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Hints & Solutions

SECTION A (ii) The outermost shell of an atom cannot
21 22 have more than 8 electrons and the
1. 10 A and 10 B are isotopes. They have same
shell next to outermost (second last
atomic number (z = 10) but different mass shell) shell can not have more than 18
number.
electrons. (1+1 = 2 marks)
2. Sclerenchyma. (1 mark)
(b) Maximum number of electrons in any shell
3. Zero, as work done W = Fs cosq (1mark)
= 2n2.
4. The conventions followed while writing the
scientific names are: K , L, M , N , O , P
For P shell n = 6
(i) The name of the genus begins with a capital 1 2 3 4 5 6
letter.
\ Maximum number of electrons = 2 62 = 72
(ii) The name of the species begins with a small
letter. (1 mark)
(iii) When printed, the scientific name is given 9. (a) The amount of oxygen per gram of nitrogen
in italics. in NO2 should be exactly twice as that of
(iv) When written by hand, the genus name and NO, as required by the formulas of the two
the species name have to be underlined
substances. Therefore, 2.285g oxygen
separately. (2 marks)
5. (i) Poliomyelitis or Polio. would combine with 1.000g nitrogen.
(ii) It can be prevented through immunization (1 marks)
with oral polio vaccine. (b) No. of moles of N
(1 2= 2 marks)
force
6. Pressure = ( marks) 2mol of N
area = (8.60 mol of O) = 3.44 mol of N
The thin string exerts a large pressure on the 5molof O
shoulder of the child due to its smaller area.
(1 marks)
A school bag has wide strap so that weight of the
bag may fall over a large area of the shoulder of 10. (a) Number of O-atoms in 1 mol of O3
the child producing less pressure on the shoulder. = 3 6.023 1023
As a result it will be comfortable to carry the bag. Number of O-atoms in 1 mol of O2
(1 marks) = 2 6.023 1023
7. Work done = Force Displacement As O-atoms in 1 mol of O3 > O-atoms in 1
= 7 N 8m = 56 Nm = 56 J (2 marks) mol O2
8. (a) (i) An orbit (or energy level or shell) can Thus, Mohans answer is correct. (1 mark)
accommodate a maximum of 2n 2 (b) Intelligence, decision making, problem
electrons, where n is the number of solving etc. are some values displayed by
orbit. Mohan. (1 mark)
1st orbit (K-shell) can have 2 12 = 2 (c) One moles of H2SO4 contains 1 mole of
electrons. sulphur atoms and 4 mole of oxygen atoms.
2nd orbit (L-shell) can have 2 22 = 8 One mole of H2SO3 has 1 mole of sulphur
atoms and 3 moles of oxygen atoms.
electrons
One mole of SO2 has 1 mole of sulphur atoms
3rd orbit (M-shell) can have 2 32 = 18
and 2 moles of oxygen atoms. (1mark)
electrons

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11. The group-Amphibia is advanced than Pisces
because (1 mark)
(i) The amphibians have three-chambered
heart whereas fishes have two-chambered
heart,
(ii) Amphibians respire through lungs while
fishes have gills for respiration. (2 marks)
12. The coelomic cavity meant for blood circulation
is termed as haemocoel. In haemocoel, the blood
flows freely, so this type of blood circulation is
known as open type circulation. Haemocoel is
found in the animals of phylum Arthropoda.
(3 marks)
13. AIDS is Acquired Immuno Deficiency syndrome,
it is caused due to HIV, human immuno deficiency
virus. This virus reduces the immunity of human
body. (1 mark)
Mode of transmission:
(i) Sexual contact with the affected person. In
India, the most common route of HIV
transmission is through unprotected sex.
(ii) Using the same syringe as that of affected
person.
(iii) Transfusion of blood contaminated with
human immuno deficiency virus.
(iv) From mother to new born baby during
pregnancy or during birth. (2 marks)
14. The outer ear pinna collects the sound produced
by a vibrating body.
The collected sound passes though the auditory
canal. When a compression of the medium
reaches the eardrum the pressure on the outside
of the membrane increases and forces the
eardrum inward. Similarly, the eardrum moves
outward when a rarefaction reaches it. In this
way eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are
amplified several times by three boxes (the
hammer, crinol and stirrup) in the middle ear.
The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure
variations received from the sound wave to the
inner ear. In the inner ear, the pressure varations
are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea.
These electrical signals are sent to the brain in
the auditory nerve and brain interprets them as
sound. Thus the sound produced by a vibrating
object in a medium reach our ear. (3 marks)
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15. (a) In this case force is perpendicular to
displacement. ( q = 90)
W = Fs cos 90 = 0 (zero work done)
(1 mark)
(b) In this case F and s are in same direction.
(q = 0)
W = Fs cos 0 = Fs (positive work done).
(1 mark)
(c) In this case F and s are in opposite direction.
(q = 180)
W = Fs cos 180
= Fs (1) = Fs (negative work done).
(1 mark)
16. (a) Law of floatation: The weight of a floating
body is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by the immersed part of the body.
(1 mark)
(b) Density of cork is less than water, therefore,
buoyant force is more than the weight of
cork. Hence, cork floats. Whereas, the
density of iron nail is more than water,
therefore, the buoyant force on nail is less
than its weight. Hence, it sinks. (2 marks)
17. Yes, Certain bodies may possess both kinetic
and potential energies at the same time. A flying
bird, a flying aeroplane, and a man climbing a
hill, all have kinetic energy as well as potential
energy. A stationary stone lying at the top of a
hill has only potential energy. When this stone
starts rolling downwards, it has both kinetic and
potential energy. And when the stone reaches
the bottom of the hill, it has only kinetic energy.
(3 marks)
18. Nitrogen is present in inert form in the nature.
Only few bacteria are capable of converting inert
nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites which are used
to make the required molecules.
Nitrogen is fixed by two ways in nature.
(i) Biological process Free living bacteria
or bacteria associated with root nodules of
legumes convert inert nitrogen to nitrates
and nitrites.
(ii) Physical process During lightening at
high temperature and pressure nitrogen is
converted into oxides which dissolve in
water forming nitric and nitrous acid and
fall on land with rain. (3 marks)

19. (a) Principal takes initiative in planning
activities to protect and improve natural
environment. (1 mark)
(b) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) produce
active chlorine in the presence of UV
radiations. These radicals catalytically
destroy ozone converting it into oxygen.
(1 mark)
(c) Due to increased temperature the ice-caps
would melt, there is rise in the sea-level and
it is feared that coastal areas would be
destroyed by flood. (1 mark)
20. In order to explain the objections raised for
Rutherfords model. Neils Bohr in 1912 gave a
new model of atom called Bohrs model.
According to this model
(i) An atom consists of a small positively
charged nucleus situated at its centre.
(ii) The negatively charged electrons revolve
around the nucleus in certain definite
circular paths called energy levels.
(iii) Each energy level is associated with a
definite amount of energy.
(iv) The energy levels are either numbered
1, 2, 3, 4 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ....) or designated as K,
L, M, N .....
outwards from the nucleus.
22.
(5 marks)
(v) The change in energy of an electron takes
place only when it jumps from a lower energy
level to a higher energy level (gain of energy)
or when it jumps from a higher energy level
to a lower energy level (Loss of energy). It
means that as long as the electrons remain
23.
in a given energy level, they neither gain
nor lose energy and atom remains stable.
21. (a) Advantages of classification:
(i) Better categorization of living beings
weight of ice block = (AHr) g
based on common characters.
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(ii) Easier study for scientific research.
(iii) Better understanding of humans
relation and dependency on other
organisms.
(iv) Helps in cross breeding and genetic
engineering for commercial purposes.
(2 marks)
(b) (i) Bilaterally symmetry: When the parts
of an animal body are arranged in such
a manner that its body can be divided
into two similar (left and right) halves
only by passing through the central
or medium axis. Example: Human
beings
(ii) Coelom: Coelom is the internal body
cavity of most of the triploblastic
animals which lie between body wall
and visceral organs and is formed by
the splitting of mesoderm into outer
and inner layers. Example: Earthworm,
chordates.
(iii) Triploblastic: The animals having
three primary embryonic cell layers
viz., the ectoderm, mesoderm and
endoderm from which different tissues
and organs of the animals body
differentiate out. Example: Frog.
(1 3 =3 marks)
SONAR is the short from of Sound Navigation
and Ranging. SONAR works on the principle of
finding time taken by ultrasonic sound to travel
back to the ship after hitting the target. (1 marks)
2d
It is given by t = where v is the velocity of
v
wave in the media and d is the distance of the
object from the ship. It has a transmitter and
receiver to send and receive ultrasonic waves.
(2 marks)
It is used to locate under water bodies or enemy
submarine etc. (1 mark)
Let x be the thickness of ice block above the
surface of water.
If H is the thickness of ice block, A its cross
sectional area and r the density of ice, then
(1 mark)

Weight of displaced water = (H - x) Asg ,
where s is the density of water.. (1 mark)
By the principle of floatation,
weight of ice block = weight of water displaced
AHrg = (H - x) Asg
r 31. (c) According to laws of reflection of sound
\ x = H 1 - (1 mark)
s (i) The incident wave, normal and
Here H = 5m, (r / s ) = 0.9 (since relative den-
sity of ice is 0.9)
\ x = 5 (1 0.9) = 0.5 m
Hence the minimum length of rope required to
scoop up a bucket = minimum length of rope
required to reach the water through the hole
= 0.5 m. (2 marks)
24. Foodgrains get spoiled by insects, fungi, rodents,
bacteria, moisture, temperature in the place of
storage.
Storage losses can be minimised by following
preventive and control measures.
(i) The seeds/grains that are to be stored
should be dry, with no moisture in it.
(ii) The grains should be cleaned.
(iii) The grains should be fumigated using
chemicals that kills pest.
(iv) The storage houses should be water proof.
(v) The grains should be stored in sealed gunny
bags or metal containers.
(vi) The bags should be stacked in order in pile
for proper fumigation, and should be kept
few centimetres away from the wall.
(vii) The ventilators if any should be closed
tightly, to avoid birds visiting the storage
house and destroy the grains.
(viii) The walls and the floor should be water-
proof with no holes in it, to avoid rodents,
pests. (5marks)
SECTION B
25. ( b)
26. (d) Pinus belongs to sub-division Gymno-
spermae include plants that bear naked
seeds.
27. (c) Difference of reading will give the mass of
the solid
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Density of substance
28. (c) Relative density =
Densityof water
i.e. Density of substance is 10 times more
than water, hence it will sink.
29. (d)
30. (c) This is according to Archimedes principle.
reflected wave lie in the same plane.
(ii) Angle of in ciden ce = an gle of
reflection.
32. (a) 33. (c)
34. (d) Weight of solid = Weight of liquid displaced.
35. (d) Adventitious or fibrous roots are found in
monocotyledons. They can be originate
from base of stem, leaf, nodes and
internodes.
36. (b) Agaricus (Mushroom) belongs to kingdom
Fungi. Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotic
organisms.
37. (d)
38. (d) Earthworm belongs to phylum Annelida.
Annelids have a true body cavity. There is
extensive organ differentiation occurs in a
segmental fashion, with the segments lined
up one after the other from head to tail.
39. (c) CO2 will be formed as a result of reaction
between CH3COOH and NaHCO3. Thus a
bottle with cork or stopper will be more
appropriate to conduct experiment than
beaker. More over vinegar should be poured
with the help of funnel to avoid getting neck
of bottle wet. Which will effect the results.
40. (c) According to law of mass conservation
mass of recontants is equal to mass of
products, hence from the reaction
NaOH+ H Cl Na Cl+ H 2 O
13.5 29.3
mass of HCl = 29.3 13.5 = 15.8
41. (b) In dicotyledonae, leaves have reticulate
venation with a network of veins and the
flower have five or multiple of five petals.
Examples: Pea, Potato, Banyan, etc.
In moncotyledonae, leaves have parallel
venation and the flowers have three or
multiple of three petals. Examples: Maize,
wheat, rice etc.
42. (d)
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SECTION C R for Reduce - It should be encouraged to
43. Yes, there is a need to teach the people from all reduce waste by purchasing in bulk, buying
sections of our country that they need to think items with less packaging and switching to
about the society benefits rather than individual reusable instead of single-use items.
benefits. Various ways to implementing this
R for Reuse- Much of the waste can
teaching is given below:
immediately be reused to minimize the strain
By making Environmental sciences as a
on the environment and municipal waste
mandatory subject in schools and
management. For example, everyone can
universities.
refill a purchased bottle of water with water
By introducing courses on eco -tourism and
from home to minimize the number of plastic
sustainable culture subjects in schools and
bottles being discarded.
colleges.
R for Recycle- When waste is eventually
By promoting eco development.
discarded, segregating items for recycling
By promoting eco tourism on large scale.
from other waste is important. Recyclables
44. The 3'R's of environment which signify Reduce, include glass, newspaper, aluminum,
Reuse and Recycle is more important for
cardboard and a surprising array of other
preventing the occurrence of natural disaster as
materials.
compared to the ne 3'R's that is Response ,
Rescue and Relief as the latter comes into effect
after the occurrence of natural disaster.

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