ELECTROMAGNETICS AND APPLICATIONS

Luca Daniel

Lecture 5
Electromagnetic Waves
in Homogenous Media

Outline

Course Overview and Motivations

Maxwell Equations (review from 8.02)
in integral form
in differential form
EM waves in homogenous lossless media
EM Wave Equation
Solution of the EM Wave equation
Uniform Plane Waves (UPW)
Sinusoidal Uniform Plane Waves
Complex Notation (phasors)
Wave polarizations
EM waves in homogeneous lossy media
L3-2
 Complex Notation (Phasors)

Complex notation for a single frequency (f = /2)

{
E( r ,t) = Re E( r ) e jt } Phasor: contains all amplitude, vector,
spatial and phase information

UPW (Uniform Plane Wave) case

E(z,t) = yE {
oe je jkz e jt
o cos(t kz + ) = Re yE }
= Re {E(z) e jt }
x o e je jkz
E(z) = yE

z
direction of propagation

y E ( z,0 ) L3-3

Uniform Plane Wave (UPW) in Complex Notation

Example: Phasor E Time domain E

jky
E(r ) = zjE
oe E(y,t) = zE
o sin(t ky)

Linear Polarization {
oe jkye jt )
(= Re zjE }
y
E ( z,0 )

z direction of propagation
x
L3-4
 Uniform Plane Wave (UPW)
Linear vs. Circular vs. Elliptical Polarization
Linear Polarization Circular Polarization

Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org

o e jky
E( r ) = zjE

Linear Polarization

y
E ( z,0 )

z direction of propagation
x
L3-5

Outline

Course Overview and Motivations

Maxwell Equations (review from 8.02)
in integral form
in differential form
EM waves in homogenous lossless media
EM Wave Equation
Solution of the EM Wave equation
Uniform Plane Waves (UPW)
Sinusoidal Uniform Plane Waves
Complex Notation (phasors)
Wave polarizations
EM waves in homogeneous lossy media

L3-6
 Maxwells Equations
in linear isotropic homogeneous lossless media

in time domain in frequency domain

i.e. with phasors

Faradays Law: E = H E = jH
t
Amperes Law: H = E H = jE
t

Eliminate H :

EM Wave Equation : 2 E 2 E = 0
2
2 E + 2 E = 0
t
k 2 = 2
2

L3-7

EM Waves in Conducting/Lossy Medium

the imaginary part is the lossy party
very confusing for circuit people
E = j H
H = j E + E = j eff E j (
eff = + = 1 j
)
2
E+k E = 0
2
k 2 = 2eff = 2 1 j

For example wave in good conductor 

y
jkz 1 j 1 j
E0 E = yE0 e note: j = k j =
2
z
2
E0 e where  skin/penetration depth

e
= 2m for copper at 1GHz
z
= 2cm for copper at 10Hz
= 10cm for aluminium at 60Hz
L3-8
 Todays Outline

Electromagnetic Waves in Media and Interfaces

o The EM waves in homogenous Media
EM Wave Equations
Solution of the EM Wave equation in lossless medium
Uniform Plane Waves (UPW)
Complex Notation (Phasors)
EM waves in conducting/lossy medium
o Electromagnetic Power and Energy
The Poynting Theorem
Wave Intensity
Poynting Theorem in Complex Notation
Acoustic Analogy
o EM Fields at Interfaces between Different Media

L3-9

Electromagnetic Power Flow

EH
propagation direction: E H
E ( )
E H nda

da
has the units of power: [V/m][A/m][m2 ]=[V A]
n
H Net power flow OUT of the surface:

vS (E H) nda
=

The Poynting vector: S = E H gives both the magnitude E

S
of the power density and the direction of its flow. H

L3-11
 The Poynting Theorem

d 1 2 d 1 2
(E H)
2 3
= E + E + H [W/m ]
dt 2 dt 2
Net power Power Energy Stored Energy Stored in
flow INTO dissipated in Electric Field Magnetic Field
the surface wd we wm

v
S
( )
EH n da = V E
2
dv +
d 1 2
dt V 2
E dv +
d 1
dt V 2
2
H dv [W]

p1 Wstored
d
pi = p d iss +
dt
w sto re d
p2
i p diss p3

2 1 2
Electric energy We = 1 E Magnetic energy Wm = 2 H
density 2
density
L3-14

Uniform Plane Wave: Stored Energy Densities

EM Wave in z direction:
E
E ( z,t ) = y E0cos ( t kz ) , H ( z,t ) = x 0 cos ( t kz )

Wavelength H ( z,0 )
x = 2 = c
k f

E ( z,0 )
z

y
2
Electric energy We = 1 E
density 2
1 2
Magnetic energy Wm = 2 H
density
z
We = Wm
2
L3-16
Uniform Plane Waves Wave Intensity (Power Flow)

E2
S(t) = E H = z o cos2 ( t kz ) (W/m2 )

S(z, t = 0)

E(z, t = 0)
z
0

E2 1 1 Eo2
S(t) = z o cos2 ( t kz )
T
S  S(t) dt =
z [W/m ]
2
2
T

Note: S is typically called intensity [W/m2] of the wave

1
S = Re S
2
{} and S  E H
L3-17