Resource Speaker

Jonryl P. Novicio
REE 041646

Topic

Seminar on
Industrial Power Design and
Practices- Important Aspects and
F ault Current C alculations

Guidelines

November 8 & 9, 2014

Sarrosa International Hotel, Cebu City
e e PREFACE

Calculation is further
Fault calculations for simplified by assuming
the proper use of a a 3-phase short-circuit
protective device is all three phases shorted
concerned with together.
maximum fault current.
Line-to-line faults are
For sake of simplicity, about 87% of 3-phase
we assume faults are fault current values
bolted, that is, one while ground faults
having no impedance range from 60-125%.
resulting from fault arcs.
Ground faults greater
than 3-phase fault are
so rare in industrial
system they are not
ordinarily calculated.

Prepared by : Jonryl P. Novicio 2

e e INTRODUCTION

Fault Studies play an important role of the power system

analysis. The problem consists of determining bus voltages
and line currents during various types of faults.

An electrical fault is any failure which interferes the normal

flow of current.

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e e CAUSES OF FAU LT

Damage
Insulation Causes due to
Problem of external
FAULT causes

Deterioration of
Collapse of insulation
Inherent insulation Animal
resulting from either Vegetation
Deterioration accelerated by self
direct lightning stroke Intrusion
generated surges

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e e TYPES OF FAU LT

Unbalanced or Balanced or
Unsymmetrical Symmetrical

Single Line- Double Line-

Line-Line Three-Phase
Ground Ground

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e e TYPES OF FAU LT

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e e TYPES OF FAU LT

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

WHEN A FAULT HAPPEN? Effect of Faults

A fault occurs when The directly resulting

two or more damage from system
conductors that faults can be classified
normally operate with a as follows:
potential difference
come in contact with a. Thermal
each other. b. Mechanical
c. Dielectric
The contact may be
physical metallic one or
it may occur through
an arc.

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

2.0 FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF FAULT CALCULATION

The proper selection of

protective devices and The main short-circuit
their selective trip settings protective devices are
is based on short-circuit
circuit breakers and
calculation.
fuses.

A short-circuit protective
device can be defined This is achieved by
as an electrical device automatically
inserted in a circuit to interrupting any
protect it against excessive current in
damage from an accordance with the
overload or short circuit. devices shortcircuit
capability.

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Inadequate short-
circuit protection often
is the source of
disastrous failures that
result in unnecessary
damage, power
interruption, injury of
personnel and big
production loss.

Conversely, arbitrary
oversized or overrated
protective devices
constitute a waste in
unnecessary extra-cost
equipment.
.
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e e FAULT CALCULATION
It follows that an exact
determination of short-
circuit conditions on an
electric-power system is
of utmost importance.
Interrupting capacity
represents the
maximum short-circuit
current that a power
system causes to flow
through a breaker or a
fuse when a fault
occurs in the circuit.
Prepared by : Jonryl P. Novicio
Even more important,
non-interrupting devices
such as cables, bus-
ducts, disconnect
switches, must withstand
thermal and mechanical
stresses (due to
magnetic force) of high
short-circuit currents
For suitable application
of breakers and fuses,
selection must be made
on the basis of proper
and safe operation.
The normal continuous
current they carry must
also be considered.
11
e e FAULT CALCULATION

SOURCES OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Short-Circuit Calculation in Three phase System

There are seven steps to follow in a short-circuit study:

Step 1- Prepare the one line diagram

Step 2- Select a convenient base kVA
Step 3- Get proper reactance values
Step 4- Make a reactance diagram
Step 5- Combine the reactances
Step 6- Determine symmetrical value
Step 7- Find the asymmetrical value
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 0.00007 OHM

0.0022
OHM
e e FAULT CALCULATION

SELECT CONVENIENT BASE VALUES

1. It is recommended that the chosen value is in the

system;
2. If not, make sure that after the conversion to a new
base the per unit values are not too large nor too small.

Base MVA=10 MVA

Base kV = 4.16 kV
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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Formulas for Conversion of Reactance into New Base Values

MVACHOSEN BASE
For Utility X UT j1.0
MVA S.C LEVEL

kVRATINGS
2
MVACHOSEN BASE
For generator, transformer, and motor, X new X old
kVCHOSEN BASE
2
MVARATINGS
pu pu

MVACHOSEN BASE
For cables , Zcablep.u ZOHM
kVCHOSEN BASE
2

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Reactance Conversions Calculations

Circuit Reactance on Elements Own Per Unit Reactance on Chosen Base
Element Rating Base
Utility Line 1000 MVA available, or 1.0 pu 10
XUT j1.0 j 0.01pu
1000
3000-kVA 7% = j0.07 pu 10
XTR1 j0.07 j0.2333pu
TR1 3
625 kVA 9% = j0.09 pu 10
Gen. X GEN j0.09 j1.44pu
0.625

Cable 1 0.030
X CABLE1 300ft. 0.009 X 10
0.009 4.162 j0.00518 pu
1000ft. CABLE 1

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Reactance Conversions Calculations

Circuit Reactance on Elements Own Per Unit Reactance on Chosen Base
Element Rating Base
Cable 2 0.0345
(2 cond. Per X CABLE 2 500ft. 0.01725 10
1000ft. X CABLE 2 0.00863 2
j0.004986 pu
phase) 4.16

1
X CABLE 2 0.01725 0.00863
2 10
X CABLE 3 0.021 2
j0.0121pu
0.030 4.16
Cable 3 X CABLE 3 700ft. 0.021
1000ft.
Current 3 4160 300
MVA 2.1616
10
Limiting X REACTOR j0.06 j0.2776 pu
1000 2.1616
Reactor 6% = j0.06 pu
750-kVA
10
TR2 5.5% = j0.055 pu XTR2 j0.055 j0.7333pu
0.75
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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Reactance Conversions Calculations

Circuit Reactance on Elements Own Per Unit Reactance on Chosen Base
Element Rating Base
600 HP Xd = 10% = j0.10 pu @
Synchrono 600 x 0.8 =480 kVA,
10
us Motor 0.8 = multiplying factor for X SYN. MOTOR j0.10 j2.0833pu
synchronous motors at any voltage 0.480
levels

0.000049 10
Bus No. 1 X bus1 12ft. X bus1 0.000588 2
j0.0255pu
ft. 0.000588 0.48

Bus No.2
3-sections 0.0000645 10
X bus2 2ft. 0.00013 X bus2 0.00013 2
j0.0056 pu
(2 ft. per ft. 0.48
section)

0.0381 10
Cables No. X CABLE 4&5 60ft. 0.00229 X CABLE 4&5 0.00229 2
j0.0995pu
1000ft. 0.48
4&5 Prepared by : Jonryl P. Novicio 20
e e FAULT CALCULATION

Reactance Conversions Calculations

Circuit Reactance on Elements Own Per Unit Reactance on Chosen Base
Element Rating Base
100 HP Xd = 20% = j0.2 pu @ 100 kVA
10
induction base.. For low voltage system X IND MOTOR j 0.20 j20 pu
motor 1HP1kVA, (Xd= 0.2-0.25 on its 0.1
own rating)
CB 1200 A. 0.00007
10
X CB 1200 0.0007 2
j0.00304 pu
0.48

CB 200 A. 0.001 10
X CB 200 0.001 2
j0.0434 pu
0.48

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Reactance Conversions Calculations

Circuit Reactance on Elements Own Per Unit Reactance on Chosen Base
Element Rating Base
CT 1200 A 10
X CT 1200 0.00007 2
j0.00304 pu
0.00007 0.48

10
X CT 200 0.0022 2
j0.0954 pu
CT 200 A 0.0022 0.48

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 - -
E + E +

XUT = j0.01
XGEN = j1.44

XTR1 = j0.233

XCABLE1 = j0.00518

F1
XREACTOR = j0.277 XCABLE3 = j0.0121
Fault 1
N1

XTR2 = j0.733
XCABLE2 = j0.00496

XBUS1 = j0.0255
XCT-1200 = j0.00304

XMOTOR =
j2.08 each

XCB-1200 = j0.00304
+ + +
E - E - E -
XBUS2 = j0.0056 XBUS2 = j0.0056 XBUS2 = j0.0056

F1
XCB-200 = j0.0434 XCB-200 = j0.0434
Fault 2
N1

XCT-200 = j0.0954 XCT-200 = j0.0954

XCABLE4 = j0.0995 XCABLE5 = j0.0995

XIND-MOTOR = j20 XIND-MOTOR = j20

+ +
E - E -

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 - -
E + E +

j0.243
XGEN = j1.44

XCABLE1 = j0.00518

F1
j0.282 j0.777
Fault 1
N1
XBUS2 = j0.0056 XBUS2 = j0.0056

F1
j0.693 j0.244 j0.238
Fault 2
N1

+
E XMOTOR = j20 XMOTOR = j20
-

+ +
E - E -

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 - -
E + E +

j0.243
j1.445

F1
j0.282 j0.777
Fault 1
N1

j0.693 j0.244 0.244

+
E XMOTOR = j20 XMOTOR = j20
-

+ +
E - E -

Prepared by : Jonryl P. Novicio 25

 j0.243

- -
E + E +
j1.445

j0.243
j1.445 j0.975
F1

Fault 1
j10.90
+ N1
F1 E -
j0.975 j10.90
Fault 1
N1

+ +
E - E -

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 j0.169 pu
Ipu

ZTH = Z1=X1 F1

Fault 1
0
+ 1 0 N1
-

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Combine Series Reactance

X sub total X UT XTR1

X sub total j 0.01 j 0.233
X sub total j 0.243

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Combine Reactance

X sub total X REACTOR X CABLE 2

X sub total j 0.277 j 0.00496

X sub total j 0.282
1 1 1 1

X sub total X SYN. MOTOR X SYN. MOTOR X SYN. MOTOR
1 1 1 1

X sub total j2.0833 j2.0833 j2.0833
X sub total j 0.693
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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Combine Series Reactance

X sub total X CABLE 3 XTR2 X BUS1 X CT 1200 X CB 1200

X sub total j0.0121 j0.7333 j0.0255 j0.00304 j0.00304
X sub total j0.777

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Combine Series Reactance

X sub total X BUS 2 X CB 200 X CT 200 X CABLE 4

X sub total j 0.0056 j0.0434 j0.0954 j0.0995
X sub total j 0.244

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Combine Reactance

X sub total X CB 200 X CT 200 X CABLE 5

X sub total j 0.0434 j 0.0954 j0.0995
X sub total j 0.238

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Combine Series Reactance

X sub total X GEN X CABLE 1

X sub total j1.44 j 0.00518
X sub total j1.445

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Combine Parallel Reactance

1 1 1
j0.777
X sub total X IND MOTOR j 0.243 X IND MOTOR j 0.243
1 1 1
j0.777
X sub total j20 j0.243 j20 j0.243
X sub total j10.90

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

X sub total j 0.282 j 0.693

X sub total j 0.975

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Combine Parallel Reactance

1 1 1 1 1

ZTH j 0.243 j1.445 j0.975 j10.90
ZTH Z1 X1 0.169 pu

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

100
IPU
ZTH Z1 X1
0
Symmetrical Fault Current
10 RMS
IPU
j 0.169
IPU 5.9172 900

IS.C IPU xIBASE

MVABASE
IS.C IPU
3kV
BASE

10 x106
IS.C 5.9172 3
4.16 x 10 3
IS.C 8212.25 A.
Prepared by : Jonryl P. Novicio 37
e e FAULT CALCULATION

Asymmetrical Fault Current

RMS

IS.C ASYM 1.6 ISYM

IS.C ASYM 1.6(8212.25)
IS.C ASYM 13,140 A

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 - -
E + E +

j0.243
XGEN = j1.44

XCABLE1 = j0.0233

j0.282 j0.777

XBUS2 = j0.0056 XBUS2 = j0.0056

F1
j0.693 j0.244 j0.238
Fault 2
N1

+
E XMOTOR = j20 XMOTOR = j20
-

+ +
E - E -

Prepared by : Jonryl P. Novicio 39

 -
E +

j0.949

XBUS2 = j0.0056 XBUS2 = j0.0056

F1
j20.243 j20.238
Fault 2
N1

+ +
E - E -

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 - -
E + E +

j0.908 j0.875

XBUS2 = j0.0056 XBUS2 = j0.0056 XBUS2 = j0.0056

F1 F1
j20.238
Fault 2 Fault 2
N1 N1

+
E -

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 j0.881

ZTH = Z1 F1

Fault 2
+ 0
1 0 N1
-

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e e FAULT CALCULATION
100
IPU
ZTH Z1 X1
100
IPU
j 0.881
IPU 1.1351 900

IS.C IPU xIBASE

MVABASE
IS.C IPU
3kV
BASE

10 x106
IS.C 1.1351 3
0.48 x10 3
IS.C 13, 652.82 A.
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e e FAULT CALCULATION

IS.C ASYM 1.25ISYM

IS.C ASYM 1.25(13, 652.82)
IS.C ASYM 17, 066 A

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e e FAULT CALCULATION

Thank You for your

Patience

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