SHAPER

At the end of this lesson you shall be able to

list the various operations performed using a shaping machine
state the functions of the main parts of a shaper
state the specification of a shaper.

A shaping machine is a machine tool used for the following operations done with the help of a
single point cutting tool of appropriate size and shape.

Producing horizontal, vertical and angular surfaces.

For cutting slots, grooves and keyways,
Machining contour to be concave, convex and a combination of both.
Machining splines, ratchets and gears using an indexing device.
Due to the availability of sophisticated machine tools, a shaper is now used only for
machining jobs with wider dimensional limits in small and medium industries.

MAIN PARTS OF A SHAPING MACHINE

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Specification of shaper
The Size of a shaper is determined by the maximum length of stroke of the ram. Generally it
ranges from 1 75 to 900 mm. The length of stroke indicates, in addition to the general size of the
shaper, the size of a cube that can be held and machined.
To specify a shaper the following information is also at times necessary.
Type of drive
Power input
Floor space required
Weight of the machine
Cutting to return stroke ratio
Number and amount of feed
Cross-rail
This is a hollow casting which has a cross-feed screw and table elevating screw. The
cross-rail body is provided with guide ways, which slide over the body of the machine vertically.
The table is mounted to the cross-rail, which can be moved with the cross-feed screw.
Table
It is box-shaped and has T slots on its top and sides to hold the work pieces on the vice.
The table can be moved up and down using a table lifting drive spindle. It can also be moved
horizontally using a cross-feed screw.
Ram
It is fitted at the top of the body and moves to and fro through the quick return
mechanism. It carries the tool head at one end. The to and fro movement of the ram which is
known as stroke length, is set according to the length of the work piece to be machined. The
position of the stroke length is set using the ram lead screw.
Tool head
It holds the tool-holder and clapper box. The tool head can be raised or lowered to give
the depth of cut, using the feed-screw handle. It can also be swivelled using a calibrated
adapter plate for machining angular surfaces. The cutting tool is fixed in the tool-holder.
Specification of shaper
The Size of a shaper is determined by the maximum length of stroke of the ram.
Generally it ranges from 175 to 900 mm. The length of stroke indicates, in addition to the
general size of the shaper, the size of a cube that can be held and machined.

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To specify a shaper the following information is also at times necessary.
Type of drive
Power input
Floor space required
Weight of the machine
Cutting to return stroke ratio
Number and amount of feed

Types of shapers

Shapers are classified in many ways according to features of the design or the
purpose for which they made.

Classification according to the type of mechanism used for obtaining reciprocating

motion to the ram
Crank type
Geared type
Hydraulic type

Crank type

In this type of shapers, a crank mechanism is incorporated to convert the rotary motion of
the large bull gear to reciprocating motion for the ram.
The speed and direction of the ram movement depends on the number of gears included
in the gear train. This type of gear-driven shapers is not very commonly used nowadays.
Hydraulic type

In a hydraulic shaper, the reciprocating motion for the ram is obtained by hydraulic
power. The working mechanism involves pumping of high pressure oil into a cylinder to actuate
a piston, which connects the ram at the other end. The speed of the reciprocating ram is varied
by regulating the quantity of oil pumped into the cylinder,

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W - WORKING STROKE
R
R - RETURN STROKE

OIL QUANTITY LARGE

HYDRAULIC RAM DRIVE

Working stroke
The oil flows into the cylinder chamber V1. The ram speed is low because a large cylinder
volume has to be filled and the thrust force is high, because the oil presses against the large
piston surface.
Return stroke
The oil flows into the cylinder chamber V2. The ram speed is high because a smaller cylinder
volume has to be filled; the thrust force is low because the oil pushes smaller piston surfaces.
Advantages of hydraulic shapers
Hydraulic shapers work smoothly and noiselessly.
A hydraulic shaper is capable of taking deep and heavy cuts.
A wide range of ram speeds can be obtained.
Classification according to the ram travel
Horizontal type
Vertical type
Travelling head type

Horizontal type
In a horizontal type of a shaper the ram holding the tool reciprocates horizontally for producing
flat surfaces. The horizontal type of a shaper is a very commonly used machine.

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Vertical type
In a vertical shaper. The ram holding the tool reciprocates in a vertical axis. The vertical
shaper is mounted on a heavy base and is provided with cross and longitudinal slides. It is also
possible for the table to rotate and to be indexed.
The vertical type is similar to a slotter but there is an additional provision for the ram to
be adjusted in an angular position within 10.
Vertical shapers are very convenient for machining internal surfaces, keyways, slots or
grooves. Large internal and external gears may also be machined by the indexing arrangement
of the rotary table. The vertical shapers, which are exclusively designed for machining internal
keyways, are called key seaters.
Travelling head type
In the travelling head type of a Shaper, the reciprocating ram also moves crosswise to
give the required feed for the tool. The advantage of this type of a shaper is that the heavy and
unwieldy Jobs, which are very difficult to hold on the table of a standard shaper, can be held
static on the base of the machine, while the ram reciprocates and supplies the feeding
movement.

Classification According To The Table Design

Standard type
Universal type
In a standard type of a shaper, the table of the shaper will have only two
movements, vertical and horizontal to give the feed.
In a universal type of a shaper, in addition to the two movements provided for the table
on a standard shaper, the table can be swivelled about an axis parallel to the ram movement
and the upper portion of the table can be tilted about a second horizontal axis perpendicular to
the first axis. Since the work clamped over the table can be adjusted in different planes, this
type of a shaper is most suitable for a variety of works. Hence, it is called a universal shaper.
Classification According To The Type Of Cutting Stroke
Push-type
Draw-type
The Push-Type of a shaper is a commonly used type of a shaper. In this type of shaper,
the tool will make the cut during the onward stroke of the ram.

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 The Draw-Type is a ram type of a shaper. In this type of a shaper the tool makes the cut
when the ram moves towards the column of the machine. In this type of machine, the cutting
pressure acts towards the column thus relieving the cross-rail and other bearings from
excessive load which permits to take a deep cut.
Cutting Time And Cutting Speed
At the end of this lesson you shall be able to
Define cutting speed
State the factors for determining the cutting speed
Differentiate between cutting speed and number of strokes
Determine the number of strokes/min.
Select the number of strokes.

Cutting speed
The cutting speed is the distance travelled by a tool point over the job in one minute. It is
always expressed in meters/min Cutting speed is also sometimes stated as surface speed or
peripheral speed.
The selection of the cutting speed for a shaper depends upon the material to be shaped, and
the material of the tool and the depth of cut.
Tool manufacturers usually provide a table for the cutting speeds required for different
materials.
The recommended cutting speeds for different materials are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1
Slno Material to be shaped by HSS Cutting speed in m/min

1 Aluminium 70 100
2. Brass 35 60
3. Bronze 30 35
4. Cast Iron grey 25 40
5. Mild Steel and Carbon Steel 27 30
6. Plastic 20 30

The formula for cutting speed in a shaper depends on the ratio of the ram speed for the cutting
stroke and the return stroke.
Let this ratio be equal to m.
Then.
Cuttinq speed (V) = NL(1+m )
1000

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 ram speed for return stroke
where m =
ram speed for cutting stroke

N = No. of cutting strokes per min or number of cycles per min.

L = stroke length
Then 1000 V
N=
L (1+m)
Since every cutting stroke is followed by a return stroke, and one revolution of the bull wheel
produces one cutting as well as one return stroke. N is also the number of revolutions of the
bull wheel per minute.
One cutting stroke together with the return stroke is called one cycle. The time taken for one
cycle is important, as the time required to shape a given surface depends very much on the
cycle time.

Time required for one cycle (t.) = min,

Cutting time
The time taken to shape a given surface depends on the
feed (f) and cycle time (t). Larger the teed lesser the machining
time and vice versa. (Refer to the chart in the reference book for
recommended feeds.)

For calculating the cutting time, First determine the total

number of cycles C needed to shape the width W and then
multiply it by the cycle time (t).
W
Totel No.of cycles =
f

Where W is the width of the work piece in mm including the clearance on both sides and f is the
feed per stroke.
Since every cycle takes 't' minutes, total machining time = t x C
min.
Sample problem for determination of strokes and cutting
time Calculate the time required to shape the surface A shown
in Fig 2 using a shaping machine having a speed ratio of 2:3.
The available strokes in the machine are 28,52 and 80 per
minute.

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Length of the stroke = 150 + 30 = 180 mm.
V ==20 m/min and f = 0.2 mm/stroke.
1000V 1000x20
Now N = =
L(1+m) 180(1+2/3)

(1000 X 20 X 3) / (180x5) = 66 strokes per min.

The nearest available stroke in the machine setting is 52, and hence N must be taken as
52 strokes per min.
Cutting time for one cycle = (1 / 52) min
= 60 + 30 = 90
Total cutting time = (90/0.2) X (1/52) = 8.65 min
If the same work is done on a machine with a speed ratio 1:2

1000x20
No. of strokes per mm. will be = = 74
180 (1+ )
And since the nearest speed available is 80, N will be taken as 80.

90 1
Therefore, cutting time = X = 5.625 min.
0.2 80
The operating principle of the quick return mechanism is as stated below.

A bull gear (A) receives power from the pinion (B). The
driving pin (E) rotates with the bull gear. The driving pin is fixed to the sliding block (I). The
sliding block slides in the slotted link (C). The slotted link (C) is pivoted at the bottom, and at the
top it is connected with the ram (K) by the compensating link (D). As the bull gear rotates, the
slotted link (C) oscillates about its pivot. This oscillating motion is converted into reciprocating
motion of the ram (K) through the compensating link (D).

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How Is the idle stroke time reduced?
During the cutting stroke the driving pin covers a lengthier arc (F), and during the return stroke it
covers a smaller arc (G). The path (G) (Fig 1) for the return stroke is shorter than the path (F)
for the forward stroke.
Stroke length
The slotted link (C) swivels faster during the return stroke, and at the same time, the ram
(K) has equal stroke length during the return and forward strokes. The average values of angles
(F) and (G) are 216 and 144 respectively. As such the ram travels faster during the return
stroke than during the cutting stroke. Consequently the idle time is reduced.
Usually the quick return mechanism provides the return stroke to be 1 1/2 times faster
than the cutting stroke. In other words the ratio of the time taken for the cutting stroke to the
return stroke is 3:2. This ratio may vary from machine to machine. In some machines this ratio is
2:1.
The stroke length remains equal during the cutting and return strokes. The stroke length
is adjusted by adjusting the radius (H). The radius (H) is adjusted by shifting the position of the
crank slide (M), which rotates with the bull gear. Bigger the radius (H) lengthier the stroke.
Stroke length adjustment

The length of the stroke of the ram (K) is increased, if the swivelling range of the slotted
link (C) is bigger.

This swivelling depends on the eccentricity/actual radius (H) between the driving pin (E) and
the centre of the bull gear (A). The radius (H) is increased or decreased by turning the radial
lead screw (L) outwards and inwards respectively. The stroke length is set depending on the
length of the workpiece to be machined.

NETTUR
No ram movement (though motor TECHNICAL
rotates) (Fig TRAINING
3) FOUNDATION Page No - 9
 Even though the motor rotates, the ram (K) will not move either due to the breakage of
the compensating link (D) or due to the non-movement of the slotted link (C).
Non-movement of the slotted link (C) may be due to:
The breakage/shearing of the key between the driving pinion (B) and the shaft
The breakage of either the sliding block (I) or the crank pin (E) or both

The coincidence of the axis of the sliding block (I) with the axis of the bull gear (A).

STROKE LENGTH CHANGES

At the end of this lesson you shall be able to
Explain the causes and effects of changing the stroke length during the ram
movement.
Changing of stroke length during the ram
movement;If the stroke length increases during
machining, the time taken to complete the job will
be more. If the stroke length decreases then the job
will not be machined completely. Due to this
problem the production rate will come down.
How the stroke length changes during
working?
This problem is due to the change in the
radial distance between the bull gear axis and
the driving pin (E). This results in changing the
stroke length.

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Causes
 Normally the shaft of the bevel gear (N) (Fig 2) is loose in the housing of the bull gear. If
the shaft (N) is tight in the housing by any means, the bevel gear (N) will rotate along with the
bull gear. In turn the bevel gear (P) will rotate causing rotation of the lead screw (L) and
movement of the crank slide (M)
FEED MECHANISM
At the end of this lesson you shall be able to
State the factors determining the feed rate.
Explain the operating principles of the feed mechanism
Enumerate the reasons for the non-functioning of the feed mechanism.
Speed and feed are two basic movements in relation to the work piece. The two motions
are mutually perpendicular in direction.
In the case of a shaper, feed is defined as the distance the work is moved sideways
towards the cutting tool for each forward stroke of the ram. (In vertical machining the feed is the
downward advancement of the tool for every cutting stroke.)
The feed is so set in the automatic feed mechanism that the table and the job move
during the return stroke of the ram. This avoids damage to the tool.
The feed rate depends on the:
Type of material to be machined
Condition of the shaper
Type of cut i.e. roughing or finishing
Surface finish required
Type of cutting tool

The feed mechanism works as follows

The cross-feed screw rod (A) is connected

with the table. The connecting rod (K)
connects the pawl arm (C) and the crank
wheel (B).
As the crank wheel (B) rotates, the pawl
arm (C) oscillates around the cross-feed
screw (A) to and fro. Pawl (D) is pressed
on the ratchet wheel (E) by the spring (F).
The ratchet wheel (E) is indexed due to the straight edge of the pawl (D) in one direction as
shown in Fig 1. For indexing in the opposite direction the pawl (D) is turned by 180 and
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engaged.
 When the cross-feed screw (A) rotates, the table moves automatically during each return
stroke of the ram. The desired amount of feed is set on the scale (G) of the crank wheel (B).
The number of teeth indexed depends upon the distance of the crank wheel axis and the adjust -
able block (J). During manual feed, pawl (D) is pulled up and the pin is placed in the disengaged
position. Manual feed is given by rotating the cross-feed screw rod (A) with a handle during the
return stroke of the ram.
Causes for the non-functioning of the feed mechanism
o Breaking of the crank wheel (E) gear teeth.
o Breakage of the pawl (D).
o Breakage of the feed-screw rod key.
o Loose adjustable block (J).
o Compression strength of the spring (F) reduced.
o Breakage or disengagement of the box-nut screw.
SHAPER TOOLS
At the end of this lesson you shall be able to
state the geometry of a shaper tool
state the different standard shaper tools and their application.

Shaper tools

Shaper tools are single point tools and they may be solid type (A), bit type (B) or tipped type
(C).
The basic cutting action of a shaper tool is the same as that of a lathe cutting tool.
Depending on the direction of the feed, the tools have to be ground either for RH cutting or LH
cutting.

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TOOL HEAD AND CLAPPER BOX
The tool head, fixed at the end
of the ram, is a device for holding the
cutting tool and for setting the depth
and position of a cut fig 1. at consists
mainly of a vertical slide (D), a clapper
box (A) and a tool post (C)
The tool head has a swivel
base (E). It is fixed on a circular seat
on the ram. The tool head assembly
can be swivelled on the swivel base.
The swivel base is graduated in
degrees. Due to this, it is possible to
rotate or swivel the tool head to any
desired angle. It can normally be swivetled to 90 to either side of the vertical.
The vertical slide (D), carrying the tool, can slide up and down through the guide ways
provided on the swivel base. This vertical motion is regulated by a feed screw. The movement of
the vertical slide is achieved by rotating the feed-screw handle (G) provided at the top. A
micrometer dial (H) is fixed on the top of the feed screw.
The amount of feed or depth of cut is adjusted accurately with the help of this dial.
Clapper box
The clapper block (B) is hinged by a pin (F) to the clapper box (A). The tool is fixed in the
tool post (C). The tool post is connected to the clapper block (B).
The metal is cut during the forward stroke of the ram. During the cutting stroke the
clapper block (B) is held firmly with the clapper box (A). During the return stroke the clapper
block (B) is free to swivel about its hinge (F). and thereby, the tool lifts off. If the tool does not lift,
the tool will get damaged and the machined surfaces get scratched. The tool life is also
improved due to the lifting.
WORK SUPPORTING AND HOLDING DEVICES FOR SHAPERS
At the end of this lesson you shall be able to
Name the different types of work-holding devices
State the uses of vice, clamps, Vee block, angle plate etc.
Differentiate between good and bad ways of clamping a work.

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 Work pieces that are to be machined should be held with support firmly such that there is
no slackening of the work while machining. Otherwise the jobs will be damaged, dimensional
accuracies will vary, and sometimes the cutting tool/ cutter itself will break. Due to this reason,
the operator may be injured.
The different types of work holding/supporting devices are as follows.
MACHINE VICES AND CLAMPS
There are two main types of machine vices used
on shapers.

Plain machine vice (Fig 1)

It is very robust in construction and so it is used on
machines where it is used only for squaring and stock
removal.

Swivel base vice (Fig 2)

It is the most common vice used on a shaper. The base
can be swivelled to the desired angle to machine angular
jobs.

Tee bolts (Fig 4)

These bolts having Tee shaped heads are suitable for the table slots of a
machine. The body of the bolt is provided with sufficient length of threads so
that the same bolt can be used for holding jobs of various thicknesses.

Strap clamps (Fig 3)

They are used for clamping the workpiece directly

on the machine table. Straps come in different
shapes and they are used in conjunction with T
bolts/nuts.

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Angle plate (Fig 8)

The angle plate (G) is used for holding the job (B) with a 'C' clamp (H).

Vee block

These are 'V shaped blocks and are used for

supporting round jobs in clamping.
Parallel strips

Parallel strips
These are perfectly ground steel strips used for elevating/
supporting the workpiece. They should be used only on machined
surfaces.

Degree parallels

These are the steel strips with ground angular surfaces.

Because of this, angular surfaces can be generated without
swivelling the tool head.

Toe dogs and poppets

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These are used for machining the top surfaces of huge jobs having no holes on the side, or
small repetitive jobs as shown (parallel plate A, work piece B protective strip C, poppet D, toe
dog E, stop F).

Different clamping arrangements are shown

A normal clamping unit consists of a Tee bolt, nut -washer, clamp and fulcrum block -
plain/stepped.

Shaper Centre
This is used for machining grooves on circular jobs at the desired distance (work piece B,
shaper Centre P, worm wheel L, index plate
M, ram N.

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HINTS ON CLAMPING
Clamping a work piece with respect to the direction of feed, cutting tool, and depth of cut
is very important. The following hints on clamping should be noted.
The clamps should be placed in such a way that the clamping bolts are as near as
possible to the cutting force. This will provide maximum support on the job.
The height at which the clamp is held on the fulcrum block/step block should be the same
as that of the job.
Set the work firmly so that it will not be moved by the cutting force.
Take care to ensure that the work piece is not deformed due to heavy clamping forces.
Be sure to use special jigs for setting particularly thin material.
The fitting surfaces of the work should be free from chips, scales, burrs, etc.
Before the work is clamped on the vice, tap its surface lightly with a lead or copper
hammer so that it is settled on the seat surface

Many methods are available for clamping the work piece. There are good as well as bad ways
of setting the work. A few examples are given below.
In the method as per Fig 13, the cutting force is on the movable jaw. This will damage the box-
nut and the screw.

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In Fig 14, the round job is supported at the two ends and clamped at the middle where there is
no support. Due to this the work piece is bent.

In Fig 15, the round piece is kept on the bed without any support and clamped at only one
place. The round piece will tend to rotate while machining, and slip away from the grip.

I n Fig 16, the support at the end of the clamp is not a single piece. The edge of the workpiece
is quite away from the clamping bolt. This type of clamping defect causes workpieces to slip
away during operation.

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 PROBLEMS

In a shaper cutting speed is the rate at which material is removed by the cutting tool. In a
shaper cutting action is intermittent, cutting speed is being considered only during
forward stroke. (Cutting stroke)

Length of cutting stroke

Cutting speed (V) =
Time taken for cutting stroke

It is difficult to measure exactly, time taken during the forward stroke. The ratio between
the return time to cutting time and the number of double stroke per minute (RPM of bull
wheel) must be known.

HENCE:

Length of cutting stroke

Time taken for cutting stroke =
Cutting speed
L
=
1000V

Return travel time

ratio (m) =
Forward travel time

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\ return travel time = m x forward travel time
 = m x L/1000V
\ Time taken to complete one double stroke = (L/1000V ) + (m x L/1000V)
= (L/1000V)X(1+m) min
1000V
\No. of strokes/min N =
L x (1+m)
NL (1+m)
\Cutting speed (V) = m/min.
1000

Where N = Number of cutting strokes/min

L (1+m)
Time required to complete one double stroke =
1000V
If B is the breadth of work in mm and S is feed in mm/double stroke.

Total double strokes = B/S

L (1+m) B
\Total time to complete the cut = x
1000v S

LB (1+m)
T =
1000V S

EXERCISE 1:

In a shaping work the length of stroke is 200mm ratio of return time to cutting time is 2:3. If
the cutting speed of the material is 10m/min. Find number of double strokes/min.
Sol.
1000V
\No. of strokes/min N =
L x (1+m)

Where L = length of stroke

V = Cutting speed m/min
m = Ratio between return to cutting stroke
= 1000 x 10/200 x (1+2/3)
=10000/200 x 5/3 = 10000 x 3/200 x 5
= 30 strokes/min.

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EXERCISE 2:
Find time required fort taking a complete cut on a plate 400 wide and 600 long. The cutting
aped is 9m/min. The ratio between the return to cutting time is 1:4. Feed is 3mm for double
stroke and over travel at each end is 15mm.
Sol.
L = 600 + 15 + 15 ==630
B (breadth) = 400
S (Feed for double stroke) = 3
V = 9m/min
m=

\ Total time for completion cut = LB (1+m)/1000 VS

= 630 x 5/4 x 400
1000 x 9 x 3

= 630 x 5x 400
1000 x 9x 3 x 4
= 11.666 min

EXERCISE 3:
Find time required for taking a complete cut on a plate 600mm X 900mm, If the cutting aped is
9m/min. The ratio between the return to cutting time is 1:4. Feed is 3mm for double stroke and
over travel at each end is 75mm.

Sol.
The total length of Stroke = 600 + 75 + 75 = 750mm.

Cutting time = 750 x 60

1000 x 9
= 5sec.

Return stroke time 1

=
Cutting stroke time 4

1 5
\ Return time = 5 x =
4 4

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5 25
Total time for one complete Double stroke = 5 + = sec
4 4

900
Total number of double strokes necessary to complete the cut = = 300.
3
25 X 300 125
\ Total time required to complete the cut = = = 31.25min.
4 X 60 4

EXERCISES

I. FILL IN THE BLANKS

1.Shaper is namely intended to produce_________ surfaces
2.Modern shapers can generate __________ surface
3.Shaper was developed in the year ___ by____
4.In crank shaper crank mechanism employs to change ________ motion of a large gear called
__________
5.In a belt driven shapers the bull gear receives power either from an ____ motor or from an
___________ shaft
6.In a geared type the rack teeth which are cut directly below the ram mesh with a
__________gear
7.The pinion meshing with the rack driven by a__________ train
8. In hydraulic shaper oil under _________ pressure is pumped into ___________ fitted with
piston
9.In hydraulic shaper the piston speed changed by _________ delivered by the pump
10.In hydraulic shaper ___________&__________ of the ram drive are Constant from the very
beginning to the end of the cut
11. The Shaper does not make any noise is _______________
12.In vertical shaper the adjustment of the ram can be made to a angle of about __________
degrees
13. The worktable of a vertical shaper can be given ____, _____&______ movement
14. Vertical shapers, which are specially designed for machining internal keyways, are called
____________

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15. In standards shaper the table has only two movements ______ & ______
16.The shaper mostly used in tool room work is ---------------
17. Deep cuts are possible in__________ shaper
18. In _________ type of shaper vibration is eliminated
19. Shaper base is made up of cast iron to resist ___________
20. The column is a _________ like casting mounted upon the base
21. The other side of column contain _______, _________ etc
22. In shaper, the cross rail is mounted on the _________ guide ways of the column
23. In shaper, the saddle is mounted on the _______-which holds the table firmly on its top
24. The different types of quick mechanism are ______,________ &_______
25. In crank and slotted mechanism the power is transmitted to _________ through a
_______
26. In the shaper sliding block is mounted upon_________

II. MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

1. Shaping
2. Modern shapers
3. Crank shaper
4. Spur gear
5.Piston pump
6.Horizontal shaper
7. Vertical axis
8.Shapers for machining
internal keyways - h) Standard shaper
9.Only horizontal and
Vertical movements
10.Universial shaper
11. Push type shaper
12.Draw type shaper
- a) contoured
- b) Bull gear
- c) Gear type shaper
- d) Hydraulic axis
- e) Horizontal axis
- f) Vertical shaper
- g) Key seaters
- I) Table can be swiveled
- j) most generally used
- k) less vibrations
- l) Flat surface

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III CHOOSE THE CORRECT:-
 1. Metal working shaper was developed in the year
a.1830 b.1835 c.1836
2.Shaper was developed
a.whitworth b.james wasmyth c.Taskman
3.In crank shaper the large gear is called
a. Bull gear b.spur gear c.worm gear
4.The bull gear receives power either from an individual motor from an over head line shaft if
it is a
a. belt driven b.gear driven c.chain driven
5.In geared type the rack teeth which are cut directly below the ram mesh with
a.Helical gear b.spur gear c.worm gear
6.The following shaper does produce any noise
a.crank type b.geared type c.hydraulic type
7. In vertical shaper the ram can be tilted to an angle of
a.10 degree b.15 degree c.360 degree

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN BRIEF

1 What are the different types of shaper?
2.Explain quick return mechanism with neat sketch?
3.Differentiate hydraulic and crank type shapers.
4.Describe hydraulic shaper with neat sketch.
5.Differentiate standard and universal shaper.
6.What are the principal parts of a shaper?
7.What are the advantages of shaper?
8.What are the disadvantages of shaper over planer?
9.What are the advantages of hydraulic shaper?
10.Describe crank and slotted link mechanism with neat sketch.
11.Draw shaper and label it parts.
12.Describe feed mechanism in shaper.
13.Find the time required for taking a complete cut on a plate 600X900mm, if the feed is
3mm. The clearance at each end is 75mm.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS: NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION Page No - 24

1. What is shaper
 2. Write different types of shapers
3. Mention parts of shaper
4. What are the different work tolling devices used in shaper
5. Write mechanisms of shaper
6. How work can be clamped on table in a shaper
7. Write the different tools of shaper
8. Define cutting speed
9. Define feed
10. Define depth of cut
11. What is The purpose of the shaper
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate hydraulic and crank type shaper
2. Difference between standard and universal shaper
3. Explain Horizontal shaper, vertical shaper
4. What are the advantages of shaper
5. What are the disadvantages of shaper over planner
6. Write specifications of shaper.
7. Write different operations performed on shaper.
8. Explain cutting speed, feed, depth of cut
9. What are the advantages of hydraulic shaper
10. In which way a shaper tool differs from lathe tool Discuss.
FOUR MARKSQUESTIONS:
1. Write the types of shapers and explain any one?
2. Explain crank and slotted link mechanism with a neat sketch
3. Explain feed mechanism in shaper
4. What are the difference between in shaper and planer
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS:
1. Find the time required for taking a complete cut o a plate 400X600mm, if the cutting
speed is 12 m/min. The return time to cutting time ratio is 1:4 and the feed is 3mm. The
clearance at each end is 75mm.
2. Explain shaper and its parts with a neat sketch.

NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION Page No - 25