ABSTRACT:

Antenna arrays are used widely today for long distance communication with a very high gain.
The design of such antennas depends on certain parameters, in this work, non-uniform
amplitude excitations feeding of elements is studied on a planar, circular, Concentric Circular
and hexagonal Arrays, with the objective being to minimize the Sidelobe Level (SLL) for the
arrays by finding the right element amplitude excitations, the study is repeated with bigger
number of elements for each shape. During this work the biogeography based optimization
(BBO) has been used to minimize the sidelobes level to converge to a designed mask.

The optimal values obtained results in a good reduction of side lobe level for the different array
shapes with Amplitude excitation, Although, the directivity had a small decrease depending on
the shape, number of elements and other parameters.
INTRODUCTION

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) plays a very important role in the society of today.
While hardware overall decreases in size as frequencies increase, a major part of the electrical
systems starts to act as radiating and receiving antennas. Which mean, many receiving station
have to avoid some sources (interference cancelation) as other, may need to cancel radiation in
some direction
Since the revolution of the communication an enormous increase in the traffic has been
experienced for mobile and personal communication systems, this is due to both the increased
number of users as well as the bit data rate services being introduced. This increase in traffic
will put demand on both manufactures and operators to provide enough capacity in the
networks
For wireless communication systems, the antenna is one of the most critical components since
it is responsible for the proper transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves. A good
design of the antenna can relax system requirements and improve overall system performance.
The choice of an antenna for specific application (cellular, satellite-based, ground-based, etc.),
depends on the platform to be used (car, ship, building, spacecraft, etc.), the environments (sea,
space, land), the frequency of operation, and the nature of application (video, audio data, etc.)
Usually the radiation pattern of a single element is relatively wide, and each element
provides low values of directivity (gain). In many applications it is necessary to design
antennas with very directive characteristics (very high gains) to meet the demands of
long distance communication and avoid the interference. This can only be accomplished
by increasing the electrical size of the antenna.
Enlarging the dimensions of single elements often leads to more directive characteristics.
Another way to enlarge the dimensions of the antenna, without necessarily increasing the size
of the individual elements is to use many number of elements
An antenna array consists of more than one elements. A single-element antenna is usually not
enough to achieve technical needs. That happens because its performance is limited. A set of
discrete elements, which constitute an antenna array, offers the solution to the transmission
and/or reception of electromagnetic energy. The geometry and the type of elements
characterize an antenna array
The designed array should allow signals from a desired direction to add constructively
while simultaneously adding destructively in the undesired directions, hence an array may be
regarded as a spatial filter with high gain in the desired signal direction and low gain elsewhere.
Theoretically, the array should be designed with a maximum directivity and minimum
side lobe level so as to achieve maximum signal to noise plus interference ratio at the output
of the array antenna; However, this is only true if the interferences are evenly distributed or
assume certain distribution patterns over the whole spatial domain. Therefore, if the
designer of the array does not know the distribution of the directions of the interferences, n
design such as side-lobe level reduction may be preferred. In this project we concentrated on
designing a maximum side-lobe levels reduction of uniformly and non-uniformly distributed
antenna elements along a planar, circular, and concentric circular and hexagonal by varying the
amplitude excitation using a specific optimization techniques.
Various optimization techniques have been developed in recent past by harnessing natures
activities. Since the early 1970s, various nature-inspired optimization algorithms have
emerged starting with the Genetic Algorithm (GA) , some of which have proven to be very
efficient global optimization methods. Along with the GA, Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) , Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) , Clonal Selection Algorithm (CLONALG) ,
Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy (CMA-ES) , Differential Evolution
(DE) .
In our project we are using the Biogeography Based Optimization as a technique, an
evolutionary algorithm (EA), that optimizes a function by stochastically and iteratively
improving candidate solutions with regard to a given measure of quality or fitness function,
our problem is finding the optimum set of amplitude excitation, to get best reduction of SLL
The report is organized as follows. In chapter 1, we summarize generalities of antenna arrays,
in chapter 2, we talk about optimization in general and then we give an overview about,the
most known classical and modern optimization techniques, then we explain what the BBO
(Biogeography Based optimization) are and we look at the rules that control their dynamics.
The third chapter deals with design of non-uniform planar, circular, concentric circular
and hexagonal array antenna using BBO, Finally a conclusion.