Application of single degree of freedom vibration

in industry.
A forging hammer.

Metal forging is a process of metal forming where a metal is shaped by delivering force or energy to the
work stock. One of the methods of delivering force or energy is drop forging where a high energy
mechanism transfers force to the work stock by means of a hammer called a forging hammer. The
hammer can be driven by gravity or an additional power source can drive it. Figure 1 shows the set-up of
a drop forging mechanism.

The Figure 1: Drop forging setup and mechanism

mechanism consists of a Tup which is a falling weight, an Anvil which supports the metal to be shaped, a
Foundation block and a Frame. The plastic pad reduces the vibrations transferred to Foundation block.
The forging mechanism can be modelled approximately as a single degree of freedom system as shown
in Figure 2. The mass of the system is the mass of the Anvil and the Foundation block. The stiffness of the
soil can be modelled as a spring and damping force of the soil is modelled as a damper of the system.
 Figure 2:Simplified SOF Model of a forge hammer
By Newtons 2nd
law which is summarised by equation (1) below, the forces in the system can be related to the
acceleration of the mass when the system gets excited the energy of the falling Stub.

F=m x (1)

As depicted by the free body seen in Figure 3Error: Reference source not found it can be shown that sum
of the forces equates to the following equation:
F k F c +mg=m x (2)
But The spring and damping forces can be related by the following equations
Fc =c x (3)
F k =k ( st + x) (4)

Figure 3: Free Body Diagram

The spring co-efficient is k , st is the static displacement of the spring due to gravity and c is
the damping co-efficient. But it can be shown that the following equation holds at equilibrium.
k st =mg (5)

The final equation of motion of the system reduces to the following equation of motion.
 m x +c x+ kx=0 (6)

The solution of equation (6) yields the natural frequency, damped natural frequency and damping ratio
which are critical to ensure that the forge hammer functions properly.