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TERMPAPER- MECHANICAL
VIBRATION
TOPIC-VIBRATION OF MEMBRANES

11/20/2010
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
SUBMITTED TO- PROF. AMRITPREET SINGH

SUBMITTED BY-

NAME AMIT KUMAR

ROLL no. B23

Reg. No. 4180070049

SECTION- H47H1
Acknowledgement

I am thankful to my teacher for giving me this topic for

Term paper. So I have learnt many things about this
particular Topic. I have gained a lot of knowledge
about VIBRATION OF MEMBRANES I would also like
to thank MY CLASS MATES for their cooperation and
helping me out wherever I needed it and gave me
immense information .

Thanks SIR
Abstract

The study of vibrations of membranes is of importance in connection with

design of loudspeaker diaphragms, telephone receivers and microphones and
many other acoustical devices but also non-acoustical devices like automobiles.
For higher order modes of vibrations calculating and plotting the vibrations
becomes difficult. But it is easy to simulate these vibrations in computer
graphics. In this paper vibrations of rectangular membranes are simulated in
different modes taking care of the boundary conditions. It is also possible to
visualise the actual vibrations in the computer monitor by allowing the
membrane to vibrate from a maximum to minimum amplitude. To simulate
these vibrations, nowadays, simulation packages like Mathematica, Maple,
MATLAB etc. are being used. Here, an attempt is made to simulate these
vibrations using the Java programming language.
Introduction

A membrane is a structural element which is relatively thin in one direction

compared with the other two, and is flat. It is stretched in its plane, thereby
withstanding tensile stresses. However, it is perfectly flexible with respect to
bending. The major difference is that while the transverse vibration will be
described by the displacement, w, it will be a function of two space variables
(such as x and y) and timei.e., w = w(x,y,t) whereas, string vibrations involve
only one space variable.

Membrane have many applications in various fields. In music and acoustics,

membranes constitute major components in many musical instruments (e.g.,
drums). In addition, membrane surfaces constitute components of microphones,
speakers, and other devices. In the physical sciences, membranes may be used
to study two dimensional wave mechanics and propagation. The fundamental
equations of wave propagation in two dimensions are the same as the
membrane vibration equations. In bioengineering, many human tissues are
considered as membranes. The vibration characteristics of an eardrum are
important in understanding hearing. The design of hearing aid devices involves
incorporating membranes in them.The transverse vibrations of membrane are
studied in this chapter. The equations of motion will be first derived. The free
vibrations of rectangular, circular, annular, and sectorial membranes will then
be examined. Some interesting mode shapes of free vibration will be
discovered. Vibration of membranes under various initial conditions will be
studied. Forced vibration will be treated using both modal expansion and
closed-form solutions. The approximate methods of Rayleigh and Ritz will be
introduced and used to solve problems which do not allow exact solutions, or
when such solutions are not easy to obtain.

The two spatial dimensions may be represented using the Cartesian coordinate
system (usually for rectangular membranes) or using the polar coordinate
system (usually for circular membranes). The vibrating elements in condenser
microphones, drum heads and ear drums are modeled as membranes.
Assumptions in modelling:
Motion is transverse to the membrane surface
Slope of the membrane along any direction is small
Tension is isotropic and does not change with deformation
The thickness of the membrane does not change

Equation of Motion for Transverse Vibrations

The membrane is assumed to be stretched with sufficiently large stresses so

that, like the string, if the subsequent transverse vibrational displacement is kept
small, the stresses will remain essentially constant during vibration. In practice,
this usually consists of stretching a membrane uniformly over a support frame
as, for example, in the case of a drum. However, the tensile stress need not be
uniform, and in reality it never is. Moreover, inplane shear stresses, in addition
to tensile stresses, may be applied at the support frame (the membrane
boundary). Such stresses are limited only by the requirement that at no point,
and in no direction, within the membrane region will there be compressive
stress. If a compressive stress component were to exist, the membrane would
wrinkle because of its complete lack of bending stiffness.

For free, undamped vibrations

where 2 is the Laplacian operator

Free Vibrations of Rectangular Membranes

A rectangular membrane with planform dimensions a b is shown in Fig. 5.4.

Assume that uniform tension is applied to it in all directions, so that free
vibrations are governed by the equation of motion . To determine the natural
frequencies and mode shapes, we will proceed in the usual manner, that is, a
solution to will first be found, and then the boundary conditions will be
applied.

Using the method of separation of variables, a solution to is assumed in the

form

w(x, y,t) =X(x) *Y(y)* (t)

Substituting this into wave equation, and dividing by XY results in

Each of the three terms is a function of a different variable (x,

y, or t), therefore, the only way in which this equation may be valid is if each
term is equal to a constant. Let these constants be , , and . Then

And
In anticipation of the solution form of , replace (T/h) by the constant ,
which will be, of course, the circular frequency. Solutionsto are then

Boundary conditions where all edges are fixed will be considered.

The boundary conditions are therefore

w(0, y,t) = w(a, y,t) = w(x,0,t) = w(x,b,t) = 0

Whence
X(0) = X(a) = Y(0) = Y(b) = 0

Substituting this into solution , gives B = D = 0 and

The frequency is thus determined from

By substituting the values of and

Or, in non dimensional form

It is seen that the non dimensional frequency parameter depends on the aspect
ratio (a/b) of the membrane and that, for any a/b, there is a doubly infinite set of
frequencies depending on the choices of m and n.
Bibliography:

Vibrations of continuous system Mohamad S.Qatu

www.nptel.com/membranes