Pile Driving Formula | Engineering News

Formula
Many attempts have been made in the past to determine the relationship
between the dynamic resistance of a pile during driving and static load carrying
capacity of the pile. These relationships are called pile driving formula and have been
established theoretically and empirically. Of many pile driving formula, which have
been, proposed Engineering News Formula, Hiley Formula and Janbu Formula are
widely used. Among these the Hiley Formula and Janbu Formula are convenient to
use and give reasonable predictions of ultimate bearing capacity of driven piles in
granular soils.

Engineering News Formula

As per the Engineering News formula the allowable load of driven pile is given by:

Qa = Wh/{F(s+c)}

Where, Qa = Allowable load in kg

W = Weight of hammer

h = Height of fall in cms

s = Final settlement per blow known as set

c = Empirical constant (c = 2.5 cm for drop hammer and 0.25 cm for single
acting and double acting hammer)

F = Factor of safety (Usually taken as 6)

Janbu Formula

The relation suggested by Janbu for ultimate capacity of the pile is:

Qu = [{(WH)/s}1/Ku] - (1)

Where, Ku = Cd[1 + (1 +(1 + e/Cd)] - (2)

Cd = 0.75 +0.15Wp/W - (3)

and e = (WHL)/(AEs2) - (4)

Where, Cd, e = Empirical constants

H = Height of fall

W = Weight of hammer

Wp = Weight of pile

L = Length of pile

A = Cross-sectional area

E = Modulus of elasticity of pile material

s = Final set

= Efficiency factor
The design chart is given in Fig.1. The efficiency factor is dependent on the pile
driving equipment, the driving procedure adopted, the type of pile and the ground
conditions. Values of can be chosen as follows.

= 0.7 for good driving conditions

= 0.55 for average driving conditions

= 0.4 for difficult or bad driving conditions

Hiley Formula

The relation suggested by Hiley for ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is:

Qu = (KHW)/(s + c/2) - (5)

Where, K = Hammer coefficient

c = Sum of elastic compression ( c = cp + cc + cq)

cp = Compression of pile

cc = Compression of pile head

cq = Compression of ground

W = Weight of hammer

H = Height of fall of hammer

s = Final Set

= Efficiency of blow

It should be noted that depends on the coefficient of restitution, which is given in

Table 2, being obtained from Fig.2. Hammer coefficient is given in Table 1

Table 1 Values of Hammer Coefficient K

Hammer K
Drop Hammer, Winch operated 0.8
Drop Hammer, Trigger release 1.0
Single Acting Hammer 1.9
BSP Double Acting Hammer 1.0
McKiernan-Terry Diesel Hammers 1.0
Values of cp, cc, cq and can be obtained from figs.2 to 7.

A = concrete pile, 75 mm packing under helmet

B = concrete or steel pile, helmet with dolly or head of timber pile

C = 25 mm pad only on head of RC pile

 Comparison of Formula A detailed investigation into the validity of pile
driving formula suggests that there is little to choose between the Hiley and Janbu
formula. In order to obtain minimum factor of safety of 1.75 for any one pile, it has
been shown that it is necessary to use F = 2.7 with the Hiley formula and VF = 3 with
the Janbu formula. Janbu formula gives e slightly better correlation between tested
and calculated bearing capacity.
 Overdriving of Piles It is sometimes necessary to drive piles through dense
sands and gravels, for example, either to penetrate an underlying clay layer, or
because of the possibility of scour in riverbeds. Damage to the pile due to overdriving
must be avoided, both when penetrating an overlying hard layer and when driving
into the bearing stratum to develop the full healing capacity. In this condition it
should be remembered that a penetration up to five pile diameters into dense granular
material may be necessary to develop fully end bearing capacity.
 Table 7.3 Values of the Coefficient of Restitution, e, after BSP Pocket Book (1969)

Types of Head Condition Single acting or Double acting

pile drop-hammer or hammer
diesel-hammer
Reinforced Helmet with composite plastic or 0.4 0.5
Concrete Greenheart dolly and packing on
top of pile
Helmet with timber dolly (not 0.25 0.4
Greenheart) and packing on top
of pile
Hammer directly on pile with 0.5
pad only
Steel Driving cap with composite 0.5 0.5
plastic or Greenheart dolly
Driving cap with timber (not 0.3 0.3
Greenheart dolly)
Timber Hammer directly on pile 0.5
Hammer directly on pile 0.25 0.4

The Hiley formula can be used to determine the failure load, Qu, and then the peak
driving resistance, Pd is given by:

Pd = [(Qu/A){2(-1)}]

Janbu suggests that the driving energy (WH)c, needed to avoid damage is limited by:

(WH)c = (L/2500 +2s) 0 A - (6)

Where, L = length of pile

s = set

A = cross-sectional area of the pile

0 = half of compressive strength

 Pile Driving Formula

Di Susun Oleh :

M. Febry E. P. Bangun

1405131049

Teknik Sipil

Teknik Perancangan Jalan dan Jembatan

Politeknik Negeri Medan

2016