Aditya Bhargava

Grokking
Algorithms
An illustrated guide for programmers
and other curious people


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ISBN 978-1617292231 . 2016 Manning Puications . All ights eserved .

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1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
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.......................... 19
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......................................... 37
..... .. .... ... ....................................... 39

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
............................................. 41
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
. ................. . .................... 49
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
. .. . .... ...... .. . .... ..... ............. . . .. . .. ..... 57
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
...................................................... 60
................................ 63
............... .......... . ... ..... . ....................... 65
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
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....................... .. ........ .... .... . ..... .. .. . . 74

4. .......................... 75
... .... ... . ....... .... ... ....... . .. ... .. ... . 76
.................................................... 85
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
......................... 93
....................................... 95
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
 7

5. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
......................................... 107
- ............................ 108
. .. ............ . ............. . .... . ..... 110
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
............. . ....... .. ........................... 116
........................ .. ...... ..... .... .. ...... .. .. 116
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
................................................... 125
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
............... .... ........................ 128
?.................... .... ........................ 131
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ........................ 132
. . . . . . . . . . . .... ........................ 135
.. .................. . .. .... ........................ 136
. ....... . .... . ............ . ........ .. .............. 137
.............................................. 138
........................................... 141
.. . . . ......... . .................... ... ...... 146
................................................... 147
.................................................... 150

7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
.................................... 152
................. .. .. ... ............. .. .......... 157
.......................................... 160
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
.. .. ..... . ................... ...... ... . ............ 181
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
N- .............................................. 196
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
, N-? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
............................................... 206
. ............................................ 207
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
: ....................................... 217
? ......................... 217
. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
? ...................... 220
, ? ......... ... 221
? ..... . ........... 221
? ................................. 221
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
, ? .... 225
, ? .. 226
........ ........................................... 226
. .. . . . . . .
.......................... 226
........ .. . . . . . .
.......................... 228
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
.......................... 229
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
.......................... 230
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
................................................... 235
.................................................... 235

10. k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
 9

.................................................. 245
............................................. 248
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
OCR ..... . ....... . .. . ........ . ......... . .............. ... .. 250
- ............. . ...... . ................. 251
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

11. ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
............... ........ ............................... 254
. ........ ............................... 258
. . . ........ ............................... 259
. ........ ............................... 260
MapReduce . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ............................... 261
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
reduce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Hyperloglog .................................. . .. 263
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Hyperloglog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
SHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
....... . ...... .. ........... . ................ . .......... 273

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
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 195

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