Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

DEPARTMENT OF HINDI

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME
(Courses effective from Academic Year 2015-16)

SYLLABUS OF COURSES TO BE OFFERED

Core Courses, Elective Courses & Ability Enhancement Courses

Disclaimer: The CBCS syllabus is uploaded as given by the Faculty concerned to the Academic
Council. The same has been approved as it is by the Academic Council on 13.7.2015 and
Executive Council on 14.7.2015. Any query may kindly be addressed to the concerned Faculty.

Undergraduate Programme Secretariat

Preamble

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has initiated several measures to bring equity,
efficiency and excellence in the Higher Education System of country. The important
measures taken to enhance academic standards and quality in higher education include
innovation and improvements in curriculum, teaching-learning process, examination and
evaluation systems, besides governance and other matters.

The UGC has formulated various regulations and guidelines from time to time to improve
the higher education system and maintain minimum standards and quality across the
Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in India. The academic reforms recommended by
the UGC in the recent past have led to overall improvement in the higher education system.
However, due to lot of diversity in the system of higher education, there are multiple
approaches followed by universities towards examination, evaluation and grading system.
While the HEIs must have the flexibility and freedom in designing the examination and
evaluation methods that best fits the curriculum, syllabi and teachinglearning methods,
there is a need to devise a sensible system for awarding the grades based on the
performance of students. Presently the performance of the students is reported using the
conventional system of marks secured in the examinations or grades or both. The
conversion from marks to letter grades and the letter grades used vary widely across the
HEIs in the country. This creates difficulty for the academia and the employers to
understand and infer the performance of the students graduating from different
universities and colleges based on grades.

The grading system is considered to be better than the conventional marks system and
hence it has been followed in the top institutions in India and abroad. So it is desirable to
introduce uniform grading system. This will facilitate student mobility across institutions
within and across countries and also enable potential employers to assess the performance
of students. To bring in the desired uniformity, in grading system and method for
computing the cumulative grade point average (CGPA) based on the performance of
students in the examinations, the UGC has formulated these guidelines.
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS):
The CBCS provides an opportunity for the students to choose courses from the prescribed courses
comprising core, elective/minor or skill based courses. The courses can be evaluated following the
grading system, which is considered to be better than the conventional marks system. Therefore, it is
necessary to introduce uniform grading system in the entire higher education in India. This will benefit
the students to move across institutions within India to begin with and across countries. The uniform
grading system will also enable potential employers in assessing the performance of the candidates. In
order to bring uniformity in evaluation system and computation of the Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) based on students performance in examinations, the UGC has formulated the
guidelines to be followed.
Outline of Choice Based Credit System:

1. Core Course: A course, which should compulsorily be studied by a candidate as a core requirement
is termed as a Core course.
2. Elective Course: Generally a course which can be chosen from a pool of courses and which may
be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the discipline/ subject of study or which
provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to some other discipline/subject/domain
or nurtures the candidates proficiency/skill is called an Elective Course.
2.1 Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course: Elective courses may be offered by the main
discipline/subject of study is referred to as Discipline Specific Elective. The University/Institute
may also offer discipline related Elective courses of interdisciplinary nature (to be offered by
main discipline/subject of study).
2.2 Dissertation/Project: An elective course designed to acquire special/advanced knowledge,
such as supplement study/support study to a project work, and a candidate studies such a course
on his own with an advisory support by a teacher/faculty member is called dissertation/project.
2.3 Generic Elective (GE) Course: An elective course chosen generally from an unrelated
discipline/subject, with an intention to seek exposure is called a Generic Elective.
P.S.: A core course offered in a discipline/subject may be treated as an elective by other
discipline/subject and vice versa and such electives may also be referred to as Generic Elective.
3. Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC)/Competency Improvement Courses/Skill Development
Courses/Foundation Course: The Ability Enhancement (AE) Courses may be of two kinds: AE
Compulsory Course (AECC) and AE Elective Course (AEEC). AECC courses are the courses
based upon the content that leads to Knowledge enhancement. They ((i) Environmental Science, (ii)
English/MIL Communication) are mandatory for all disciplines. AEEC courses are value-based
and/or skill-based and are aimed at providing hands-on-training, competencies, skills, etc.
3.1 AE Compulsory Course (AECC): Environmental Science, English Communication/MIL
Communication.
3.2 AE Elective Course (AEEC): These courses may be chosen from a pool of courses designed to
provide value-based and/or skill-based instruction.

Project work/Dissertation is considered as a special course involving application of knowledge in

solving / analyzing /exploring a real life situation / difficult problem. A Project/Dissertation work would
be of 6 credits. A Project/Dissertation work may be given in lieu of a discipline specific elective paper.
 Details of Courses Under Undergraduate Programme (B.A./ B.Com.)

Course *Credits
==================================================================
Paper+ Practical Paper + Tutorial
I. Core Course 12X4= 48 12X5=60
(12 Papers)
Two papers English
Two papers MIL
Four papers Discipline 1.
Four papers Discipline 2.
Core Course Practical / Tutorial* 12X2=24 12X1=12
(12 Practicals)

II. Elective Course 6x4=24 6X5=30

(6 Papers)
Two papers- Discipline 1 specific
Two papers- Discipline 2 specific
Two papers- Inter disciplinary
Two papers from each discipline of choice
and two papers of interdisciplinary nature.
Elective Course Practical / Tutorials* 6 X 2=12 6X1=6
(6 Practical/ Tutorials*)
Two papers- Discipline 1 specific
Two papers- Discipline 2 specific
Two papers- Generic (Inter disciplinary)
Two papers from each discipline of choice
including papers of interdisciplinary nature.
Optional Dissertation or project work in place of one elective paper (6 credits) in 6th
Semester

III. Ability Enhancement Courses

1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory 2 X 2=4 2 X 2=4
(2 Papers of 2 credits each)
Environmental Science
English Communication/MIL
2. Ability Enhancement Elective 4 X 2=8 4 X 2=8
(Skill Based)
(4 Papers of 2 credits each)
__________________ ________________
Total credit= 120 Total = 120

Institute should evolve a system/policy about ECA/ General

Interest/Hobby/Sports/NCC/NSS/related courses on its own.

*wherever there is a practical there will be no tutorial and vice-versa.

 5

lh-ch-lh-,l-
(p;u&vk/kfjr sfMV ifr)

ch-,-@ch-dkWe- (izksxzke) ikB~;e

lsesLVj&1
1-1 fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (Core Course-1)

1-2 fganh ;ksX;rk laoZd ikB~;e Language-MIL/English Comm. (AECC)

lsesLVj&2
2-1 fganh dfork (e;dky vkSj vk/qfud dky) (Core Course-2)

2-2 vkkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fganh % Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; d@ [k@ x

Language-MIL/English-1
lsesLVj&3
3-1 fganh dFkk lkfgR; (Core Course-3)

3-2 fgUnh dkS'ky&laoZd ikB~;e (Skill Enhancement Course; Any One)

(d) jpukRed ys[ku
vFkok
([k) Hkk"kk f'k{k.k
vFkok
(x) dk;kZy;h fganh
lsesLVj&4
4-1 vU; x| fo/k, (Core Course-4)

4-2 vkkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fganh x| % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl d@ [k@ x

Language-MIL/English-2
4-3 fgUnh dkS'ky laoZd ikB~;e (Skill Enhancement Course; Any One)
(d) Hkk"kk;h n{krk
vFkok
([k) foKkiu vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
vFkok
(x) dEI;wVj vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
 6

lsesLVj&5
5-1 fo"k; vkkkfjr ,sfPNd ikB~;e (Discipline Specific Elective-1)
(d) fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k
vFkok
([k) fganh dk ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj mldh ijEijk
vFkok
(x) fganh jaxeap
5-2 lkekU; (tsufjd) ,sfPNd ikB~;e (Generic Elective; Any One)
(d) vuqokn % O;ogkj vkSj flkar
vFkok
([k) tuinh; lkfgR;
lsesLVj&6
6-1 fo"k; vkkkfjr ,sfPNd ikB~;e (Discipline Specific Elective-2)
(d) lkfgR; fparu
vFkok
([k) dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k
vFkok
(x) fo'ks"k v;;u % ,d izeq[k lkfgR;dkj
6-2 lkekU; (tsufjd) ,sfPNd ikB~;e (Generic Elective; Any One)
(d) vfLerkewyd v;;u vkSj fganh lkfgR;
vFkok
([k) fganh flusek vkSj mldk v;;u
 CBCS
ch-,- izksxzke fganh

vk/qfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fgUnh (MIL Hindi)

lsesLVj&1

fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; fganh ^d*

(mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ftUgksaus 12oha d{kk rd fganh i<+h gSA)

bdkbZ&1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

(d) vk/qfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

([k) fganh Hkk"kk dk ifjp; ,oa fodkl

(x) fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (vkfndky] e;dky) % lkekU; ifjp;

(?k) fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (vkkqfud dky) % lkekU; ifjp;

bdkbZ&2 % HkfDrdkyhu fganh dfork

dchj % dchj xzaFkkoyh] laik- ';kelqanjnkl] dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] mUuhloka laLdj.k
la- 2054 fo-

i`- 23 nksgk 27] i`- 29 nksgk 20] i`- 30 nksgk 3] i`- 30 nksgk 4] i`- 35 nksgk 8] i`- 39
nksgk 9-

ehjk % ehjkckbZ dh inkoyh] laik- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqoZsnh] fganh lkfgR; lEesyu iz;kx

pkSngoka laLdj.k 1892] lu~ 1970 bZ-] in % 1] 4] 5] 6-

bdkbZ&3 % jhfrdkyhu fganh dfork

fcgkjh % fcgkjh jRukdj & laik- % txUukFknkl jRukdj ch-,-] izdk'ku laLFkku ubZ fnYyh] la- 2006
 nksgk % 381] 435] 438] 439] 491-

?kukuan % ?kukuan xazFkkoyh_ laik- fo'oukFk izlkn feJ_ ok.kh forku_

lqtkufgr in 1] 2] 3] 4] 7] 8] 9

bdkbZ 4 % vk/qfud fganh dfork

eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % t;nzFk o/ (izFke ifjPNsn) t;'kadj izlkn] fgekfnz rqax kax ls

ukxktZqu % ckny dks f?kjrs ns[kk gS] fnudj % esjs ujifr esjs fo'kky

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl jkepanz 'kqDy

fganh lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

fganh lkfgR; dk vrhr fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl laik- MkW- uxsanz

fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl jkeLo:i prqosZnh

fganh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl (17 [k.M) ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk

fganh lkfgR; dk vkfndky gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

fganh dk x| lkfgR; jkepanz frokjh

fganh fucak ds vkkkj&LraHk gfjeksgu

izxfrokn f'kodqekj feJ

NBok n'kd fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh

fganh uoxhr % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl jktsanz xkSre

fganh xky dh fodkl&;k=kk Kkuizdk'k foosd

ledkyhu fganh dfork fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh
 fganh x| % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl fganh ^d*
(mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ftUgksaus 12oha d{kk rd fganh i<+h gSA)

bdkbZ&1 % fganh x| :iksa dk lkekU; ifjp;

bdkbZ&2 % izsepan (ued dk njksxk)] izlkn (iqjLdkj)] eksgu jkds'k (eycs dk ekfyd)
eUuw HkaMkjh (eSa gkj xbZ)

bdkbZ&3 % cky.k HkV~V (lkfgR; tu&lewg ds n; dk fodkl gS)] vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy (mRlkg)
gtkjhizlkn f}osnh (uk[kwu D;ksa c<+rs gSa)] fo|kfuokl feJ (esjs jke dk eqdqV Hkhx jgk gS)

bdkbZ&4 % Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz (vaksj uxjh) egknsoh oekZ (?khlk) gfj'kadj ijlkbZ (Hkksykjke dk tho)

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh dk x| lkfgR; jkepanz frokjh

fganh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl cPpu flag

fucakksa dh nqfu;k fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh_ fueZyk tSu@gfjeksgu 'kekZ

Nk;koknkskj fganh x| lfgR; fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

fganh js[kkfp=k gjoa'k yky 'kekZ

fucakksa dh nqfu;k f'koiwtu lgk;_ fueZyk tSu@vfuy jk;
 vkkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fganh ch-,-@ch-dkWe- (izksxzke)

lsesLVj&1

fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % fganh ^[k*

(mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ftUgksaus 10oha d{kk rd fganh i<+h gSA)
bdkbZ&1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

(d) vkkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk lkekU; ifjp;

([k) fganh dk mn~Hko % lkekU; ifjp;
(x) fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % laf{kIr ifjp; (vkfndky] e;dky)
(?k) fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % laf{kIr ifjp; (vkkqfud dky)

bdkbZ&2 % HkfDrdkyhu dfork

1- dchj % dchj xzaFkkoyh_ laik- ';kelqanj nkl] ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh_ mUuhlok
laLdj.k_ la- 2054 fo-

iksFkh if<+ if<+ tx eqvk - - -

dLrwjh dqaMfy clS - - -
;g ru fo"k dh csyjh] xq# ve`r dh [kku - - -
lkr leqanj dh efl d: - - -
lkkq ,slk pkfg, - - -
lrxq# gelw jh>dj - - -
2- rqylh % ^jkepfjrekl* ls dsoV izlax

bdkbZ&3 % jhfrdkyhu dfork

(d) fcgkjh %
crjl ykyp yky dh - - -
;k vuqjkxh fpr dh - - -
lViVfr&lh lfleq[kh - - -
 ([k) Hkw"k.k %

banz ftfe taHk ij - - -

lkft prjax lSu - - -
bdkbZ&4 % vkkqfud dfork

lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku ^ckfydk dk ifjp;*

fujkyk oj ns oh.kkokfnuh - - -

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl jkepanz 'kqDy

dchj gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

rqylh dkO;&ehekalk mn;Hkkuq flag

fcgkjh dh okfXoHkwfr fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

fujkyk lkfgR; lkkuk jkefoykl 'kekZ
 vkkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fganh ch-,-@ch-dkWe- (izksxzke)

fganh x| dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl % fganh ^[k*

(mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ftUgksaus 10oha d{kk rd fganh i<+h gSA)
bdkbZ&1 %

fganh x| dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

fganh x| :iksa dk lkekU; ifjp;
bdkbZ&2 %

izsepan cw<+h dkdh

izlkn xq.Mk
panzkj 'kekZ xqysjh mlus dgk Fkk
bdkbZ&3 %

ckyeqdqan xqIr esys dk mQV

Hkkjrsanq baXySa.M vkSj Hkkjro"kZ
gfj'kadj ijlkbZ lnkpkj dk rkcht
bdkbZ&4 %

Hkkjrsanq vaksj uxjh

egknsoh oekZ fcfc;k

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh dk x| lkfgR; jkepanz frokjh

fganh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl cPpu flag

fucakksa dh nqfu;k fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh_ fueZyk tSu@gfjeksgu 'kekZ

Nk;koknkskj fganh x| lkfgR; fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

fganh js[kkfp=k gjoa'k yky 'kekZ

fucakksa dh nqfu;k f'koiwtu lgk;_ fueZyk tSu@vfuy jk;
 vkkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fganh ch-,-@ch-dkWe- (izksxzke)

iz'ui=k&1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; fganh ^x*

(mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ftUgksaus 8oha d{kk rd fganh i<+h gSA)
bdkbZ&1 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;

fganh Hkk"kk dk lkekU; ifjp;

fganh dk HkkSxksfyd foLrkj
fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % vkfndkyhu ,oa e;dkyhu izo`fk;k
fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % vkkqfuddkyhu izo`fk;k

bdkbZ&2 % HkfDrdkyhu dfork

dchj

xq# xksfcan nksmQ [kM+s - - -

fuand fu;js jkf[k, - - -
dchj laxfr lkk dh - - -
ekyk iQsjr tqx Hk;k - - -
ikgu iwtS gfj feys - - -
c`PN dcgq u iQy Hk[kSa - - -
lwjnkl

eS;k eSa ufga ek[ku [kk;ks - - -

mQkks eu u Hk, nl&chl - - -

bdkbZ&3 % jhfrdkyhu dfork

fcgkjh

esjh Hko ckkk gjkS - - -

dud dud rs lkS xquh - - -
 FkksM+s gh xqu jh>rs - - -
dgV uVr jh>r f[k>r - - -
?kukuan

vfr lwkks lusg dks ekjx - - -

jkojs :i dh jhfr vuwi - - -

bdkbZ&4 % vkkqfud dfork

eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr uj gks u fujk'k djks - - -

lqfe=kkuanu iar vkg kjrh fdruk nsrh gS - - -

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl jkepanz 'kqDy

dchj gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

rqylh dkO;&ehekalk mn;Hkkuq flag

fcgkjh dh okfXoHkwfr fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

fujkyk lkfgR; lkkuk jkefoykl 'kekZ

iar dk LoPNanrkoknh dkO; jktsanz xkSre
 iz'ui=k&2 % fganh x| dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl fganh ^x*
(mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ftUgksaus 8oha d{kk rd fganh i<+h gSA)
bdkbZ&1 %

fganh x| % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl

fganh x|&:iksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; (dgkuh] fucak] ukVd] js[kkfp=k@laLej.k)
bdkbZ&2 %

izsepan bZnxkg
Hkh"e lkguh phiQ dh nkor
bdkbZ&3 %

cky".k HkV~V kcku

'kjn tks'kh gksuk dqN ugha dk
f'koiwtu lgk; xko dh vfuok;Z vko';drk,
bdkbZ&4 %

egknsoh oekZ fxYyw

fo".kq izHkkdj okilh
fo'oukFk f=kikBh xaxk Luku djus pyksxs\ (^xaxk Luku djus pyksxs* iqLrd ls va'k)

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh dk x| lkfgR; jkepanz frokjh

fganh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl cPpu flag

fucakksa dh nqfu;k fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh_ fueZyk tSu@gfjeksgu 'kekZ

Nk;koknkskj fganh x| lfgR; fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

fganh js[kkfp=k gjoa'k yky 'kekZ

fucakksa dh nqfu;k f'koiwtu lgk;_ fueZyk tSu@vfuy jk;
lsesLVj&1@2
MIL Comm.

fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lEizs"k.k (Lukrd Lrj ds lHkh ikB~;e %

ch-,-@ch-,l-lh-@ch-dkWe- vkWulZ vkSj izksxzke ds lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,)

bdkbZ&1 % Hkkf"kd laizs"k.k % Lo:i vkSj flkar

laizs"k.k dh vo/kj.kk vkSj ego
laizs"k.k dh izf;k
laizs"k.k ds fofHkUu ekWMy
laizs"k.k dh pqukSfr;k
bdkbZ&2 % laizs"k.k ds izdkj
ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr
oS;fDrd vkSj lkekftd
O;kolkf;d
Hkzked laizs"k.k (Miss Communication)

laizs"k.k ck/k, vkSj j.kuhfr

bdkbZ&3 % laizs"k.k ds ek;e
,dkyki
laokn
lkewfgd ppkZ
izHkkoh laizs"k.k
bdkbZ&4 % i<+uk vkSj le>uk
xgu v;;u
v;kgkj
lkj vkSj vUo;
fo'ys"k.k vkSj O;k[;k
vuqokn
lgk;d xzaFk

fganh dk lkekftd lanHkZ johanzukFk JhokLro

laizs"k.k&ijd O;kdj.k % flkar vkSj Lo:i lqjs'k dqekj

iz;ksx vkSj iz;ksx oh-vkj- txUukFk

dqN iwokZxzg v'kksd oktis;h

Hkk"kkbZ vfLerk vkSj fganh johanzukFk JhokLro

jpuk dk ljksdkj fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fparu dh ihfBdk fo|kfuokl feJ
 1

CBCS
ch-,- izksxzke fganh

DS Elective Course (B.A. Prog.)

fo"k; vkkkfjr ,sfPNd ikB~;e

lsesLVj&5

5-1 (d) fganh Hkk"kk dk O;kogkfjd O;kdj.k

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k

Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo'ks"krk,

O;kdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk] ego] Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk var%laca/
ofu] o.kZ ,oa ek=kk,

bdkbZ&2 % 'kCn ifjp;

'kCnksa ds Hksn rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt] fons'kh (lzksr ds vk/kj ij)

'kCnksa dh O;kdjf.kd dksfV;k (laKk] loZuke] f;k vkfn)
(dsoy ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn)
'kCnxr v'kqf;k
'kCn&fuekZ.k milxZ] izR;;
'kCn vkSj in esa varj

bdkbZ&3 % O;kdj.k&O;ogkj

fyax] opu] dkjd

laf/ vkSj lekl
eqgkojs ,oa yksdksfDr;k
vifBr x|ka'k
 2

bdkbZ&4 % okD; ifjp;

okD; ds vax mn~ns'; vkSj fo/s;

okD; ds Hksn (jpuk ds vk/kj ij)
okD;xr v'kqf;k
fojke fp

lgk;d xzaFk

fganh Hkk"kk dk bfrgkl /hjsanz oekZ

Hkkjrh; iqjkfyfi MkW- jktcyh ik.Ms; (yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku)

fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl mn;ukjk;.k frokjh

fganh Hkk"kk dh igpku ls izfr"Bk rd MkW- guqekuizlkn 'kqDy

fyfi dh dgkuh xq.kkdj eqys

Hkk"kk vkSj lekt jkefoykl 'kekZ

fganh Hkk"kk dk mn~xe vkSj fodkl mn;ukjk;.k frokjh

fganh Hkk"kk % lajpuk ds fofo/ vk;ke johanzukFk JhokLro

fganh O;kdj.k dkerkizlkn xq#

fganh 'kCnkuq'kklu fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h

A Grammar of the Hindi Language Kellog

Hindi Linguistics R.N. Shrivastava

fganh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk HkksykukFk frokjh

fganh O;kdj.k ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
 3

vFkok

5-1 ([k) fganh dk ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj mldh ijaijk

funsZ'k % lSkafrd fcanqvksa dk lkekU; ifjp; visf{kr gSA yksdxhrksa dh izLrqfr;k vkSj yksdukV~; ds
izn'kZuksa dks lquus&ns[kus dk volj Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA

bdkbZ&1 % ekSf[kd lkfgR; dh vokkj.kk % lkekU; ifjp;] ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj

fyf[kr lkfgR; dk laca k
lkfgR; ds fofok :i yksdxhr] yksddFkk] yksdxkFkk,] yksdukV~;] yksdksfDr;k]
igsfy;k&cq>kSoy vkSj eqgkojs fganh izns'k dh tuinh; cksfy;k vkSj mudk lkfgR;
(lkekU; ifjp;) ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj lektA

bdkbZ&2 % yksdxhr % okfpd vkSj eqfnzr

laLdkj xhr % lksgj] fookg] eaxyxhr bR;kfnA
lksgj Hkkstiqjh % Hkkstiqjh laLdkj xhr & Jh gal dqekj frokjh & fcgkj jk"VHkk"kk
ifj"kn] i`- 8] xhr la[;k&4
lksgj vokh & fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr & ".knso mik;k;] i`- 110] 111 lkfgR;
Hkou] bykgkckn
fookg & Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksdlkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; fo|k flUgk]
i`- 116
rqlacakh xhr % ckjgeklk] gksyh] pSrh] dtjh bR;kfnA

fuEufyf[kr ikB~;iqLrdksa ds mYysf[kr i`"B

gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; % 'kadj yky ;kno] i` 231

fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % ".k nso mik;k;] i`- 205
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh % ia- fo|k fuokl feJ] i` 49

Jelacakh xhr % dVuh] trlj] nouh] jksiuh bR;kfnA

dVuh ds xhr] vokh 2 xhr & fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % ".knso mik;k;] i`- 134] 135
trlkjh % Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; fo|k flUgk] i`- 140] 141
fofok xhr% ?kq?kqfr & dqekmauh % dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr % ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh] i` 802] 803
x<+okyh % dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr] ia- jk-u- f=kikBh] i` 801&802
 4

bdkbZ&3 % yksddFkk, ,oa yksdxkFkk, fokk dk lkekU; ifjp; vkSj izfl yksddFkk,a ,oa
yksdxkFkk,a vkYgk] yksfjd] lkjaxk&lnko`{k] fcgqyk
jktLFkkuh yksddFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaR;k;u]
i`- 10] 11
(lksygok Hkkx)
ekyoh yksddFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaR;k;u]
i`- 461&462
vokh yksddFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaR;k;u]
i`- 187&188

bdkbZ&4 % yksdukV~; % fokk dk ifjp;] fofok Hkk"kk {ks=kksa ds fofok ukV~;:i vkSj 'kSfy;k]
jkeyhyk_ jklyhyk ekyok dk ukp_ jktLFkku dk [;ky] mkj izns'k dh ukSVadh]
HkkaM] jklyhyk_ fcgkj&fcnsfl;k_ gfj;k.kk&lkax ikB % laf{kIr in~ekor lkax
(y[kehpan xzaFkkoyh] laik- izks- iwjupan 'kekZ] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh] iaMokuh
% rhtu ckbZ-

lgk;d xzaFk

fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr ".knso mik;k;

gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; 'kadj yky ;kno

ehV ekbZ ihiy nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ

ekyoh yksd lkfgR; dk v;;u ';ke ijekj

jleatjh & lqfprk jkenhu_ egkRek xka/h laLFkku] ekWjhkl

fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl ia- jkgqy lkaR;k;u_ lksygok Hkkx

okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh ia- fo|kfuokl feJ

Hkkjrh; yksdlkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; fo|k flUgk

dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh

y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko gfjpUnz ca/q

lw=k/kj latho

fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku

e;izns'k yksd dyk vdkneh dh if=kdk pkSeklk
 5

5-1 (x) fganh jaxeap

bdkbZ& 1 (d) ikjaifjd jaxeap

(jkeyhyk] jklyhyk] ukSVadh] fcnsfl;k] ekp] [;ky] Lokax dk lkekU; ifjp;)

([k) izkphu Hkkjrh; izn'kZu&ijaijk vkSj vkkqfud jaxeap

bdkbZ&2 fganh jaxeap dh fodkl&;k=kk

(d) Lora=krkiwoZ % ikjlh fFk,Vj] Hkkjrsanq ;qxhu jaxeap] i`Foh fFk,Vj rFkk bIVk

([k) Lokra=;kskj fganh jaxeap % jax izf'k{k.k ,oa jax xfrfofk;k] jk"Vh; ukV~; fo|ky;]
jaxeaMy Hkkjr Hkou] Hkksiky] Hkkjrsanq ukV~; vdkneh] y[kumQ

bdkbZ&3 vkkqfud fganh jaxeap dh fofok 'kSfy;k % 'kSyhc (LVkbykbZM)] ;FkkFkZoknh] ,ClMZ rFkk
yksd&'kSyh
bdkbZ&4 izeq[k jax O;fDrRo vkSj mudh jaxn`f"V % ';kekuan tkyku] lR;nso nqcs] bczkfge vYdkth]
c-o- dkjar] gchc ruohj] y[kehpan ,oa fHk[kkjh Bkdqj

lgk;d xzaFk %

ikjaifjd Hkkjrh; jaxeap dfiyk okRL;k;u

ijaijk'khy ukV~; txnh'kpanz ekFkqj

Hkkjrh; jaxeap dk foospukRed bfrgkl vKkr

ikjlh fganh jaxeap y{ehukjk;.k yky

ukV~;lezkV i`Fohjkt diwj tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh

vkkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap y{ehukjk;.k yky

ledkyhu fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap ujsanz eksgu

igyk jax nsosanz jkt vadqj

vkkqfud fganh ukVd vkSj jaxeap usfepan tSu

y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko gfjpUnz ca/q

fHk[kkjh Bkdqj % Hkkstiqjh ds Hkkjrsanq Hkxor izlkn f}osnh

daVsEizsjh bafM;u fFk,Vj % baVjO;w fon IysjkbV~l ,.M Mk;jsDVlZ laxhr ukVd vdkneh

fFk,VlZ vkWo bafMisaMsal vi.kkZ HkkxZo kkjokM+dj
 6

lsesLVj&6

6-1 (d) lkfgR; fparu

bdkbZ&1 % lkfgR; dk Lo:i % fofok n`f"Vdks.k] lkfgR; vkSj lekt] lkfgR; dh iz;kstuh;rk
bdkbZ&2 % jl % ifjHkk"kk] Lo:i] vax vkSj Hksn
bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk&lkS"Bo] 'kCn&'kfDr] vyadkj] izrhd] fcEc] feFkd ,oa iQSaVslh % jpuk esa budh Hkwfedk
bdkbZ&4 % Nan] y; rFkk rqd % jpuk esa budh Hkwfedk

lgk;d xzaFk %

lkfgR; lgpj gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

lkfgR; dk Lo:i fuR;kuan frokjh

lkfgR; flkar jkevok f}osnh

lkkkj.khdj.k vkSj dkO;kLokn jktsanz xkSre

dkO; ds ro nsosanzukFk 'kekZ

fganh lkfgR; dks'k (Hkkx&1 vkSj 2) laik- nsosanz oekZ

lkfgR; flkar jsusosyd vkSj vkWfLVu okWuZ
 7

vFkok

6-1 ([k) dks'k foKku % 'kCndks'k vkSj fo'odks'k

bdkbZ&1 % dks'k ifjp;

vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk

mi;ksfxrk vkSj ego
fganh dks'k ds mi;ksx ds fu;e
(o.kkZu
q e] Loj dh ek=kk,] vuqLokj ,oa vuqukfld] la;qDr O;atu o.kZ)

bdkbZ&2 % dks'k fuekZ.k

'kCn ladyu ,oa p;u

izfof"V (orZuh] e] O;kdjf.kd dksfV vkSj lzksr)
'kCn dk vFkZ ,oa foLrkj
'kCn iz;qfDr;k

bdkbZ&3 % dks'k ds izdkj

dks'k % oxhZdj.k ds vk/kj

fo"k; ds vk/kj ij (Hkwxksy dks'k] bfrgkl dks'k] euksfoKku dks'k] keZ dks'k vkfn)
Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij (,dHkk"kh] f}Hkk"kh vkSj cgqHkk"kh)
vkdkj ds vk/kj ij (lkekU; vkSj fo'odks'k)
lekarj dks'k
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

bdkbZ&4 % izeq[k dks'kksa dk ifjp;

fganh&fganh 'kCndks'k c`gr~ fganh 'kCndks'k_ KkueaMy

vaxszkh&fganh 'kCndks'k iQknj dkfey cqYds
fganh&vaxzsth 'kCndks'k HkksykukFk frokjh vkSj egsanz prqosZnh
fo'odks'k fganh 'kCnlkxj ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk
 8

lekarj dks'k vjfoan dqekj] dqlqe dqekj_ us'kuy cqd VLV] ubZ fnYyh
bZ&dks'k

lgk;d xzaFk

dks'k foKku HkksykukFk frokjh

fganh dks'k jpuk] izdkj vkSj :i jkepanz oekZ

fganh dks'k lkfgR; vpykuan t[keksyk

fganh 'kCn lkxj ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] iz;kx

fganh lkfg; dks'k /hjsanz oekZ]

dks'k foKku % flkar ,oa iz;ksx jke vk/kj flag

dks'k fuekZ.k % izfof/ ,oa iz;ksx f=kHkqouukFk 'kqDy

Lexicography : An Introduction Howarel Jackson; Routledge Publication, London

Hkkjr esa dks'k foKku ij fo'ks"k xos"k.kk_ vad 93_ tuojh&ekpZ] 2009

^Hkk"kk* iq"iyrk rustk fganh if=kdk ys[k ^uohu dks'k cuke izkphu dks'k*

oscfyad
www.archive.org (hindishabdsagar)
www.britannika.com
www.e.vikipedia.org
www.encyclopedia.centre.com
www.culturepedia.com

vFkok

6-1 (x) fo'ks"k v;;u % ,d izeq[k lkfgR;dkj

dchj] rqylhnkl] izsepan] fujkyk

 1

CBCS
ch-,- izksxzke fganh

G. Elective Course (Any 2)

lkekU; (tsufjd) ,sfPNd ikB~;e

lsesLVj&5

5-2 (d) vuqokn % O;ogkj vkSj flkUr

bdkbZ&1

1. Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h ifjn`'; vkSj vuqokn dk ego

2. vuqokn dk Lo:i
3. vuqokn ds midj.k dks'k xzaFk
4. vuqokn&izf;k

bdkbZ&2

1. iz;qfDr dh vo/kj.kk_ fofo/ iz;qfDr {ks=k

2. fofo/ iz;qfDr {ks=kksa ls lacaf/r lkexzh ds vuqokn dh lkekU; leL;k,
3. fofHkUu iz;qfDr {ks=kksa dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh
4. vuqokn dh O;kolkf;d laHkkouk,

bdkbZ&3 % vuqokn O;ogkj & 1 (vaxzskh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzkh)

1. ltZukRed lkfgR;
2. Kku&foKku vkSj rduhdh lkfgR;
3. lkekftd foKku

bdkbZ&4 % vuqokn O;ogkj & 2 (vaxzskh ls fganh rFkk fganh ls vaxzkh)

1. tulapkj
2. iz'kklfud vuqokn
 2

3. caSfdax vuqokn
4. fof/ vuqokn

lgk;d xzaFk %

vuqokn ds Hkkf"kd flkar dSViQksMZ] ts-lh- flkar] (vuqoknd % MkW- jfo'kadj nhf{kr)
izdk'kd % e;izns'k fganh xaazFk vdkneh] Hkksiky

vuqokn ds flkar jsM~Mh vkj-vkj-_ (vuqokn % MkW- ts-,y- jsM~Mh)
lkfgR; vdkneh] eaMh gkmQl] ubZ fnYyh

vuqokn flkar vkSj iz;ksx_ xksihukFku th-_ yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn

vuqokn foKku % flkar vkSj vuqiz;ksx] uxsanz (laik-)
fganh ek;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh

vuqokn flkar dh :ijs[kk] lqjs'k dqekj_ ok.kh izdk'ku] fnYyh
 3

vFkok

5-2 ([k) tuinh; lkfgR;

bdkbZ&1 % tuinh; lkfgR; dh vokkj.kk] tuinh; lkfgR; ds fofok :i & yksdxhr] yksddFkk]
yksdxkFkk,] yksdukV~;] yksdksfDr;k] igsfy;k&cq>kSoy vkSj eqgkojs fganh izns'k dh tuinh;
cksfy;k vkSj mudk lkfgR; (lkekU; ifjp;) ekSf[kd lkfgR; vkSj lektA

bdkbZ&2 % yksdxhr % okfpd vkSj eqfnzr

laLdkj xhr % lksgj] fookg] eaxyxhr bR;kfnA
lksgj Hkkstiqjh % Hkkstiqjh laLdkj xhr & Jh gal dqekj frokjh & fcgkj jk"VHkk"kk ifj"kn]
i`- 8] xhr la[;k&4
lksgj vokh & fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr & ".knso mik;k;_ i`- 110] 111 lkfgR; Hkou]
bykgkckn
fookg & Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksdlkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; fo|k flUgk] i`- 116
rqcakh xhr % ckjgeklk] gksyh] pSrh] dtjh bR;kfnA

gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; % 'kadj yky ;kno] i` 231

fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % ".knso mik;k;] i`- 205
okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh % ia- fo|kfuokl feJ] i` 51] 49

Jelacakh xhr % dVuh] trlj] nouh] jksiuh bR;kfnA

dVuh ds xhr] vokh 2 xhr & fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr % ".knso mik;k;] i` 134]
135
trlkjh % Hkkstiqjh & Hkkjrh; yksdlkfgR; ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; fo|k flUgk] i`- 140]
141
gfj;k.kh % bZ[k fujkbZ
fofok xhr% ?kq?kqfr & dqekmauh % dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr % ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh] i` 802]
803
x<+okyh % dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr] ia- jk-u- f=kikBh] i` 801&802

bdkbZ&3 % yksddFkk, ,oa yksdxkFkk, fokk dk lkekU; ifjp; vkSj izfl yksddFkk,a ,oa
yksdxkFkk,a vkYgk] yksfjd] lkjaxk&lnko`{k] fcgqyk
jktLFkkuh yksddFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaR;k;u] i`- 10]11
(lksygok Hkkx)
 4

ekyoh yksddFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaR;k;u] i`- 461&462
vokh yksddFkk ua- 2] fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl] ia- jkgqy lkaR;k;u] i`- 187&188
bdkbZ&4 % yksdukV~;
(d) ikB% laf{kIr 'kkgh yDdMgkjk lkax y[kehpan xzaFkkoyh]
laik- izks- iwjupan 'kekZ] gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh] paMhx<+
([k) fcnsfl;k % fHk[kkjh Bkdqj d`r yksdukV~;

fcnsfl;k] dBiqryh] lkax (gfj;k.kk)] HkkaM] [;ky (jktLFkku) ekp (ekyok)

lgk;d xzaFk

fganh izns'k ds yksdxhr ".knso mik;k;

gfj;k.kk izns'k dk yksdlkfgR; 'kadj yky ;kno

ehV ekbZ ihiy nsosUnz lR;kFkhZ

ekyoh yksdlkfgR; dk v;;u ';ke ijekj

jleatjh lqfprk jkenhu_ egkRek xka/h laLFkku] ekWjh'kl

fganh lkfgR; dk c`gr~ bfrgkl ia- jkgqy lkaR;k;u (lksygok Hkkx)

okfpd dfork % Hkkstiqjh ia- fo|kfuokl feJ

Hkkjrh; yksdlkfgR; % ijaijk vkSj ifjn`'; & fo|k flUgk

dfork dkSeqnh % xzkexhr ia- jkeujs'k f=kikBh

y[kehpan dk dkO;&oSHko % gjhpUn ca/q

lw=k/kj latho

fgUnh lkfgR; dks gfj;k.kk izns'k dh nsu gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh dk izdk'ku

e;izns'k yksddyk vdkneh dh if=kdk pkSeklk

fganh dk tuinh; lkfgR; ia- fo|kfuokl feJ
 5

lsesLVj&6

6-2 (d) vfLerkewyd v;;u vkSj fganh lkfgR;

bdkbZ&1 % foe'kks dh lSkafrdh %

d nfyr foe'kZ % vokkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu] iQqys vkSj vEcsMdj

[k L=kh foe'kZ % vokkj.kk, vkSj eqfDr vkanksyu ik'pkR; vkSj Hkkjrh;
jSfMdy] ekDlZoknh] mnkjoknh vkfn] ;kSfudrk] fyaxHksn] fir`lkk] leySafxdrk
x vkfnoklh foe'kZ % vokkj.kk vkSj vkanksyu
ty] taxy] tehu vkSj igpku dk loky
bdkbZ& 3 foe'kZewyd dFkk lkfgR; % (1) vkseizdk'k ckYehfd lyke (2) gfjjke eh.kk &
kw.kh ris rhj] i`"B la[;k % 158&167 (3) ukfljk 'kekZ & [kqnk dh okilh

bdkbZ&3 % foe'kZewyd dfork %

d- nfyr dfork % vNwrkuan nfyr dgk rd iM+s jgsaxs ] uxhuk flag fdruh O;Fkk] ekrk
izlkn lksuok dk fiatjk
[k- L=kh dfork % dhfrZ pkS/jh (lhek js[kk)] dkR;k;uh (lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik)]
lfork flag (eSa fdldh vkSjr gw)
bdkbZ&4 % foe'kZewyd vU; x| fokk, %

1- izHkk [ksrku] i`"B 28&42 % vU;k ls vuU;k rd

2- rqylhjke eqnZfg;k pkSkjh pkpk ls izkjaHk i`"B la[;k 125 ls 135
3- egknsoh oekZ % ^L=kh ds vFkZ&Lokra=; dk iz'u*

lgk;d xzaFk

fleksu n cksmok & L=kh misf{krk

xqykexhjh & T;ksfrck iQqys

vacsMdj jpukoyh & Hkkx&1

izHkk [ksrku & mifuos'k esa L=kh

L=kh vfLerk lkfgR; vkSj fopkjkkjk & lqkk flag

ewd uk;d] cfg"d`r Hkkjr & vacsMdj

nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & 'kj.k dqekj fyackys
 6

nfyr lkfgR; dk lkSan;Z'kkL=k & vkseizdk'k ckYehfd

nfyr vkanksyu dk bfrgkl & eksgunkl uSfe'kjk;

ukjhoknh jktuhfr & ftuh fuosfnrk

fganh nfyr dFkk lkfgR; % vokkj.kk ,oa fo/kk, & jtr jkuh ^ehuw*

vkSjr gksus dh ltk & vjfoan tSu

vkfnoklh vfLerk dk ladV & jef.kdk xqIrk
 7

vFkok

6-2 ([k) fganh flusek vkSj mldk v;;u

bdkbZ&1 % dyk fo/k ds :i esa flusek vkSj mldh lSkfUrdh

bdkbZ&2 % fgUnh flusek % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
bdkbZ&3 % flusek esa dSejs dh Hkwfedk
bdkbZ&4 % u;h rduhdh vkSj flusek & lEHkkouk,a vkSj pqukSfr;ka
(lUnHkZ & eqxys vkke] enj bafM;k] nhokj] ihds)

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh flusek dk bfrgkl & eueksgu pM~<k

flusek] u;k flusek czts'oj enku

Hkkjrh; flus flkar & vuqie vks>k

flusek % dy] vkt vkSj dy fouksn Hkkj}kt

fganh dk ekSf[kd ifjn`'; d#.kk'kadj mik;k;

fganh dk ekSf[kd ifjn`'; dkS'ky dqekj xksLokeh
 1

CBCS
ch-,- izksxzke fganh

HSEC (B.A. Prog.) (Any 2)

fganh % dkS'ky&laoZd ikB~;e (dksbZ 2)

lsesLVj&3

3-2 (d) jpukRed ys[ku

bdkbZ&1 % jpukRed ys[ku % vokkj.kk] Lo:i ,oa flkar

Hkko ,oa fopkj dh jpuk eas :ikarj.k dh izf;k

fofok vfHkO;fDr&{ks=k % lkfgR;] i=kdkfjrk] foKkiu] fofok x| vfHkO;fDr;k

tuHkk"k.k vkSj yksdfiz; laLfr

ys[ku ds fofok :i % ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] x|&i|] dFkkRed&dFksrj] ukV~;&ikB~;]

ckyys[ku&izkS<+ys[ku] eqfnzr&bysDVkWfud vkfnA

bdkbZ&2 % jpukRed ys[ku % vkkkj vkSj fo'ys"k.k

vFkZ fufeZfr ds vkkkj % 'kCnkFkZ&ehekalk] 'kCn ds izkd~&iz;ksx] uO;&iz;ksx] 'kCn dh

O;kdjf.kd dksfVA

Hkk"kk dh Hkafxek, % vkSipkfjd&vukSipkfjd] ekSf[kd&fyf[kr] ekud

Hkkf"kd lanHkZ % {ks=kh;] oxZ&lkis{k] lewg&lkis{kA

jpuk&lkS"Bo % 'kCn&'kfDr] izrhd] fcac] vyadj.k vkSj ork,

 2

bdkbZ& 3 % fofok fokkvksa dh vkkkjHkwr lajpukvksa dk O;kogkfjd v;;u

(d) dfork % laosnuk] dkO;:i] Hkk"kk&lkS"Bo] Nan] y;] xfr vkSj rqd
([k) dFkk lkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa foe'kZ
(x) ukV~; lkfgR; % oLrq] ik=k] ifjos'k ,oa jaxdeZ
(?k) fofok x|&fokk, % fucak] laLej.k] O;aX;] fjiksrktZ vkfn
(M-) ckylkfgR; dh vkkkjHkwr lajpuk

bdkbZ&4 % lwpuk&ra=k ds fy, ys[ku

fizaV ek;e % iQhpj&ys[ku] ;k=kk&o`kkar] lk{kkRdkj] iqLrd&leh{kk vkfnA

bysDVkWfud ek;e % jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] fiQYe iVdFkk ys[ku] Vsyhfotu iVdFkk ys[ku

lgk;d xazFk %

lkfgR; fparu % jpukRed vk;ke j?kqoa'k

'kSyh jkepanz feJ

jpukRed ys[ku laik- jes'k xkSre

dyk dh t:jr vULVZ fiQ'kj_ vuq- jes'k mik;k;

lkfgR; dk lkSan;Zfparu johanzukFk JhokLro

l`tu'khyrk vkSj lksan;Zcksk fu'kk vxzoky

dfork&jpuk&izf;k dqekj foey

ledkyhu dfork esa Nan vKs;

dfork ls lk{kkRdkj ey;t

dfork D;k gS fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh

,d dfo dh uksVcqd jkts'k tks'kh

fganh lkfgR; dk Nan&foospu xkSjh'kadj feJ f}tsanz

vyadkj&kkj.kk % fodkl vkSj fo'ys"k.k 'kksHkkdkar feJ
 3

miU;kl dh lajpuk xksiky jk;

miU;kl l`tu dh leL;k, 'ke'ksj flag u:yk

jsfM;ks ys[ku ekqdj xaxkkj

i=kdkjh ys[ku ds vk;ke euksgj izHkkdj

ltZd dk eu uanfd'kksj vkpk;Z

'kCn&'kfDr foospu jkey[ku 'kqDy

jkbfVax f,fVo fiQD'ku ,p-vkj-,iQ- dhfVax
 4

vFkok

([k) Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh vo/kj.kk

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k % vfHkizk; rFkk mn~ns';

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk jk"Vh;] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd vkSj Hkkf"kd lanHkZ
f'k{k.k] izf'k{k.k] vtZu vkSj vf/xe

bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dh vk/kjHkwr ladYiuk, ts-,l- czwuj] okbZxksRLdh] fgyxkMZ] fi;kts

izFke Hkk"kk] ekr`Hkk"kk rFkk vU; Hkk"kk (f}rh; ,oa fons'kh) dh ladYiuk
ekr`Hkk"kk] f}rh; Hkk"kk vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk ds f'k{k.k esa varj
lkekU; vkSj fof'k"V iz;kstu ds fy, Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&3 % fganh f'k{k.k

Hkk"kk dkS'ky lquuk] cksyuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk

fganh dk ekr`Hkk"kk ds :i esa f'k{k.k (Ldwyh f'k{kk] mPp f'k{kk] nwjLFk f'k{kk)
f}rh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa fganh f'k{k.k
fons'kh Hkk"kk ds :i esa Hkkjr rFkk fons'kksa esa fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k

bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk ijh{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu

Hkk"kk ijh{k.k dh ladYiuk

Hkk"kk ewY;kadu dh ladYiuk
Hkk"kk ijh{k.k ds fofo/ izdkj
ewY;kadu ds izdkj

lgk;d xzaFk

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k johanzukFk JhokLro

vU; Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds dqN i{k laik- vej cgknqj flag
 5

Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k rFkk Hkk"kkfoKku laik- czts'oj oekZ

fganh f'k{k.k % varjkZ"Vh; ifjizs{; laik- lrh'k dqekj jksgjk] lwjtHkku flag

fganh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k HkksykukFk frokjh

vuqiz;qDr Hkk"kkfoKku laik- johanzukFk JhokLro] HkksykukFk frokjh] ".k dqekj xksLokeh

Focus Group Papers on Teaching of Indian Languages : NCERT, 2005
 6

vFkok

(x) dk;kZy;h fganh

bdkbZ&1 % dk;kZy;h fganh dk Lo:i] mn~ns'; rFkk {ks=k

vfHkizk; rFkk mn~ns';

dk;kZy;h fganh dk {ks=k
lkekU; fganh rFkk dk;kZy;h fganh % laca/ rFkk varj
dk;kZy;h fganh dh fLFkfr vkSj laHkkouk,

bdkbZ&2 % dk;kZy;h fganh dh 'kCnkoyh

dk;kZy;h fganh dh ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

inuke rFkk vuqHkkx ds uke
eq[; dk;kZy;] {ks=kh; dk;kZy; vkSj vU; iz'kklfud vf/dkfj;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys lacks/u]
funsZ'k vkfn
vkSipkfjd inkofy;k@vfHkO;fDr;k (lwph foHkkx }kjk rS;kj dh tk,xh)

bdkbZ&3 % dk;kZy;h i=kkpkj ds fofo/ izdkj

lkekU; ifjp;
dk;kZy; ls fuxZr i=k (Kkiu] ifji=k] vuqLekjd] i`"Bkadu] vkns'k] lwpuk,] fufonk vkfn)
fjDr inksa ij HkrhZ gsrq foKkiu
vkosnu&ys[ku

bdkbZ&4 % fVIi.k] izk:i.k vkSj la{ksi.k

fVIi.k dk Lo:i] fo'ks"krk, vkSj Hkk"kk 'kSyh

izk:i.k ds izdkj] Hkk"kk 'kSyh] izk:i.k dh fof/
la{ksi.k ds izdkj] fo'ks"krk, vkSj la{ksi.k dh fof/
mi;qZDr lHkh bdkb;ksa ij vk/kfjr O;kogkfjd iz'u
 7

lgk;d xzaFk

iz;kstuewyd fganh ek/o lksuVDds

izk:i.k 'kkldh; i=kkpkj vkSj fVIi.k ys[ku fof/ jktsanz izlkn JhokLro

iz;kstuewyd fganh dh ubZ Hkwfedk dSyk'kukFk ik.Ms;

iz;kstuewyd Hkk"kk vkSj dk;kZy;h fganh ".k dqekj xksLokeh

iz;kstuewyd fganh % flkar vkSj iz;ksx naxy >kYVs
 8

4-3 (d) Hkk"kk;h n{krk

bdkbZ&1 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk fodkl

Hkk"kk;h n{krk ls rkRi;Z
Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk ego
Jo.k vkSj okpu
iBu vkSj ys[ku
bdkbZ&2 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dh fuekZ.k&izf;k
Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh le> vkSj fodkl
Hkk"kk&O;ogkj (Hkkf"kd iz;ksx vkSj 'kSyh)
Hkkf"kd {kerk dks izHkkfor djus okys rRo (vk;q] fyax] f'k{kk] oxZ)
bdkbZ&3 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk ds izk;ksfxd i{k
Hkk"kk;h n{krk dh j.kuhfr % vkdyu] y{;&fu/kZj.k] fu;kstu ds Lrj ij
'kCn&lkeF;Z lkekU; ,oa rduhdh 'kCn
lquuk vkSj cksyuk izHkkoh Jo.k ds vk;ke] 'kq mPpkj.k] Hkk"k.k] ,dkyki] okrkZyki
i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk Lok;k; vkSj mn~ns';&dsfUnzr iBu] lkekU; ys[ku vkSj jpukRed ys[ku
bdkbZ&4 % Hkk"kk;h n{krk dk O;kogkfjd i{k
fdlh ,d fo"k; ij Hkk"k.k] okrkZyki ;k fVIi.kh] lewg ppkZ
fdlh ,d fo"k; dk Hkko&foLrkj ;k iYyou
nzqrokpu fdlh lkfgfR;d fr ij vk/kfjr
leh{kk iqLrd&leh{kk] fiQYe&leh{kk
lgk;d xzaFk %

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k johanzukFk JhokLro

l`tukRed lkfgR; johanzukFk JhokLro

O;kolkf;d fganh fnyhi flag

iz;kstuewyd fganh naxy >kYVs

vkkqfud i=kdkfjrk MkW- vuqt frokjh

O;kogkfjd fganh ,oa iz;ksx MkW- vkse izdk'k

O;kogkfjd dk oSpkfjd ifjizs{; tcjheYy ikj[k
 9

tuek;e izkS|ksfxdh vkSj fopkjkkjk txnh'oj prqosZnh

vFkok

foKkiu vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

bdkbZ&1 % foKkiu % Lo:i ,oa vo/kj.kk

foKkiu % vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk

foKkiu dk ego
foKkiu ds lkekftd rFkk O;kolkf;d mn~ns';] ekdsZfVax vkSj czkaM&fuekZ.k
foKkiu ds u, lanHkZ (izk;ksftr dk;Ze)
bdkbZ&2 % foKkiu % fofo/ ek;e
lkekU; ifjp;
foKkiu ek;e dk p;u
fizaV] jsfM;ks ,oa Vsyhfoku ds fy, dkWih ys[ku
bdkbZ&3 % foKkiu dh Hkk"kk
foKkiu dh Hkk"kk dk Lo:i
foKkiu dh Hkk"kkxr fo'ks"krk,
foKkiu dh Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu i{k] lkn`'; fo/ku] vyadj.k] rqdkarrk] lekukarjrk] fopyu]
eqgkojs&yksdksfDr;k] Hkk"kk ladj)
fganh foKkiuksa dh Hkk"kk
bdkbZ&4 % foKkiu&fuekZ.k dk vH;kl
fizaV ek;e % oxhZr ,oa ltkoVh foKkiu&fuekZ.k
jsfM;ks ftaxy ys[ku
Vsyhfoku ds fy, LVksjh cksMZ fuekZ.k

lgk;d xzaFk

tulaidZ] izpkj ,oa foKkiu fot; dqyJs"B

 10

tulapkj ek;e % Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; lq/h'k ipkSjh

fMftVy ;qx esa foKkiu lq/k flag] txnh'oj prqosZnh

czsd ds ckn lq/h'k ipkSjh

ehfM;k dh Hkk"kk olq/k xkMfxy

foKkiu dh nqfu;k dqeqn 'kekZ

foKkiu MkWV dkWe js[kk lsBh

lapkj kafr vkSj cnyrk lkekftd lkSan;Z&cks/ ".k dqekj jkw

oscfyad

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 11

vFkok
dEI;wVj vkSj fganh Hkk"kk

bdkbZ&1 % dEI;wVj dk fodkl vkSj fganh

dEI;wVj dk ifjp; vkSj fodkl

dEI;wVj esa fganh dk vkjEHk ,oa fodkl
fganh ds fofo/ iQkWUV
dEI;wVj esa fganh dh pqukSfr;k vkSj laHkkouk,
bdkbZ&2 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh
baVjusV ij fganh
;wfudksM] nsoukxjh fyfi vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
fganh vkSj osc fMtkbfuax
fganh dh osclkbV~l
bdkbZ&3 % fganh Hkk"kk] dEI;wVj vkSj xousl
jktHkk"kk fganh ds izlkj esa dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk
bZ&xousl] baVjusV
fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj bZ&yfux
ljdkjh vkSj x+Sj&ljdkjh laLFkk,
bdkbZ&4 % fganh Hkk"kk vkSj dEI;wVj % fofo/ i{k
baVjusV ij fganh i=k&if=kdk,
,l,e,l dh fganh
U;w ehfM;k vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
fganh ds fofHkUu dh cksMZ

lgk;d xzaFk

dEI;wVj ds Hkkf"kd vuqiz;ksx fot; dqekj eYgks=kk

dEI;wVj vkSj fganh gfjeksgu

fganh Hkk"kk vkSj dEI;wVj larks"k xks;y
 12

dEI;wVj ds MkVk izLrqfrdj.k vkSj Hkk"kk&flkar ih-ds- 'kekZ

ehfM;k % HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lekt laik- lat; f}osnh

lks'ky usVofdx % u, le; dk laokn laik- lat; f}osnh

u, kekus dh i=kdkfjrk lkSjHk 'kqDy

i=kdkfjrk ls ehfM;k rd eukst dqekj

tulapkj ds lkeftd lanHkZ tcjheYy ikj[k
 1

CBCS
ch-,- izksxzke fganh

CC
(dksj@vfuok;Z iz'ui=k)

lsesLVj&1

1-1 fganh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk bfrgkl

bdkbZ&1 vkfndky
fganh Hkk"kk dk fodkl % lkekU; ifjp;
vkfndky % dky foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k
vkfndky dh izeq[k izo`fk;k

bdkbZ&2 HkfDrdky
HkfDr vkanksyu % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
HkfDrdky dh izeq[k izo`fk;k

bdkbZ&3 jhfrdky
jhfrdky % ukedj.k
jhfrdky dh izeq[k izo`fk;k

bdkbZ&4 vkkqfuddky
e;dkyhu cksk rFkk vkkqfud cksk (lae.k dh ifjfLFkfr;k)
vkkqfud fganh dfork dh izeq[k izo`fk;k
miU;kl] dgkuh] ukVd] fucak] vkykspuk rFkk vU; x| :i

lgk;d xzaFk

fganh Hkk"kk khjsanz oekZ

fganh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk HkksykukFk frokjh

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl jkepanz 'kqDy

fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl MkW- uxsanz

vkfndkyhu fganh lkfgR; ds v;;u dh fn'kk, vfuy jk;

fganh lkfgR; dk vrhr fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
 2

lsesLVj&2

2-1 fganh dfork e;dky vkSj vkkqfud dky

bdkbZ&1 % dchj&xzaFkkoyh_ ekrk izlkn xqIr_ yksdHkkjrh] 1969 bZ-

dchj lkp dkS vax (1) Hks"k dkS vax (5] 9] 12) laxzFkkbZ dkS vax (12)
lwjnkl lwjlkxj&lkj] laik- MkW- /hjsanz oekZ_ lkfgR; Hkou] 1990 bZ-
xksdqy yhyk in la[;k 20] 26] 27] 60
xksLokeh rqylhnkl rqylh xzaFkkoyh (nwljk [kaM)_ laik- vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy (ukxjh
izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh)
nksgkoyh Nan la[;k & 277] 355] 401] 412] 490

bdkbZ&2 %
fcgkjh jhfrdkO;&laxzg] txnh'k xqIr] xzaFke] dkuiqj] 1983 bZ-
Nan la[;k 9] 13] 18] 21] 58] 66] 67
?kukuan jhfrdkO;&laxzg_ txnh'k xqIr_ lkfgR; Hkou izk- fy-_ bykgkckn_
izFke laLdj.k_ 1961 bZ-
Nan la[;k 3] 14] 16] 18] 23] 24

bdkbZ&3 %
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr jbZlksa ds liwr (HkkjrHkkjrh] orZeku [kaM_ lkfgR; lnu_ >klh)
Nan la[;k 123 ls 128
t;'kadj izlkn chrh foHkkojh tkx jh! (ygj] yksdHkkjrh izdk'k] 2000)
fgeky; ds vkxu esa - - - (LdUnxqIr % Hkkjrh Hk.Mkj] bykgkckn] 1973 bZ-)

bdkbZ&4 %
gfjoa'k jk; ^cPpu* tks chr x;h - - - (gfjoa'k jk; cPpu % izfrfuf/ dfork,]
jktdey isij cSDl] laik- eksgu xqIr] 2009)
ukxktqZu mudks iz.kke! (ukxktqZu % izfrfuf/ dfork,] laik- ukeoj flag] jktdey isij
cSDl] 2009)
 3

Hkokuhizlkn feJ xhr&iQjks'k (nwljk lIrd] Hkkjrh; KkuihB izdk'ku_ f}rh; laLdj.k]
1970 bZ-)
lgk;d xzaFk %

dchj gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

rqylh dkO; ehekalk mn;Hkkuq flag

fcgkjh dh okfXoHkwfr fo'oukFk izlkn feJ

lwjnkl czts'oj 'kekZ

lwjnkl jkepanz 'kqDy

xksLokeh rqylhnkl jkepanz 'kqDy

?kukuan vkSj dkO;kkjk euksgj yky

lusg dks ekjx bejS ca?kk

eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr % O;fDr vkSj dkO; deydkar ikBd

izlkn] iar vkSj eSfFkyh'kj.k jke/kjh flag fnudj

izlkn dk dkO; izse 'kadj

t;'kadj izlkn uannqykjs oktis;h

gfjoa'kjk; cPpu laik- iq"ik Hkkjrh

vkkqfud fganh dfork fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh
 4

lsesLVj&3

3-1 fganh dFkk lkfgR;

bdkbZ&1 % miU;kl % Lo:i vkSj lajpuk

bdkbZ&2 % miU;kl % xcu izsepan
bdkbZ&3 % dgkuh % Lo:i vkSj lajpuk
bdkbZ&4 % dgkuh % ijnk ;'kiky
jkst & vKs;
fnYyh esa ,d ekSr & deys'oj
nkT;w & 'ks[kj tks'kh
gjh fcanh & eqnqyk xxZ
lgk;d xzaFk

izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx & jkefoykl 'kekZ

fgUnh miU;kl % ,d var;kZ=kk jkenj'k feJ

,d nqfu;k lekukUrj & jktsUnz ;kno

dgkuh % ubZ dgkuh ukeoj flag

ubZ dgkuh dh Hkwfedk & deys'oj

fganh dgkuh % varjax igpku & jkenj'k feJ

fganh dgkuh dh jpuk&izf;k ijekuan JhokLro

ubZ dgkuh % lanHkZ vkSj izfr nsoh'kadj voLFkh

lkfgR; ls laokn & xksis'oj flag

dqN dgkfu;k % dqN fopkj fo'oukFk f=kikBh
 5

lsesLVj&4
4-1 vU; x| fokk,

bdkbZ&1
f'ko'kaHkq ds fpV~Bs cuke ykMZ dtZu ckyeqoqaQn xqIr
lkfgR; dk mn~ns'; izzsepan
bdkbZ&2
HkfDru % laLej.k& egknsoh oekZ
vnE; thou jkaxs; jk?ko
bdkbZ&3
oS".ko tu (ofu :id) fo".kq izHkkdj
'kk;n % ,dkadh & eksgu jkds'k
bdkbZ&4
m[kM+s [kaHkss & gfj'kadj ijlkbZ (O;aX;)
yD[kk cqvk (^uaxk rykbZ dk xko* ls) fo'oukFk f=kikBh

lgk;d xzaFk %

fganh dk x| lkfgR; jkepanz frokjh

x|dkj tkudh oYyHk 'kkL=kh iky Hklhu

fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl jkeLo:i prqosZnh

fganh x| dk foU;kl vkSj fodkl jkeLo:i prqosZnh

fucakksa dh nqfu;k fot;nsoukjk;.k lkgh_ fueZyk tSu@gfjeksgu 'kekZ

fucakksa dh nqfu;k & f'koiwtu lgk;_ fueZyk tSu@vfuy jk;

Nk;koknkskj x| lkfgR; & fo'oukFk izlkn frokjh