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Abstract-- A permanent magnets synchronous machine modelling methodology to represent the non-linear
electromagnetic design is presented in this paper. The magnetic behaviour in the induction machines. This
machine is characterised by a concentrated windings stator methodology is applied to induction machines, used as a
and focusing principle ferrite permanent magnets rotor. traction machine in a hybrid vehicle, to determine the
First, an analytic study is lead to determine the main
optimal operating points and efficiency mapping. The
influent parameters. A finite element analysis is then
achieved in order to study more precisely the geometric mechanical performances that the electrical machines
parameters impact on the magnetic performances. must satisfy are shown on figure 1. The constant power
value of 15 kW after the base speed (2250 rpm)
Index terms-- Synchronous machine, permanent corresponds to a steady operating mode. The power
magnets, design process, hybrid vehicle. characteristics of 30 kW and 33 kW correspond to
transitory operating points (respectively of 300 s and
I INTRODUCTION 30 s).
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performances of the machine. Thats why the aim is to
optimise the volume of the permanent magnet Vaim. For a
given volume of the permanent magnet
( Vaim = eaim haim La with La the active length of the
structure), the thickness that maximises the excitation
flux (thus the electromagnetic torque) is to be
determined. Formula (4) gives the optimal permanent
magnet thickness.
3e ferVaim
eaimopt = (4)
La l ds
Figure 6 shows comparison between the analytical
model and 2D finite elements analysis results. A good
Figure 8 The excitation flux versus mechanical position
agreement has been found with a relative error of about
10%. The optimal thickness of the permanent magnet can Figure 9 presents the variation of the electromagnetic
not be simulated with finite elements analysis. In fact, it torque versus current density for different thickness of
matches with a zero shafts radius (Figure 7). the permanent magnet. It can be seen that for low current
densities (less than 5A/mm) the highest torque values
are obtained for the lowest thickness of the permanent
magnet. However, for current densities that exceeds
5A/mm, the highest torque values are obtained for the
highest thickness of the permanent magnet.
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Figure 13 The electromagnetic torque versus current density
Figure 14 The excitation flux versus the height of the stators teeth
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achieve the required specifications. The final structure is
represented on figures 3, 4 and 5. One can notice that for
the required electromechanical torque level, the optimal
thickness of the permanent magnets and the optimal
width of the stator teeth are relatively broad (respectively
16 mm and 22 mm), the optimal height of the stators
teeth is rather small (24 mm), as predicted previously
when the analytical study and the finite elements analysis
were combined
( ) ( ( ))
With cu Tc = a 1 + T Tc Ta , In addition, External dimensions are less that those
(T ) = 17,8.10 .m ,
imposed by the specifications sheet (132 mm for the
9
a = cu a external radius and 80 mm for the axial length).This was
(8)
made possible due to the use of permanent magnets in the
T = 3,81.10 3 K 1 and machine. Figures 18 and 19 show the performances of the
2 h final structure. It can be seen that the required torque
l cu = 2 La + Rint s + ds levels are reached with quietly high current densities that
Ne 2
are still acceptable. The machine is cooled by water.
Figure 19 shows the characteristic torque-speed obtained
by classical analytical models [9].
Obviously, increasing the ratio between the internal Figure 18 The electromagnetic torque versus current density
radius of the stator and the external radius of the machine
makes the height of the teeth of the stator decrease. That
way it can be easily predicted that, when the saturation
phenomena will be taken into account, the best ratio
between the winding losses and the electromagnetic
torque will be greater than the one calculated by the
analytical model.
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It can be seen that the final machine achieves the to be developed. It must take into account all leakage
required maximum speed. fluxes and the saturation phenomena. This final model
will be combined to an optimisation algorithm such as
V CONCLUSION the genetic algorithm. Thus, it will be possible to obtain,
at once, the optimal machine for a given specifications
I n order to achieve an optimal design of the structure
presented in this paper, it was necessary to study the
impact of the different dimensions on the electromagnetic
sheet.
VI REFERENCES
and mechanical performances. The presented structure in
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Reluctance Motor Applications to EV and HEV: Design and Control
On the basis of the conducted study, the following
Issues, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,
conclusions have been drawn: VOL. 36, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2000
1) For a given volume of the permanent magnet and
a given torque to reach, an optimal thickness of the [3] G. Pugsley, C. Chillet, A. Fonseca, A-L. Bui-Van, New
Modelling Methodology For Induction Machine Efficiency Mapping
permanent magnet that allows to minimizing the
For Hybrid Vehicles IEMDC03 IEEE International, June 2003
current density exists. This dimension was estimated
by using a linear analytical model. However, because [4] S. Morimoto, Y. Takeda et H. Murakami. Electric motors for
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motors. European Power Electronics and Drive Journal, vol. 14(n1) :pp
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2430, Dcembre - Fvrier 2004.
2) The existence of an optimal width and an optimal
height of the stators teeth were proved and the [5] EL-Refaie (A. M.), Jahns (T. M.). - Optimal Flux
optimal dimension was calculated by the analytical Weakening in Surface PM Machines Using Fractional-Slot
Concentrated Windings. IEEE Trans. on Ind. App., Vol. 41, n. 3,
linear model and verified by finite elements analysis.
May/June 2005, pp. 790-800.
The actual optimal width of stators teeth is greater
than the analytical value and the actual optimal [6] Cros (J.), Viarouge (P.). - Synthesis of high performance PM
height of stators teeth value is less than the one motors with concentrated windings. IEEE Trans. On Energy
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obtained by the analytical model. It is mainly due to
the saturation phenomena. [7] Honsinger (V.B.), - The field and parameters of interior type
ac permanent magnet machines. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., Vol.
The analytical model was combined to a 2D finite PAS-101, April 1982, pp 867-875.
elements analysis and made possible to optimise the ratio
[8] L.Vido, Y. Amara, E.Hoang, M.Gabsi, F.Chabot,
of the winding losses by the electromagnetic torque for M.Lecrivain, Comparison and Design of interior permanent magnet
the base point and to use as well as possible the given synchronous machines for a hybrid vehicle application , IJEET, 2005.
volume of permanent magnets. Thus, an optimal machine
[9] Y. Amara. Contribution la conception et la commande
was dimensioned
des machines synchrones double excitation PhD Thesis, University
In order to use the finite elements analysis only to of Paris XI, 2001.
validate the final structure, a more complete model needs
+ h ds + e ep
h aim e aim 2 R int
1
s
l dsopt = 3 e fer 1+ (6)
e aim 3 N e h aim e fer
2 2
Ne R Rexts R2 N N N
hdsopt = Rexts l ds arb + arb e l ds Rexts + e l ds e l ds Rarb (7)
3 3 3 3 3 9
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