NAME- ANUJ BISHT

ID NO.- 16-1-21461

Questions for Anatomy

A. In correct sequence, enumerate the different specific layers of the anterior
abdominal wall from skin to the peritoneum, that a surgeon will encounter
when doing an appendectomy :

a) At McBurney's point -
Skin
Superficial fascia Campers fascia (fatty layer)
Scarpas fascia (membranous deep layer)
Muscles and associated fat
Parietal Peritoneum

b) Using a paramedian incision -

Skin
Superficial fascia (Connective tissue)
Muscle and associated fat
Parietal peritoneum

B.

1. Differentiate false from true pelvis.

- Pelvis Major (False Pelvis)- Is the expanded portion of the bony pelvis above
the pelvic brim. The false pelvis supports the intestines (specifically, the ileum
and sigmoid colon) and transmits part of their weight to the anterior wall of the
abdomen.

- Pelvis Minor (True Pelvis)- Is the cavity of the pelvis below the pelvic brim (or
superior aperture) and above the pelvic outlet (or inferior aperture). It Has an
outlet that is closed by the coccygeus and levator ani muscles and the perineal
fascia, which form the oor of the pelvis. The true pelvis contains
the pelvic colon, rectum, bladder, and some of the reproductive organs.

2. Enumerate pelvic organs, which may become abdominal organs.

Bladder
Urethra
Uterus
Small bowel
Rectum
3. Enumerate the structures found within the broad ligaments

- The uterine tube

- uterine vessels

- round ligament of the uterus

- ovarian ligament

- ureter (lower part)

- uterovaginal nerve plexus

- lymphatic vessels.

4. Give the clinical significance of the proximity between the ureter and the
uterine vessels.

Ans- In the female, damage may occur during a hysterectomy or surgical repair of
a prolapsed uterus because it runs under the uterine artery. The ureter is
inadvertently clamped, ligated, or divided during a hysterectomy when the uterine
artery is being ligated to control uterine bleeding

5. Which is the deepest of the vaginal fornices? Give its clinical importance.

- deepest part- posterior fornix.

- The posterior part is clinically significant as the site for culdocentesis and
culdoscopy.
6. Which is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity in the female? Give its clinical
significance.

- rectouterine pouch (pouch of douglas)

- Culdocentesis is aspiration of uid from the cul-de-sac of Douglas

(rectouterine pouch) by a needle puncture of the posterior vaginal fornix near
the midline between the uterosacral ligaments; because the rectouterine
pouch is the lowest portion of the peritoneal cavity, it can collect uid. This
procedure is done when pain occurs in the lower abdomen and pelvic regions
and when a ruptured ectopic pregnancy or ovarian cyst is suspected.

7. What is the most important support of the female internal genitalia?

Broad ligament
Uterine ligaments
Ovarian ligaments

8. Name the most dilatable part of the male urethra, the least dilatable part.

a. Most dilatable urethra prostatic urethra

b. Least dilatable urethra intermediate part (membranous par) of male
urethra

9. What part of the male external genitalia is removed during circumcision?

- Foreskin the skin covering the head (glans) of the penis is removed during
circumcision

10. Which lobe of the prostate gland is commonly involved in benign prostatic
hypertrophy?

- The middle lobe of prostate gland is commonly involved in benign prostatic

hypertrophy.
11. Why is it important to know that both testes have descended into the scrotum
at birth?

- Undescended testes are associated with reduced fertility, increased risk of

testicular germ cell tumors and psychological problems when the boy is
grown. Undescended testes are also more susceptible to testicular torsion
(and subsequent infarction) and inguinal hernias. Without intervention, an
undescended testicle will usually descend during the first year of life, but to
reduce these risks, undescended testes can be brought into the scrotum in
infancy by a surgical procedure called an orchiopexy.

12. Identify the layers involved in hemorrhoidectomy.

- Anal skin

- Swollen blood vessel

- Tunica adventitia

- Tunica media

- Tunica intima