Vibration and Noise 354

Lecture 2 Damped, free vibration of a 19 July 2016

(INMAN pp 33 - 42) single degree of freedom system

Damping: Damping is a reality of the world in which we live. All free vibration
stops after a certain amount of time as a result of various factors such as
friction, aerodynamic forces etc. that dissipates the energy in the system.

One way to model damping is as a viscous damper which is easily understood

as that which occurs inside a shock absorber where a viscous fluid (oil) is
forced through a small opening and friction causes the energy to be converted
to heat.

The damping force is proportional to the velocity over the element:

f c (t ) cx (t ) where c is the viscous damping coefficient in Ns/m.

x(t)
c

Free body diagram:

fc(t)

mg
fk(t)

N1 N2

The equation of motion of the system is given by:

f k f c mx

mxt cxt kxt 0

Copyright reserved Vibration and Noise 354 1

JL van Niekerk 2016 Lecture 2
Now assume a solution of the form: x ae t

It then follows that:

m c k ae
2 t
0

For a non-trivial solution: m2 c k 0

c 1
With the quadratic solutions: 1, 2 c 2 4km
2m 2m

so c 2 4km determines if the ' s are real or imaginary and what the critical
damping coefficient is:

k 2
ccr 2 km of ccr 2 m 2mn
m
c c
The damping ratio, (zeta) can be defined as: where the
cr 2m n

solution then becomes: 1, 2 n n 2 1

Regard the possible cases:

k
Case 0: Undamped If c 0 it follows that 1, 2 j j n as before.
m

Case 1: Underdamped If 0 1 then

1 n j n 1 2

2 n j n 1 2

xt e nt a1e jd t a2 e jd t
d n 1 2

or xt Ae nt sin d t

Copyright reserved Vibration and Noise 354 2

JL van Niekerk 2016 Lecture 2
Case 2: Critically damped If 1

1 2 n

xt a1 a2t e nt

Case 3: Overdamped If 1

1 n n 2 1 1

2 n n 2 1 2

xt a1e 1t a2 e 2t

Time response:

Enkelvryheidsgraadstelsel
1
= 0.2
= 1
0.8 = 2
= 0

0.6

0.4

0.2
Verplasing [m]

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Tyd [s]

Also look at INMAN: Examples 1.2.3, 1.3.1, 1.3.2 and 1.3.3

HOMEWORK: INMAN: 1.37, 1.40, 1.44, 1.56, 1.57

Copyright reserved Vibration and Noise 354 3

JL van Niekerk 2016 Lecture 2