1.1.

29 ISM- COMPREHENSIVE R EVIEW

Learning Objectives - Review all of

Lesson Review


We have finished the last property of the !In this lesson we will do a comprehensive review
of everything we have learned thus far. After this review, refer to the chart provided at the end.

Every has four properties: 1) Status 2) Number 3) Gender and 4) Type.
1. Status has four parts: a) Form b) How to tell status using Ending Sounds vs. Ending
Combinations c) Light vs. Heavy and d) Flexibility
a. Form
i. : doer
ii. : detail
iii. : word after of
b. How to tell status: Ending Sound vs. Ending Combination
i. Ending Sound
1. or (un or oo)
2. or (an or aa)
3. or (in or ee)
ii. Ending Combination
1. Pair combinations (heavy): , (aani, ayni)

2. Plural combinations (heavy): , (oona, eena)
3. Feminine plural combinations (heavy): ,
(aatun, aatin)
c. Light vs. Heavy
i. By default, s are heavy, meaning they have a sound at the end.
There are two types of heavy:
1. Heavy due to sound: the word has an sound because of a
double vowel (tanween) at the end
2. Heavy due to ending combination: the word ends in the letter

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ii. In some special cases we can make an light, meaning we remove the
sound from the end.
1. We have to be careful which kind of we remove. We can only
remove the sound if it comes from an ending tanween sound
(, , ) or from an ending combination ( , , ).
iii. If a word has on it like , it is neither light nor heavy.
iv. Status doesnt change if an is light or heavy. For example, and
will both have the same characteristics.
d. Flexibility
i. Fully Flexible: these are most Arabic words
1. They take tanween and kasrah normally
ii. Partly Flexible: names of places and non-Arab names
1. They cant take a kasrah and are light (no tanween)
iii. Non Flexible: words that never change at all
1. These words can be , , or , but they will always look the
same, regardless of which status they are in
2. Usually words ending in or are non-flexible
2. Number has three categories: a) Singular b) Dual c) Plural
a. Singular
, ,
i. Examples:
b. Dual
, ,
i. Examples:
ii. Remember: the and forms look the same for dual s
c. Plural has six categories
i. Masculine Plural ( , )
1. Includes humans, angels, and jinn
2. Includes women
ii. Human Feminine Plural ( ,
)
iii. Non-Human Feminine Plural ( ,
)
1. Treated as she (feminine, singular)
iv. Human Broken Plural
1. Ends with ending sounds , , and
2. They look like they are singular, but they are actually plural; you
would know this only by their translation
3. Treated either as she (feminine, singular) or they
(masculine/feminine, plural)
v. Non-Human Broken Plural
1. Treated only as she (feminine, singular)
vi. Ism Jama
1. These are plural because the Arabs said so

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3. Gender is divided into two categories: a) Masculine and b) Feminine

a. Masculine words are the default for all s. Unless there is specifically a reason
for a word to be feminine, it will be masculine.
b. Feminine words are of two types
i. Real Feminine: a word that means something that is actually female
1. Examples: mother, sister, daughter, aunt, cow
2. All of these people (and animal) are actually females so we dont
have to go any further. Common sense tells us that the word for
mother would be a real feminine word.
ii. Fake Feminine: words that are not actually female, but are referred to as
she regardless. The Arabs chose to refer to some things as feminine,
even though they are not actually female. There are three different
categories of Fake Feminine:
1. Words ending in:
a. : This is the most common way of finding fake feminine
words. Most words with this letter at the end are
feminine.
b. /: There are specific types of words that are feminine
when they end with either of these letters, but not all
Arabic words, so this doesnt always work. These letters
work in specific cases, and youll learn them in time.
2. Broken plurals (recall that there are two types):
a. Non-human broken plurals
i. These are always considered as she (feminine,
singular), but its a fake she because these non-
human words arent actually female. Thus, non-
human broken plurals are fake feminine.
b. Human broken plurals: As we learned earlier, we can call
these she. By doing that, we consider them to be fake
feminine.
3. Feminine because the Arabs said so
a. Body parts in pairs
i. Examples: elbows, ankles, knees, etc.
b. Random set of words outlined in story in Unit 1.4.2
4. Type is divided into two categories: a) Common and b) Proper
a. Common
i. Words that are general and non-specific
1. Examples: a book, a car, a girl

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b. Proper
i. Words that are specific
1. Examples: my book, his car, that girl
ii. There are seven categories of proper words
1. Proper names (names of people or places)
a. Examples: Alya, Touqeer, Dallas, Chicago
2. Words with
a. Words with cannot have tanween
i. Note that this does not mean words with are
light (recall that light s do not take tanween or
kasrah). When a word has an , it is neither light
nor heavy.
ii. Handy tip: if you see an with a tanween, the
is usually common
3. Pronouns
a. Examples: I, we, she, they, we
4. Pointers
a. Examples: this, that, these, those
5. Ism Mowsool
a. Examples: , , , etc.
6. The one being called ( )
7. If the after of is proper, then the before of is proper

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