ]*Y
] AY &` `W]*Y2] @W 'W Y
W ]*Y
] AY YFAZ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
'` ]
W ]*Y
] AY &` '` ]
W ]*Y2] @W '` ]
W ]*Y
] AY j AZ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
]
W ]*Y2] (` &` ]
W ]*Y2] rW Z
W ]*Y2] (` P
Z ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
]
W ]*Y
] #Y &` ]
W ]*Y
] YW Z
W ]*Y
] #Y Y#]
Y ]*Y2] @W
tc Y
W ]*Y
] Z '` ] Z
W ]*Y
] Z 'W `W]*Y
] Z b
W ]*Y
] Z :/01 2
.Pb `W]*Y] Z 'W YAY
W ]*Y
] Z
Page 118
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 27
%Y =Y
] *Y2] @W (z) =Y Y +
] *Y2] @W (y) Y B] *Y2] @W (x) /Y!)e *Y2] @W (w) Y
YE
] *Y2] @W (v)
C/ .4'2 4- V A- )*
] W ] +
Y O] @W ; . b W ] +
Y] Z Y Z <` #Y+]+
W O] @W Z W ] +
Y
] Y> Y Y] +
Y O] @W
] W ] +
Y
] AY &` ;0
The sign of (
c Y]W <e @W
6) is the repetition of the () and the
appearance of a () between the two ()s. This () has changed
Page 119
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] W ] +
Y
] Y> &` ] W ] +
Y
] YW Z W ] +
Y
] Y> Y Y ] +
Y O] @W
YW ] +
Y
] Y> &` YW ] +
Y
] YW 'W YW ] +
Y
] Y> YY ] +
Y O] @W
]ZW ] +
Y
] Y> &` ]ZW ] +
Y
] YW '` ] ZW ] +
Y
] Y> ] ZY ] +
Y O] @W
] W ] +
Y
] AY &` ] W ] +
Y
] *YW Z W ] +
Y
] AY T
] YY ] +
Y O] @W
YW ] +
Y
] AY &` YW ] +
Y
] *YW 'W YW ] +
Y
] AY Y*YY ] +
Y O] @W
j W ] +
Y
] Y> &` j W ] +
Y
] YW j W ] +
Y
] Y> j Y ] +
Y O] @W
] W ] +
Y
] AY &` ] W ] +
Y O] @W Z W ] +
Y
] AY T
Y ]Y ] +
Y O] @W
YW ] +
Y
] AY &` `W] +
Y O] @W 'W YW ] +
Y
] AY YF*Z]Y ] +
Y O] @W
] ZW ] +
Y
] AY &` ] ZW ] +
Y O] @W '` ] ZW ] +
Y
] AY ] *Z]Y ] +
Y O] @W
] WW ] +
Y
] AY &` ] WW ] +
Y O] @W Y ]WW ] +
Y
] AY T
W ]Y ] +
Y O] @W
YW ] +
Y
] AY &` `W] +
Y O] @W 'W YW ] +
Y
] AY YFAZ]
Y ]*Y2] @W
j W ] +
Y
] AY &` j W ] +
Y O] @W j W ] +
Y
] AY j *Z]Y ] +
Y O] @W
] W ] +
Y O] (` &` ] W ] +
Y O] rW Z W ] +
Y O] (` T
Z ]Y ] +
Y O] @W
] W ] +
Y
] #Y &` ] W ] +
Y
] YW Z W ] +
Y
] #Y jY ] +
Y O] @W
c YW ] +
Y
] Z '` ] ZW ] +
Y
] Z 'W YW ] +
Y
] Z b W ] +
Y
] Z :/01 2
.Pb `W] +
Y] Z 'W Y*YW ] +
Y
] Z
Page 120
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 28
C/ ,'2 4- V A- )*
] W Yq7] @W % Yq7] @W %j Yq7] @W ; . % Yq=] Z Y Z <` YF]qW 7] @W % Yq=] Y> %j Yq7] @W
] W Yq=] AY &` % Yq=] AY &` %j Yq=] AY &` ;0
The sign of (
c B]W <e @W
6) is the repetition of the () and the
appearance of an extra (L) before the first () in the ( /1
Page 121
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
'W Y*j Yq=] Z c j Yq=] Z '` ] Yq=] Z 'W j Yq=] Z % Yq=] Z :/01 2
.P
b j Yq=] Z
Page 122
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 29
C/ !g4- V A- )*
&` ;0 |e B$] @W ; . |c B8] Y Z <` |jBW$] @W |d Bp
] Y> |` j B$] @W
|e Bp
] AY
The sign of (
c jW <e @W 6) is the (C ) after the ( FBS G0).
Some of the detailed paradigms of this verb follow
hereunder.
Page 123
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
|e Bp
] Y> &` |e Bp
] YW |d Bp
] Y> |` j B$] @W
|` Bp
] Y> &` |` Bp
] YW 'W |` Bp
] Y> |` j B$] @W
]|d Bp
] Y> &` ] |d Bp
] YW '` ] |d Bp
] Y> ] |d j B$] @W
|e Bp
] AY &` |e Bp
] *YW |d Bp
] AY P
] |` j B$] @W
|` Bp
] AY &` |` Bp
] *YW 'W |` Bp
] AY YA|` j B$] @W
'` |e Bp
] Y> &` '` |e Bp
] YW '` |e Bp
] Y> '` |e j B$] @W
|e Bp
] AY &` |e B$] @W |d Bp
] AY P
Y |e j B$] @W
|` Bp
] AY &` `|B$] @W 'W |` Bp
] AY YFAZ|e j B$] @W
]|d Bp
] AY &` ] |d B$] @W '` ] |dV Bp
] AY ] AZ|e j B$] @W
] |W Bp
] AY &`
] |W B$] @W Y ]>|W Bp
] AY P
W |e j B$] @W
|` Bp
] AY &` `|B$] @W 'W |` Bp
] AY YFAZ|e j B$] @W
'` |e Bp
] AY &` '` |e B$] @W '` |e Bp
] AY j AZ|e j B$] @W
|e B$] (` &` |e B$] rW |d B$] (` P
Z |e j B$] @W
|e Bp
] #Y &` |e Bp
] YW |d Bp
] #Y Y#|e j B$] @W
'W YA|` Bp
] Z tc |` Bp
] Z '` ] |d Bp
] Z 'W |` Bp
] Z |c Bp
] Z :/01 2
.P
b `|Bp
] Z
Page 124
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 30
` j Y O] @W (v)
` j B0] @W (w)
Page 125
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/ , , 42 , )* i F 6$*
; . b H] !YZ Y Z <` t Y H] Y Z H] !YZ> Y HW] Z Y b HW] !YZ Y Z <` t Y H] Y Z HW] !YZ> Y H] Y
] HW] !YAZ &` ;0 ] HW] Y
The rule for the ( ) of the ( :0) is that if the ( /1
) has four letters, whether root letters or extra letters, the
( :0) will be (%F) even in the active tense
(2) verbs formed by the doubling of a biliteral root, e.g. (Y m]m)
Page 126
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
to gargle, (
Y *YF] AY) to stammer.
(3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination
of roots, e.g. (
` =Y F] Y ) to say Al-hamdulillh, (/YF
] Y) to say
Bismillh.
Page 127
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
'W YAY HW] !YZ tc Y HW] !YZ '` ] Z HW] !YZ 'W Y HW] !YZ b HW] !YZ :/01 2
.Pb `WH] !YZ
Page 128
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 31
h
Y Y ] 7Y (v)
Y S]0Y (w)
Y Y O] Y (x)
^
Y =Y ]qY (y)
Y i]K (z)
(B) What is the ( 5") of the following words:
h
] W ] =Y AZ &` (v)
b S]Y Z (w)
] W =W ] =Y AZ &` (x)
e ?W eY (y)
^
b =W ]Y Z (z)
'` ] Z iW ])` Z> ({)
] *Z] K]<` ()
]Bd W Be OY ()
c <`W <e Y Z ()
Y <e W O] ?Y AZ &` (v)
Page 129
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
The sign of (/
c Bd] 1YA 6) is the extra (P) before the four root
letters.
Page 130
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/e Y]
Y *YY> &` /e Y]
Y *YYW /d Y]
Y *YY> /Y]
Y AY
:
` Y]
Y *YY> &` :
` Y]
Y *YYW 'W :
` Y]
Y *YY> :
` Y]
Y AY
]BdY]
Y *YY> &` ]BdY]
Y *YYW '` ] BdY]
Y *YY> ] BdY]
Y AY
/e Y]
Y *YAY &` /e Y]
Y *Y*YW /d Y]
Y *YAY T
] BY]
Y AY
:
` Y]
Y *YAY &` :
` Y]
Y *Y*YW 'W :
` Y]
Y *YAY Y*BY]
Y AY
Y Be Y]
Y *YY> &` Y Be Y]
Y *YYW Y Be Y]
Y *YY> Y Be Y]
Y AY
/e Y]
Y *YAY &` /e Y]
Y AY /d Y]
Y *YAY T
Y Be Y]
Y AY
:
` Y]
Y *YAY &` :
` Y]
Y AY 'W :
` Y]
Y *YAY YF*ZBe Y]
Y AY
] BdVY]
Y *YAY &` ] BdY]
Y AY '` ] BdVY]
Y *YAY ] *ZBe Y]
Y AY
] BWY]
Y *YAY &` ] BWY]
Y AY Y ]BWY]
Y *YAY T
W Be Y]
Y AY
:
` Y]
Y *YAY &` :
` Y]
Y AY 'W :
` Y]
Y *YAY YF*ZBe Y]
Y AY
Y Be Y]
Y *YAY &` Y Be Y]
Y AY Y Be Y]
Y *YAY j *ZBe Y]
Y AY
/e Y]
Y AY(` &` /e Y]
Y AYrW /dV Y]
Y AY(` T
Z Be Y]
Y AY
/e Y]
Y *Y#Y &` /e Y]
Y *YYW /d Y]
Y *Y#Y YBe Y]
Y AY
c BW]
Y *YZ '` ] BdW]
Y *YZ 'W :
` W]
Y *YZ /c W]
Y *YZ :/01 2
.P
b : ` W]
Y *YZ 'W Y*BW]
Y *YZ
Page 131
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 32
Y B
] FY AY (z) Y *Y
] !YAY (y) s
Y =Y #]?Y AY (x) /Y]
Y AY (w) g
Y qY ne FY AY (v)
C/ h4- V A- )*
] W ] +
Y Ke @W W +
Y Ke @W j W +
Y Ke @W ; . W + Y )e Z Y Z <` Y] +
W Ke @W W +
Y )e Y> j Y +
Y Ke @W
] W ] +
Y )e AY &` W +
Y )e AY &` j W +
Y )e AY &` ;0
The sign of (
c BW <e @W
6) is having four root letters, the repetition
of the second () and the inclusion of (/" t?) in the ( /1
Page 132
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
j W +
Y )e Y> &` j W +
Y )e YW W +
Y )e Y> j Y +
Y Ke @W
jW +
Y )e Y> &` jW +
Y )e YW 'W jW +
Y )e Y> jY +
Y Ke @W
] W +
Y )e Y> &` ] W +
Y )e YW '` ] W +
Y )e Y> ] Y +
Y Ke @W
j W +
Y )e AY &` j W +
Y )e *YW W +
Y )e AY P
] j Y +
Y Ke @W
j W +
Y )e AY &` j W +
Y )e *YW 'W j W +
Y )e AY YAj Y +
Y Ke @W
'` ] W ] +
Y )e Y> &` '` ] W ] +
Y )e YW '` ] W ] +
Y )e Y> '` ] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
j W +
Y )e AY &` j W +
Y Ke @W W +
Y )e AY P
Y ] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
j W +
Y )e AY &` j W +
Y Ke @W 'W j W +
Y )e AY YFAZ] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
] W +
Y )e AY &` ] W +
Y Ke @W '` ] W +
Y )e AY ] AZ] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
] W +
Y )e AY &`
] W +
Y Ke @W Y ]> W +
Y )e AY P
W ] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
j W +
Y )e AY &` j W +
Y Ke @W 'W j W +
Y )e AY YFAZ] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
'` ] W ] +
Y )e AY &` '` ] W ] +
Y Ke @W '` ] W ] +
Y )e AY j AZ] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
j W +
Y Ke (` &` j W +
Y Ke rW W +
Y Ke (` P
Z ] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
j W +
Y )e #Y &` j W +
Y )e YW W +
Y )e #Y Y#] Y Y +
Y Ke @W
'W YAj W +
Y )e Z tc j W +
Y )e Z '` ] W +
Y )e Z 'W j W +
Y )e Z W +
Y )e Z :/01 2
.P
b j W +
Y )e Z
Page 133
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 33
C/ ,K2 4- V A- )*
;0 D] +
W #]Y ]@W ; . Db +
W #]Y !]Z Y Z `< KY+#]W ]@W DZ +
W #]Y !]Y> DY +
Y #]Y ]@W
D] +
W #]Y !]AY &`
The sign of (
c B]W <e @W
6) is the inclusion of (/" t?) in the
( /1) and (() and the extra (') after the ().
Page 134
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
D] +
W #]Y !]Y> &` D] +
W #]Y !]YW DZ +
W #]Y !]Y> DY +
Y #]Y ]@W
`)+
W #]Y !]Y> &` `)+
W #]Y !]YW 'W )` +
W #]Y !]Y> )` +
Y #]Y ]@W
])d +
W #]Y !]Y> &` ] )d +
W #]Y !]YW '` ] )d +
W #]Y !]Y> ] )YV +#]Y ]@W
D] +
W #]Y !]AY &` D] +
W #]Y !]*YW DZ +
W #]Y !]AY T
] )` +
Y #]Y ]@W
)` +
W #]Y !]AY &` )` +
W #]Y !]*YW 'W )` +
W #]Y !]AY Y*)` +
Y #]Y ]@W
Y )e +
W #]Y !]Y> &` Y )e +
W #]Y !]YW Y )e +
W #]Y !]Y> Y )e +
Y #]Y ]@W
D] +
W #]Y !]AY &` D] +
W #]Y ]@W DZ +
W #]Y !]AY T
Y )e +
Y #]Y ]@W
)` +
W #]Y !]AY &` )` +
W #]Y ]@W 'W )` +
W #]Y !]AY YF*Z)e +
Y #]Y ]@W
] )d +
W #]Y !]AY &` ] )d +
W #]Y ]@W '` ] )d +
W #]Y !]AY ] *Z)e +
Y #]Y ]@W
] )W +
W #]Y !]AY &` ] )W +
W #]Y ]@W Y ])W +
W #]Y !]AY T
W )e +
Y #]Y ]@W
)` +
W #]Y !]AY &` )` +
W #]Y ]@W 'W )` +
W #]Y !]AY YF*Z)e +
Y #]Y ]@W
Y )e +
W #]Y !]AY &` Y )e +
W #]Y ]@W Y )e +
W #]Y !]AY j *Z)e +
Y #]Y ]@W
D] +
W #]Y ](` &` D] +
W #]Y ]rW DZ +
W #]Y ](` T
Z )e +
Y #]Y ]@W
D] +
W #]Y !]#Y &` D] +
W #]Y !]YW DZ +
W #]Y !]#Y Y)e +
Y #]Y ]@W
c )` +
W #]Y !]Z '` ] )d +
W #]Y !]Z 'W )` +
W #]Y !]Z Db +
W #]Y !]Z :/01 2
.Pb )` +
W #]Y !]Z 'W Y*)` +
W #]Y !]Z
Page 135
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 34
Y i]#Y O] @W (v)
a
Y =Y ]B]@W (w)
Y S]#Y 0] @W (x)
_Y i]B2] @W (y)
/Y#]Y ] @W (z)
Page 136
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
The first category (78 0 DEB) has seven (6():
(1) (/ i,, 42 , ) the () is repeated, e.g. (c RY!!YBe $
Y ) to don a
shawl.
g
] !WBe $Y ; . g
b !WBe p
Y Z Y Z <` !Y!YBe $Y g
Z !WBe p
Y Z> g
Y !YBe $Y : ;Z 1d ]>W
] AY
g
] !WBe p Y AZ &` ;0
e W ] 2Y ; . c W ]
Y Z Y Z <` `Y ] 2Y d W ]
Y Z> ` Y ] 2Y : ;Z 1d ]>W
] AY
e W ]
Y AZ &` ;0
(tc Y i]"
Y ) to command. This word can be used as (Y i]2Y ) as well.
Page 137
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] iW ]"
Y ; . b iW ]
Y Z Y Z <` t Y i]"
Y Z iW ]
Y Z> Y i]"
Y : ;Z 1d ]>W
] AY
] iW ]
Y AZ &` ;0
(c 1Y>]
Y ) to trim the extra leaves of a plant.
L
] W>] Y ; . L
b W>] +
Y Z Y Z <` 1Y>] Y L
Z W>] +
Y Z> L
Y Y>] Y : ;Z 1d ]>W
] AY
L
] W>] +Y AZ &` ;0
(5) (/ , $
. 2 , ) there is an extra () after the (
), e.g.
(c YY
] $Y ) to make someone don socks.
6
] W ] $Y ; . 6
b W ] p
Y Z Y Z <` YY ] $Y 6
Z W] p
Y Z> 6
Y Y ] $Y : ;Z 1d ]>W
] AY
6
] W ] p
Y AZ &` ;0
(6) (/ , K.42 , ) there is an extra (') after the (), e.g. (c
Y YBe K) to
make someone don a hat.
] WBe K ; .
b WBe )` Z Y Z <`
Y YBe K
Z WBe )` Z>
Y YBe K : ;Z 1d ]>W
] AY
] WBe )` AZ &` ;0
(7) (/ ,42 , ) there is an extra () after the (), e.g. (tc YBe K) to
Page 138
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Y Z <` t YBe K YBe )` Z> Y
W Be KdY
Be )` Z Y Z `< t YBe K ]
W Be )` Z> YBe K : ;Z 1d ]>W
] AY
W Be )` AZ &` ;0 W Be K ; . Be )` Z
(
ZW Be )` Z>). (t YBe K) was originally ( Y
Y Be K). These changes will be
discussed later.
(1) (3
/ N 42 .O) the extra letters are (P) before the (
) and the ()
is repeated, e.g. (g
b !ZBe p
Y AY) to don a shawl.
(2) (C
/ R 42 .O) the extra letters are (P) before the (
) and the ()
between the () and the (), e.g. (
c Z ]
Y AY) to don a trouser.
(3) (3
/ 4R '2 , O.) the extra letters are (P) before the (
) and a ()
Page 139
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(4) (3
/ $R 2 , O.) the extra letters are (P) before the (
) and a ()
after the (
), e.g. (6
b Z ] p
Y AY) to don socks.
(5) (3
/ KR42 , O.) the extra letters are (P) before the (
) and a (')
after the (), e.g. (
b ZBe )` AY) to don a trouser.
(6) (3
/ 4R V . O.) the extra letters are a (P) and a (%) before the (
),
e.g. (
b Sd
] FY AY) to be poor.
(7) (I
0 N 42 , O.) the extra letters are a (P) before the (
) and a
(P) after the (), e.g. (P
b Z 1e Y AY) to behave like a devil.
(8) (3
l 42 , O.) the extra letters are a (P) before the (
) and a ()
after the (), e.g. (
Be )` AY) to don a hat.
(/Y]
Y AY), while the last one, namely, (/ ] 1YA) is like (]
W Be )` Z> Be K).
Page 140
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
; .
b
W ]Y )e Z Y Z <` 2Y]W Ke @W
Z
W ]Y )e Y>
Y Y ]Y Ke @W : ;Z 1d ]>W
] AY
] W ]Y )e AY &` ;0 ] W ]Y Ke @W
(2) ("m ,K2 4- V A-) The () after the (), the (') after the () and the
(/" t?) are extra, e.g. (,`)]BW2] @W) to lie on ones back.
Page 141
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
In all the word-forms of this (6), (%m7@) has been applied and
Exercise 35
Page 142
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
13
The ( B0
) are (), (L) and ().
Page 143
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
( B
).
2) If there is a ( RB
) in the ( RFBS ,R<), it is called
(1e /
*Y] Z ) or (H), eg (=Y 0Y Y ).
3) If there is a ( RB
) in the ( RFBS GR0), it is called
(]Y e /
*Y] Z ) or (
$(), e.g. (` K).
4) If there is a ( RB
R) in the ( RFBS %&), it is called
(%W B /
*Y] Z ) or (JK#), e.g. (Y07Y ).
Page 144
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(Y07Y ).
eg ((`Y K).
17) If the ( RFBS GR0) and ( RFBS %&) are the same, it is
Page 145
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
18) If the ( ) and the first () and the () and the second
(
` ?Y eY ).
Exercise 36
Z ] p Z Y> (v)
Y WY (w)
j <` (x)
%Y =Y ] 7Y (y)
Yk (z)
Z ]>=W Y> ({)
nYO(` ()
%Y W Y ()
Y FZ Y> ()
Y W2Y (v)
Page 146
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 147
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Examples
Y Y (` becomes Y Y
Y W ed becomes Y W ] d
#YeW becomes #YF]>W .
Rule 3
(3.1) It is permissible to change a (t?R) that is (aR*1)
Rule 4
(4.1) If two (t?R
R)s are (\RRE*) and one of them is
(RS), then it is permissible to change the second (t?R)
into a ().
Example
Page 148
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Examples
i) %Z 7W (`(` will be read as %Z 7W Y`
ii) /d (`(d will be read as /d Y (d
Page 149
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 5
If a (t?R) comes after the () or () that are t=R and
t=I or if a (t?R) comes after the () of (5RA R2), it is
permissible to change the (t?R RR) into the letter that
precedes it and then (%RRm7@) (incorporation of one letter
into another) is made.
The word (c I
] Z )e Z ) is the (1 2) of ((dY )e Y> (`Y K).
Example () t=I t=
c `]iW OY c Y]iW OY c jiW OY .
Page 150
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
b W]<`(d
b W]<`(d
b <`(d .
The word (
b WR]<`(d) is the (5RA R2) of (^
b Z Re<(`) which is
the (Q) of (^
b re <`) - meaning axe.
Rule 6
If there occurs a (t?R) after the (LR) of /R01 and before
changes to (L).
Example
The word (Y>iYO) is the plural of (c `] i
W OY ).
The word (RY>iYO) was originally (
c W>RiYO). The () which
comes after the (LR
R) of (QR
R) as the second last letter,
changes into a (t?R
R).14 It becomes (,W,R
RiYO). Now we
14
This refers to rule no. 18 which you will read under the rules of /* .
Page 151
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Step by Step
Rule 7
If a (t?R) is (\RE*) and it comes after a (R2) that is
(/
d
Y Y>).
2) In the words _
Y RB<e (` =] K the ( R) of the (t?R) is given to
Page 152
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(_
Y B<e =Y K ).
3) In the words Z RYO(` ] RW] Y> the ( R) of the (t?R) is
transferred to the () and the (t?R R) is then deleted. It
becomes (Z YO Y W ] Y>).
Rule 8
The rule of (/
d `
] RRY>) is compulsorily applied to all the
(R<() (verbs) of (Y RY>) and (Y RZ>) (
R R
8).
Example
In (
Z (`] Y>) the (
RE*<) of the (t?R) is given to the () and the
(t?) is deleted. It becomes (Y Y>).
NOTE:
It is permissible to apply this rule to the (P)*+R
R ,R-)
(derived nouns) too.
The (F =) can be read as ( ] Y ) or ( Y).
The ( 2) can be read as (tc ]W ) or (tc Y W ).
Page 153
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
The ( RE*<) of the (t?R) of (tc `(] RW) is given to the () and
then the (t?) is removed leaving (tc Y W ).
Rule 9
If a (\RE* t?R) is preceded by a (\RE*) letter, then
both (gR >K GRR GR
R) and (=R R GRR GR
R) are both
permissible.
9.1 (gR>K G G) is to read the (t?R) between its (hR)
and the (h) of the ( B
) corresponding to its
(hamzas) .
Examples
When (G G) is made on the word (` rY2), then in both
(g>K G G) and (=R) the (hR) will be that of (t?R)
and (L).
Page 154
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
In the word (
Y WRY2) if (gR>K GR GR) is made, then the
(h) will be between (t?) and (). If (=R GR GR) is
(L).
Examples
[1] In the word (,U jKd ), the (t?) is (a*1). Therefore the
(t?) will be read between the (h) of the (t?) and the
(L).
[3] If (,W jKd ) is read with a (t), the (t?) will be read
Page 155
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 10
(=).
Exercise 37
Page 156
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
madd over the initial alif, e.g. (b W ) for (b W `().
(c) The hamzah tends to be written over the semi-
consonant ( RRB
RR) corresponding to the vowel
Page 157
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
without dots.
Page 158
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(] RRZ
] (d) are correct to use. If the verb is used at the
beginning of the sentence, it is more eloquent to delete the
Page 159
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(^
b (eY ) has been applied. The same rule applies to the
(1 2) and (
4 2).
(6) The rule of (b e W) applies in the ( 3 2).
Page 160
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 38
(6
Y 7Y (`)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the (
RR RR() of
(Y Y (`)?
(/
U ` (`)?
(e) How has the word (Z 2
W Y(`) changed from its original?
Page 161
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 39
(
Y W (`)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the (8 () of (;Y `(`)?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( Y W (`)?
(e) How has the word (]Z
W ]>@W) changed from its original?
Page 162
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(1) Conjugate all the verbs of (;R< =R>? R9:9 6() like
the conjugations of (nYO(`) and (Y F
Y *Y]>@W).
Page 163
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 40
(
Y W (`)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the (8 () of (;Y `(`)?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of ( Y W (`)?
(e) How has the word (]Z
W ]>@W) changed from its original?
(1) The rule of (GRGR) or (/RA) applies to all the verbs
of () of (7R8 R9:9 GR F). Note that this rule
is optional.
(2) The rule of (/
d `
] RY>) applies to the (R) and (R() of
(78 9:9 G F).
(3) (Z IW?] Y> Y (`Y ) is from (6R 6R), (/
d `
] RY> ` rRY2) is from
Page 164
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(_*< 6), (
Z `
] Y> Y W2Y ) is from (Q- 6), (%Z Z ReBY> %Y Z R`) is from
(% 6).
(/
d `
] R Y>), the (/R
R" t?R
R) is deleted. Therefore (] R IW] @W)
becomes (] W ), (/
e `R
R]2@W) becomes (/e R
RY2), (Y `R
R]2(W) becomes
(
] 2Y ) and (] de(d) becomes (] d).
The conjugation of the imperative second person ( RR(
) form is as follows:
'` ] W YW
] W W ] Z W YW ] W
Y Be 2Y B2Y ] BW2Y ]Bd2Y B2Y /e 2Y
Y F] 2Y YF2Y ] FW 2Y ] FZ 2Y YF2Y ] 2Y
Y F] d YFd ] FW d ]FZ d YFd ] d
Discussion of ()
(,U W Kd).
Page 165
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 41
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Example
The word =
Z 0W ] Y> becomes =Z W Y> .
Every () that comes between the
Example
The word g
Z qY ] Y> becomes g
Z Y Y>.
Note:
Every ( R
RH) on the scale of (6R
R) follows this
rule.
16
P:0 are the following letters ' P L
17
The )B
are the following letters: ~ a ,
Page 167
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 2
If a (=) is on the scale of (/
c ] <W) and its ( FBS ,<) is a
(), that () is deleted and the ( FB ) is given a
(t). A (t) is then added at the end of the word.
=b 0] Y =b 0] =b 0W tc =Y 0W
Note:
If the (R) has a ( RE*<) on its ( RFB ), for example
in the word (Q
Z
Y Y>), the ( RFBS ,R<) of the (=R) can also
be given a ( E*<).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 3
(3.1) If a (2 ) is not (7C=+) and is preceded by a
Example
The word 7b Y0
] W changes to 7b Y]W .
Exception
The word (b jRBW$
] @W) will remain unchanged, because the ()
is m= (7C=+).
(m=).
into a ().
Page 169
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
into a ().
Example
The plural of (6
b YE
] W ) is (6
Z WYEY ). This changes to
(g
Z ]>W YEY ) because the (L) is preceded by a (t).
Rule 4
FBS ,<) of (*< 6) is a (B"( ) or
If the (
Page 170
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 5
Examples
(b
] RZ$Z plural of ;b R]$Y ) changes to (b
] RZ$d). (This is an
example of an 2).
(T
] *YRKZ the [ ] of T
b KA) changes to
(T
] *YRKd). (This is an example of a /<).
(5.2) If (R
RS ) appears at the beginning of a word, it
is permissible to change it to a (t?).
Example
(a
b YW swordbelt) can be read as (a
b Y@W).
Example
(b
Z 7] `) can be read as (b Z 7] `).
Page 171
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Examples
(=
b Y Y - one) can be read as (=b Y `).
(tc Y#
Y a lazy woman) can be read as (tc Y#`).
Rule 6
When two (\R
RE* ) come together at the beginning of
Rule 7
(7.1) If () or () (\RE*) is preceded by a RE*<, the ()
or () is changed into an (L).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Examples
Example of a (\E* ) in the middle of a (/<):
(
` Y K) changes to (` K).
Example of a (\E* ) in the middle of a (/<):
(Q
Y YY) changes to (
Y Y).
Example of a (\E*) at the end of a (/<):
(
Y 0Y 7Y ) changes to (Y07Y ).
Example of a (\E* ) at the end of a (/<):
(
Y Y Y ) changes to (YY ).
(6
b Y Y) changes to (6
b Y).
Example of a (\E* ) in an (2):
(g
b Y#Y) changes to (6
b Y#).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
=Y 0Y Y <` - the () is in the place of the ( FBS ,<) and the
(
) is a (Li0
). It will also not apply to (< Y AY)
because the () is in the place of the ( RFBS ,R<) of ( 6R
/1A).
It will also not apply to Y
j YAY - () is in the place of the
( FBS ,<) of (/1A 6).
RB
R). Therefore this law will not apply to the word
(YRk) . Here () is in the place of the ( RFB ). The
Page 174
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Answer
The () in these words is a separate word and it is the
(G2 F*$@).
Page 175
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
'` ] Z+
Y
] Y> ('` ] BdY 1e Y>) '` ] Y+
] Y> '` ] +
Y
] Y>
'` ] Z+
Y
] AY ('` ] BdY 1e AY) '` ] Y+
] AY '` ] +
Y
] AY
Y ]W+
Y
] AY (Y ]BWY 1e AY) Y ]>Y+
] AY Y ]+
Y
] AY
('
c YY 7Y ) ('c BY <`) example of (). [meaning rotation]
Page 176
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
('
c BY2Y ) ('c BY <`) example of (). [meaning flowing]
(Y
Y RY") (RBY <`) example of (). [meaning name of a
spring of water]
(=
YRRYY ) (R
RBY <`) example of (). [meaning to walk
arrogantly from = 7]
and (c R`Y Y ) (c RBY <`) example of (). [meaning weaver
plural of
b IWY]
Examples
Page 177
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
becomes (
Y ]
Y ] AY).
Examples
1. The word (P
] Y RY07Y ) changes to (P
] RY07Y ). Now we have an
(LR) before (}R#A P) of (R /R<). Therefore it is
deleted. It becomes (T
] 0Y 7Y ).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(
Y eY RK) changes to (Y eRK). The (LR) is now deleted because
it is followed by a (R2). It becomes (
Y ReBK). The (s) is
now given a ( FRR) because it is (
RR$). It
becomes (
Y Be Kd). The word (Y Be Kd) is from the (6) of (#).
Y eZ k Y ek Y Be k Y Be kd
The word (
Y Be kd ) is from the (6) of (%Z).
In the word (
Y ] YRY), the (\RE* ) is preceded by a ( RE*<).
Therefore the () changes to (LR
R). It becomes (Y 0] R
RY).
Page 179
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 8
Example
Page 180
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(6). It becomes (Q
Z R]!WY>). (This is an example of
R$(
>).
Examples
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
In the word (
e ] Rd)Y> ] `) because of (GR2 RF*$@) the ()
is deleted. It becomes (/
e )d Y> ] `).
In the word (Q
] R]!WY>] R`), the () is followed by a (R2),
therefore the () is deleted. It becomes (Q ] !WY> ] `).
Examples
(
e Y )e Z>
] `) changes to (e R`)Z> ] R`). After the (LR) is deleted,
it becomes (/ e )` Z> ] `).
(Q
] YR]!Z> ] `) changes to ( ] RY!Z> ] R`). After the (LR) is deleted,
it becomes (Q ] !YZ> ] `).
Page 182
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 183
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Important
The words (
c Y)e W ), (c YE
] AW) and (?b ]RRWF] AY) remain unchanged
because of the fourth condition - (=I = /!K).
(
c ] ] Rd)Y ). Due to (GR2 RF*$@), the first () is deleted.
It becomes ( c ] )d Y ).
Page 184
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 185
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 9
changes to ().
Example 1
` W Kd ` ] KW /]KW.
Example 2
Example 1
In the word (Q
Y R WZ) the (6) is made (R
R2). It becomes
(Q
Y W]). Now the ( ) of the () is transferred to the
Page 186
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(Y W*] RR O
] (d). R )
The ( of the () is transferred to the
Examples
` W Kd ` ] Kd
QY WZ QY ]Z Y ] Z
Y W*ZO] (d Y ]*ZO] (d Y ] *ZO] (d
7Y W )d #](d 7Y ] )d #](d
(9.4) It is also permissible to pronounce these words with
Page 187
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(9.5) In (
$(), if the ( FB ) is (a*1) in
(
), after the () is deleted in the
Page 188
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
T
Z eW Kd T
Z eW Ke T
Z e] KW T
Z Be ]KW
T
Z Be Kd
Note that the forms of ( R) and (R8) are now the
Page 189
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(
) T
Z eY K T
Z Be Kd
( ) T
Z eW Kd T
Z Be Kd
(
) T
Z ] YY T
Z ] W
( ) T
Z ] WZ T
Z ] W
(
) T
Z <e W OY T
Z 1e OW
( ) T
Z <e W OZ T
Z 1e OW
Note:
In the (R8) of (1*R2( 6R), the transferring of the
Page 190
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 10
RFBS %&) of the following ( 5R")s is () or
(10.1) If the (
(t):
1. /d Y 1e Y>
2. /d Y 1e AY
3. /d Y <e (`
4. /d Y 1e #Y
Examples
(
Z 0Z =] Y>) becomes (] 0Z =] Y>) example of ( JK#)
(
Z W ] Y>) becomes (] W ] Y>) example of (I> JK#)
(
Z+Y
] Y>) becomes (Y+
] Y>) example of (I> JK#)
(
ZY ] Y>) becomes (Y] Y>) example of ( JK#)
Page 191
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Example of ()
In the word '` ] Z 0Z =] RY> (gRIm nR QR), before the ()
there is a ( FR R) and after the () there is another ().
Therefore, the first () is made (R2) and the second one
Example of ()
Page 192
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
In the word (
Y ]>W 0Z =] RYA) the () is preceded by a (
FR) and
followed by a (), therefore the preceding letter () is
made (R2) and the ( R) of the () which is a (tR)
becomes ( Y ]>] 0W =] RYA). Due to the preceding (tR), the ()
changes into a (). Now due to (GR2 RF*$@) the ()
Page 193
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Example
('
` ] R]Z ] Y>). Due to the preceding ( FR), the () changes to
(). It becomes (' ` ] ] RZ] Y>). Now due to (GR2 RF*$@),
the () is deleted. It becomes (' ` ] Z ] Y>).
Further Examples
Step by Step
Page 194
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 42
Rule 11
If a () appears in the place of the ( RRFBS %&) after a
Page 195
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(). It becomes (
Y 0W 7Z ).
Y 0W 7Z Y 0W 7Z
Y0W 7Z Y0W 7Z
'W Y0W Y7 'W Y0W Y7
tc Y 0W Y7 c Y0W Y7
Rule 12
Example
In the word Y Z #Y , which is (gRIm nR =) of ( 6R
%Y Z R`) from the masdar (tc Y RY#Y), meaning intellect, the () is
in the place of the ( RFBS %&), preceded by a ( FR). The
( ) changes into a ( ). It becomes ( Y Z #Y).
Page 196
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 13
Examples
originally Y"
W.
Page 197
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Examples
1. The word [
b YRW (the QR of the word [b ] RY) changes
to [
b RYW . This is an example of a (QR) in which the () is
(2).
Rule 14
(14.1) If a () or () which are are not changed from any
other letter, come together in one word, which is not
(0R DREB) (on the scale of h
Y Y R]7Y ) and the first of the
two, namely the () or () is (R2), then the () changes
Examples
Page 198
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
2. In the word (
b ] R
RZ] Y ), () and () come together, and
the first of the two i.e. the () is (R2). Therefore the ()
3. In the word (
b ]
Z RZ), (which is the =R of YRY
]
W R]FY>), the () and () come together, and the first of the
two i.e. the () is (R2). Therefore the () changes into a
() becoming b ]
Z R Z . After (%R
Rm7@) is made, it becomes
(
Z R Z ). The ( FR R) of the (%) is changed to (tR R)
thereby becoming (
W RZ). It is also permissible to read the
(%) with (tR R) corresponding with the ( R R) of the
([), that is (
W W ).
Page 199
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
not apply.
Another example where this rule will not apply is the word
('
c Y ]
Y ). No change occurs because it is (0 DEB).
Example
(1)
W Y
] @W the () will not change into a ().
(2)
W W RYFY e
W R]>W Y ] RWIY - the () of the word (] RWIY) and
the () of the word (W R]>W Y ) are in different words and will
therefore remain unchanged.
Page 200
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 15
Example
The word (
b ] Rd7Z ) - (QR of b Re7Y ) is on the scale of (c ] RZ<d).
Therefore, according to the above rule, both the ()s are
Rule 16
(16.1) If there is a () in the ( R FBS %&) of an (R
R2)
preceded by a ( FRR), the ( FR
R) will be changed into a
(tR
R) and the () into a (). The () is then made
Page 201
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Example
In the word (
b Rd7] (`) - (QR of b Re7Y ), the () is on the ( %&
RFBS) of an (R2) preceded by a ( FR). Therefore the
( FR) will be changed into a (tR) becoming ( b RW7] (`).
Then the () changes into a (), thereby becoming ( b RW7] (`),
which can also be written as ( ] ZRRW7] (`). After () is made
(R2), due to (GR2 RF*$@), the () is deleted. It
becomes (
] W7] (`) which can also be written as ( 7] (`).
Step by Step Example
Example
The word (
b RRRBY AY) undergoes the following changes,
eventually becoming (/
Y AY).
Page 202
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Example
The word (
b !Ze (`) - (Q of b R]!` ) changes to (b RW!e (`) , which
can also be written as ( ] ZRW!e (`). The () is made (R2) so
it becomes (] ]RW!e (`). Due to (GR2 RF*$@), the () is
deleted. It becomes ( ] !WRRe(`), which can also be written as
Page 203
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(g
e (`).
Step by Step Example
Rule 17
(17.1) If a () or () comes in the place of the ( RFB ) of
a word which is (/R0< R2), the () or () changes into a
(,), on condition that change took places in the (/<).
Examples
1. The word (
c W RK) changes to (/c RWIK). (Changes took place
in its /< from
` Y K to ` K).
2. The word (Q
b W>RY) changes to (Qb IWRY). (Changes took place
in its /< from Q
Y YY to
Y Y).
Page 204
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exception
In the word (
] W j) the () will not change into a (t?) because no
change took place in the /< (
] W ] Y> YY ).
Rule 18
If a ( =I ) or (=I ) or (=I L) appears after the (LR) of
(/
d 0W 1Y), it changes into a (t?).
Examples
1. The word (Z
W RYp0Y ) changes to (?Z IWRYp0Y ) - (QR of the
word b
]pZ 0Y ). This is an example of ().
2. The word (
Z W YRY) changes to (L
Z IWYRY) - (QR of the
word c 1]>W
Y ). This is an example of ().
3. The word (
d WY2Y ) changes to (/d IWRY2Y ) - (QR of the word
c `Y2W ). This is an example of (=I L).
Exception
The (QR) of the word (c !Y]
W RZ) is (g
Z IWYRY). Although the
Page 205
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 19
If a () or () comes at the end of a word after (=RI LR),
they change into a (t?R). This rule applies to all kinds of
Examples of =
Examples of Q
i. b Y07W ,Y07W (Q of
Y7)
ii. b YF2] (` ,YF2] (` (Q of b R]2@W, which was originally
b F] 2W ).
i. b Y] (` ,Y] (` (Q of Y ).
Page 206
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
ii.
b Y7W ,Y7W (example of )
Rule 20
Examples
1. The word ('
W Y0Y =] RZ>) was originally ('W Y0Y =] RZ>). The () is
in the fourth position of the (/R
R<), thus it changes into a
().
2. The word (T
Z R]B0] (`) was originally (P
Z ] RB0] (`). The () is in
the 4th position of the (/<), thus it changes into a ().
3. The word (T
Z ]B] *YR]2@W) was originally (P
Z ] B] *YR]2@W). The ()
is in the sixth position of the (/R<), thus it changes into a
().
Page 207
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(
0W Y=RY). The rule of (=b RY2) (Rule number 14, example 2)
is not applicable here because the () has changed from
Rule 21
(21.1) The (LR) that comes after a ( FR) changes into a
().
Examples
1. The word (6
Y W ] RRZ) was originally (6
Y W RRZ) - (the
[8 ] of 6 Z W YRZ> 6YRY). The (LR) is preceded
by a ( F), thus it changes into a ().
Page 208
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(21.2) The (LR) that comes after a (tR) changes into a
( ).
Example
The word g
Z RR]>W YEY (plural of 6 b Y RR]EW ) was originally
6
Z WR
REY Y . The (LR R) is preceded by a (tR R), thus it
changes into a (). It becomes (g Z ]>W YEY ) .
Rule 22
If there is an (=I
LR) before the (LR) of ( RRHRA) or
(2 }# Q), it changes into a ().
Example
ii. The (Q) of (B]! Z ) is (P b YB]!Z ). Here also the the (L)
of (B]!
Z ) is changed into ().
Page 209
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 23
If () appears as the ( R FB ) of either a plural on the
scale of (/
c R]<d) or it appears in the feminine adjective on the
scale of (B] <d), the preceding letter is given a (t).
Examples
1. The word (
b ]RRW) (plural of ,V
Y RR]Y
Z YRR](`) was
and
originally
b ]RRZ. The () appears as the ( R
RFB ) of
(/
c RR]<d), thus the preceding letter is made (R RS). It
becomes (
b ]W).
2. The word (R
RS]W meaning to walk arrogantly) was
originally (RS]
Z ). The () appears as the ( RFB ) of the
feminine (R
RRB] <d), thus the preceding letter is made
(S). It becomes (S]
W ).
Note:
This rule is like an exception to Rule 3 where the ()
Page 210
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
!Y]kd Y] kd
Y ]d 2Y ] d
Rule 24
If a (=R) comes on the scale of (c R`
] Bd] <`) and the ( RFB
) is a (), the () will change into a ().
Example
The word ( c #Y] Z]` ) was originally (c #Y] #Z] ` ), the ( RFB ) is a (),
thus it changes into a () thereby becoming (c #Y
] Z]` ).
Page 211
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 25
(
): (
b W Y$Y ) changes to ( Y$Y ).
(a*1).
Examples: (
Z W Y
` ) changes to (
] W Y
` ) or (
Y W Y
` ).
Page 212
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] W Y
` W P
Z ] Y Y
Y W Y
` T
Z ]>(`Y
] W Y
` W nW qY
All words having (\E* ) preceded by a (t) follow this
rule. Such words are called (o) 2@).
Examples:
tS#
>7W YF*YZ '` ` 'e @W Y o
Y0 / Sd W 7 Yq Y qZ
<
<
Page 213
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Z W j` ] W j`
Rule 26
(26.1) If a () comes in place of the (
FBS %&)of (RB]<d) in a
word which is either (=$ 2@) or (/R1A 2@), it changes
into a ().
Examples
Page 214
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Example
The word (Y)e AY) was originally (Y)e AY). A () comes in place of
Exercise 43
Y W 2Z (v)
W ] Y (w)
Y=AY (x)
b IWY (y)
b IWY7 (z)
,YF2Y ({)
'W YFY ] Z> ()
=Y qW ] $Z ()
'W YY] Z (v)
Page 215
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(1) The verbs of ( RH) are used in all the (6R()
except (# 6).
(2) The () of (
R R) has been deleted due to
Page 216
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
of (/
d"
W Y(`).
(6) The () of the ( R3 R2) has changed to () according
to rule no. 3 the rule of (7b Y] W ).
Page 217
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
- '2 . V! i )
. .
. )* 6rW CH
;Z ]W Z ] re` b ]
Z ]Y Y Z <` W ]Y Z 2Y ] Z> Y
W Z>Y b 2W > Y Z <`
W ]Y Z
W ]Y> Y
Y Y>
]
W ]AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY ] W ]>@W
Analysis of the changes
(7b Y] W ). The same rule applies to the ( R3 2) ( Y /c RYp]W
c Yp]W Y c Bp
Y ]W ).
(2) In the word (/
d RW$Y(`), the () has changed to a (t?R)
according to rule no. 6 the rule of (/
d"
W Y(`).
Page 218
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N 4. g
!. a2. V! i a. - . )* os <! CH
Y Z <` Y 2Y Y 2] Y QZ 2Y ] Z> QY 2W Z Y Qb 2W Y Y Z <` Y 2Y Y 2] Y QZ Y Y> QY 2W Y
Q]
Y AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY Q] 2Y ;Z ]W Z ] re` b] 2Z ] Y
N ?.D- V! i t
. ., )* <! CH
Z ] re` 6
b ] qZ ] Y Y Z <` !YqW g
Z qY ] Z> g
Y qW ZY g b qW Y Y Z <` !YqW g
Z Y Y> g
Y qY Y
g
] Y AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY g
] qY ;Z ]W
Page 219
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N b, 7- !. kR . . V! i S
.
R .
uOp-V! i C4A )* 6rW CH
Z ] re` b
Y *jZ Y Z <` YA@WX Z
Y *jZ> Y
W A(d Y b
W *jZ Y Z <` YA@WX Z
W *jY> Y
Y Aj@W
]
W *jAY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY ]
W Aj@W ;Z ]W
Analysis of the changes
the (P).
Page 220
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 221
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 44
QY Y Y (v)
Y *YY> (w)
Y
Y Aj@W (x)
` )` ]>(` (y)
` )` ]*Y2] @W (z)
Y 2Y Y> ({)
6
Y Y Y$ ()
7Y `)#]@W ()
=Y j Y (v)
Page 222
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 223
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 224
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] `] )d *Y` ] d] )d Y` ] `] )d Y` : 11 ' Q
`] )d Y` ] `] Kdr` ] W] )d *Y` ] d] d)*Y` ] `] )d *Y`
] ``)*Z` ] ``)*Z` ] d`)Z` ] ``)Z` : 11 ' Q
] ``)Z` ] `Kdr` ] W`)*Z` ] d`)Z*`
Page 225
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] `] Kd ] `] )d *YW ] d] )d YW ] `] )d YW : 11 ' Q
.
] `] )d YW ] `] KdrW ] W] Kd ] d] Kd
] ``)*ZW ] ``)*ZW ] d`)ZW ] ``)ZW : 11 ' Q .
] ``)ZW ] `KdrW ] W`)*ZW ] d`)*ZW
Page 226
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] `] )d AY &` ] d] )d Y> &` ] `] )d Y> &` : 11 ' Q
] `] )d #Y &` ] `] Kd(` &` ] W] )d AY &` ] d] )d AY &` ] `] )d AY &`
&` ] ``)AZ &` ] d`)Z> &` ] ``)Z> &` : 11 ' Q
] ``)#Z &` ] `Kd( &` ] W`)AZ &` ] d`)AZ &` ] ``)AZ
Page 227
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 228
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 229
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 45
s
Z ] Z Y> s
Y Y (v)
Z ] p
Z Y> Y $Y (w)
s
Z ] nd Y> s
Y `| (x)
d ] pZ Y> ` Y$ (y)
%Z ] Z Y> %Y Y (z)
Y ] 2Z (v)
'` ] <d] id Y> (w)
] W ] pZ AY ] ` (x)
' Z ] Hd*Y` (y)
]Z ] d (z)
Page 230
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
aR '2 ?.V! i )
. .
. )* 6rW 5+
Q] W ;Z ]W Z ] re` Qb ]!WY Y Z <` ]Y Z Y!Z> QY ]W Y Qb IWY Y Z <` ]Y QZ ]!WY> Y Y
Qb Y!]W ;Z ]W d `eY QZ W>Y! 'W Y]!WY Qb ]!WY ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 Q] !WAY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY
/d Y <e (`Y QZ ]W>`!Y 'W Y0Y!]W b Y!]W QZ W>Y! 'W Y*Y Y!]W c Y Y!]W QZ W>Y! 'W YY!]W
'W Y0Y ] Z Y Y0] Z ;Z ]W } d #jY FZ eY QZ W>Y(` Y '` ] Z Y](` 'W YY](` QZ Y](` ;Z ]W /W ]
W 1e *j
P
b Y0Y ] ZY Qb YZY
Analysis
Page 231
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Y Y!Z> ] ` QY ]!WY> ] `
Z Y!Z> QZ ]!WY> QY ]W
Y Y
0Y Y!Z> ] ` Y]!WY> ] ` 'W 0Y Y!Z> 'W Y ]!WY> Y ]W Y0Y
] 0Z Y!Z> ] ` ] Z ]!WY> ] ` '` ] 0Z Y!Z> '` ] Z ]!WY> ]Z ]W ]0Z Y
Y Y!AZ ] ` QY ]!WAY ] `
Z Y!AZ QZ ]!WAY T
] Y ]W T
] 0Y Y
0Y Y!AZ ] ` Y ]!WAY ] ` 'W 0Y Y!AZ 'W Y ]!WAY Y*Y ]W Y*0Y Y
Y ] !YZ> ] ` Y ] !WY> ] ` Y ] !YZ> Y ] !WY> Y ] W Y ] W
Y Y!AZ ] ` QY ]!WAY ] `
Z Y!AZ QZ ]!WAY T
Y ] W T
Y ] W
0Y Y!AZ ] ` Y ]!WAY ] ` 'W 0Y Y!AZ 'W Y ]!WAY YF*Z] W YF*Z] W
] 0Z Y!AZ ] ` ] Z ]!WAY ] ` '` ] 0Z Y!AZ '` ] Z ]!WAY ] *Z] W ] *Z] W
] 0W Y!AZ ] ` ] W ]!WAY ] ` W ]0W !YAZ W ]W ]!WAY T
W ] W T
W ] W
0Y Y!AZ ] ` Y ]!WAY ] ` 'W 0Y Y!AZ 'W Y ]!WAY YF*Z] W YF*Z] W
Y ] !YAZ ] ` Y ] !WAY ] ` Y ] !YAZ Y ] !WAY j *Z] W j *Z] W
Y Yd ] ` QY ]W(` ] `
Z Yd QZ ]W(` T
Z ] W T
Z ] W
Y Y!#Z ] ` QY ]!W#Y ] `
Z Y!#Z QZ ]!W#Y Y] W Y] W
Page 232
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 233
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 234
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] Y ]!WAY &` ] Y ]!WAY &` ] Z ]!WY> &` ] Y ]!WY> &` : 11 ' Q
] Y ]!W#Y &` ] Y ]W(` &` ] W ]!WAY &` ] Z ]!WAY &`
] 0Y Y!AZ &` ] 0Y Y!AZ &` ] 0Z Y!Z> &` ] 0Y Y!Z> &` : 11 ' Q
] 0Y Y!#Z&` ] 0Y Y(dV &` ] 0W Y!AZ &` ] 0Z Y!AZ &`
Page 235
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 236
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
5
R 2 x
. V!, i a. - . )* <! 5+
b ]
Z Y Y Z <` <]OY
Z YZ> L Y ]OW Y Lb IWYO Y Z <` <]OY
Z YY>
Y YO
b YY ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 L
]
Y AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY L
] OY ;Z ]W Z ] re`
3N '2 gK !, i a. - . )* 6rW 5+
/e #Y ;Z ]W Z ] re` /c ]WY Y Z <` : ]#Y d YZ> /]#W Y /c IWY# Y Z <` :
]#Y d YY> ` Y#
c YY ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 /e YAY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY
Page 237
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
j <YYW L
]
Y YW
Z YZ>
Z YY> L
Y ]OW
Y YO
' `<YYW `<YYW 'W <`YZ> 'W <`YY> 1]OW <`YO
j <dYYW ] <dYYW '` ] <dYZ> '` ] <dYY> ]1d ]OW ]<dYO
j <`Y*YW L
]
Y *YW
Z YAZ
Z YAY T
] 1]OW T
] <UYO
'W <`Y*YW <`Y*YW 'W <`YAZ 'W <`YAY Y*1]OW Y*<`YO
' Y1e
Y YW Y 1e
Y YW Y 1e
Y Z> Y 1e
Y Y> Y 1eX OW Y 1eX OW
j <`YO L
] OY
Z
Y AZ
Z YAY T
Y 1eX OW T
Y 1eX OW
' <`YO <`YO 'W <`YAZ 'W <`YAY YF*Z1eX OW YF*Z1eX OW
j <dYO ] <dYO '` ] <dYAZ '` ] <dYAY ] *Z1eX OW ] *Z1eX OW
j <WYO ] <WYO W ]<WYAZ W ]<WYAY T
W 1eX OW T
W 1eX OW
' <`YO <`YO 'W <`YAZ 'W <`YAY YF*Z1eX OW YF*Z1eX OW
' Y1e OY Y 1e OY Y 1e
Y AZ Y 1e
Y AY j *Z1eX OW j *Z1eX OW
j <`YOrW L
] OY rW
Z YO(d
Z YO(` T
Z 1eX OW T
Z 1eX OW
j <`YYW L
]
Y YW
Z Y#Z
Z Y#Y Y1eX OW Y1eX OW
Page 238
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(2) The verbs of the perfect tense (R R) in the form of
(gIm n HA) and (gRIm nR QR) are the same as
imperative (R(), that is (7Y RY*Ke @W) and (]7Z RY*Ke @W). However, the
originals of the (R) were (Y7 Y RY*Ke @W) and (]7Z Y RY*Ke @W) while
the originals of the (R() were (Y7 W RY*Ke @W) and (]7Z W RY*Ke @W). The
(R() is constructed from the (R) which is (' W Y7W RY*)e AY).
Therefore the () is (S).
Page 239
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
to ( Y U)*W2
] @W).
(4) The change in (
b ])W *Y
] Z ) is similar to that of (Z ])W *Y
] Y>).
RFBS GR0) is deleted from the (R(), (R) and
(5) The (
Page 240
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(
j FY ])W *Y
] AY &` j FY ])W *Y2] @W).
Page 241
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 46
Page 242
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(2) The () in the (
R4 2) (0= ] RY) and in the ( R2
R3) (0=] RW) is deleted due to rule no. 7. If these words
are used with ( e (`) or as a (
R), the (LR) is retained,
e.g. (
] d Y0=] W Y ] d Y0=] Y Y Y0=] FW eY Y0=] FY e`).
(3) The () in the word (,Y0= ] RW) has changed to (t?R) as in
the (=).
Page 243
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
words which are (}R# HA) of the (/R1* R2) and the
Page 244
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 245
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
'e Y 0Z =] *Y` 'e Y 0Z =] *Y` ] 0Z =] Y` 'e Y Z0=] Y` : 11 ' Q
'Y0Z =] Y` 'e Y 0Z 7] r` ] 0W =] *Y` ] 0Z =] *Y`
] Y0Y =] *Z` ] Y0Y =] *Z` 'e Z 0Y =] Z` ] Y0Y =] Z` : 11 ' Q
] Y0Y =] Z` ] Y0Y 7] rd` ] W0Y =] *Z` 'e Z 0Y =] *Z`
Page 246
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
'e Y 0Z 7] (dU 'e Y 0Z =] *YW ] 0Z =] YW 'e Y 0Z =] YW : 11 ' Q
.
'Y0Z =] YW 'e Y 0Z 7] rW ] 0W 7] (d ] 0Z 7] (dU
] Y0Y =] *ZW ] Y0Y =] *ZW 'e Z 0Y =] ZW ] Y0Y =] ZW : 11 ' Q .
] Y0Y =] ZW ] Y0Y 7] rdW ] W0Y =] *ZW 'e Z 0Y =] *ZW
Page 247
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
&` 'e Y 0Z =] AY &` ] 0Z =] Y> &` 'e Y 0Z =] Y> &` : 11 ' Q
'Y0Z =] #Y &` 'e Y 0Z 7] (` &` ] 0W =] AY &` ] 0Z =] AY &` 'e Y 0Z =] AY
&` ] Y0Y =] AZ &` 'e Z 0Y =] Z> &` ] Y0Y =] Z> &` : 11 ' Q
] Y0Y =] #Z &` ] Y0Y 7] (d &` ] W0Y =] AZ &` 'e Z 0Y =] AZ &` ] Y0Y =] AZ
Page 248
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 249
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(R gR Q< ), e.g. If the word (0=] RY) has
(
e `) attached to it or it is (
RR), the (LRR) will be
written in the form of a () e.g. (
] Sd 0=] RY Y Y0=] RYFe nRq),
(
] Sd 0=] R
RY Y 0=] RRYFe T
Z R R]>(`Y ) and ( Y 0=] R
RYFeW P
Z ] Y R
RY
] Sd 0=] RRY). According to the grammarian, Sbawayh, in
(gR R), the (tR) LR) will be written in the
(5) From (' ` ] RRY07Y ) till the end, all the words are in their
original form.
(6) In the (R R), rule no. 11 has been applied to
all the words whereby the () changes to (). In the word
(
] 0Z 7Z ), the () is deleted.
(7) In words like (
] 0Z =] RY>), the () has become (R2) due
to rule no. 10.1. In ('
` ] 0Z =] RY>), ('` ] 0Z =] RYA) and (Y ]0W =] RYA), the ()
is deleted due to rule no. 10.2 and 10.3. Besides the ( QR
}R#) and all the forms of ( RHA), all the remaining words
Page 250
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
are unchanged.
(8) The plural masculine word-forms are the same for the
masculine and feminine, namely ('
` ] 0Z =] Y>) and ('` ] 0Z =] AY).
(9) In the (R R), the () has changed to () due
to rule no. 20, e.g. (Y0=
] Z>).
(10) The ( }# =) and (R }R# Q) have
rendered a ( FR) and the () a (tR), e.g. (' Z 0Y =] RZ`) and
(
j W0Y =] *Z`).
(13) Rule no. 11 has been applied to all the words of
(/R01 R2). Rule no. 10 applies to ( Y7). The rules of
Page 251
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 47
YAY (v)
Y 1W ] *Y2] (` ] ` (w)
/ Y AZ ] ` (x)
j YBW*Y!]Y` (y)
Y F] KW(` (z)
Page 252
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
6R 2 g !, i )
. .
. )* 6rW {MB
%W ] @W ;Z ]W Z ] re` W ] Y Y Z <` ] Y ] Z> Y W Z Y % Y Y Z <` ] Y ] W ] Y> Y
] W ;Z ]W d `eY % YY 'W YY ] Y ] Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 %W ] AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY
/d Y <e (`Y W YY 'W Y>`]W ,Y] W Y % YY 'W YAY] W tc Y] W % YY 'W YY ] W
'W YY] Z ] Z ;Z ]W } d #jY FZ eY '` ] Z ] (` Y % Y(` 'W YY ] (` ] (` ;Z ]W /W ]
W 1e *j
P
b YY] Z Y Z
Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of this verb.
Page 253
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 254
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] YW ] *Y` ] YW ] *Y` ] Z ] Y` ] YW] Y` : 11 ' Q
] YW ] Y` ] YW ] r` ] W ] *Y` ] Z ] *Y`
] YY ] *Z` ] YY ] *Z` 'e Z Y ] Z` ] YY ] Z` : 11 ' Q
] YY ] Z` ] YY ] rd` ] WY ] *Z` 'e Z Y ] *Z`
Page 255
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] Z ] @W ] YW ] @W ] YW ] *YW ] Z ] YW ] YW ] YW : 11 ' Q
.
] YW ] YW ] YW ] rW ] W ] @W
] Z ] *ZW ] YY ] *ZW ] YY ] *ZW ] Z ]ZW ] YY ] ZW : 11 ' Q .
] YY ] ZW ] YY ] rdW ] WY ] *ZW
Page 256
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] YW ] AY &` ] YW ] AY &` ] Z ] Y> &` ] YW ] Y> &` : 11 ' Q
] YW ] #Y &` ] YW ] (` &` ] W ] AY &` ] Z ] AY &`
] YY ] AZ &` ] YY ] AZ &` 'e Z Y ] Z> &` ] YY ] Z> &` : 11 ' Q
] YY ] #Z &` ] YY ] (d &` ] WY ] AZ &` 'e ZY ] AZ &`
Page 257
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 258
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(11) In the word (% Y), the () was made skin and then
Page 259
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N !.
2 u !. 6.u !, i a. - . )* <! {MB
Z ] re`
W ] Y Y Z <` W ] Z> Y W Z Y [
Y Y Z <` W ] Y> Y W Y
[
YY 'W Y Y ] Y ] Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 [Y ] AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY Y[] @W ;Z ]W
,Y] W [ YY 'W YAY] W tc Y] W [ YY W'Y Y ] W ] W ;Z ]W d `eY
Y '` ]
Y ] (` 'W Y
Y ] (` ] (` ;Z ]W /W ]
W 1e *j /d Y <e (`Y
W YY 'W Y>`]W
P
b YY] Z Y Z 'W YY
] Z ] Z ;Z ]W } d #jY FZ eY [ Y(`
Analysis
Page 260
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N '.Q
2x
. V!, i a. - . )* 6rW {MB
+ W ] Y Y Z <` Y+
] OY + ] Z> Y + W OZ Y YO Y Z <` Y+
] OY + ] Y> Y +W OY
'W Y+Y ] Y + ] Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 Y ] AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY YO] @W ;Z ]W Z ] re`
Page 261
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 47
] SW !]Y> SY (v)
] W =] Y> 7Y (w)
)!]Y> Y )W Y (x)
] )W ] Y> )2Y (y)
] 5W !]Y> 5Y (z)
)Be AY (v)
Y W!]AY ] ` (w)
] 1W Se AY ] ` (x)
' Y]Y
] *Y` (y)
]+ Z ] @W (z)
Page 262
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N W.,M- V!, i )
. .
. )* | }'
s
W ;Z ]W Z ] re` KW] Y Y Z <` Y>KW K] Z> Y KWZ Y s Y Y Z <` Y>KW ] )W Y> KY
)]W ;Z ]W d `eY s YY 'W YKU] Y K] Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 DW AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY
/d Y <e (`Y KWYY 'W Y>`)]W ,`)]W Y s YY 'W YAU)]W tc`)]W s YY 'W Y)U ]W
'W YYKe Z Ke Z ;Z ]W } d #jY FZ eY s Y(` Y '` ] KU] (` 'W YK](` K] (` ;Z ]W /W ]
W 1e *j
P
b YYKe Z Y KZ
Page 263
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 264
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] )d *Y` ] Y)W *Y` ] Y)W *Y` ] )d Y` ] Y)W Y` : 11 ' Q
] Y)W Y` ] YKWr` ] )W *Y`
] YK]*Z` ] YK]*Z` ] Kd] Z` ] YK]Z` : 11 ' Q
] YK]Z` ] YK]rd` ] KW] *Z` ] Kd] *Z`
Page 265
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] KW ] Kd ] YKW ] Y)W *YW ] )d YW ]Y)W YW : 11 ' Q
.
] Y)W YW ] YKWrW
'e Z K]*ZW ] YK]*ZW ] YK]*ZW 'e Z K]ZW ] YK]ZW : 11 ' Q .
] YK]ZW ] YK]rdW ] WK]*ZW
Page 266
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
&` ] Y)W AY &` ] Y)W AY &` ] )d Y> &` ] Y)W Y> &` : 11 ' Q
] Y)W #Y &` ] YKW(` &` ] )W AY &` ] )d AY
] YK]AZ &` ] YK]AZ &` 'e Z K]Z> &` ] YK]Z> &` : 11 ' Q
] YK]#Z &` ] YK](d &` ] WK]AZ &` 'e Z K]AZ &`
Page 267
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 268
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N W.%, - V!, i S
.
- . )* | }'
W ;Z ]W Z ] re` W] Y Y Z <` Y>&` W ] Z> Y WZ Y Y Y Z <` Y>&` W ] BWY> WY
B]W ;Z ]W d `eY YY 'W Y`] Y ] Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 /W AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY
/W ]W 1e *j /d Y <e (`Y WY Y 'W Y>B]W ,B]W Y YY 'W YAUB]W tc B]W YY 'W YBU]W
Z 'W YYeZ eZ ;Z ]W } d #jY FZ eY Y (` Y '` ] `] (` 'W Y`] (` ] (` ;Z ]W
P
b YYeZ Y
f6h~ !, i )
. .
. )*
b }'
;Z ]W Z ] re`
W ie Y Y Z <` k ie Z> Y W kd Y k Y Z <` k ] W ie Y> k
;Z ]W d `eY iY 'W Y>Y ie Y ie Y ;Z ]W
Z ] 4 W ie AY &` ;Z ]0Y Z ] jY Wke @W
'W Y>Yie W ,Yie W Y iY 'W YAYie W tc Yie W iY 'W Y>Y ie W ie W
}
d #jY FZ eY k`( Y '` ] Y ke (` 'W Y>Y ke (` ke (` ;Z ] W /W ]
W 1e *j /d Y <e (`Y
W iY
P
b YY>] kd Y kd 'W YY>] kd >] kd ;Z ]W
Page 269
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
N '.-
Page 270
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 271
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(G F*$).
Page 272
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 48
] 7 Y #Z (v)
Y W YAZ ] ` (w)
j Y *YAY ] ` (x)
j Y>Y Y=*Y*Y` (y)
] W ?Y #]@W (z)
Page 273
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
example, (
d ] Z Y>) was originally (d Z re Y>). It required the rule of
(^
b (eY ) to change the (t?) to (L), whereas the rules of (/*)
required the transferring of the harakah to the preceding letter.
Preference was awarded to the latter.
Similarly, (
d ] Z (`) was originally (d Z ,X (`). The rule of (Y Y )
required changing the (t?) to (L). However, the rule of
(
d ] Z (`). Thereafter, the second hamzah was changed to () due to
the rule of (%Z 7W Y(`). It became (
d ] Z (`).
Page 274
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 275
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 276
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
P
b YY>] Z (Z 'W YY>] Z ] Z ; }# '` ] (`] (`
Page 277
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 278
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 279
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 280
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 281
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Analysis
(1) The verb (Y>) was originally (
Z (`] Y>). The rule of (/d `
] Y>) is
first applied after which the () is changed to (L) due to rule
no. 7. This change applies to all the word-forms except the dual
form in which only the rule of (/
d `
] Y>) applies. In the plural
masculine forms and the singular second person feminine, the
(L) is deleted due to (G F*$).
(2) In words like (Y> ] `), no visible change has taken place
because the (L) does not accept any harakah.
(3) The (L) is deleted from words like (Y Y> ] `) because of the
(
] `).
Page 282
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
the ( :0), the (L) is deleted from the end. It becomes
(Y ).
which changed into (L) reverts so that it can carry the ( E*<)
which the ( B)9 '#) requires before it. It becomes (
j Y>Y ). In (' Z Y )
and (j W>Y ), the () and () are rendered a dammah and kasrah
respectively because they are not (t=). A harakah is not
() from the original while the kasrah indicates the deletion of a
Page 283
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
().
deleted () as in ( Y ] W).
(3) In the imperative ( e $W ) and the words affected by (%?$) like
Page 284
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(
ep
W Y> ] `), the hamzah can be changed to (). In (re Y ) and ( ] `
re +
Y Y>), the hamzah can be read as an (L). The ( B
) will
however remain and not be deleted because the hamzah is a root
letter. In (%:
F) the ( FBS %&) is not deleted.
(4) The hamzah of ( c ] p
W Y ) and (c `]+
W Y ) cannot be changed to ()
and then (%m7@) be applied because the () is an original letter.
a (t=I t=).
to a (t=I ) or (t=I ).
Exercise 49
(a) List the detailed paradigms (!R
RS
RR) of the
following verbs:
re Y> (` (v)
] WY> `(Y (w)
rdiY> ` kW Y (x)
] IW] Z> (`] (` (y)
|re Y> Y |W (` (z)
Page 285
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 1
If there are two letters of the same type (#Rp*) or they
In the case of (GR)*), the first letter is changed into the second
letter before (%m7@) is applied. In the above example, (7) is changed
to (P) first, and then the two (P)s are assimilated. However, the (7)
is still written, although not pronounced.
Page 286
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
YW g
] qY |e @W Y g
] qY |e @W
]#Z` Y ] Y 0Y ]#Z` j ] Y 0Y
Exception
In two words, if the first word is a (C=)1, the letters will not be
Example
% ] Y> ] <W
Example
b ]>W 7Y
W 7Y
1
A (Y=R) is either a () preceded by a ( FC R), a () preceded by a (tR) or
a (L) preceded by a ( E*<)
Page 287
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 2
If two letters of the same type are (\RE*), and the letter
preceding the first (C( /!K ) is also (\RE*), the first letter
will be made (2) and then the two letters will be assimilated,
Example
7Y =Y RY 7Y =] RY =j Y
C( /!K
\E* \E*
2nd 1st letter
letter
Page 288
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Example
b Y Y
b Z 2Z
Rule 3
If the letter preceding the first ( C( /R!K ) is (R2) and not a
(C=), the ( ) of the first letter will be given to its preceding letter
and then (%m7@) will be applied.
Example
Page 289
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Example
g
Y !YBe $Y (No change is made.)
Rule 4
Examples
Y $Y Y Y $] Y h
j Y
7Y 7W ] Z (8 /<) of ( B01 6)
7Y 7W ] Z 7Y 7] ] Z 7j ] Z
Page 290
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Rule 5
Example
Page 291
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
where the (L) interposes between the two final letters, e.g.
Exercise 50
j ` (v)
j <` (w)
=j Y (x)
18
joined and made into one.
Page 292
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
JB )* }$
= Z = Z =j Z ; & 7b ] =Z F] Y < =Y = FY Z> =j Z Y 7 Y < =Y = FZ Y> =j Y
= FY Y ;
4 7] =Z F] AY &` = FZ AY &` = FZ AY &` j=FZ AY &` ;0 7] =Z ] (d
7b Y=F] W 7 YFY 'W YA=j FY W tc =j FY W 7 YFY 'W j=FY W = FY W ; 3 7 YFY 'W j=FY Y
7 Y(` '` ] = Y (` 'W j=Y (` = Y (` ; /1* /<( =Z ]>7W YFY 'W Y7Y=F] W
P
b Y>=j Z 7b =Y Z 'W Y>=j Z =C Z ; }#
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 2 has been applied to (=
j Y ).
(2) In the words (=
j Z ), (= FZ Y>) and (= FY Z>), rule no. 3 has been
applied.
(3) Rule no. 4 has been applied to (7 Y), (7 YFY ) and (7 Y(`).
(4) In the imperative and prohibition ( .), rule no. 5 has
been applied.
Page 293
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] = FY AZ ] `
] = FZ AY ] ` Y ]>= FY AZ Y ]>= FZ AY P
W 7] =W Z P
W 7] =Y Y
j=FY AZ ] ` j=FZ AY ] ` 'W j=FY AZ 'W j=FZ AY YFAZ7] =W Z YFAZ7] =Y Y
'` 7] =Y F] AZ ] ` '` 7] =Z F] AY ] ` '` 7] =Y F] AZ '` 7] =Z F] AY j AZ7] =W Z j AZ7] =Y Y
=j Y (d ] ` =j Z (` ] ` = Y (d = Z (` P
Z 7] =W Z P
Z 7] =Y Y
=j FY #Z ] ` =j FZ #Y ] ` = FY #Z = FZ #Y Y#7] =W Z Y#7] =Y Y
Page 294
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 295
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 296
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 297
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Analysis
(1) From ('
` 7] =Y Y ) till the end, no (%m7@) of the first (7) applies
because the second radical is (2).
Page 298
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Exercise 51
g
Z Y> g j 2Y (v)
4d Y> j ` (w)
g
Z Y> g j qY (x)
g
BdY> g j ` (y)
g
Sd Y> g
j ` (z)
Page 299
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
) )* }$
1W AY &` j 1W AY &` ;0 ] W <e @W <W j <W ; & `< < Y<W 1W Y> j <`
1W Y ;
4 ] W 1e AY &`
a )* }$
; & ^
b ZF] Y < Y FY Z>
j Z ^
Y < Y FY Y>
j Y
4 ] Y F] AY &`
FY AY &`
j FY AY &` ;0
] Y ] @W
Y j Y
FY Y ;
Page 300
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 301
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
;
4 L
] 1
Y *YAY &` ;0 L ] 1
Y AY ; & L
b 1
Y *YZ
L
b 1
Y *YZ
Page 302
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
becomes (%
Z (`).
Page 303
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
transferring of the harakah of the first (7) to the (). The latter
has been given preference.
Page 304
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Examples
(
Y j ] W ), (j#=Z `), (g
Z m]j> ] Y ), (b ]W j
b ] ,V Y ) and
(
` |` ] EWY"). (The tanwn is a nn skin in reality).
If the letters are in one word, (%R Rm7@) will not apply, e.g.
(' [ o ^ | 7 P)
It is not assimilated in the remaining letters of the
alphabet, e.g. (W F
Y )` eY)
The remaining letters are called ( >FK
).
Exercise 52
Page 305
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
6. P"O
Page 306
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(;Z A=
] 0Y Y <` =b ]W Y ] #W=Y 0Y Y) I and Rashd made a mutual promise
and I was predominant in the promise.
This (6) most often has verbs which have the meaning of
Page 307
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(2) ( 2''-J
2 O.) to make the doer (/0<) or the object (1)
obtain the root (nOr) of the verbal noun (=) from which the
(3) (
0 W2 - 42 O.) to take the object to the place of the noun (nOr),
e.g. (;Z *Z] Y(`) I took it to the place of selling, that is the market.
(4) (
/ !.=2 - ) to find something described with the (nOr), e.g.
(;Z *ZBe
Y ](`) I found him to be stingy; (;Z *Z] Y e (`) - I found him to be
noble; (;Z A=
] FY ] (`) I found him to be praiseworthy.
Page 308
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(5) (Wn.o^V
. V! S
R V . ) to remove the (nOr) from something. This
is of two types:
[1] if the verb is intransitive, the (nOr) will be removed from
object e.g. (/
W $Z j Y ]0Y T
Z ]>neK(`) I removed dirt from the eye of
the man.
(6) (n
W o. ^V . V! "y ,~$2 A-) the doer gives the object the (nOr), e.g.
(g
Y Be Se T
Z F] 4]0(`) I gave the dog a bone.
(7) (
/ 2 N *R) the doer reaches the (nOr) or enters it, e.g. ( _Y !Y"
] (`
/d $Z j ) the man reached in the morning; (/d $Z j s
Y Y 0] (`) the
man reached Iraq.
(8) (/ .
2 R '2 (
. ) It has three meanings:
[1] to become the possessor of the (nOr), e.g. (td Y )` !Ye T
W Y!Ye(`)
the cow became one with milk.
[2] the doer becomes the possessor of something that is described
by the (nOr), that is, it has the quality of the (nOr), e.g. ( 6
Y Y $] (`
/d $Z j ) the man became the owner of mangy19 camels.
19
A skin disease affecting hairy animals that causes an itch.
Page 309
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(9) (|
0 ,b
2 -2 A-) the doer becomes entitled to the (nOr), e.g.
(=
b ]qW T
] $Y Y ] (`) Hind was entitled to be married.
(11) (/ &. ,.?R ) the meaning of the (nOr) is strengthened, either
by making the act more final or making it more intense and wider
in application, e.g. (/
d] j Y FY 9e(`) the date palm bore much fruit;
(_
Z !]
Y 1]2(`) the morning became very bright.
(12) ("m !.=-*2 A-) the verb is initially used from (<@ 6). This
can be of two types: either the verb is not used in its root form
(78), e.g. (/K](`) - to hasten; or the verb is used in the root form
Page 310
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(14) (/ $
. . ,~R ) to mention a verb after another verb to indicate
the fact that the object has accepted the effect of the doer, e.g.
(Y +
Y ]rU<` ;Z AZ] +
j Y) I gave him glad tidings so he became happy.
(15) (/ ?.
Page 311
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(7) (?
B) Example: (/Z$j T
Z )e
j <`) I made a relationship of
transgression to the man.
(8) (
0 .?VA-) to make something don the (nOr), e.g.
(^
Y Y 1e T
Z Be B$Y ) I draped the horse with a horse cloth.20
(9) (
/ '2 - x
2 O.) to join the (nOr) to something, e.g. ( T
Z !]qj |`
L
Y ]
j ) I applied gold to the sword.
(10) (3
/ W2-
2 O.) to make something into the (nOr) or similar to
the (nOr), e.g. (/Z$j Y
j #Y) He converted the man into a
20
A cloth used to cover animals to protect them from the cold.
Page 312
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(11) (
0J2 M, ) to abbreviate a sentence and express it by means of
a single verb, e.g. (/Bq
Y ) to say L ilha illallh; (_Y !j2Y ) - to
say Subhnallh.
(1) (/
, . .QR ) the relation or application of the act to another
person, e.g. (g
Y *Y` ) to write; (g
Y AY`) to write to someone, that
is, to correspond.
Page 313
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(;Z A=
] Y ](`Y ;Z A=] 0Y Y) I distanced him.
(YFAYY+AY ' W B$Z j Y AYY) The two men abused one another.
(;Z *Z1e j
Y U ]+
j T
Z 1e 0Y Y) I doubled the thing.
(3) (
0 '2 '-J
2 O.) e.g. ( <0 |
B$ (
(1) (
/ .xuOA-) This is of four types.
(a) to make the (nOr), e.g. (Y E
Y *Y$] @W) He made a hole.
(b) to hold, take or choose the (nOr), e.g. (g
Y Y*Y$] @W) He held
the side.
(c) to make the object into the (nOr), e.g. (tj+ nY*me @W)
He made the sheep into food.
(d) to hold the object in the (nOr), e.g. (Z =
Y
Y *Y0] @W) He held it
in his armpit.
Page 314
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(2) (5
0 f J
. O.) to attempt to achieve an act, e.g. (g
Y
Y *Ye @W) He
attempted to earn wealth.
(3) (
0 '2 '-x
2 O.) to do an act for oneself, e.g. (Y ]W +
Y ` Y*e @W) He
measured the barley for himself.
(4) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Example: (j *Yme `< ;Z *ZF] FY m) I made him grieve, so
he began grieving.
(YF"
Y YAY 'W B$Z j Y
Y *YO] @) The two men disputed among
themselves.
(Y $
Y re *Y2] @W Y p
Y *Y]>@W) He sought a rental.
(a) there is no (78), e.g. (%Y Y*] @W) to slaughter a hungry goat.
Page 315
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(1) (0
2 R N) to be intransitive, e.g. (Y
Y S]#@W) It broke.
(2) (
0;, $- ) to perceive something with the senses, that is, the
acts are related to the external limbs.
(3) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Examples: (Y
Y S]#`< ;Z AZ]
Y ` ) I broke it, so it
broke.
(D
Y BY5#]`< 6
Y Y!e T
Z )e Bem(`) I locked the door and so it was locked.
(1) (0
2 R N) , (/ &. ,.?R ), (
/ 2 ,) - colours and (S
0 '2 $. ) defects.
Examples: (j F
Y ] @W) It became very red.
(
Y ] @W) He became one-eyed.
Page 316
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(1) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Example: (QY i )` *Y<` ;Z *Z] i K) I cut it into pieces and
so it became pieces.
(2) (}
0 , O.) to think or to represent oneself to have a certain
quality or status, e.g. (Y !j
Y AY) He represented himself as having
patience.
(3) (S
0 fK
. O.) to refrain from the (nOr), e.g. (6
Y j E
Y AY) He
refrained from sin.
(4) (
0 ?2 ,) to don the (nOr), e.g. (Y *j
Y AY) He wore a ring.
(5) (3
/ f4. O.) Example: (Y qj =Y AY) He used the oil.
(6) (
/ .xuOA-) This is of four types.
(a) to make the (nOr), e.g. (T
Z F] j
Y AY) I made the tent.
(b) to hold, take or choose the (nOr), e.g. (g
Y jp
Y AY) He held
the side.
(c) To make the object into the (nOr), e.g. (Y p
YE
Y e =Y 2j Y AY)
He used the stone as a pillow.
(d) To hold the object in the (nOr), e.g. (W!
j
` jrYA) He
held the child in his armpit.
Page 317
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(7) (
0 W2- =2 O.) to do an act slowly and several times. This is then
of two types.
(a) It is possible to achieve the act once but the doer does it
slowly, e.g. (
Y j p
Y AY) He drank in sips.
(b) It is not generally possible to achieve the act once, e.g.
('
` ])d e
` 1 E
Y AY) He memorized the Qurn a little at a
time.
(8) (C
/ f
. O.) to become the (nOr) or similar to the (nOr),
e.g. (Y
j YAY) He became a Christian; (Y E
j !YAY) He became like the
ocean.
(9) (/ .
2 R '2 (
. ) Example: (` j FY AY) He became wealthy.
(11) ("m !.=-*2 A-) This is of two types. Either there is no (78) or
Examples: (
Y Fj +
Y AY) He stood in the sun.
(
Y BSYA) He spoke. (Y BW` ) to injure.
Page 318
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(1) (
0 R .QO.) This is similar to ( +) of ( B01 6).
However, the difference between the two is that in ( B01 6),
one is mentioned as the doer (/0<) while the other is mentioned
(2) (3
/ '2 '-x
2 O.) to simulate a state or status or representing oneself
to have it, e.g. ([
Y Y YFAY) He pretended to be sick.
(3) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Example: (=Y 0Y Y!*Y<` ;Z A=] 0Y Y) I distanced him so he
was at a distance.
Page 319
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(1) (S
0 , , ) To seek the (nOr), e.g. (
U P
Z ] 1]5*Y2] @W) I sought
forgiveness from Allh.
(3) (/ $
. . ,~R ) (/ $. . ,~R ) Example: (%Y `)*Y2] `< ;Z *ZF] K`() I made him
stand, so he stood up.
(4) (
/ !.=2 - ) Example: (;Z *Z] Y Se *Y2] @W) I found him to be noble.
(5) (
/ .?
(6) (C
/ f
. O.) to become the (nOr) or to become similar to the
(nOr), e.g. (
Z ]i Y p
YE
] *Y2] @W) The mud became a stone.
(7) (
/ .xuOA-) Example: (=Y ]W Y k]*Y2] @W) He made India his
homeland.
Page 320
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(8) (
0J2 M, ) to abbreviate a phrase, e.g. (QY $Y ] *Y2] @W) to say ( ;W BW j#@W
'` ] Z $W Y ;W ]`@W j#@WY ).
(1) (0
2 R N) This verb is mostly intransitive. Sometimes it can be
transitive, e.g. (;Z *Z] `] B]@W) I regarded it as sweet.
(3) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Example: (Y#] Y9e`< ;Z *Z]Y9) I wrapped it so it was
wrapped.
Page 321
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Page 322
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(2) (
0 .?VA-) Example: (;Z *Z] K]Y) I made him don a burqa.
(3) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Example: (
Y Y ie 5Y <` /d ]B
Y Y ie m) The night hid
his sight so it became hidden.
This category is used mostly as (_E") and (L0) and
The (>'(o) of (3
/ N 42 , O. )*)
(1) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Example: (h
Y Y ] =Y *Y<` ;Z *Z$] Y ] 7Y ) I rolled it so it
began rolling.
Page 323
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(1) (0
2 R N) Example: (Y p
Y #]Y ] @W) to gather.
(2) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Example: (Y p
Y ]Y 9e`< ;Z AZ] p
Y ] 9) I made his blood
flow and so it began flowing.
(1) (0
2 R N) Example: (j Y +
Y Ke @W) to shudder.
(2) (/ $
. . ,~R ) Example: (' rYFke `< ;Z *Z#]r]Fk) I pacified him so he
was calmed.
Page 324
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Quote 1:
(
Y ]WW ] FZ e ` `?W ]Y B0] (`
] nW ;W BW =Z F] E
Y e`) excerpt from ( "(
+)
Translation: All praises are due to Allh who raised the status of
all the believers.
Teacher: What special meaning of (<@ 6) is found in the
verb (B0
] (`)?
Student: The meaning of ( >=A) to be transitive is found in this
verb because the (78) of this verb is (: ` 0Y ) which means to be
high. This is intransitive. When it was taken to (<@ 6), it
became transitive, having the meaning of raising.
Quote 2:
(W ] !WS
e *j
QY Y ;W ]>=Y Y> QY <`Y Y /BqY Y Y !j` T
Y ]!Ye Y Y>Y0 `|W<`) excerpt from
(=))
Translation: When he sees the Kabah, he should say Allhu
Akbar and L-ilha illallh...
Teacher: What special meaning of (/1A 6) is found in the
verb (Y !j
` ) and (/BqY )?
Student: The meaning of (K) to abbreviate - is found in this
verb.
Page 325
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Quote 3:
(
Y ]W YY W *j2W B0Y s
Y =j
Y AY ,U Y 'e @Y) excerpt from (=))
Translation: If he wants, he can give charity to six poor
persons...
Teacher: What special meaning of (/C1A 6) is found in the
verb (s
Y =j
Y AY)?
Student: The meaning of (,=*@) is found in this verb because the
(78) is (s
Y =Y "
Y ) which means to speak the truth.
Page 326
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Challenging Words
A few difficult verbs of the Holy Qurn and other verbs will be
mentioned here because the purpose of learning morphology and
syntax is to understand the meaning of the glorious Qurn. An
explanation of these verbs generally refreshes ones knowledge
of morphology.
'])d *j<`
Analysis: This is the imperative (() of the verb (K), the
/") of (])d Aj@W) was deleted. The final (') is not (60 '#)
but ( >K '#) which enters the end of a verb between the verb
Page 327
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
originally (
] #W] )d Aj`<). The (BS* ) was deleted and the (t)
of the ( >K '#) was sufficed upon. This occurs very often.
Due to a (LK), the (t) is also not pronounced. It becomes
('
W ] )d Aj`<).
']!ZqY ] <`
occurs, a (>K '#) is added to the end of the word and (LK)
is made on the ('#) after deleting the (BS* ). The student is
Page 328
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] AZ(eY j=<`
Page 329
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
%:) from (/0<@ 6). It was (] AZ(eY j7W). Due to the entry of the
(
), the (/" t?) is deleted.
]
1]`
Analysis: This verb is (gIm n Q), the tense being (
T!H
) from (1# 6). The () of emphasis entered
the verb, thereby deleting the (/" t?).
P
Y ] 1]5*Y2] (`
'` ] Z qY 4YA
Page 330
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
P
W re *YeY
Analysis: This is from the verb (
] AWre R
RYA), (}RR# =R
R
gRIm), the tense being (
R R(). It is ( R1 RF
I> JK#). Due to the (), the () became (2).
;W )e *jY>Y
created the scale of (/ W W <`) (;W )W AY). Therefore the (s) became
(2) as the Arabs tend to make the scale of (/ c W <`) into (/c ] <`) as
in (Lb *W` ). It is pronounced (L b *]` ).
Page 331
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
;] $W ] (`
Analysis: This is the imperative (h
W ] (`) of (< 6), the word-
form being ( n =). The pronoun was added to the
end of the verb making it (;W $ W ] (`). In the Qurn, after this word,
the words (Z YO(`
Y ) appear. Therefore the form of (/W<W) (Y W $W )
was formed, similar to (/W@W). The Arabs make the middle letter of
It becomes (;] $
W ] (`).
j
Y 0Y
(]#Z`
j ]
Y 0Y ).
j FZ #j(`
Analysis: The verb is (
FZ #Y) with ('e (`) attached to it. The word-
Page 332
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] Wj*ZF] d
j W>Y AY j@W
Analysis: From the verb (Y), this is the ( }# =)
word-form with the tense being (T!H
). It is
(I> JK# G F). It was originally ( Y ]>Y AY). Due to the
( B)9 '#), the (6 '#) was deleted. The (), not being a
Page 333
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Y AY ] `(`
Y ]WK
Analysis: This is the (/01 2) of the verb (BK), from the
(6 6). It was originally (Y ]WWK). Changes occurred in the
word just as in (
Y ]W Y).
A second possibility is that it could be the imperative of
(
] W`)Z>
`K) from ( RB01 6R), the word-form being ( QR
}#).
It could also be ( }# =) of the same (6). A ( '#
>K) and (BS* ) are attached to the end of the word. The
(BS* ) was deleted and the (t) of the ( >K '#) was
Page 334
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] = W Y>
'` ] FZ
W Y>
Page 335
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Y ` 7j Y
'` ] 0Z =j AY
b $Y 7Y ?] Z
Page 336
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
j id
] WFY <`
originally (j i
d
] (d ] FY <`). The (/" t?) was deleted because of
the precedence of the (
). The ('#) of the word ( ] Y ) was
rendered a (t) according to the rule ( \ Y Z \Y Z |@
S). The (P) of (*<) was changed to ().
] AZ] W id
] Y
Page 337
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Q] iW
] AY ] `
1]Y`
Analysis: It was originally (
] Y 1]Y`) on the scale of (] BY 1e Y`) with
( 11O '#). It is (BS* Q) from (_*< 6). Sometimes the
( 11O '#) is written in the form of tanwn.
W !]#Y
Page 338
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] qZ ] FZ *Z]>(`Y =] )` <`
Analysis: This was originally (
] *Z]>(`Y ) like (] *ZBe Y <`). When a
pronoun is added to (
] AZ), an extra () is first added to the verb
after the (%). This rule applies to (
] AZ), (] qZ ) and (] d ) when
suffixed by a (F).
hadth, (;W ] A=
] $Y Y ` ;W ]AW(eY K ] `).
Yq] FZ Sd Z ?W Be #Z(`
Page 339
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Y*]W
(YBe Kd) because the word-form is (> #). The scholars of tafsr
have answered this objection by stating that this verb is used both
on the scale of (QF> Q-) and (> #). In the Qurn, the
() is used from (Q- 6) and the () from (#).
T
]
Yp
Y !YF] <`
is pronounced as a (%).
Page 340
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Yj27Y
] *ZBe 4`<
(
] *ZBe 4W <`) after transferring the harakah of the first () to the ().
'` ] K
Page 341
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] BW
'` ] Sd Y>
Page 342
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
]dKY
originally (]d
Y Ke Y ). The rule of ()>) was applied whereby the
harakah of the () was transferred to the (s) and the () was
```
Page 343
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
(`
Y e Y e @W) like (`)+
Y #]Y ]@W). The rule of ()>) was applied. The
(/" t?) was subsequently deleted due to the subsequent
Y ]W
] Z
] #Y
qY ] Z Y7
Page 344
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
/01 2). It was originally ('` ] Z>W Y7). The rule of (0=>) was
applied and the () was changed to (). One () was then
>Y
Y#] Bd2Y
Page 345
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
] Y"
(
] !WWY"). The rule of (%m7@) was applied.
6
j Y Y
Y FY `
Page 346
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
` YB]>@W
(L) and then the rule of (7) to change the () to ().
] Wq] (`
W ]m
Analysis: This is the ( 78 0
( n =
') L1) from the ( BB< 6). It was originally ( Z W ]5Y AZ) like
(h
Z W ] =Y AZ). The rule of (0=>) was first applied, followed by
Page 347
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
( B ) was finally deleted from the end. It becomes (W ]m).
&`
Analysis: From the (Q- 6), this is the ( ( n =
') L1
), the verb being (YBe Y> Y W `). It was
originally (
Y e@W) like (
Y O] @W). The harakah of the () is transferred
to the () and the () is changed to (L). The (/" t?) is
' @W
Page 348
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
' @W ' @W
Analysis: From the (6 6), this is the ( BS* Q
L0
), the verb being (' WY> ' (`). It was originally
(
Z #Wre #Y) like (6Z W ] #Y). The rule of (%m7@) is applied to the ('). It
becomes (' W#Y). Then ( k 'e @W) is inserted before the verb ( 'e @W
' W#Y). The rule of (%m7@) is again applied because the two nns are
adjacent to each other while the final nn becomes (6). It
6
j Y
Y
(6j Y Y ).
Page 349
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
'YF2Y
Analysis: This is the (1 F /1* 2 n HA) from
(Q- 6). It was originally ('
W YF2Y ,X (`). The rule of () is
applied and the end is read as skin due to (LK).
Yj27Y
which then changed to (L). The same rule applies to the word
;] j
Y *YY> ] `
(
` K). When ($ ) entered the verb, the ( B
) was
deleted from the end. A () was added for (LK).
Page 350
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Y=Y ]$Y
] p
W ]d
`YA
Page 351
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Y ] 7Y
] W] Z
(
Y Be Z &` ] Z ] W] Z ]d] Z &` ] Z /e Z )
P
Z ] FZ Y>
Page 352
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
DZ ]>W ] Z>
^)).
Page 353
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Appendix A
Morphology or Etymology?
21
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 670, 1992.
22
Ibid, p. 1016.
Page 354
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
a language. 23
23
Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1470,.
24
Encyclopaedia Britannica vol. 15 p. 818.
25
World Book vol.18, p. 518, 1992.
26
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 384, 1992.
27
Colliers Encyclopedia vol. 9 p. 378, 1971; Encyclopaedia
Britannica vol. 8 p. 804.
Page 355
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
28
Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 1, p. 782.
29
World Book, vol. 18 p. 518.
30
Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 8 p. 804.
31
Students Encyclopaedia, vol. 6 p. 456, 1970.
32
Universal Standard Encyclopedia, vol. 8 p. 2930, 1956.
33
Al-Mughni Al-Akbar, Hasan S. Karmi, p. 826 & p. 402, 1997.
Page 356
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
34
An-Nafees, Madgi Wahbah, p. 868 & p. 381, 2000.
35
Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic P.513, Third
Edition 1976.
Page 357
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Bibliography
Page 358
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
S B0
B"
=Ff
Page 359