WELCOME

to
CE401 Water Resources Engineering
Prof. V. Jothiprakash
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai Mumbai 400 076
vprakash@iitb.ac.in
 Need of this subject

Water
One of the important matter for human life
Which has no shape but has definite volume
Next to air
Man can survive without water for 29 days only (official
records)
Socio-economic status poor and rich
Status of people
developed developing underdeveloped
Holiness of water purity and dirtiness
Cause for life and death
Cause for the integrity and fight
 Contd
Hydrology and Water Resources
Engineering
Involves
People
Natural Resources
Constructed facilities
Population people plants- animal
ever increasing
need of resources are also ever increasing
 Contd
Natural resources
Are limited
Used extensively
Wasted due to mismanagement

Constructed facilities
Is not coping with increasing demand
Facilities are becoming excessively loaded
Reaching their designed capacities
 Contd
In meeting the water related needs
Hydrologists
Assess the quantity of water available for human use
Spatial and temporal variations in the water availability
Various processes that affects the water availability
Need to forecast the hydrological variables- to find how much it is?
Water Resources Engineers
Formulate and implement resource management strategies
Carried out when the demand is always less than the supply
(availability)
Plan, design, construct and operate the water resources
structural facilities
When demand is more than the supply (availability)

Develop models to meet the demand with the available resources

 Contd
Some of the Hydrology and water
resources related facilities
River regulation structures
dams, weirs, barrages, river protection works
Wells for pumping ground water
Storage and conveyance facilities
Dams, canals, over head tanks, etc.
Treatment plants
Water distribution networks
Waste water management systems
Flood damage reduction measures
Erosion mitigation practices
Drought mitigation
Strom water drainage systems
Bridges
Hydro-electric power plants
A Dam
A Weir
A Barrage
River meandering
River Ganga
River Godavari
River Krishna
River Tapi
Surat City
River training works
River Protection works (Walls)
Wells for pumping ground water

Water
Supply
 Waste water
Treatment
plants
Irrigation
canal
Drinking Water Treatment Plants
Assessing the Flood Damage
Flood damaged paddy field
Flood Mitigation works
Drought
Storm water drainage
 Thus Hydrologists and water resources
engineers serve the PUBLIC / SOCIETY by
solving problems and addressing needs related
to developing and or maintaining the physical
infrastructure and protecting and or restoring the
environment
YES, Hydrology and Water Resources
Engineer
need to study this subject
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Q: Do you agree with this conclusion?

- If yes means substantiate your stand and
- No means explain why?
Subjects related to Water Resources
Engineering
Hydrology
Occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of
waters of the earth
Understanding of various hydrologic processes, data collection
and analysis, mathematical modeling etc.,

To predict the hydrological variables and also to develop

planning models

Hydraulics
Mechanical behavior of water in physical systems
Practical application of the principle of fluid mechanics
Flow through open channels, pressure conduits etc.,
Sediment transport etc.,
 Contd
Water Resources Systems Engineering
Formulation and evaluation of alternative plans
Subject to natural laws
Engineering principles
Economic constraints
Institutional capability
Financial capability
Social constraints
Legal constraints
Political constraints
Hydro-systems Engineering
Water Resources planning and management
Urban planning and management
 Contd
Environmental Engineering
Sanitary Engineering and Waste Water Engineering
Provision of safe palatable and ample water supply
Disposal and or recycling of waste water
Solid waste management
Air, Land and Water pollution control
Health Hazards
Irrigation Engineering
Reservoir, and canal operation
Optimal cropping patterns
Managing Large scale irrigation systems
Command area development
 Use of Hydrology in
WATER MANAGEMENT
Surface water Ground water

Development
Control
regulation
protection
beneficial use
 Activities in Hydrology and Water
Policy formulation
Management
Inter-national resources Sponsoring Institute
National resources Central Government
Regional resources State Government
Local resources Municipalities
Regulatory function
- Central Government
Formulation and implementation of resources management
resources
- State Government
Planning, design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation and
operation of structures and facilities
- Central and State Government Agencies in support with WUA
and NGO
Scientific and engineering research
- Research Institutions
Education and Training
- Central, State Government training centers and other
research organizations.
 In depth details of Hydrology
Water
Crucial element for human survival next to air
Key element in the socio-economic development of a
country

Water demand
Increasing
Extensive and intensive agriculture
Power production
Municipal and industrial use (urbanization and
industrialization)
 Contd
Availability
Constant over a period of time

Spatial and temporal variations

Availability over a space and time
To over come this variations and to meet the demands
Judicial use is needed
Effective and efficient utilization is also needed
Large, medium and small reservoirs
Need to be operated to optimal condition
The best possible manner
Requires systematic study
 SWOT analysis of Water Resources
Strength
India is gifted with large number of rivers
400 x 1010 m3 of water available

Weakness
Spatial and temporal distribution
Rainfall of 11,500 mm at Cherrapunji and 215 mm at Jaisalamer
69 x1010 m3 is utilizable form
Storage is insufficient to meet the demand
Monsoon failure or excess rainfall in one monsoon
Pollution of the existing resources
Non awareness among various water users
There is no judicial use
There is no efficient, effective and economic utilization (EEE)
 Contd
Reservoirs
Improper operation
No single algorithm available to solve WR problem
Topography does not allow construction of very large dams
Improper understanding of the hydrological phenomena
Complex interaction between human and nature

Aquifers
Problems in identification of GW zones / recharge zones
Site specific detailed study needed for each and every aquifer
Over exploited
Pumpage more than recharge
Waterlogging / salinity
Due to over irrigation
Improper drainage arrangements
 Contd
Opportunities
To store them in small reservoirs
To store more water in aquifer proper management
To operate the reservoirs optimally
To allocate water to various users
To maximize the economic return
Augment the sources
On form developmental works
Reuse or recycling
Creating awareness of judicial use among various
users
Developing efficient, effective and economic utilization
methodologies
 Contd
Threats
Large spatial and temporal variations
Paving of good aquifer areas
Demand is ever increasing
Sociological problems
Implementation of best polices
Irreversible pollution made
Awareness programs back fire

But in INDIA many reservoirs need optimal operating polices

Systematic study is needed
This should include the use of Ground water available
We need detailed ground water resource assessment for
augmentation
Identify suitable areas for ground water recharge

Thus we need mathematical models to achieve the above objectives

by incorporating the stochasticity in the input variables
Just a small Hint about History of Hydrology and
water resources
Who are the pioneers in Astrology,
Hydrology and Water Resources????
Greek
Indian
The god Helios / Sun riding his solar chariot which is drawn by four
winged horses. (an ancient Greek vase) (fifth century BC)
Egypt
Rome, Peru, Bamian
In India
Science
 History of Water Resources in Tamil Nadu
Chronological order

Dates back to pre Christian era

Rain is the only source of water
Mariamman

Malaysia Singapore Tamil Nadu

2000 years back irrigation Weirs and canals were
constructed for raising three crops
Kallanai in Cauvery River near Tiruchirappalli
By Karikala Chola
Kallanai (part of Grand Anicut, reconstructed by
British Engineers)
Grand Anicut, reconstructed by British Engineers
 Famous CE during British Rule
Col. Sir Arthur Cotton KC RIE 1853-1858
Lt.Col. J. Penny Cuick CS IRE 1886-1887
C.A. Smith CIE 1906-1913
Col. W.M. Ellis CIER 1914-1917
W.J. Howley 1917-1921
Col. A.H. Moris 1921-1923
C.I. Mullings 1925-1928
R.F. Stoney 1928-1931
Mr. Mcintosh 1932-1947
 Status of Hydrology and Water
Resources today
Hydrology is as old as civilization
We are trying to understand the various processes
in hydrology and water availability
We try to find out the future values of the
hydrological variables through stochastic modeling
We try to bend the nature to our requirements
90% of the countries, there is inland water
resources problem
Non-availability
Excess availability
Internal water sharing dispute
10% of the countries has cross country water
resources problem
NATURE has created the Resource

WA teR
WAR
asked us to Manage
We are going to be part of this WAteR
- To solve (shoot) the problem
IFtewe fail in this
technically management
efficient
- To create way
the problem
te technically effective way
te technically economic way
Introduction is over, we will move on to
the subjects needed to study in detail