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( x, y )
om
hypotenuse 1
y
opposite x
x
.c
adjacent
ce
hypotenuse opposite 1 y
cos = sec = cos == = x= sec =
adjacent hypotenuse 1
hypotenuse adjacent 1 x
tan = cot = tan = cot =
opposite adjacent y x
ra
adjacent opposite x y
2 2
sin ( ) T=
csc , n , n = 0, 1, 2,
2
cos ( )
1
w
sec , n + , n = = 0, 1, 2, =
2
T
cot , n , n = 0, 1, 2, tan ( ) =
w
T
2
Range csc ( ) =
w
T
T e range is all possible values to get
2
csc 1 and csc 1 sec ( ) =
out of the function.
1 sin 1 T
1 cos 1 sec 1 and sec 1
tan cot cot ( ) =
T
Formulas and Identities
(1 cos ( 2 ) )
Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas
sin cos
=
=tan cot sin =
1
cos sin
2
(1 + cos ( 2 ) )
2
cos =
Reciprocal Identities 1
csc sin
2
=
=
1 1
sin csc 1 cos ( 2 )
2
om
tan 2 =
=
=sec
1
cos
1 1 + cos ( 2 )
cos sec
sin (= ) = sin cos cos sin
Sum and Difference Formul s
=
=cot tan
1 1
tan cot
cos ( ) =
cos cos sin sin
.c
Pythagorean Identities
sin 2 + cos 2 = an tan
tan ( ) =
=
1
tan 2 + 1 = sec 2 1 t n tan
ce
1 + cot 2 = csc 2
Product to Sum Formulas
sin sin
= = cos ( ) cos ( + ) +
1
sin ( ) = csc ( ) =
Even/Odd Formulas
ra sin csc
2
cos cos
= cos ( ) + cos ( + )
cos ( ) = sec ( ) sec 2
1
cos =
tan ( ) = tan cot ( ) = cot sin cos
= sin ( + ) + sin ( )
m
2
1
cos sin
= sin ( + ) sin ( )
Periodic Formulas
2
1
If n is an integer.
+
Double Angle Formulas sin sin = 2 cos sin
2 2
sin ( 2 ) = 2sin cos
+
w
cos cos =
2
2sin sin
= 1 2sin 2
2 2
2 tan
tan ( 2 ) =
w
Cofunction Formulas
1 tan
sin =
cos sin=
2
cos
Degrees to Radians Formulas 2 2
csc =
sec sec csc
=
If x is an angle in degrees and t is an
angle in radians then 2 2
x
= t= and x = tan =
cot tan
=
t 180t
cot
180 x 180 2 2
Unit Circle
( 0,1)
y
om
1 3
,
1 3
, 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 90 ,
2 2
3
2
.c
, 3
3
2
120
3 1
60
4 ,
3 1
,
4 2 2
5
45
45
ce
135
2 2
6
6 30
150
ra
( 1,0 ) 180 0
360
0
2
(1,0 )
x
m
xa
7
210
11
330
6
3 1
225
225 6 3 1
,
2 2 5 315 ,
7
2 2
.e
4
4 240 300
5
2 270
2 2
3
4
,
2 2
w
2 2 3
3
1 3 2 3
, ,
1
2 2 2 2
( 0,1)
w
w
For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos = x and sin = y
Example
5 1 5
=
=
cos sin
3
3 2 3 2
Inverse Trig Functions
om
sin ( sin 1 ( x ) ) = x
sin y
y cos 1 x is equivalent to x cos y =
= sin 1 ( sin ( ) ) =
tan ( tan 1 ( x )) = x ( tan ( ) ) =
tan 1 x is equivalent to x
=
=
y tan y 1
tan
.c
Domain and Range
Alternate Notation
sin 1 x = arcsin x
Function Domain Range
y = sin 1 x 1 x 1 y
cos 1 x = arccos x
ce
2 2
y = cos x
1
1 x 1 0 y tan 1 x = a ctan x
y = tan 1 x < x < < y<
ra 2 2
.e
b
w
a b tan 12 ( )
Law of Sines Law of Tangents
sin sin sin
== = = =
a + b tan 12 ( + )
w
a b c
b c tan 12 ( )
=
Law of Cosines
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos b + c tan 12 ( + )
w
a + b cos 12 ( )
Mollweides Formula
=
c sin 12