Professional Documents
Culture Documents
reinforcing
stress steel
Steel and Aluminium are Ductile.
In lab 3 we bent the spaghetti but it snapped because the side of the Spaghetti
stretching (in tension) reached its ULTIMATE STRENSILE STRENGTH
2
EI L
P=y A
L
Pe =
(Le )2
= Squash load
1.Buckling 2.Yielding
Euler Buckling Formula (met in Lab3)
Buckling is a function of the member effective length, Le , the material stiffness, E,
and the section geometrical stiffness, I.
E=Youngs modulus
2
Euler EI
Buckling Pe = 2
I = weakest 2nd
UNITS:
Be careful with units [ N / mm 2 ][mm 4 ]
Use N, mm and MPa (N/mm2)
[N ] = 2
[mm ]
The Second Moment of area, I for symmetrical
sections (learn more in week 7)
I, is a geometrical property.
It describes the bending / buckling stiffness of a cross-section.
Cross-sectional areas
Pe Note:
Failure
Long members fail
Squash load Envelope by buckling.
=yA Short members fail
2 EI
Pe = by yielding.
(Le )2
Le
Design criteria for spaghetti in compression
r = 0.95mm
Buckling Loads
End restraints
pin-pin fixed-fixed fixed-pinned fixed-free
The glue blobs we use to join our spaghetti members mean the member ends are
not pinned (Le=L) or fixed (Le=0.5L) but some where in between.
The effective length coefficient, k = 0.5 - 1
tension test
Plastic region
Elastic limit
Displacement (mm)
Extension
Measuring mechanical properties
BUT
Load (N)
What will happen if we Bigger specimen
change the dimensions of (Larger cross section)
F F
A0
F F
A0
l0
lf = l0+ l
Units:
Yield stress Stress - 1 Pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
Elastic region 1 MPa = 1 x 106 Pa = 1 x 106 N/m2
= 1 N /10-6 m2 = 1 N/mm2
Strain
Strain has no units (dimensionless quantity)
Youngs Modulus
Nominal stress (n) = E
Slope =Youngs modulus (E) = /
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Green_soda_can_3d.svg
Uniform Elongation/Strain