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Theflowtowardsawell,situatedinhomogeneousandisotropicconfinedorunconfinedaquiferisradiallysymmetric.Fig.
15.1(a) shows the cone of depression caused due to constant pumping through a single well situated at (0,0) in a
confinedaquifer.Fig.15.1(b)showstheconeofimpressioncausedduetoconstantrechargethroughthewell.Incaseof
homogeneous and isotropic medium, the cone of depression or cone of impression is radially symmetrical. The
governing equation derived earlier in Cartesian coordinate system for confined and unconfined aquifer can also be
derived for radial flow in an aquifer. In this lecture, we will derive the governing flow equation for confined and
unconfinedaquiferinpolarcoordinatesystem.Themainobjectiveofthisconversionistomakethe2Dflowproblema
1Dflowproblem.Theresulting1Dproblemwillbesimplertosolve.

Fig.15.1(a)Coneofdepression(b)Coneofimpression

Confinedaquifer

(a)Radialflowtoawell

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(b)SectionAAincaseofconfinedaquifer
Fig.15.2:Aconfineraquifer

Letusconsideracaseofradialflowtoasinglewell(Fig.15.2)inaconfinedaquifer.TheFig.15.2(a)showstheradial
flowtowardsawellandacontrolvolumeofthicknessdr.TheFig.15.2(b)showstheverticalsectionAAoftheaquifer
along with cone of depression. The aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic and have constant thickness of b. The
hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is K. The pumping rate (Q) of the aquifer is constant and the well diameter is
infinitesimally small. The well is fully penetrated into the entire thickness of the confined aquifer. This is necessary to
make the flow essentially horizontal. The potential head in the aquifer prior to pumping is uniform throughout the
aquifer.

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Fig.15.3Controlvolumeincaseofconfinedaquifer

Considerthecontrolvolumeshowninfigure15.3.

TheinflowtothecontrolvolumeisQr

Theoutflowfromthecontrolvolumeis

Thenetinflowtothecontrolvolumeis (15.1)

Applyingprincipleofmassconservationonthecontrolvolume

Inflowoutflow=Timerateofchangeinvolumetricstorage

Timerateofchangeinvolumetricstorage (15.2)

(15.3)

whereSoisthespecificstorage

ReplacingVby2rdrb,wehave

(15.4)

(15.5)

WhereSsistheaquiferstorativitywhichisequaltoSo/b

Putting(15.5)in(15.3),wehave

(15.6)

AsperDarcy'slaw
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(15.7)

Puttinginequation(15.6)

(15.8)

Simplifying,

(15.9)

(15.10)

Thisistheflowequationforradialflowintoawellforconfinedhomogeneousandisotropicaquifer.

Incaseofsteadystatecondition,thegoverningequationbecomes,

(15.11)

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Unconfinedaquifer

(a)Radialflowtoawell

(b)SectionAAincaseofunconfinedaquifer
Fig.15.4Anunconfinedaquifer

Letusconsideracaseofradialflowtoasinglewell(Fig.15.4).Theunconfinedaquiferishomogeneousandisotropic.
ThehydraulicconductivityoftheaquiferisK.Thepumpingrate(Q)oftheaquiferisconstantandthewelldiameteris
infinitesimallysmall.Thewellisfullypenetratedintotheaquiferandhydraulicheadintheaquiferpriortopumpingis
uniformthroughouttheaquifer.

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Fig.15.5Controlvolume

ForthecontrolvolumeshowninFig.15.5above,

TheinflowtothesystemisQr

Theoutflowfromthesystemis

Thenetinflowtothesystemis (15.12)

Applyingprincipleofmassconservationonthecontrolvolume

Inflowoutflow=Timerateofchangeinvolumetricstorage

Timerateofchangeinvolumetricstorage (15.13)

(15.14)

whereSoisthespecificstorage

ReplacingVby2rdrh,wehave

(15.15)

(15.16)

WhereSyisthespecificyieldwhichisequaltoSo/h.

Nowputtingequation(15.16)inequation(15.14),wehave

(15.17)

AsperDarcy'slaw
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(15.18)

Puttinginequation(14.17)

(15.19)

Simplifying, (15.20)

(15.21)

(15.22)

(15.23)

Thisistheflowequationforradialflowintoawellforunconfinedhomogeneousisotropicaquifer.

Incaseofsteadystatecondition,thegoverningequationbecomes,

(15.24)

Or, (15.25)

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Inthislecturewewillobtainthesolutionofthesteadystateflowprobleminconfinedandunconfinedaquifer.

Confinedaquifer

Incaseofsteadyflowinconfinedaquifer,theflowequationbecomes

Or, (16.1)

Or, (16.2)

Integrating, (16.3)

Or, (16.4)

Now,Darcy'slawcanbeexpressedas

(16.5)

Therefore,theequation(16.4)canbewrittenas

(16.6)

(16.7)

Nowintegrating,wehave

(16.8)

(16.9)

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Fig.16.1:Confinedaquifer

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NowconsidertheFig.16.1.

Puttingitinequation(16.9)

(16.10)

And,

(16.11)

Fromthesetwoequations,wehave

(16.12)

(16.13)

Knowinghydraulicheadatthewell,theequation(16.13)canbeusedtocalculatesteadystatehydraulicheadforany
valuesofr.Thisequationcanalsobeusedforestimationofaquifertransmissivity.Forcalculatingaquifertransmissivity,
theequationcanbewrittenas,

(16.14)

Unconfinedaquifer

Incaseofsteadyflowinunconfinedaquifer,theflowequationbecomes

Or, (16.15)

Or, (16.16)

Integrating, (16.17)

Or, (16.18)

Now,Darcy'slawcanbeexpressedas

(16.19)

Therefore,theequation(15.18)canbewrittenas

(16.20)

(16.21)
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Nowintegrating,wehave

(16.22)

(16.23)

(16.25)

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Fig.16.2Anunconfinedaquiferwithboundarycondition

ConsidertheunconfinedaquifershowninFig.16.2.

Puttingitinequation(16.25)

(16.26)

And,

(16.27)

Fromthesetwoequations,wehave

(16.28)

(16.29)

Knowinghydraulicheadatthewell,theequation(16.29)canbeusedtocalculatesteadyhydraulicheadforanyvalues
ofr.Thisequationcanalsobeusedforestimationofaquiferconductivity.Theequationcanbewrittenforcalculating
aquiferconductivityas,

(16.30)

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Wehavealreadyderivedtheflowequationforunsteadyflowinconfinedaquifer.Theequationcanbewrittenas,

(17.1)

Theis(1935)obtainedthesolutionoftheequation.Hissolutionwasbasedontheanalogybetweengroundwaterflow
andheatconduction.Consideringthefollowingboundaryconditions,

Thesolutionoftheequationfort0is

(17.2)

Where, s(r,t) is the draw down at a radial distance r from, the well at time t,

W(u)istheexponentialintegrationandisknownaswellfunction.ThewellfunctionW(u)canbeapproximatedas

(17.3)

TheisAnalyticalsolution

As mentioned already, Theis analytical solution was based on the analogy between groundwater flow and heat
conduction. In case of heat conduction, the change in temperature (v) at a point p(x,y) at any time t due to an
instantaneouslinesource (x)coincidingwiththeZaxiscanbeobtainedusingthefollowingequationgivenbyCarslaw
(1921).

(17.4)

Here,kistheKelvin'scoefficientofdiffusivity

Forcontinuoussourceorsinkx()

(17.5)

Forconstantsourcex()=x

(17.6)

Considering

(17.7)

When,

(17.8)

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Then,

(17.9)

(17.10)

(17.11)

Theequation(17.11)derivedforcalculationofchangeintemperaturecanalsobeappliedforcalculationofdrawdownat
anypoint(x,y)atanytimet.Thecoefficientofdiffusivityisanalogoustothecoefficientoftransmissivityoftheaquifer
dividedbythespecificstorage (Ss) oftheaquifer.Thecontinuousstrengthofthesourceandsinkisanalogoustothe
discharge rate divided by the specific storage. The equation (17.11) in case of drawdown in confined aquifer can be
writtenas

(17.12)

(17.13)

Putting

(17.14)

Equation(17.14)canbeusedtocalculatethedrawdownatadistanceofr atanytimet when water is pumped at a

constantrateofQfromthewell.Thissolutionisvalidhomogeneousisotropicaquiferhavinginfinitearealextentand
uniformthickness.

Alternateanalyticalsolutionofradialflowequation

Theflowequationwehavederivedearly

(17.15)

Letusconsider

(17.16)

Thus,

(17.17)

And

(17.18)

Nowwecanwritethat
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(17.19)

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Wecanalsowrite

(17.20)

(17.21)

Nowasdefinedearlierin(17.16),wehave

(17.22)

(17.23)

Wecanalsowrite

(17.24)

Fromequation(17.16)

(17.25)

Putting(17.25)in(17.24)

(17.26)

Nowputting(17.23)and(17.26)in(17.21)

(17.27)

(17.28)

Now,

(17.29)

From(17.16)

(17.30)

Putting(17.30)in(17.29)

(17.31)

Putting(17.19),(17.28),and(17.31)in(17.15)

(17.32)

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(17.34)

(17.35)

Taking

(17.36)

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Thesolutionofthedifferentialequationis

(17.37)

(17.38)

WhereCisaconstant

(17.39)

(17.40)

(17.41)

NownextstepistofindthevalueoftheconstantC.

AsperDarcy'slawatthewellface,thedischargefromthewellis

(17.42)

(17.43)

Whererwistheradiusofthewellandbisthethicknessoftheconfinedaquifer.

From(17.19),wehave

Puttinginequation(17.43),wehave

(17.44)

(17.45)

Putting(17.37),wehave

(17.46)

(17.47)

Formostofthewelltheradiusofthewellisverysmallandtheeu=1.

AssuchtheconstantCcanbewrittenas

(17.48)

PuttingthevalueofCin(17.41)wehave

(17.49)
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(17.50)

Equation (17.50) can be used to calculate the drawdown at a distance of r at a time t when water is pumped at a
constantrateofQfromthewell.Thissolutionisvalidforhomogeneousisotropicaquiferhavinginfinitearealextentand
uniformthickness.

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Constantpumpingscenarios

Fig. 18.2 shows the time drawdown curve for the pumping pattern shown in Fig. 18.1 In this case water is pumped
continuouslyataconstantrateQ1.Thetimedrawdowncurvecanbeobtainusing(17.50).

Fig.18.1Pumpingpattern

Fig.18.2Timedrawdowncurve

The above solution is obtained by considering that the pumping is constant and continuous. However, in real world
situation,thepumpingwillbevaryingwithtimeandmaybeforafinitedurationonlyasshowninFig.18.3.

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Discretepumpingscenarios

Theradialflowequationderivedforconfinedaquifer,andtheassumedboundaryconditionsarelinearinnature.Assuch,
thebasicprinciplesoflinearitycanbeappliedhere.Thetwobasicprinciplesoflinearityare:(i)principleofsuperposition
and(ii)principleofproportionality.Thesetwoprinciplescanbeappliedtosolvetheproblemsrelatedtofiniteduration
pumping.

Fig.18.3Discretepumping

ConsideracaseofpumpingQ1fromt=0tot=t1asshowninFig.18.3.

ThisdiscretepumpingvaluecanalsoberepresentedasshowninFig18.4.

Fig.18.4Anotherrepresentationofdiscretepumping

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Inthiscase,thedrawdownatanytimetcanbecalculatedas,

(18.1)

(18.2)

(18.3)

Inthiscasefort1=10min,thetimedrawdowncurvewillasshowninFig.18.5

Fig.18.5Drawdownpumpingrelationshipincaseofdiscretepumping

Variablepumpingscenarios

Similarly,forthevariablepumpingcaseshowninFig.18.6,themethodofsuperpositiontechniquecanbeapplied.

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Inthiscase,thepumpingrateisQ1fromt=0tot=t1andQ2fromt=t1onwards

Thedrawdownatanytimetcanbecalculatedas,

(18.4)

(18.5)

Inthiscaseift1=10min,thetimedrawdowncurvewilllookliketheFig.18.7below.

Fig.18.7Drawdownpumpingrelationshipincaseofvariablepumping

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Thissectionwilldealwiththesolutionofunsteadyflowproblemincaseofunconfinedaquiferandalsoincaseofleaky
confinedaquifer.

Unconfinedaquifer

The time drawdown relationship is complex in case of unconfined aquifer. When drawdown is small compare to the
saturatedthicknessoftheaquifer,thesolutionmethodappliedforthecaseofconfinedaquifercanalsobeappliedtothe
caseofunconfinedaquifer.However,whendrawdownissignificant,thesolutionmethodappliedtothecaseofconfined
aquiferwillnotbeapplicableasitwillviolatetheassumptionsthathasbeenmadeincaseofconfinedaquifer.Inthis
case,thewaterreleasedfromthestoragewillnotbedischargedinstantaneouslywiththedeclinationofthehydraulic
head.Incaseofunconfinedaquifer,intheinitialperiodafterthestartofthepumping,waterisreleasedinstantaneously
fromthestorage.Thissituationissimilartothetimedrawdownrelationshipforthecaseofconfinedaquiferandcanbe
approximated using the Theis type curve. After some period of time from the start of the pumping, the rate of
drawdownwillbeslowduetothegravitydrainagereplenishmentfromtheporesoftheunsaturatedzone.Thegravity
drainageofwaterfromtheunsaturatedzoneproceedsinavariablerate.Finally,anequilibriumconditionisachieved
betweengravitydrainageandrateofdeclineofwatertableatlaterstage.Thisportionofthetimedrawdownrelationship
canalsobeapproximatewiththeTheistypecurve.Neuman(1975)gavethefollowingsolutionforunconfinedaquifer
withfullypenetratedwellandconstantdischargeconsideringdelayedyield.

(19.1)

Where

(19.2)

(19.3)

(19.4)

It may be noted that u is applicable for the early drawdown data whereas uy is applicable for later drawdown
data.W(u,uy)canbecalculatedusingthecurvegeneratedbyNeuman(1975).

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Wellsinaleakyconfinedaquifer

Aconfinedaquiferwillbecalledaleakyaquiferwhenwateriswithdrawnfromtheconfinedaquifer,thereisaverticalflow
fromtheoverlayingaquitardasshowninFig.19.1.Afterthestartsofthepumping,theloweringofpiezometricheadin
the aquifer builds hydraulic gradient within the aquitard. As a result of the hydraulic gradient, downward vertical
groundwaterflowtakesplacethroughtheaquitard.

Fig.19.1Aleakyconfinedaquifer

Thedrawdownofthepiezometricsurfacecanbeobtainedby(Hantush1956,Cobb etal.1982)
(19.5)

Where

(19.6)

(19.7)

(19.8)

Where T is the transmissivity of the leaky confined aquifer, K' is the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquitard,
andb'isthethicknessoftheaquitard.

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Partiallypenetratingwell

Inawellwhentheintakeofthewellislessthanthethicknessofthewell,thenthewelliscalledpartiallypenetratedwell.
Incaseofpartiallypenetratedwell,theflowlinesarenottrulyhorizontalnearthewell.Theflowlinesarecurvedupward
ordownwardnearthewell.However,atadistancefarawayfromthewell,theflowlinesarehorizontal.Asaresultof
nonhorizontal nature of the flow lines near the well, the length of the flow lines are more than the case of a fully
penetratedwell.Thusthedrawdownincaseofpartiallypenetratingwellismorethanthefullypenetratingwell.Fig.20.1
showsapartiallypenetratedwell.

Fig.20.1Partiallypenetratedwell

Thedrawdownofthepartiallypenetratedwellcanbewrittenas

(20.1)

Where,Sisthedrawdownofthefullypenetratedwellandsistheadditionaldrawdownduetopartialpenetration.

FortheFig.20.2givenbelow,

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Fig.20.2Partiallypenetratedwell

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Theadditionaldrawdown,scanbecalculatedas(ToddandMays,2011)

(20.2)

Changeinhydraulicpropertiesnearawell

ConsideracaseofapumpingwellasshowninFig.20.3below.

Fig.20.3Pumpingwell

Thedischargeofthewellcanbeexpressedas

(20.3)

(20.4)

(20.5)

Herer2>r1

SoV 1>V 2

Therefore,velocitynearthewellismorethanthevelocityawayfromthewell.Duetothehighvelocityinthevicinityof
thewell,thefineparticlesthatarepresentintheaquiferformationaremovedwiththeflowofwater.Asaresultofthis
phenomenon,thepermeabilityoftheaquifermediumwillbemoreinthevicinityofthewell.

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Fig.20.4Rechargewell

Now,incaseofrechargewell(Fig.20.4),theimpuritiesthatarepresentinwaterarealsomovealongwiththeinjected
watertotheaquifermedium.Asthevelocityofflowinthevicinityofthewellishigher,theimpuritiespresentinthe
waterwillmovealongwiththewaterandwillsettledownatsomedistancefromthewell.Asaresultofthesettlementof
impurities,thepermeabilityofthemediumwillreduce.Assuchthereductiononpermeabilityshouldbeconsideredin
modelingtheflowinanaquiferduetoartificialrecharge.

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Multiplewellsystems

Inawellfield,whenconeofdepressionofonewelloverlapswiththeconeofdepressionofotherwells,thentheactual
drawdown will be more than the drawdown calculated for the individual well (Fig. 20.1). In this case, the actual
drawdowncanbecalculatedusingtheprincipleofsuperpositionoflinearsystem.

Fig.21.1Multiplewellsystem

Forawellfieldofnwells,theactualdrawdowncanbecalculatedas

(21.1)

or,

WhereSaistheactualdrawdownatadistancerattimet,Siisthedrawdownatthatpointcausedbythedischargeof
thewelliattimet,nisthenumberofwellsinthewellfields.

Fig.21.2explainstheinterferenceofconeofdepressionoftwopumpingwells.Thecoordinatesofthetwowellsare(3,5)
and(7,5).TheindividualconeofdepressionofthetwowellsareshownonFig.21.2(a)and(b).Thecombineeffectof
the two wells can be obtained by adding the individual drawdown of the two wells, i.e.
if drawdown of the first well
isS1andthesecondwellisS2,thecombinedrawdownwillbeS=S1+S2.ThecombineeffectisshowninFig.21.2(c).

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a)Drawdownoffirstwell(b)Drawdownofsecondwell

(c)Combinedrawdown
Fig.21.2Coneofdepressionofmultiplewellssystem

Wellsnearaquiferboundaries

The assumption of infinite horizontal extend is no longer valid when water is pumped from a well near the aquifer
boundary.Methodofsuperpositioncanbeusedtoimplementtheeffectofaquiferboundarybyaddingawellatdifferent
location.Thewellthatcreatesthesameeffectasboundaryiscalledimagewell.

Wellnearastream
Fig.21.3showsawellnearastream.Inthiscase,theactualdrawdownatthestreamboundarywillbezeroasstreamis
considered as an infinite source. In order to maintain zero drawdown, an imaginary recharge well is considered at a
distanceequaltothedistancebetweenthepumpingwellandthestreamboundary.

Fig.21.3Wellnearastream
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Fig.20.4showsanequivalenthydraulicsysteminanaquiferofinfinitearealextend.Fortheequivalenthydraulicsystem,
thetimedrawdownrelationshipforthepumpingwellandalsofortheimageryrechargewellcanbeobtainedseparately.
Theactualdrawdowncanbeobtainedusingtheprincipleofsuperposition.

Fig.21.4Equivalenthydraulicsysteminaaquiferofinfinitearealextend

ConsidertheFig.21.5below.Thepumpingwellisatadistanceofxfromthestreamboundary.Inordertocalculatethe
actualdrawdownattheobservationlocation,animagewellis

Fig.21.5Pumpingwell,ObservationwellandImagewell

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consideredatadistanceofxontheothersideofthelineofzerodrawdown.Thedistanceoftheobservationwellfrom
thepumpingwellisrandfromtheimagewellisr'.

Forthesteadystateconditionofaconfinedaquifer,thedrawdownattheobservationwellcanbeobtainedas

(21.2)

(21.3)

(21.4)

Fortheunsteadycondition,thedrawdownatratanytimetcanbeobtainedas

(21.5)

(21.6)

Wellnearanimpermeableboundary
Fig.21.6showsawellnearanimpermeableboundary.Inthiscase,theactualdrawdownatthe

Fig.21.6Wellnearanimpermeableboundary

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impermeable boundary will be more than the drawdown calculated considering infinite areal extend of the aquifer
medium. This problem can be solved by considering an imaginary pumping well at a distance equal to the distance
between the pumping well and the image pumping well. Fig. 21.7 has shown the equivalent hydraulic system in an
aquiferwithinfinitearealextent.Fortheequivalenthydraulicsystem,thetimedrawdownrelationshipforthepumping
wellandalsofortheimageryrechargewellcanbeobtainedseparately.Theactualdrawdowncanbeobtainedusingthe
principleofsuperposition.

Fig.21.7Equivalenthydraulicsysteminaaquiferofinfinitearealextend

Consider the Fig. 21.8 below. The pumping well is at a distance of x from the impermeable boundary. In order to
calculatetheactualdrawdownattheobservationlocation,animagewellisconsideredatadistanceofxon the other
sideofthelineofzeroflow.Thedistanceoftheobservationwellfromthepumpingwellisr andfromtheimagewell
isr'.

Fortheunsteadycondition,thedrawdownatadistanceratanytimetcanbeobtainedas,

(21.7)

(21.8)

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Thetransmissivity(T)ofaconfinedaquiferandthehydraulicconductivity(K)ofanunconfinedaquifercanbecalculated
using the equation (16.14) and (16.30) respectively. These two equations were derived for steady state condition. It
maybenotedthatitisdifficulttoobtainsteadystatepumpingdrawdowndataasonehastocontinuethepumpingfor
longerperiod.Theunsteadyflowdatacanbeusedtocalculatebothhydraulicconductivityortransmissivityandstorage
coefficientofanaquifer.Inthislecturewewillmainlydiscusstheestimationofaquiferparametersusingunsteadyflow
data.

Theismethod

TheTheisequationcanbewrittenas

(22.1)

WhereW(u)isthewellfunctionanduis

(22.2)

(22.3)

IncanbeobservedfromtheaboverelationsthatrelationbetweenW(u)andumust be same as Sand r2/t. Using this

similarity, the aquifer parameters (T,Ss ) of confined aquifer can be estimated. The method for estimation of aquifer
parameterscanbesummarizedasfollows.

InalogarithmicpaperplottherelationshipbetweenW(u)andu.Thisisknownastypecurve.

Fromtheobservedtimedrawdowndata,plottherelationshipbetweenr2/tandSonanotherlogarithmicpaper
ofsamesize.

Theobservedr2/tversesSrelationshipisthensuperimposedwiththetypecurveinsuchawaythatobserved
datafallonthesegmentonthetypecurve.

Fromthetwosuperimposedrelations,thevaluesofW(u),u,S,andr2/tarenotedcorrespondingtoasuitable
convenientpoint.

Nowcomputetheaquiferparameters(T,Ss)usingtheequations(22.2)and(22.3).

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Fig.22.1andFig22.2showtherelationbetweenW(u)andu,andr2/tandS.Ther2/tandSisobtainedfromobserved
data.

Fig.22.1RelationbetweenW(u)andu

Fig22.2Relationbetweenr2/tandS

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Fig22.3SuperimpositionoftherelationbetweenW(u)andu,andr2/tandS

Fig. 22.3 show the superimposed relations between the plot W(u) verses u, S verses r2/t. Considering a suitable
convenient point on the superimposed curve, the values of W(u), u, Sand r2/t can be obtained. The aquifer
parameters(T,Ss)cannowbecomputedusingtheequations(22.2)and(22.3).

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CooperJacobmethod

TheTheisequationcanbewrittenas

(22.4)

TheW(u)isthewellfunctionanduis

(22.5)

TheW(u)canbeapproximatedas

(22.6)

CopperandJacob(1946)suggestedthatforsmallvalueofrandlargevalueoft,theW(u)canbeapproximatedas

(22.7)

Thustheequation(22.4)canbewrittenas

(22.8)

(22.9)

(22.10)

Fig22.4Observedtimedrawdownrelationwithtimeinlogscale

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Theplot(Fig.22.4)betweentimeanddrawdownrelationisastraightlinewhentimeisplottedinlogarithmicscale.
Projectingthelinetos=0,thetimeofzerodrawdownt0canbeobtained.

Nowfors=0att=t0

(22.11)

Thus,

(22.12)

(22.13)

NowconsideronelogcycleasshowninFig.22.4

(22.14)

(22.15)

Aswehaveconsideredonelogcycle,t2/t1=10

(22.16)

(22.17)

Thus,

(22.18)

Itmaybenotedthatthismethodisnotapplicableforearlydrawdowndataasitwillviolatethebasicassumptionusedin
developingthemethod.

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Reference

CobbP.M.,McelweeC.D.,andButtM.A.(1982),"Analysisofleakyaquiferpumpingtestdata:Anautomatednumerical
solutionusingsensitivityanalysis", GroundWater
,20(3),325333.

Copper H.H. Jr., and Jacob C.E., (1946), A generalized graphical method for evaluating formation constants and
summarizingwellfieldhistory, TransactionofAmericanGeophysicalUnion
,27,526534.

Hantush M.S., (1956), "Analysis of data from pumping tests in leaky aquifers", TransactionofAmericanGeophysical
Union,37,702714.

NeumanS.P.(1975),"Analysisofpumpingtestdatafromanisotropicunconfinedaquiferconsideringdelayedgravity
response", WaterResourcesResearch
,11,329342.

TheisC.V.(1935),Therelationbetweentheloweringofthepiezometricsurfaceandtherateanddurationofdischarge
ofawellusinggroundwaterstorage, TransactionAmericanGeophysicalUnion
,16,519524.

ToddandMays,(2011),"Groundwaterhydrology",WileyIndiaEdition,Thirdedition,pp195196.

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