WASTEWATER

COLLECTION SYSTEM

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 Wa stewater Collection System
The function of the collection system is to collect the
'vastewater from residential, commercial , a11d
industrial a.reas within the service area and transport
it to the trea.tment plant or disposal area.
The system poses a different challenge than the vvater
distribution system.
Wastewater 1nust be transpo1ted fro111 the point of
collection to the treatlnent plant as quickly as possible to
prevent septic conditions.
Wa ste flows are highly variable
Wa ste flows contain cores solids
Syste1n n1ay can.y stor1n iunoff

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 H)rdraulic Considerations

Waste\;va ter systen1s are usua lly designed as open channel

except where lift stations are required to overco1ne
topographic barriers.
The driving force for open-channel flow is gravity. The
velocity in an open-channel is deter1nined by Manning 's
equatlon:

V = 1.49 R 2 138112
n
Where
'
V = velocity of flow fps
n = coefficient of rouclu1ess
'-

R = hydra ulic radius , ft

S = slope of energy grade hne
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 Hydraulic Consideration s

Sanita1y se\Ners are usua lly circula r in cross section and

therefore it is c111nbersome to con1pute va lues for the
hydraulic radius and the cross sectional area for conditions
vvhen the pipe is pa1iially full.

TI1e follovving figure is used to cornpute the partia l-flo\;v

values fro111 full flow conditions .

4
n ;... .,, m

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 ,,('111."tf
r nm r
o

u
1 :cha l.'

-
;
--- -- - --
e
a
::t 40

30 90 100 110 120 130

gu n! 7.2 H drauhc elcm n o a circula r cti n for con t m 11.

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 Hydraulic Considerations

It is irnportant fro1n design point of vievv to 1naintain unifo11n

flovv. Uniforn1flow for a given slope and discharge 1nay occur
at less than or grater than critical depth.
> At or near critical depth, the flovv is highly unstable.
Theref ore it is nportant to avoid flow at critical depth.
Critica!depth occurs V\rhen the specific energy is a 1niniinu1n.
Specific energy is defined as:
Es = d + (V2/2g)
\Vhere d = depth of flow V = 1nean velocity
> The critical depth is calculated by taking the derivative of the
above equation \iVtb respect to depth setting it equal to zero,
and solving for de.

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 Design ,of Sanitary Sewer
House and building connections:
Connection from the main sewer to houses or other buildings are
connnonly const:ructed of vittified clay, concrete, or asbestos cement
pipe.
Building connections are usually 1nade on about a 2% grade vlith a
nrinimurn of 6-in or larger pipe.
> Collecting sev.r er:
Collecting sewer gather flo\rs fron1individual buildings and transport
them to an interceptor or n1ain sewer.
Location of these sevlers is dictated by local standards.
TI1e collecting sewer should be capable to cany the flow of the present
and funU"e population of the area it is se1ving.
TI1e design flo,;vs are the stun of the peak domestic, corrnnerciaL and
industlial flows in adclition to infiltration flow.
TI1e c.ollec.ting se\rer must transpo1t this clesign flow when flovving
full.

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 Design of Sanitary Se,ver
Collecting sewer: (continue)
Manholes are nonnally located at change in direction , grade, pipe size,
or at ntersect.ions of coUecting sewers.
lf anholes are usually spaced no n1ore than 400 ft apa1i to pennit for
inspection and cleaning vvhen necessary.
Tue nrinin1un1pipe size is usually 8-in.
Intercepting sewer:
Intercepting se\iver are expected to cany flo\ivs fi:on1 the collector
sewers inthe service area to the point of treatn1ent or disposal.
Tbey usually follow tbe valleys or naniral strean1beds of the drainage
area.
For 15- to 27-n se\ivers rnanholes are const111cted at least every 600 ft.
Grades should be designed so that tbe criteria regarding tnaximum and
nnin1u1n velocities are satisfied.

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 House connections

Collecting sewer

lnterceptors

/
9

. ;.... , m

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 Design of Sanitary Se'\ver
Materials :
Collecting and intercepting sewers are constructed of the
following 1na teria ls:
-Asbestos cement pipe.
- Concrete pipe.
-Vitrified clay pipe.
-Brick .
-Plastic or PVC.
Care should be taken not to exceed per1nissible structural
loading on the n1ateria l selected.
Infor1nation on pipe loadings are rea dily available fro1n the
u1anufach1res.

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 Design of Sanitary Se,ver
Syste1n Layout:
Tbe first step in designing a sevverage systen1is to estabHsh an overall
systern layout that includes a plan of the area to be se\lered sho\ring
roads streets, buildings other utilities topography, soil type, etc. . .
Care should be taken to include undeveloped areas.
A tentative layout of collecting sewers and intercepting se\er should
be rnade.
Tbe sevver location should minimize the length required wbile
providing service to the entire area.
Nonnally, the sevler slope should follow the ground surface so that
flows can foUow the approxnnate path of the area 's surface cfrainage.
In sorne instances, it inay be necessa1y to lay the sewer slope in
opposition to the stnface slope, or to pmnp the \rastes across a
drainage divide.

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 Ground surface

_.---. -------------------------- -

.........-- --- --- ---- ------
.....
Sewer

Ground surface

Sewer

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 /-
I

....
/
/
I

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I

Flgu"' 7.S T.)pic: 1 1 out fi r che < e 1n ni " r.i ... "'' h
:m

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 Design of Sanita1y Se,ver
Hydraulic design:
The rnaiI1consideration for the hyckaulic design is that the peak design
t1ovvs be can-ied by the flovving full at velocities greater enough to
prevent sedimenta tion yet srnall enough to prevent erosion.
The hydraulic gradient must not change abn1ptly at changes in
horizontal direction, pipe size, or quantity of flow. This is in order to
nlinirnize head loss.
In case purnping is required, force maius (pressure flovv) must be
designed to cru.1y the flows. It should be noted that the cost of pun1ping
is an impo1iant considerat.ion.
In pressure flovv, velocity should be designed to prevent sedimentation
and erosion. Values ranging betvveen 3-5 fps are connnon.

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1 111 1

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 Design ,of Sanitary Se,ver
Protecting against floodwaters
Because the volume of sanita1y wastewater is s1nall con1pared to tlood
flows, it is itnpo1tant to prevent admittance of large surface-runoff
volumes to the sewers.
If large quantites of floodwater enter the sewers the treatment plant
will be overloaded resulting in loss of degree of treatn1ent.
To prevent or reduce flood\:vater from entering the se-vvers:
- Tbe 1nanhole sf acks a1e raised above tbe flood level (for interceptors
sewers) if possible.
- Wate1iight 1nanhole covers are e1nployed .

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-"' -
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 Design of Sanitary Se,ver
Inve1ted Siphons
An inverted siphon is a section of sewer consttucted below the
hydraulic gradient due to sorne obshuction and operates under
pressure.
Usually nvo or inore pipes are needed to handle tlo\\r valiability.
The rninirnu1n flow in a siphon must be great enough to prevent
deposition of suspended solids.
\Vhen more tban one pipe is required
- The snrnll pipe handle the lo\.\ flows
- Inte1n1ediate flows are ha11dled by the s1nall pipe and the a laig.er one
- Maxinuun flow n1ay require the use of three or rnore pipes .
By subdivicling the flow in this inanner, adequate cleaning velocities
are insured for all tlow inagnitudes.

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l;.... i. m __

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 lnlet Structure of inverted siphon

Excess flow 2

lnftow
-----1-- - Mnimum flow 1

FIw exceeding 1i & 2

- 'SZ_ Water Level3

,.--

.---
v water Level 2
.---

"7 Water Level 1

o o (\
/
11 7

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 LateraIs

, , ,
\\
,
, , \\ ,

Main

, , ,
,
, , , ! Reach

Manholes

Lower manhole or
downstream manhole

Trunk sewer

Main

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Crown Corrosion

H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid)

H2S : Hydrogen Sulfide

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Design of sanitary sewer systems
Design flow: peak hourly flow and peak infiltration allowance
PF = 15.05 Q-0.167
Where Q is in m3/d
Hydraulic design equation: Manning equations
V=(1/n)R2/3 s1/2
Sewer Material and sizes:
To avoid clogging > 200 mm dia. should be used.
Minimum and Maximum Velocity:
minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s with flow at one half- full or full
depth.
mean velocity of 0.75 m/s
maximum mean velocities of 2.5 to 3.3 m/s
Minimum slope :to maintain self cleaning velocity of 0.6 m/s

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 Nomograph for solution of
Mannings formula

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Examples 1: Design flow for sewer

A 40 hec drainage basin containing 24 hec net

residential area with average 5 dwelling units per
hec with 4 residents, and 16 hec zoned commercial
area. Determine the design flow for a sewer
servicing this area.
Take wastewater generation for
Residential = 300 l/capita/day
Commercial = 1800 l/hec/day
Peak I & I allowance = 9000 l/hec/day

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Example 1 solution
ADF for residential area

(24 hec x 5 DU/hec x 4 Res./DU x 300 l/Res) = 144m3/day

ADF for commercial area

(16 hec x 1800 l/Hec) = 288 m3/day

ADF from Res. And Comm area

= 144 m3/day + 288 m3/day = 432 m3/day

Calculate peaking factor

PF= 15.05 Q-0.167 =15.05x (432)-0.167 = 5.45

Calculate PDF

PDF = 5.45 x 432 + I & I = 2354.4 + 9 x40=2714.4 m3/day

= 0.0314m3/sec = 1.885 m3/min

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 Example 2
A 120 m reach of sewer is to be designed with a flow
capacity of 100 L/s. The street elevation at the upper
manhole is 90.00 m and the lower manhole is 87.60
m, as shown below. Determine an appropriate pipe
diameter and slope for this reach, and establish the
pipe invert elevations at the upper and lower
manholes. Assume a minimum earth cover of 2 m
above the crown of the pipe.

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90
Ground surface

89

88

87

86

1
o Distance, 1n 120

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Example 2 Solution

ground slope = (90 87.6)/120 = 0.02

Enter the Mannings monograph with s = 0.02 and Q = 100 L/s
We read d = 260 mm take standard dia. of 250mm but the
slope has to be steeper, about 0.03 to have a capacity of 100 L/s
If the slope is 0.03 the drop will be 0.03 x 120 = 3.6 m which
means extra cover of 3.6 2.4 =1.2 m
select a larger dia. Of 300 mm at 0.02 slope full-flow
capacity would be 135 L/s.
we have partial flow condition
q/Qfull =100/135 = 0.74 we read d/D = 0.63 from partial
flow diagram d = 0.63 x 300 = 190 mm of depth of flow
The full flow velocity = 1.95 m/s
For d/D = 0.63 v/vfull = 1.06 v = 1.06 x 1.95 = 2.1 m/s
select 300 mm dia. at 0.02 slope
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Example 2 Solution cont.
Calculate the invert elevation
Upper invert elevation = ground elv. - cover - pipe
diameter

= 90.00 - 2.00 - 0.3 = 87.70 m

Drop in the elevation of sewer
Fall of sewer = 0.02 x 120 = 2.40 m

= 90.00 - 2.00 - 0.3 = 87.70 m

lower invert elevation = Upper invert elevation fall of
sewer

= 87.70 - 2.4 = 85.30 m

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 Example 2 Solution cont.
Ground elv. 90.00
90
Grotmd surfac.e

89

Ground elv. 87.60

88
D = 300 tllln, s = 0.02

87

86

D = 300 rnrr s = 0.02

85 l.2 m

o 120

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