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Technical
Information
Information
Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

1. Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

1.1 and
Classification Rolling bearing construction
Characteristics of Rolling Bearings
Most rolling bearings consist of rings with raceway Outer ring Outer
1.1 Rolling(inner
bearingring construction
and outer ring), rolling elements (either balls or ring
Most rollingrollers)
bearingsand consist
cage. Theof rings with raceway
cage separates (inner
the rolling Inner ring Inner
elements
ring and outer ring), at regular
rolling intervals,(either
elements holds them
balls inorplace within
rollers) ring
the inner
and cage. The cageand outer raceways,
separates andelements
the rolling allows them to rotate
at regular
freely.them in place within the inner and outer
intervals, holds Cage
Ball
Ball
raceways, and allows
Raceway them
(inner to and
ring rotate freely.
outer ring) or raceway washer 1) Cage
The surface on which rolling elements roll is called the
"raceway
Raceway (inner surface".
ring and outerThe load
ring)placed on the bearing
or raceway washer is 1)
The surfacesupported
on whichbyrolling
this contact
elementssurface.
roll is called the
Generally
raceway surface. Thetheload
inner ring fitson
placed onthe
thebearing
axle or shaft
is and the Deep groove ball bearing Angular contact ball bearing
outer ring on the housing. Fig A Fig.B
supported by this contact surface. Generally the inner ring fits
Note 1: The raceway of thrust bearing is called "raceway washer,"
on the axle or shaft theand
inner the outer
ring is calledring on the
the "shaft housing.
raceway washer"Note 1:
and the
The raceway of thrust bearing
outer ring isthe
is called called raceway
"housing washer, the
raceway washer."
Outer ring
inner ring isRolling
called elements
the shaft raceway washer and the outer Outer ring
ring is called Rolling
the housing
elements raceway
classify washer.
in two types: balls and rollers. Inner ring Roller
Rollers come in four types: cylindrical, needle, tapered,
Rolling elements
and spherical.
Rolling elements
Ballsclassify in twocontact
geometrically types:with
balls
theand rollers.
raceway surfaces of Cage Cage
theininner
Rollers come fourand outercylindrical,
types: rings at "points",
needle,while the contact
tapered, Roller
surface
and spherical. Ballsof geometrically
rollers is a "line"contact
contact.with the raceway
Theoretically,
surfaces of the rolling rings
inner and outer bearings are so constructed
at points, while theas to
allow the rolling elements to rotate orbitally
contact surface of rollers is a line contact. Theoretically, while also
rotating on their own axes at the same time.
rolling bearings are so constructed as to allow the rolling Cylindrical roller bearing Needle roller bearing
elements toCages
rotate orbitally while also rotating on their own Fig. C Fig. D
Cagestime.
axes at the same function
Cagesto maintain rolling elements
Cages function at a uniform
to maintain
pitch so
rolling elements at load is never
a uniform applied
pitch directly
so load to the cage
is never and to
applied
prevent
directly to the cagethe rolling
and elements
to prevent from
the falling
rolling out when
elements
handling the bearing. Types of cages differ according to Outer ring Outer
from falling out when handling the bearing. Types of cages ring
way they are manufactured, and include pressed, Roller
differ according to way
machined andthey arecages.
formed manufactured, and include Inner
ring
pressed, machined and formed cages.
Cage

1.2 Classification
1.2 Classification of rolling bearings
of rolling bearings Roller
Inner ring Cage
Rolling bearings divide
Rolling into two
bearings main
divide into classifications: ball
two main classifications: ball
bearings and roller bearings.
bearings Ball bearings
and roller bearings. are classified
Ball bearings are classified
according to according to theirring
their bearing bearing ring configurations:
configurations: deep
deep groove
groove contact
type and angular type andtype.angular contact
Roller type. Roller
bearings on the bearings
other on
the other according
hand are classified hand are classified according
to the shape to the
of the shape of
rollers: Tapered roller bearing Spherical roller bearing
the rollers: cylindrical, needle, tapered and spherical. Fig. E Fig. F
cylindrical, needle, tapered and spherical. Rolling bearings
can be further classified according to the direction in which
Rolling bearings can be further classified according to Shaft raceway washer Shaft raceway washer
the load is applied; radial
the direction bearings
in which carry
the load radial loads
is applied; radialand
bearings
thrust bearings carry axial loads.
carry radial loads and thrust bearings carry axial loads.
Other classification methods include: 1) number of rolling Ball Roller
rows (single, Other
double, or 4-row),methods
classification 2) separable and
include: non- of
1) number
separable, in which
rolling rowseither thedouble,
(single, inner ring or the2)outer
or 4-row), ring can
separable and
be detached. non-separable,
There are also in which eitherdesigned
bearings the inner ring or the outer
for special
applications,ring can as:
such be detached.
railway car journal roller bearings, ball
Cage Cage
screw support bearings, turntable bearings, as well as linear
There are also bearings designed for special
motion bearings (linear ball bearings, linear roller bearings
applications, such as: railway car journal roller bearings, Housing raceway washer Housing raceway washer
and linear flat roller bearings).Types of rolling bearings are
ball screw support bearings, turntable bearings, as well
given in Fig.as1.2.
linear motion bearings (linear ball bearings, linear Thrust ball bearing Thrust roller bearing
Fig. G Fig. H
roller bearings and linear flat roller bearings).Types of
rolling bearings are given in Fig. 1.2. Fig. 1.1 Rolling bearing

A-5
201 Brighton Avenue Boston, MA 02134 Ph: 800.225.4587 Fx: 800.252.1996 www.emersonbearing.com
201 Brighton Avenue Boston, MA 02134 Ph: 800.225.4587 Fx: 800.252.1996 www.emersonbearing.com
 1.3.3 Radial and thrust bearings
1.3 Characteristics of rolling bearings
Almost all types of rolling bearings can carry both radial
1.3.11.3
Characteristics
Characteristics of rolling bearings
of rolling bearings and 1.3.3 Radial
axial loads at and thrusttime.
the same bearings
Rolling bearings come in many shapes and varieties, Almostbearings
Generally, all types withof rolling bearings
a contact anglecan carrythan
of less both radial
each1.3.1
with Characteristics
its own distinctiveoffeatures. rolling bearings and axial
45have a much loads at theradial
greater sameloadtime.capacity and are
Rolling
However, whenbearings
compared comewith in many
sliding shapes and rolling
bearings, varieties, classedGenerally,
as radial bearings
bearings;with a contact
whereas anglewhich
bearings of less than
have
each with its own distinctive
bearings all have the following advantages: features. 45 have a much greater radial
a contact angle over 45have a greater axial load load capacity and are
However, when compared with sliding bearings, rolling classed
capacity andas areradial
classedbearings; whereas
as thrust bearings
bearings. Therewhich
are have
(1)bearings
The starting all have the coefficient
friction following advantages:
is lower and there is alsoabearings
contact angleclassed overas 45 have bearings
complex a greater which
axial load
1.3 Characteristics of rolling bearings 1.3.3capacity
Radial and andthrust bearings
are characteristics
classed as thrust bearings.
little difference between this and the dynamic combine the loading of both radialThere
and are
1.3.1 Characteristics of rolling bearings Almost all types of rolling bearings can carry both radial and
(1) Thecoefficient.
friction starting friction coefficient is lower and there is also
thrust bearings classed as complex bearings which
bearings.
Rolling bearings come in many shapes and varieties, each axial loads at the same time.
(2)with
They little
are difference between
internationally this and
standardized, the dynamic
interchangeable combine the loading characteristics of both radial and
its own distinctive features. However, when compared Generally, bearings with a contact angle of less than 45have
with friction
andsliding
readily coefficient.
obtainable.
bearings, rolling bearings all have the following thrust
a1.3.4
much bearings.
Standard
greater bearings
radial and special
load capacity and arebearings
classed as radial
(2) They
(3)advantages:
They are areeasy internationally
to lubricate standardized,
and consumeinterchangeable
less The boundary
bearings; whereasdimensions
bearings which and have
shapes of bearings
a contact angle over
and
lubricant. readily obtainable.
(1) The starting friction coefficient is lower and there is little 1.3.4a greater
conforming
45have Standard axialbearings
to international and and
standards
load capacity special
are bearings
areinterchangeable
classed as
(3)aThey
(4)difference
As general are rule,
between easy toand
one
this lubricate
bearing and consume
can carry
the dynamic less
bothcoefficient.
friction radial and can
thrust The beboundary
bearings. There dimensions
obtained easily
are alsoand and shapes
classedof
economically
bearings bearings
over
as the
complex
(2)and
They lubricant.
are internationally
axial loads at the same standardized,
time. interchangeable and conforming
world
bearingsover. to international
It iscombine
which therefore thebetter standards
to design
loading are interchangeable
mechanical
characteristics of both
(4) As
(5)readily
May be aused
general
obtainable. rule, high
in either one bearing can carry both radial
or low temperature and
radial andcan
equipment tobe
thrustuse obtained
bearings.
standard easily and economically over the
bearings.
(3)applications.
They andareaxial
easyloadsto lubricate
at the and
same consume
time. less lubricant. world over. It is therefore better to design mechanical
(6)(4)Bearing
As May
(5) a general
be used
rigidityrule,
can one
in bearing
either
be highcan
improved carry
orby
low both radial and
temperature
preloading. 1.3.4 Standard
equipment
However, bearings
depending and
to use standard
on thespecial ofbearings
bearings.
type machine they are to
axial loads at the same time.
applications. The boundary dimensions and
be used in, and the expected application shapes of bearings
and function, a
(5) (6)
May be usedrigidity
in either high
be or low temperature conforming to international
Construction,Bearing classes, and can improved
special featuresby ofpreloading.
rolling However,
non-standard specially standards
or depending on the type
designed are of
interchangeable
bearing machine
may bethey bestare to
applications. and can be obtained easily and economically over the world
bearings are fully described in the boundary dimensions be used
to use. Bearingsin, andthattheareexpected
adapted application and function, a
to specific applications,
(6) Bearing rigidity can be improved by preloading. over. It is therefore better to design mechanical
Construction,
and bearing numbering classes,
system andsection.
special features of rolling and non-standard
"unit bearings" orwhich
specially designed bearing
are integrated (built-in)may
intobe
a best
equipment to use standard bearings.
bearings are fully described
Construction, classes, and special in thefeatures
boundary dimensions
of rolling bearings to use.components,
machine's Bearings thatand areother
adapted to specific
specially applications,
designed
and
1.3.2areBall bearing
fully bearings numbering
described and system
roller
in the section.
bearings
boundary dimensions and bearing and "unit
bearings
However, bearings"
are also
depending which
available.
on the typeare integrated
of machine they(built-in)
are to beinto a
Table 1.1 gives
numbering a comparison
system section. of ball bearings and roller used machine's
The and theofcomponents,
in,feature typical standard
expected and other
application andspecially
bearings are asdesigned
function, afollows:
non-
1.3.2 Ball bearings and roller bearings
bearings. bearings
standard are also
or specially available.
designed bearing may be best to use.
Table
1.3.2 Ball1.1 gives aand
bearings comparison of ball bearings and roller
roller bearings BearingsThe feature
that of typical
are adapted standard
to specific bearings are as follows:
applications,
bearings.
Table 1.1 gives a comparison of ball bearings and roller and unit bearings which are integrated (built-in) into
Table 1.1 Comparison of ball bearings and roller bearings
bearings. Deep groove
a machines components, ball specially
and other bearings designed
Roller bearings
bearings are also available. The feature of typical standard
Table 1.1Ball bearings of ball bearings
The most
are common type of bearing,
Comparison and roller bearings bearings as follows:
Deep groove balldeep groove ball
bearings
bearings are widely used in a variety of fields. Deep
Ball bearings Roller bearings
Deep
groove The
ballmost
groove ballcommon
bearings bearings typeshield
include of bearing,
bearings deep andgroove
sealedball
2b
2b
Contact with

The bearings
most common are widely ofused
typemake in aeasier
bearing, variety
deep toofuse.
groove fields.
ball Deep
raceway

2a r bearings with grease them

bearings
Deep are ball
groove
groovewidelyball used
bearings ininclude
bearings a variety of fields.
alsoshield
include Deep groove
bearings
bearings andwithsealed
a
2b
2b
Contact with

Point contact Linear contact ball bearings include shield bearings and sealed tobearings
raceway

Contact surface is2aoval when Contact surface is r

generally
bearings
locating with grease
snap-ring make
to facilitate them easier
positioning when use.
mounting
with grease
Deep
the outer make
groove
ring, themballeasier
expansion to use.
bearings also
compensating Deep groove
include
bearings ball
bearings
whichwith a
load is applied.
Point contact rectangular
Linear when load is
contact
applied. bearings also snap-ring
locating include bearings
to with apositioning
facilitate locating snap-ring
when to
mounting
Contact surface is oval when Contact surface is generally absorb dimension variation of the bearing fitting surface
facilitate positioning when mounting the outer ring, expansion
load of
Because is point
applied.
contact rectangular
Because of linearwhen load is
contact, due the outer ring,
to housing expansionand
temperature, compensating
TAB bearings bearings
that are which
compensating bearings which absorb dimension variation of
Characteristics

there is little rolling applied.

rotational torque is higher for able absorb
to dimension
withstand variation of
contamination in the
the bearing
lubricating fitting
oil. surface
resistance, ballofbearings are rollerBecause
bearings of than for contact,
ball
the bearing fitting surface due to housing temperature, and
Because
suitable for low
point contact
torque and bearings, but
linear
rigidity is also TAB due to housing
bearings that aretemperature,
able to withstandand TAB bearings in
contamination thattheare
Characteristics

there is little rolling

high-speed applications.
rotational torque is higher for
higher.
able to
lubricating oil.withstand contamination in the lubricating oil.
resistance, ball bearings are roller bearings than for ball
Theysuitable
also have superior
for low torque and bearings, but rigidity is also
acoustic characteristics. Table 1.2 Configuration of sealed ball bearings
high-speed applications. higher.
They also have superior Type Shield Sealed
acoustic characteristics. Table 1.2 Configuration of sealed ball bearings
Load capacity is lower for Load capacity is higher for and Non-contact Non-contact Contact Low torque
ball bearings, but radial rolling bearings. Cylindrical symbol ZZ Shield LLB LLUSealed LLH
Load capacity

Type
bearings
Loadare capable
capacity is of
lower for rollerLoad
bearings equipped
capacity withfor
is higher and Non-contact Non-contact Contact Low torque
bearing loads in both the
ball bearings, but radial a lip can bear slight radial
rolling bearings. Cylindrical symbol
Configuration

ZZ LLB LLU LLH

Load capacity

radialbearings
and axialare
direction.
capable of loads.roller
Combining
bearings tapered
equipped with
bearing loads in both the rollerabearings in pairs
lip can bear slight radial
Configuration

radial and axial direction. enables

loads. Combiningtotapered
the bearings bear
an axial load in both directions.
roller bearings in pairs
enables the bearings to bear
an axial load in both directions.

A-8

A-8
 Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

Angular contact ball bearings Cylindrical roller bearings

Angular
The line that unites pointcontact
of contact ball bearings
of the inner ring, Uses rollers for Cylindrical
rolling elements,roller and bearings
therefore has a
ball and outer ring runs at a certain angle (contact angle) high load capacity. The rollers are guided by the ribs of
The line that unites point of contact of the inner ring, Uses rollers for rolling elements, and therefore has a
in the ball
radial
anddirection.
outer ringBearings
runs at aare generally
certain angle designed
(contact angle) thehigh
innerloador capacity.
outer ring. TheThe innerare
rollers and outerby
guided rings can of
the ribs be
with Angular
three contact
contact ball bearings
angles.
in the radial direction. Bearings are generally designed
Cylindrical to
separated roller bearings
facilitate assembly, and
the inner or outer ring. The inner and outer rings can be both can be fit with
The line
Angular that unites point of contact of the inner ring, ball and Uses rollers for rolling elements,
If thereand therefore has a high
with contact ball bearings
three contact angles. can support an axial load, shaft or housing
separated tightly.
to facilitate assembly, is and
no ribs,
botheither
can bethe inner
fit with
outer ring
but cannot runs atby
a certain angle (contact angle) in the radial load capacity. Thecan rollers are freely
guidedinby the ribs direction.
of the inner
Angular contact ball bearings can supportofanthe
be used single bearing because axial load, or the outer ring move the
shaft or housing tightly. If there is no ribs, either the inneraxial
direction.
contact Bearings are generally designed in with
pairsthree incontact or outer ring. The bearings
inner and are outer rings canideal be separated
butangle.
cannotThey mustbyinstead
be used be usedbecause
single bearing or the
of Cylindrical
or the outer rollerring can move therefore
freely to be used
in the axial direction.
angles. Angular contact ball bearings can support an axial to facilitate assembly, and both can be fit with shaft or
combinations.
contact angle. They must instead be used in pairs or in as Cylindrical
so-called "free side bearings" that absorb shaft
load, housing tightly. If there is no ribs, either the innertoorbe
roller bearings are therefore ideal used
the
Angular
but
contact ball bearings include double row
combinations.
cannot be used by single bearing because of the contact
expansion.
as so-called In the
"freecase
side where
bearings" there thatis
outer ring can move freely in the axial direction. Cylindrical
a ribs,
absorb the
shaft bearing
angular
angle.contact
Angular ball bearings
They contact
must instead forused
ball bearings
be which the inner
include
in pairs or in and
double row
combinations. can bear
expansion.
roller a slight
bearings In
are axial
the caseload
therefore wherebetween
ideal there
to be isthe endas of
a ribs,
used thethe rollers
bearing
so-called
angular
outerAngular
rings arecontact
combinedball bearings
as a for
single which
unit. the
The
contact ball bearings include double row angular inner
contactand andcan bear
the ribs.a slight axial
Cylindrical load
roller between
bearings
free side bearings that absorb shaft expansion. In the case the end
include of the
the rollers
HT
angle outer rings are combined
angular as a
contact single
ball unit.
contact ball bearings for which the inner and outer 25.
of double row bearingsThe contact
is rings are and
type
where the ribs.
which
there is aCylindrical
modifies roller bearings
the bearing
ribs, the shape of
canroller include
bearend facethe
a slight andHTload
axial ribs
There angle
are of
combined double
also
as a row unit.
four-point
single angular
Thecontact
contact bearings
contact ball
anglebearings
thatofcan is 25.
double row fortype which
increasing
between the end modifies
axial the
road
of the shapeandofthe
capacity.
rollers roller
And end
the
ribs. Eface
typeand
Cylindrical with ribs
rollera
support There
angular areload
an axial
contactalso infour-point
ball bearings contact
both directions bearings
by
is 25. There that can
themselves.
are also four- for increasing
special
bearings internal axial
include design
the HT road
for capacity.
type enhancing And
which modifies the the
radial Eload
type withofa
capacity.
shape
These support
point
bearings an however
contact axial loadrequire
bearings in both
that directions
cancaution byaxial
supportbecause
an themselves.
load in both special
roller
The Eend
type internal
face anddesign
ribs forfor
is standardized enhancing
increasing radial
axial
for small-diameter roadload capacity.
capacity.
sizes. And
These bearings
by however
themselves. require
These caution
problems such as excessive temperature rise and require
directions bearings because
however theTheE E
type type
with isa standardized
special internal for small-diameter
design
Table 1.6 shows the basic configuration for cylindrical for sizes.
enhancing radial
wearing problems
cautioncould such problems
because
occur as excessive
depending such
ontemperature
as
theexcessive rise and
temperature
load conditions. Table
load
roller 1.6 shows
capacity.
bearings. The Ethe typebasic configuration
is standardized forfor cylindrical
small-diameter
wearing
rise could occur
and wearing coulddepending on the load
occur depending conditions.
on the load roller
sizes. bearings.
Table 1.6 shows the basic configuration for cylindrical
conditions. roller bearings.
In addition to these, there are cylindrical roller bearings
In addition to these, there are cylindrical roller bearings
Table 1.3 Contact angle and symbol with multiple rows ofofrollers and the SL type of full
Table 1.3 Contact angle and symbol with multiple
In addition rowsthere
to these, rollers and the SLroller
are cylindrical typebearings
of full with
ContactContact
angle angle complement
complement roller bearing without cage.
multiple rows ofroller bearing
rollers and thewithout cage.
SL type of full complement
roller bearing without cage.
Contact angleangle
Contact and contact angle
and contact symbol
angle symbol Table 1.61.6
Types ofof
cylindrical
Table Types cylindricalroller
rollerbearings
bearings
Contact angleangle 15153030 4040
Contact
Type
Type NUP type
NUP type
Contact angleangle
Contact NUNUtype
type NJ
NJtype
type
C C A
1
A
1
B B andand NN type NF type
NH type
symbol symbol Symbol type NFtype
type
Symbol NJ+HJ
NJ+HJ
Note 1:Note
Contact angle angle
1: Contact symbol has been
symbol abbreviated
has been abbreviated
as "A".as "A".

Table
Table 1.4 1.4 Configuration
Configuration of double
of double row angular
row angular contact
contact ball ball bearings
bearings
Drawings
Drawings

Type Type Non-contact Contact

ShieldNon-contact
Contact
and
and symbolOpen Open Shield sealed
sealed sealed
sealed NUNU type
type NJtype
NJ type NUP type
NUP type
ZZ LLM LLD
symbol ZZ LLM LLD
Configuration
Configuration

N type NF type NH type

N type NF type NH type

Table 1.5 Combinations of duplex angular contact ball bearings

Table 1.5 Combinations of duplex angular contact ball bearings
Type Back-to-back Face-to-face
duplex
andBack-to-back duplex Tandem duplex
Type symbol Face-to-face DT
and duplex DB duplexDF Tandem duplex
symbol DT
DB DF
Configuration
Configuration

r r
r r

A-9

A-9
 Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

Tapered roller bearings Spherical roller bearings

TaperedTaperedroller bearings roller arebearings
designed so the inner/outer Equipped with an outer
Spherical rollerringbearings
with a spherical raceway
ring raceway and apex Tapered of therollertapered rollers intersect at
bearings surface andSpherical an inner ring rollerwhich holds two rows of barrel-
bearings
Tapered
one pointrolleronbearings
the bearing are centerline.
designed so Bythe inner/outer
receiving Equipped
shaped with rollinganelements,
outer ring NTN with a spherical
spherical raceway
roller bearings
racewayTapered
ring combined and
load apexroller bearings are designed so the inner/outer
fromofinner the taperedand outer rollers
ring,intersect
the rollers at are surface Equipped with an outer ring with a spherical raceway
are and ablean to inner
adjustring which
center holds two
alignment rows of inclination
to handle barrel- of
ringroller
raceway and apex of the tapered rollers intersect at surface rollerand anbearings
inner ring which holds two rows of barrel-
one Tapered
point on
pushed the
against bearings
bearing the centerline.
inner ring
one point on the bearing centerline. By receiving ribBy and receiving
roll guided with rib. Spherical
shaped the rolling
axle or elements,
shaft. NTN spherical
shaped rolling elements, NTN spherical roller bearings
roller bearings
Tapered
combined roller
load from bearings
inner are designed
and outer ring, sothe thedirection
inner/outer
rollers are ringa Equipped
are able towith an variety
adjust outer
center ring bearing
with a spherical raceway surface
Induced force is produced in the
combined load from inner and outer ring, the rollers are axial when are There
able to are
adjust centerofalignment
alignment to tohandle
types handle
that inclination
differ
inclination of of
according
raceway
pushed against
radial loadandisthe apex inner
applied, of the ring tapered
soinner rib ring
must andberollers
roll intersect
guided
handled at rib.
with one point and axle
the an inner
or orringdesign.
shaft. which holds two rows of barrelshaped
pushed against the rib and roll by using
guided witha rib.
pair theto axle
internal shaft.
on
Inducedthe bearing
force isThe centerline.
produced By
in the receiving combined load from rolling elements, NTNofspherical roller bearings areaccording
able to
of bearings.
Induced forceinner ring
is produced withaxial
in thedirection
rollers axialanddirection when
outer ringa a
when There areare
Spherical
There variety bearing
rollerofbearings
variety bearing typestypes
include thatas
that differ
type
differ equipped with
according
inner and outer ring, the rollers are pushed against the inner adjust center alignment to handle inclination of the axle or
radial loadradial
come is applied,
apart, load
thus so mustso
is facilitating
applied, bemusthandled
mountingbe handledby
with using a pair
by using
clearance a pair
or to internal
toan internal
innerdesign.
design.
ring with a tapered bore. The bearing can easily
ring ribofand roll guided
bearings. with ring rib. Induced force isouter
produced shaft.Spherical
There areroller variety of bearing types thatequipped
differ according
of bearings.
preload. The innerThe
Assembled ring inner
with rollers
clearance with
is rollers
and outer
however andhard ringtoring Spherical
be mountedrolleron bearings
bearings include
a shaftinclude
by means as
astype
type
of an equipped
adapter withwith
or
in the come
axial direction
apart, thus when a radial
facilitating load is applied,
mounting with clearance so must to internal design. Spherical roller bearings include as type
come apart,
manage
be handled thus
and byfacilitating
requires
using a pair mounting
special withThe
attention.
of bearings. clearance
Tapered
inner ring or or
roller an an
innerinner
withdrawal ring
ring with
with a a tapered
tapered bore.
bore. The
The bearing
bearing
sleeve. The bearing is capable of supporting can easily
can easily
preload. preload.
Assembled Assembled
clearance clearance
is however is however
hard hard
to to with equipped
be be mounted
mounted
with
ononaaashaft
shaftby by means
means of of ananadapter
adapter or
bearings
rollersmanage are
and outer capable
ring of supporting
come special apart, thus large loads
facilitating in both the
mounting heavy
an inner ringloads,
with and is therefore
tapered bore. is The often usedcan
bearing in or
industrial
easily be
and requires attention. Tapered roller withdrawal sleeve. The bearing capable of supporting
manageaxial and
and
with clearancerequires
radial special
directions.
or preload. attention. Tapered roller withdrawal
machinery. sleeve. WhenThe bearing
heavy is
axial capable
load is of
appliedsupporting
to the
bearings are capable Assembledof supportingclearance large loads is inhowever
both the mounted
heavy loads,on a shaftand isbytherefore
means ofoften an adapter or withdrawal
used in industrial
bearings
hardNTNare
to capable
bearings
manage
axial and radial and of requires
with supporting
4T-, ET-,
directions. large
T-
special and loads
U attached
attention. inTapered
bothtothe the
roller heavy
sleeve. loads,
bearing, and
the
The bearing
machinery. When isis
load therefore
on rollers
capable
heavy axialof often isused
of another
supporting
load applied inheavy
industrial
row isloads,
to the disappeared,
axialbearings
and radial
name NTNaredirections.
conform to ISO
capable
bearings of
withand JISET-,
supporting
4T-, standards
large
T- andloads U for sub-unit
in both
attached tothe
the machinery.
and
andbearing,
is can
thereforeWhen
the cause
often
load heavy
on used axial
problems.
rollersinof load
industrial
another is row
Attention applied
must
machinery. to the
therefore
When be
is disappeared,
NTN
axialbearings
and
dimensions
name radialwith
(nominal
conform 4T-,
directions. ET-,
to contact
ISO and T- andangle, U attached
nominal
JIS standards to
forsmall theend
sub-unit bearing,
heavy
andpaidaxial
canthe load
load
tocause on rollers
isproblems.
operating applied to of
theanother
conditions. mustrow
bearing,
Attention the isload
therefore disappeared,
on
be rollers
name NTN bearings
conform
diameter oftoouter
dimensions with(nominal
ISO 4T-, ET-,
and
ring) JIS
and T-are
and
standards
contact U attached
for
internationally
angle, sub-unit
nominal tosmall
the name end of another
and cantocause
paid row isproblems.
operating disappeared,
conditions. and can
Attention cause
must problems.
therefore be
Table 1.7 Types of spherical roller bearings
conform
dimensions to
diameter ISO
(nominal
interchangeable. and
of outerJIS
contact standards
ring) and
angle, are for sub-unit
internationally
nominal small dimensions
end Attention
paid to must therefore
operating be paid to operating conditions.
conditions.
Table 1.7 Types of spherical roller bearings
(nominal
diameter NTN contact
interchangeable.
of outer
also has ring) angle,
a andof
line nominal
are case small end diameter
internationally
hardened steel bearings of outer Standard
ring) andNTN are internationally
also has a line ofinterchangeable.
case hardened steel bearings Table Type
1.7 Types of spherical roller
Standard C typebearings213 type E type
interchangeable.
designed for longer life (ETA-, ET-, etc.). NTN tapered Type (B type) C type 213 type E type
NTN also has a for linelonger (B type)
ofofinclude
case
designed life hardened
(ETA-, ET-, steel
etc.). bearings
NTN tapered
NTN also
roller has
bearings a line also case hardened
bearings steel
with bearings
two and four Standard
designedrollerforbearings
longer life also(ETA-,include bearings
ET-, etc.). NTN with tapered
two and four roller Type (B type) C type 213 type E type
designed
rows for
of longer
tapered life (ETA-,
rollers for ET-, etc.).
extra-heavy NTN loads. tapered

Configuration
bearingsrows of tapered
also include rollers bearings for extra-heavy
with two and loads.
four rows of

Configuration
rollertapered
bearings alsofor
rollers include
extra-heavy bearings loads.with two and four
rows of tapered rollers for extra-heavy loads.
Configuration

Thrust bearings
Thrust bearings
Thrust bearings
There are many types of thrust bearings that differ
There There
are many
according are
to many
types
shape Thrust
of thrustbearings
oftypes
rolling of thrustand
bearings
element bearings
that differthat differ
according
application.
according
to shape to shape
of rolling
Allowable element
rotational speedofandrolling element
application.
is generally andspecial
application.
low Allowable
and
Sub-unit dimensions
There
rotational are
attention
Allowable many
speed
must types
paid toof
isbegenerally
rotational speedthrust
low is bearings
and
lubrication. that
low differ
special attention
generally and special
mustattention
be paid
according to
to shapelubrication.
must paidIntoaddition
of rolling
be element to
and
lubrication. theapplication.
ones given
Sub-unit dimensions In there
addition
below,
Allowable aretovarious
rotational the ones
speed given
types below,
is of thrustthere
generally areand
bearings
low various
forspecial
special
types ofmust
applications.thrust bearings forlubrication.
special applications. Fortodetails,
Sub-unit dimensions 2 E In addition to the ones given below, there arethe
attention Forbe details,
paid see
to the catalog devoted various
see the catalog
concerned type ofdevoted
bearing.to the concerned type of bearing.
types of thrust bearings for special applications. For details,
2 E InTable
addition
see1.8 to the
theTypes ones
of thrust
catalog giventobelow,
bearings
devoted there aretype
the concerned various
of bearing.
types of
Type thrust
Single bearings
direction for
thrust special
ball applications. For details,
Needle roller thrust bearing
2 E Table 1.8 Types of thrust bearings
bearing
E : nominal small end diameter of outer ring see the catalog devoted to the concerned type of bearing.
: Nominal contact angle Type Single direction thrust ball Needle roller thrust bearing
bearing
Table 1.8 Types of thrust bearings AXK type
E : nominal small end diameter of outer ring
Fig. 1.3 Tapered roller bearings
: Nominal contact angle Type Single direction thrust ball Needle roller thrust bearing
bearing AS type raceway washer
E : nominal small end diameter of outer ring AXK type
Fig. 1.3
: Nominal Tapered
angle roller bearings
Configuration

contact
GS/WS type raceway
ASAXK washer washer
typetype
raceway
Fig. 1.3 Tapered roller bearings
Cylindrical roller thrust bearing Spherical roller thrust bearing
Configuration

AS type raceway washer

GS/WS type raceway washer
Configuration

Cylindrical roller thrust bearing Spherical roller thrust bearing

GS/WS type raceway washer

Cylindrical roller thrust bearing Spherical roller thrust bearing

Center alignment
angle

A-10
Center alignment
angle

Center alignment
angle
A-10

A-10
 Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

Needle roller bearings Bearing unit

Needle roller bearings use needle rollers as rolling A unit comprised of a ball bearing inserted into various
elements. The needle Needle
rollers areroller bearings
a maximum of 5 mm in types of housings. The housing Bearing can be unit bolted onto
diameter Needle roller bearings use needle rollersare
and are 3 to 10 times as long as they in
as rolling machinery and the inner ring can
A unit comprised of a ball bearing inserted be easily mounted intoon
various
Needle
diameter. roller bearings
Because the bearings use needle rollers as Bearing
the shaft unit
with a set screw.
elements.
Needle rollerThe needleuse
bearings rollers
needle arerollers
a maximum ofelements.
as rolling 5 mm in types of housings. The housing can
A unit comprised of a ball bearing inserted into various types be bolted onto
rollingdiameter
elements, the cross-section timesisas thin, butasthey have a This means the
machinery bearing unitring
cancan support rotating
The needleand are
rollers 3 toa 10
are maximum of long
5 mm in they
diameterare inand of housings. Theand housingthe inner
can be bolted ontobe easily mounted on
machinery
high are
load capacity
diameter. for
Because their
the size. Because
bearings use of the
needle
3 to 10 times as long as they are in diameter. Because the
large
rollers as equipment
the without
shaft with aspecial
set design
screw. to allow
and the inner ring can be easily mounted on the shaft with a
for mounting. A
number of rolling
rolling
bearings elements, elements,
use needle therollerstheasbearings
cross-section ishave
thin, high
rolling elements, butthe rigidity
they have a
cross- variety
set screw.of standardized
This means
This means thethe housing
bearing
bearing shapes
unit
unitcan issupport
available,
cansupport rotating
rotating
and are ideally
high load
section suited
capacity
is thin, to
but they wobbling
for their
have size. or pivoting
a highBecause motion.
of thefor
load capacity large
their including
equipment pillow
equipment without and
without flange
special types.
special
design toThe
designallow outer
tofor
allowdiameter of
for mounting.
mounting. A A
number
size. of rolling
Because of theelements,
large number the bearings
of rolling have highthe
elements, rigidity the bearing
variety
variety is spherical
of standardized
of standardized just
housing like the
housing inner
shapesshapes diameter
is available, of
is available,the
including
Thereandisare
bearings a profusion
have high
ideally of
suited types
rigidity of needle
and
to wobbling or roller
are ideally bearings,
suited
pivoting to wobbling
motion. housing, andso
pillowincluding it capable
flange types.
pillow of
andThealigning itself The
outertypes.
flange diameter onof thetheshaft.
outer bearing
diameter of
and just a few ofmotion.
or pivoting the most representative types are is For lubrication,
spherical just likegrease
the is
inner sealed
diameter inside
of
the bearing is spherical just like the inner diameter thethe bearing,
housing, so andof the
covered here.isFor
There details, see
a profusion the catalog
of types of needle devoted
roller to the
bearings, it capable
particle
housing, of aligning
generation isitself
so it capable onofthe
prevented shaft.
aligning For
by a double lubrication,
itself onseal.
the For
shaft.
There
concerned
and justis aaprofusion
type of bearing.
few of the ofmost
typesrepresentative
of needle roller types
bearings,are and grease For
details, issee
sealed inside the
the catalog
lubrication, bearing,
devoted
grease toand
is sealedtheparticle
inside generation
concerned type of and
the bearing,
just a few of the most representative types are covered here. is prevented
bearing. by a double seal. For details, see the catalog
covered here. For details, see the catalog devoted to the particle generation is prevented by a double seal. For
For details, see the catalog devoted to the concerned type of devoted to the concerned type of bearing.
Tableconcerned
1.9 Main types typeof of bearing.
needle roller bearings details, see the catalog devoted to the concerned type of
bearing.
bearing.
Type Needle roller bearing with cage
Table 1.9 Main types of needle roller bearings
Type Needle roller bearing with cage

Grease fitting
Ball Housing
Grease
Spherical outer ring fitting
Ball Housing
Solid type needle roller bearings Slinger
Spherical outer ring
Special rubber seal
Solid type needle roller bearings Slinger
Special rubber seal
Configuration

Configuration

Setscrew with ball

Shell type needle roller bearings

Setscrew with ball

Shell type needle roller bearings

Fig. 1.4 Oil-lubricated bearing unit

Roller follower Cam follower Fig. 1.4 Oil-lubricated bearing unit

Roller follower Cam follower

A-11

A-11
 Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

8. Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

Bearing Bearing
Internal Clearance Internal and Preload Clearance and Preload Criteria 8.2.1 forCriteria
selecting bearingbearing
for selecting internal clearance
internal clearance
8.1 Bearing internal clearance A bearings life is theoretically
A bearing's life is theoretically maximum
maximum when whenoperating
Bearing internalBearing clearance internal clearance is the amount of internal free clearance operatingis slightly
clearancenegative at steady
is slightly negativeoperation.
at steady In reality
Bearing8.internal movement
clearance beforeis the mounting.
amount of internal free operation.
it is however In reality
difficult toitconstantly
is however difficult
maintain to constantly
this optimal
Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload maintain thisnegative
optimal condition. If the negativeenlarged
clearance by
movement before mounting. condition. If the clearance becomes
As shown in Fig. 8.1, when either the inner ring or the becomes enlarged by fluctuating operating conditions,
fluctuating operating conditions, heat will be produced and
outer ring is fixed and the other ring is free to move, 8.2.1 Criteriaheat will be producedbearingand life will decrease dramatically.
As shown8.1 inBearing
Fig. 8.1, whencan
internal
displacement
either
clearance the inner ring or the outer
take place in either an axial or radial A bearing'sUnder
life will for selecting
decrease dramatically.
ordinary circumstances
internalUnderclearance
ordinary circumstances
you should therefore
life is theoretically maximum when
ring is fixed and the
Bearingdirection.
other ring
This amount
internal clearance
is free
is theofamount
to move,
displacement displacement
of internal(radially
free or axially)
you should
select an
operating clearance
therefore select
initial internal
is slightly
an
negativeclearance
initial internal
at steady where the operating
clearance
can take placeisin
movement either
termed
before aninternal
the
mounting. axial or radial direction.
clearance and, depending This on the where
operation. the operating
In clearance
reality clearance
is slightly
it is however larger to
difficult thanis slightly
zero.
constantly larger than zero. For
amount of displacement
direction, is called (radially the or axially)
radial internal is termed
clearance the ordinary
or themaintain operating
For
this optimal ordinary
condition. conditions,
operating useclearance
conditions,
If the negative fitting
usefor ordinary
fitting for loads.
internal As shown
clearance in Fig.
axial and, 8.1,
internal when
depending
clearance.eitheron thethe
inner ring or theis called becomes
direction, enlarged
If rotational
ordinary by fluctuating
speed
loads. and operating
operating
If rotational conditions,
speed temperature
and operating are ordinary,
outer
the radial ring is fixed
internal and the other
clearance or the ring is free
axial to move,
internal clearance. heat will be produced
selecting temperature
normal and life
are will
clearance decrease
ordinary, dramatically.
selecting
enables normal
you clearance
to obtain the proper
displacement When canthe take place in
internal either an of
clearance axial or radialis measured,
a bearing Under ordinary
a operating circumstances
enables you to obtainyou should
the8.2 therefore
proper operating clearance.
direction. slight
This amount of displacement (radiallytoorthe axially) clearance. Table gives examples applying
measurement load is applied raceway so select
the an initial Tableinternal
8.2 clearance
gives examples where the operating
applying internal clearances
When the internal
is termed clearance
the internal
internal clearance
clearance
ofmay a bearing
and, is measured,
depending
be measured on the
accurately.
a slight internal
clearance clearances
is slightly
other than larger CNthan
other
zero.than
(normal)
CN (normal) clearance.
clearance.
measurement load
direction, However, is applied
is called the radial to the
internal raceway
clearance
at this time, a slight amount of elastic so
or the
the internal For ordinary operating conditions, use fitting for
axialmay
clearance internal
beclearance.
measured
deformation of theaccurately.
bearing occurs However,
under the atmeasurement
this ordinary loads.
Calculation8.2.2If rotational
Calculation speedofand
of operating operatingclearance
clearance
operating
temperature are ordinary, selecting normal clearance
time, a slight amount
load, andofthe elastic
clearance measurement value (measured Operating clearance
Operating of a bearing
clearance of a bearing cancan be be
calculated
calculatedfrom
When the internal clearance of a bearing is measured, a enables you to obtain the proper operating clearance.
deformation ofclearance)
the bearing
slight measurement occurs
is slightly
load is appliedunder
larger thanthe the measurement
to the raceway
true clearance. This initial bearing
so the
from initial
Table 8.2 gives examples internal
bearingclearance
internal clearance
applying internal clearancesand decrease
and decrease in internal
in
load, and
internal
difference
theclearance
clearance may
between
measurement the true bearing
be measured accurately.
clearance and theother clearance
value (measured internal
than CN (normal) due clearance
to due to interference
interference
clearance. and decrease and decrease
in internalin
clearance) increased
is slightly
However, amount
larger
at this time, due
thanamount
a slight to
the true the elastic deformation
clearance. This
of elastic must be internal clearance due to difference
clearance due to difference in temperature of the inner in temperature of theand
compensated for.occurs
Theseunder compensation values are given8.2.2 inner and outer rings.
in Calculation
deformation
difference between of the
thebearing
true bearing the measurement
clearance and the outer rings.of operating clearance
load, andTable 8.1. Formeasurement
the clearance roller bearings the (measured
value amount of elastic Operating clearance of a bearing can be calculated
increased amount due tocan
deformation thebe elastic
ignored. deformation must be eff o and f t 8.1
clearance) is slightly larger than the true clearance. This from initial bearing internal clearance decrease in
compensated
differencefor. These
between thecompensation
true bearing clearance values andarethegiven internal clearance where,
due to interference and decrease in
in Tableincreased
8.1. For The roller
amountinternalbearings
due clearance
to the values
the elastic amount for of
deformation eachelastic
mustbearing
be classinternal
are clearance due eff to:difference
Effective internal clearance,
in temperature of themm
deformation can
compensated shown be
for.ignored.
Tables
inThese 8.3 throughvalues
compensation 8.11. are given in inner and outer rings. o : Bearing internal clearance, mm
Table 8.1. For roller bearings the amount of elastic f : Reduced amount of clearance due to
8.2canInternal
deformation clearance selection
be ignored. eff o f t 8.1
The internal clearance values for each bearing class are
The internal clearance of a bearing under operating where, Table 8.1 Adjustment of radial internal clearance based on
shown The
in Tables 8.3 through 8.11.
internal clearance
conditions values
(effective for each bearing
clearance) class smaller
is usually are than the eff : Effective internal
measuredclearance, mm
load (deep groove ball bearing) Unitm
Tablesbearing's
shown in same 8.3 through 8.11.
initial clearance before being installed and o : Bearing internal clearance, mm Nominal Bore Diameter
Internal clearance selection
operated. This is due to several factors including bearing f : Reduced
d mm
amount Measuring
of clearance dueInternal
Load to clearance adjustment
8.2 Internal clearance selection Nkgf
fit, the difference in temperature between the inner and over incl. C2 CN C3 C4 C5
The internal clearance of a bearing under operating Table 8.1 Adjustment of radial internal clearance based on
The internal clearance
outer rings, ofetc.
a bearing under operating
As a bearing's operatingclearance has 1
10 load (deep 24.5ball2.5
18 groove bearing) 34 Unitm
4 4 4 4
conditions (effective clearance) is usually smaller than the measured
conditions an effect on bearing is
life, heat generation, vibration, noise,
same(effective clearance)
bearing's initial usually
clearance before smaller
being than
installed and the Nominal Bore Diameter
18 50 49 5 45 5 6 6 6
same bearings etc.; careclearance
initial must be taken
beforein selectinginstalled
the most suitable Internal 15
clearance 68
adjustment
operated. This is due to several factorsbeing
including bearing and d mm
50Measuring200
Load 147 8 9 9 9
operating clearance. between the inner and 1 This Nkgf
operated. This is due to several factors including bearing fit, over
fit, the difference in temperature incl. diameter is included in the group.
C2 CN C3 C4 C5
outer rings,
the difference in etc. As a bearing's
temperature operating
between theclearance
inner and has outer 10 1 18 24.5 2.5 34 4 4 4 4
an effect on bearing life, heat generation, vibration, noise, Table49 8.2 Examples of applications
6 where6 bearing clearances
rings, etc. As a bearings operating clearance has an effect on18 50
other
5 45
than CN
5
(normal) clearance
6
are
etc.; care must be taken in selecting the most suitable
50 200 147 15 68 8 9 9 9 used
bearingoperating
life, heat generation, vibration, noise, etc.; care must
clearance.
2

1 This diameter is Operating conditions

included in the group. Applications Selected clearance
be taken in selecting the most suitable operating clearance.
With heavy or shock Railway vehicle axles C3
Table 8.2 Examples
load, of applications
clearance where bearing clearances
is large.
other than CN (normal) clearanceVibration screens
are used C3C4
2
Operating conditions Railway vehicle traction
Applications

1 With indeterminate load, motors Selected clearance C4
both inner Railway
and outervehicle axles C3
With heavy or shock
rings are tight-fitted.
load, clearance is large. Vibration screensTractors and final speed
C4
regulators C3C4
Railway vehicle traction
Paper making
1 With indeterminate load, motors C4 machines C3C4
Shaft or inner ring is
both inner and outer and driers
heated.
rings are tight-fitted. Tractors and finalRolling
speed mill table rollers C3
regulators C4
ReductionPaper
of noise and
making machines
vibration when rotating. Micromotors
C3C4 C2CM
Shaft or inner ring is and driers
heated. Main spindles of lathes
Adjustment of clearance
Rolling mill table (Double-row
rollers C3
cylindrical roller
C9NA
Radial clearance = Axial clearance =12 to minimize shaft runout. bearings) C0NA
Reduction of noise and
Micromotors
Loose fitting
vibration when rotating. for both C2CM
Fig. 8.1 Internal clearance Compressor roll neck C2
inner and outer rings.
Main spindles of lathes
Adjustment of clearance (Double-row cylindrical roller
C9NA
Radial clearance = Axial clearance =12 to minimize shaft runout. bearings) C0NA
Fig. 8.1 Internal clearance Loose fitting for both Courtesy of NTN Bearing
A-58 Compressor roll neck C2
inner and outer rings.

A-58
Bearing Failure and Analysis
Bearing Failure and Analysis In addition to considering normal bearing service life, normal
Bearing Failure are
Rolling bearings andprecision
Analysismachine elements found in a In addition
grease to considering
service life is importantnormalto bearing
considerservice life, normal
since together
Rolling
wide bearings
variety are precisionThey
of applications. machine elements
are typically foundeven
reliable in a grease service bearing
they maximize life is important to consider
life. Grease since
service life together
is the time
wide variety
under of applications.
the toughest conditions.They are typically
Under reliable even
normal operating they maximize
during which properbearing life. Grease
bearing service
function life is the
is sustained bytimea
under the toughest
conditions, bearingsconditions. Under normal
have a substantial serviceoperating
life, which is during
particularwhich proper
quantity andbearing
category function is sustained
of grease. by a
This is especially
conditions,as
expressed bearings
either ahave
perioda substantial
of time or asservice life, number
the total which isof particular
critical quantity
in pump, and category
compressor, of grease.
motor and super Thisprecision
is especially
expressed as either
rotations before the a period
rolling of time or as
elements theand
inner total number
outer ring of critical in pump, compressor, motor and super precision
applications.
rotations
fatigue orbefore
fail. Lessthethan
rolling elements
1 percent or inner
(0.35 andspecifically
percent outer ring applications.
Mounting and Installation of Bearings
fatigue or fail.
see Figure 1) ofLess than
rolling 1 percent
bearings do (0.35 percent
not reach theirspecifically
expected Mounting
It is criticalandin theInstallation
mounting and of Bearings
installation process to pay
see (Source:
life. Figure 1) FAG
of rolling bearings
Bearing do not reach
Antriebtechnik their 1979.)
18 from expected It is critical
strict attentionin the
to:mounting and installation process to pay
life. (Source:Bearing
Premature FAG Bearing FailureAntriebtechnik 18 from 1979.) strict
1. Useattention
of proper to:tools and ovens/induction heaters. Use a
Premature Bearing Failure 1. Use to
sleeve of impact
proper tools and ovens/induction
the entire inner ring face ofheaters.
the ringUse that ais
sleevepress
being to impact
fit. the entire inner ring face of the ring that is
being
2. press
Verify the fit.
shaft and housing tolerances.
2.the
If Verify the
fit is tooshaft and
tight, toohousing tolerances.
much preload is created. If the fit is
If the
too fit is too tight,
loose, too much
little resulting preload
preload mayis created.
allow theIf shaft
the fittois
too
rotateloose, too little
or creep resulting
in the bearing. preload
Checkmay allow the
for proper shaft to
diameters,
rotate or creep
roundness and in the bearing.
chamfer radius.Check for proper diameters,
roundness and chamferorradius.
3. Avoid misalignment shaft deflection. This is especially
3. Avoidinmisalignment
critical mounting bearings or shaft deflection.
that This is especially
have separable components
critical
such asincylindrical
mounting rollerbearings that have
bearings where separable
successful components
load
When a bearing does fail prematurely, it is usually due to such as and
bearing cylindrical
optimalroller bearings
life are whereor
established successful
diminished loadat
When a that
causes bearing
could does
have failbeen
prematurely,
avoided. itFor
is usually due to
this reason, the bearing and optimal life are established or diminished at
installation.
causes thatofcould
possibility haveconclusions
reaching been avoided. Forthe
about thiscause
reason,of athe installation.
4. Be aware of radial internal clearance (see Figure 2). It is
possibility
defect by means of reaching conclusions
of studying about theiscause
its appearance useful.of Ita is 4. Be aware
critical of radial
to maintain theinternal
properclearance (see Figure
RIC established in the2).original
It is
defectimportant
most by meanstoofcorrectstudying theits appearance
causes and preventis useful. It is
future critical
design.to Themaintain
standard thescale
proper in RIC
orderestablished
of ascending in the originalis
clearance
most
failuresimportant
and the to correct
costs that the causes
follow. Mostand prevent
bearing futuresuch
failures design.
C2, C0, The
C3, standard
C4, C5. The scale in order
proper of ascending
clearance for the clearance
applicationis
failures
as flakingandandthepitting,
costs that follow.
spalling, Most bearing
unusual failuresrust
wear patterns, such C2, C0, C3,
is critical C4, itC5.
in that The proper
allows clearance for
for the challenges of:the application
as flaking
and and pitting,
corrosion, creeping, spalling,
skewing unusual wear patterns,
and others are usually rust is critical in that it allows for the challenges of:
and corrosion,
attributed creeping,small
to a relatively skewing andofothers
group causesare usually
that are
attributed
often to a relatively
interrelated small group
and correctable. of causes
These causes that are
include
often interrelated
lubrication, and correctable.
mounting, These and
operational stress causes include
bearing
lubrication,
selection andmounting, operational
environmental stress and bearing
influence.
selection and environmental influence.
Proper/Improper Lubrication and
Proper/Improper
Grease Service Life Lubrication and
Grease
The purposeService Life
of lubricating the bearing is to cover the rolling
The purpose
and of lubricating
sliding contact surfaces the
withbearing
a thinisoiltofilm
cover the rolling
to avoid direct
and sliding
metal to metalcontact surfaces
contact. Whenwith donea thin oil film it:
effectively to avoid direct
metal
1. to metal
Reduces contact.
friction and When
abrasion done effectively it:
1.
2. Reduces
Transportsfriction and abrasion
heat generated by friction
2. Prolongs
3. Transportsserviceheat generated
life by friction
3.
4. Prolongs
Prevents rust serviceandlife
corrosion
4. Excludes
5. Prevents rust foreignandobjects
corrosion and contamination from rolling Lubrication. A proper film of lubricant must be established
5. Excludes foreign objects and contamination from rolling
elements Lubrication.
between A proper
the rolling film of Reducing
elements. lubricant must be clearance
internal established
elements
Grease is generally used for lubricating bearings because between
and impeding the rolling elements.
lubricant flow can Reducing internal clearance
lead to premature failure.
Grease
it is easyisto generally
handle and usedsimplifies
for lubricating bearings
the sealing because
system, while and impeding
Shaft lubricantinflow
fit. A reduction thecan lead
radial to premature
internal clearancefailure.
is
it islubrication
oil easy to handle and simplifies
is generally suitablethe for sealing
high speed system, while
or high inevitable
Shaft fit.when
A reduction in theisradial
the bearing pressinternal
fit. clearance is
oil lubricationoperations.
temperature is generally suitable for high speed or high inevitable
Heat. In when
normalthe bearing
bearing is press fit.
operation, heat is produced that
temperature operations.
Generally lubrication failures occur due to: Heat. In
creates normalexpansion
thermal bearing operation, heat
of the inner andis outer
produced
rings.that
This
Generally
1. The wrong lubrication
lubricant failures
type occur due to: creates
can thermal
reduce expansion
the internal of the inner
clearance, which and
willouter rings.
reduce theThis
1.
2. The wrong
Too little lubricant type
grease/oil can reduce
optimal the internal
bearing life. clearance, which will reduce the
2. Too much
3. little grease/oil
grease/oil optimal bearing life.
3.
4. Too
Mixingmuch grease/oil
of grease/oil
4. Contamination
5. Mixing of grease/oil of the grease/oil by objects or water
5. Contamination of the grease/oil by objects or water
Operational Stress and Bearing Selection
It is generally the exception to find a bearing that has been
improperly designed into an application. However, factors
within the larger application may change. If loads become too
high, overloading and early fatigue may follow. If they are too
low, skidding and improper loading of the rolling elements
occur. Early failure will follow in each situation. Similar issues
arise with improper internal clearance. The first sign of these
issues will be unusual noises and/or increased temperatures.
Increased temperature. Bearing temperature generally rises
with start-up and stabilizes at a temperature slightly lower
than at start-up (normally 10 to 40 deg C higher than room
temperature). A desirable bearing temperature is below 100
deg C.
Noises. Abnormal bearing sounds typically indicate certain
issues in the bearing application. While this is a subjective
test, it is helpful to know that a screech or howl sound
generally indicates too large an internal clearance or poor
lubrication on a cylindrical roller bearing while a crunching
felt when the shaft is rotated by hand usually indicates
contamination of the raceways. See www.pump-zone.com
for a table of abnormal bearing sounds.
Operational stresses in the applications can impact bearing
life as well. It is critical to isolate vibrations in associated
equipment as they can cause uneven running and unusual
noises.
In conclusion, the first step in the overall prevention
of bearing failure lies in the consideration of bearing
technologies most suitable to the application with regard to
specifications, recommendations, maintenance strategies,
fatigue life and wear resistance of the bearing in relation to
the application. That being said, premature bearing failure
within a proper application is typically attributed to one
or more of the causes discussed (lubrication, mounting,
operational stress and bearing selection or environmental
influence) and can and should be corrected to avoid future
bearing failures and additional cost.
P&S
Sources
Barden Corporation. Machine Tool Technical Bulletin for
Engineering and Lubrication. 2010.
FAG Bearings Corp. Rolling Bearing Damage. Publ. No. WL
82 102/2 December 1997.
Fersa Bearings. Roller Bearings: Failure Diagnosis. 2009.
Koyo Bearing Corp. Rolling Bearings: Failures, Causes and
Countermeasures. Catalog No. 322E. December 1995.
NTN Bearing Corp. Products and Technology. Care and
Maintenance of Bearings. 2009.
Figure 2. Radial internal clearance.

Environmental Influence
Even with the best design, lubrication and installation failures
will occur if the operating environment is not considered.
While many potential issues exist, the primary ones are:
1. Dust and dirt that can aggressively contaminate a bearing.
Great care should be given to use proper sealing
techniques.
2. Aggressive media or water. Once again, sealing is primary.
The use of specialty type seals is recommended such as
pump mechanical or labyrinth style seals that do not score
the shaft.
3. External heat. The ambient operating temperature
mandates many choices in radial internal clearance, high
temperature lubricants, intermittent or continuous running
and others that affect bearing life.
4. Current passage or electrolytic corrosion. If current is
allowed to flow through the rolling elements, sparks can
create pitting or fluting on the bearing surfaces. This should
be corrected by creating a bypass circuit for the current or
through the use of insulation on or within the bearing. This
should be an inherent design consideration in applications
such as wind turbines and all power generating equipment.

Courtesy of NTN Bearing

 Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

16. Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

If handled correctly,
If handled correctly, bearingsbearings can generally
can generally be used be used long timeconditions
for a for and surrounding
before reaching structure.
their fatigue life.ByIf investigating
damage occurs
a long time before reaching their fatigue life. If damage several possible causes surmised from the type of
prematurely, the problem could stem from improper bearing selection, handling or lubrication. In this occurs, take note of the
occurs prematurely, the problem could stem from damage and condition at the time the damage occurred, it
type of machine
improperon whichselection,
bearing the bearings is used,
handling the place
or lubrication. where it is
In this is possible
mounted, servicethe
to prevent conditions
same kindand surrounding
of damage from structure.
By investigating several possible causes surmised from
occurs, take note of the type of machine on which the the type of damage and condition at the time the damage
reoccurring. Table 16.1 gives the main causes of bearing occurred,
it is possible to prevent
bearings is used,the
thesame kind of
place where damage
it is mounted, from reoccurring.
service Table 16.1
damage gives the
and remedies formain causes
correcting the of bearing damage and
problem.
remedies for correcting the problem.

Table 16.1 Bearing damage, main causes of bearing damage and remedies for correcting the problem

Description

Excessive load, fatigue life, improper

Flaking Surface of the raceway and rolling elements peels away in flakes handling
Conspicuous hills and valleys form soon afterward. Improper mounting.
Improper precision in the shaft or housing.

Causes
Insufficient clearance.
Contamination.
Rust.
Improper lubrication
Drop in hardness due to abnormally
high temperatures.

Select a different type of bearing.

Reevaluate the clearance.
Improve the precision of the shaft and

Correction
housing.
Review application conditions.
Improve assembly method and
handling.
Reevaluate the layout (design) of the
area around the bearing.
Review lubricant type and lubrication methods.

Insufficient clearance (including

Seizure The bearing heats up and becomes discolored. clearances made smaller by local
Eventually the bearing will seize up. deformation).
Causes

Insufficient lubrication or improper

lubricant.
Excessive loads (excessive preload).
Skewed rollers.
Reduction in hardness due to
abnormal temperature rise

Riview lubricant type and quantity.

Check for proper clearance.
Correction

(Increase clearances.)
Take steps to prevent misalignment.
Review application conditions.
Improve assembly method and
handling.

Excessive shock loads.

Cracking and Localized flaking occurs. Improper handling (use of steel hammer,
notching Little cracks or notches appear. cutting by large particles of foreign matter)
Formation of decomposed surface
Causes

layer due to improper lubrication

Excessive interference.
Large flaking.
Friction cracking.
Imprecision of mounting mate
(oversized fillet radius)

Review lubricant (friction crack

prevention).
Correction

Select proper interference and review

materials.
Review service conditions.
Improve assembly procedures and
take more care in handling.

A-96
Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

Table 16.1 Bearing damage, main causes of bearing damage and remedies for correcting the problem

Description

Excessive moment loading.

Cage damage Rivets break or become loose resulting in cage damage. High speed or excessive speed
fluctuations.

Causes
Inadequate lubrication.
Impact with foreign objects.
Excessive vibration.
Improper mounting. (Mounted
misaligned)

Reevaluation of lubrication conditions.

Correction
Review of cage type selection.
Investigate shaft and housing rigidity.
Review service conditions.
Improve assembly method and
handling.

Rolling path Abrasion or an irregular, rolling path skewing left by rolling Shaft or housing of insufficient
skewing elements along raceway surfaces. accuracy.

Causes
Improper installation.
Insufficient shaft or housing rigidity.
Shaft whirling caused by excessive
internal bearing clearances.

Correction
Reinspect bearings internal
clearances.
Review accuracy of shaft and housing
finish.
Review rigidity of shaft and housing.

Inadequate lubrication.
Smearing and The surface becomes rough and some small deposits form. Entrapped foreign particles.
scuffing Scuffing generally refers to roughness on the race collar and the Roller skewing due to a misaligned
Causes

ends of the rollers. bearing.

Bare spots in the collar oil film due to
large axial loading.
Surface roughness.
Excessive slippage of the rolling
elements.

Reevaluation of the lubricant type and

Correction

lubrication method.
Bolster sealing performance.
Review preload.
Review service conditions.
Improve assembly method and
handling

Rust and corrosion The surface becomes either partially or fully rusted, and occasionally
rust even occurs along the rolling element pitch lines. Poor storage conditions.
Causes

Poor packaging.
Insufficient rust inhibitor.
Penetration by water, acid, etc.
Handling with bare hands.

Take measures to prevent rusting

Correction

while in storage.
Periodically inspect the lubricating oil.
Improve sealing performance.
Improve assembly method and
handling.

A-97
Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

Table 16.1 Bearing damage, main causes of bearing damage and remedies for correcting the problem

Description

Fretting There are two types of fretting. In one, a rusty wear powder forms Insufficient interference.
on the mating surfaces. In the other, brinelling indentations form Small bearing oscillation angle.

Causes
on the raceway at the rolling element pitch. Insufficient lubrication.(unlubricated)
Fluctuating loads.
Vibration during transport, vibration
while stopped.

Select a different kind of bearing.

Correction
Select a different type of lubricant.
Review the interference and apply a
coat of lubricant to fitting surface.
Pack the inner and outer rings
separately for transport.

Wear The surfaces wear and dimensional deformation results. Wear is

often accompanied by roughness and scratches. Entrapment of foreign particles in the

Causes
lubricant.
Inadequate lubrication.
Skewed rollers.

Correction
Review lubricant type and lubrication
methods.
Improve sealing performance.
Take steps to prevent misalignment.

Electrolytic Pits form on the raceway.

corrosion The pits gradually grow into ripples.
Causes

Electric current flowing through the

rollers.
Correction

Create a bypass circuit for the current.

Insulate the bearing.

Dents and Scoring during assembly, gouges due to hard foreign objects, and
scratches surface denting due to mechanical shock. Entrapment of foreign objects.
Causes

Bite-in on the flaked-off side.

Dropping or other mechanical shocks
due to careless handling.
Assembled misaligned.

Improve handling and assembly

Correction

methods.
Bolster sealing performance.
(measures for preventing foreign
matter from getting in)
Check area surrounding bearing.
(when caused by metal fragments)

A-98
 Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

Table 16.1 Bearing damage, main causes of bearing damage and remedies for correcting the problem

Description

Creeping Surface becomes mirrored by sliding of inside and outside diameter

surfaces. May by accompanied by discoloration or score. Insufficient interference in the mating

Causes
section.
Sleeve not fastened down properly.
Abnormal temperature rise.
Excessive loads.

Correction
Reevaluate the interference.
Reevaluate usage conditions.
Review the precision of the shaft and
housing.
Raceway end panel scuffing

Speckles and Luster of raceway surfaces is gone; surface is matted, rough, and / or
discoloration evenly dimpled. Surface covered with minute dents.

Causes
Infiltration of bearing by foreign matter.
Insufficient lubrication.

Correction
Reevaluation of lubricant type and
lubrication method.
Review sealing mechanisms.
Examine lubrication oil purity. (filter
may be excessively dirty, etc.)

Peeling Patches of minute flaking or peeling (size, approx. 10m).

Innumerable hair-line cracks visible though not yet peeling.
Causes

(This type of damage frequently seen on roller bearings.) Infiltration of bearing by foreign matter.
Insufficient lubrication.

Reevaluation of lubricant type and

Correction

lubrication method.
Improve sealing performance. (to
prevent infiltration of foreign matter)
Take care to operate smoothly.

A-99

201 Brighton Avenue Boston, MA 02134 Ph: 800.225.4587 Fx: 800.252.1996 www.emersonbearing.com