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Report on 1965 Indo-

Pakistan war

Submitted to:
Mam Fauzia

Submitted by:
M Wasiq Tanveer (14-ME-01)
Sagheer Abbas (14-ME-10)
Sohaib Ahmed (14-ME-25)

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

University Of Engineering And Technology,

Taxila
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1965 Pak - Indo War

Reasons of 1965 war between India and
Pakistan:
When Pakistan came into being, India has intention to destroy Pakistan. Thats why
he fought war in 1948.After this, India started fight with Pakistan in Kashmir. This
lead to 1965 war. Following are the some reasons of war:

I. Kashmir issue:
Since the partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947, the
Kashmir dispute has been an intractable one between them. They fought three wars
over it in1948, 1965, and 1999, but have not been able to resolve it. The partition
left the fate of over 550 princely states undecided. They were required to accede to
either of the two states on the basis of the geographical location and wishes of their
people.

The failure of diplomacy to resolve the Kashmir issue attracted international and
regional attention to it. After the wars of 1948, 1962 and 1965, determined efforts
were made to resolve this issue. In 1948, the United Nations became deeply
involved but India didnt show flexibility. After the India-China border War of
1962, there were intense but fruitless American and British efforts to bridge a gap
between India and Pakistan. The end of 1965 war saw Soviet Union as a regional
peacemaker. The Soviets did manage to promote a peace treaty at Tashkent, but
this could not establish peace in the region and soon Indian involvement in East
Pakistan led to her separation in 1970-71.

II. Operation Gibraltar:

Operation Gibraltar was the codename given to the strategy of Pakistan to infiltrate
Jammu and Kashmir, and start a rebellion against Indian rule. If successful,
Pakistan hoped to gain control over Kashmir, but the operation resulted in a "Major
Failure".

In August 1965, Pakistan Army's 50th airborne paratroopers and Pakistan Army's
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guerrillas, disguised as locals, entered Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistan with the
goal of fomenting an insurgency among Kashmiri Muslims. However, the strategy
went awry from the outset due to poor coordination, and the infiltrators were soon
discovered

Execution of plan:
Despite initial reservations by the President of Pakistan Ayub Khan, the operation
was set in motion. In the first week of August 1965, (some sources put it at 24
July)[15] Pakistani troops who were members of Azad Kashmir Regimental Force
(Now Azad Kashmir Regiment) began to cross the Cease Fire Line dividing
Indian- and Pakistani-held Kashmir across the Pir Panjal Range into Gulmarg, Uri
and Baramulla. Several columns were to occupy key heights around the Kashmir
valley and encourage a general revolt, which would be followed by direct combat
by Pakistani troops. According to Indian sources as many as 30,000[4][16]
40,000 men had crossed the line, while Pakistani sources put it at 5,000 -7,000
only.These troops known as the "Gibraltar Force" were organized and commanded
by Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik, GoC 12 Division The troops were
divided into 10 forces (5 companies each).[4] The 10 forces were given different
code names, mostly after historically significant Muslim rulers. The operation's
name, Gibraltar, itself was chosen for the Islamic connotations.The 8th century
Umayyad conquest of Hispania was launched from Gibraltar, a situation not unlike
that Pakistan envisaged for Indian Kashmir, i.e. conquest of Kashmir from
Operation Gibraltar. The areas chosen were mainly on the de facto Cease Fire line
as well as in the populous Kashmir Valley.

The plan was multi-pronged. Infiltrators would mingle with the local
populace and incite them to rebellion. Meanwhile guerrilla warfare would
commence, destroying bridges, tunnels and highways, harassing enemy
communications, logistic installations and headquarters as well as attacking
airfields,[19] with a view to create the conditions of an "armed insurrection" in
Kashmir leading to a national uprising against Indian rule. It was assumed that
India would neither counter-attack, nor involve itself in another full-scale war, and
the liberation of Kashmir would rapidly follow. Out of the 9 Infiltrating Forces,
Ghaznavi Force under command Maj Malik Munawar Khan Awan managed to
achieve its objective in Mehndar-Rajouri area.
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III.Operation grand slam :

Operation Grand Slam is virtually synonymous with the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.
It refers to a plan drawn up by the Pakistan Army, in May 1965, to attack the vital
Akhnoor Bridge in Jammu and Kashmir, which was not only the lifeline of an
entire infantry division in Jammu and Kashmir but could also be used to threaten
Jammu, an important logistical point for Indian forces. The operation ended in a
failure for Pakistan Army as the stated military objectives were not achieved and
subsequently were forced to retreat following a counterattack by the Indian Army.

Execution :
The Akhnoor sector was lightly defended by four Indian infantry battalions and a
squadron of tanks. The infantry was stretched thin along the border and the
AMX-13 tanks were no match for the Pakistani M47 Patton and M48 Patton tanks.
Against a militarily stronger and larger Pakistani thrust, the Indian forces retreated
from their defensive positions. According to Pakistani military historian Major
(retd.) A. H. Amin, the Pakistani forces in Operation Grandslam had a 6 to 1
advantage over Indian AMX-13 tanks which were like 'matchboxes' in front of the
Pakistani Pattons. In terms of artillery Pakistan's 8 inch guns were superior to
anything which Indians had at that time and had an overall superiority of 6 to 1.

On the second day of the attack, the GOC of the 12th Infantry
Division Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik, commanding the overall forces in
the area, was replaced by Major General Yahya Khan, the GOC of the 7th Infantry
Division, which delayed the attack by one day. Not only did this decision cause
confusion among the Pakistani officer cadre, the delay also permitted the Indians to
rush reinforcements to the sector. When the attack recommenced on 3 September,
the Indian forces in the sector were sufficiently reinforced to hold out for a few
more days, but they did not have the strength to launch a counterattack. As the
attack carried on for two more days without any significant gains in territory, the
Indian Army opened up a new front, on 6 September, across the sensitive state of
Punjab in Pakistan.
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IV. Sir Creek Issue:

Sir creek issue basically water disputed between Pakistan and India in Rann
of kutch 60 mi long. This flows the Arabian Sea. It divides kutch region of
India state Gujarat , Sindh region of Pakistan. It is situated almost 23 58N 68
48E. Sir Creek was requested to solve the rivalry between ruler of Sindh and
Rao of kutch. The Green line proclaimed by Pakistan and Red line
proclaimed by India and Black line is an undisputed section. Kutch was the
part of sindh before the division of India afterwards. It was included in the
Bombay presidency. Resolution which mark boundaries between two
territories as a part of whole the Creek part of sindh thus the surrounding
boundary eastern at the side of Creek. The boundary line is known as the
Green Line is dispute by India which cause that iws Indicative Line
known as ribbon line technical jargon.

India argues in her support by a refereeing Thalweg Doctrine .

The law provides that a river can be divided from its mid channel if two
nations are agreed upon the dividence. Pakistan rejects the laws by
advocating that the law is not applicable because Sir Creek is not navigable
but it respect 1925 map. India insists that Sir Creek is navigable in high
tied situation and fisherman use it to go to open seas Pakistan does not
honor Thalweg Doctrine if international law because she has to gave up
thousands of kilometers of territory. The area contributed to Indo Pak war of
1965 because a Skirmish was broke out between two states in April 1965
though in same year tribunal was setup by to resolve the issue due struggle
British Prime Minster Harold Wilson in a verdict Pakistan got 35 hundred
square miles of its claim again Indians air forces MiG 21 short naval air
arm breguet Atlantique patrol plane in Atlantic region of Sir Creek 10th
August 1999.
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Story of war 1965

Role of Pakistan Army
Lahore front:
War on the night of 56 September 1965, Indian XI Corps began its operations by
advancing towards Lahore along three axes Amritsar-Lahore, Khalra-Burki-
Lahore and Khem Karan-Kasur roads, overwhelming the small Pakistani
force. Pakistan's 10 and 11 Divisions, which were deployed in the sector, began a
series of rather confused delaying actions, and by the end of the first day the Indian
infantry, backed by heavy armoured troops, were within striking distance
of Lahore city. Some advance Indian units managed to capture BRB canal on 6
September but soon withdrew, since support and reinforcements were not expected
to reach any time soon.

Pakistani soon launched a three pronged counterattack to counter Indian assault on

8 September backed by its newly created 1 and 6 Armoured division to break
through the front line formed by Indian 4 Grenadiers, 9 Jammu and Kashmir rifles,
1 & 9 Gurkha rifles and Rajput Rifles

On 8th, Pakistan began counterattack south of Lahore from Kasur towards Khem
Karan, an Indian town 5 km from International Border. This was followed by
another major armoured on 9 ans 10 September to recapture lost ground despite
heavy toll on Pakistani armour. The Pakistani counterattack led to the capture of
the village Khem Karan.

In the north India won another decisive battle at Phillora supported by its 1
Armoured Division on 11th destroying the Pakistani counterattack. Indians
continued to advance towards Chawinda in the north from Phillora and reached
Chawinda by 17 September. However, they were halted at Chawinda till ceasefire
on 22 September.

The Pakistanis being helped by the fact that the network of canals and streams in
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the sector made for natural defensive barriers. In addition, the prepared defence,
comprising minefields, dugouts and more elaborate pillboxes, proved problematic
for the Indians.

Sialkot sector:
It was one of the largest tankbattles in history since the Battle of Kursk in World
War II.
The aim of the attack was to seize the key Grand Trunk
Road around Wazirabad and the capture of Jassoran which would enable
domination of Sialkot-Pasrur railway, thus completely cutting off Pakistani supply
line. The striking force of the Indian 1st Corps was the 1st Armoured Division
supported by the 14th Infantry and 6th Mountain divisions and Indian infantry
seized the border area on 7 September.

The Indians resumed their attacks on 10 September with multiple corps sized
assaults and succeeded in pushing the Pakistani forces back to their base at
Chawinda, where they were stopped. A Pakistani counterattack at Phillorah was
repulsed with heavy damage, and the Pakistanis settled in defensive positions. The
Pakistani position at this point was highly unsafe, the Indians outnumbered them
by ten to one.

On 21 September the Indians withdrew to a defensive position near their original

bridgehead, with the retreat of Indian first armoured division, all their offensives
were ceased on that front. Pakistani General vetoed the proposed counterattack
"Operation Windup", According to the Pakistani the operation was cancelled since
both sides had suffered heavy tank losses.

Chawinda Sector:
The Battle of Chawinda was a part of the Sialkot Campaign in the Indo-Pakistani
War of 1965. The initial clashes at Chawinda coincided with the tank battle near
Phillora and the fighting intensified once the Pakistani forces at Phillora retreated.
However, the Indian invasion was repelled and the battle finally ended due to
the UN ceasefire.

General Dunn, the commander of I Corps Indian Army was given an assortment of
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units: 1 Armoured Division, 6 Mountain Division, 14 Division and 26 Division.

The Pakistani force expected to oppose the Indian thrust consisted of 15 Division,
6 Armoured Division (equivalent to armoured brigade group) and 4 Corps Artillery.
Later reinforcements included 8 Infantry Division and 1 Armoured Division.

The Indian 1st Armoured Division's drive quickly divided, with the 43rd Lorried
Infantry Brigade supported by a tank regiment attacking Gat, while the main blow
of the 1st Armoured Brigade was hurled against Phillaura. Pakistani air attacks
caused moderate damage to the tank columns, but exacted a heavier toll on the
truck columns and infantry.

The Pakistani situation improved as reinforcements arrived, consisting of two

independent brigades from Kashmir, 8 Infantry Division, and most crucially, their
1 Armoured Division. For the next several days, Pakistani forces repulsed Indian
attacks on Chawinda. A large Indian assault on 18 September involving India's 1st
Armoured and 6th Mountain Divisions was repelled, with the Indian 1st Armoured
and 6th Mountain divisions taking heavy losses.

KhemKaran:
Khemkaran is a town and a nagar panchayat in Tarn Taran district in the
Indian state of Punjab. It was the site of a major tank battle in 1965 resulting it also
being known as the graveyard of tanks.

Six Pakistani Armored Regiments took part in the battle, namely the 19th
Lancers (Patton), 6th Lancers (Patton), 12th Cavalry (Chaffee), 24th
Cavalry (Patton), 4th Cavalry (Patton) and 5th Horse (Patton).

At Khemkaran sector India used two military divisions. Only one division from
Pakistan encountered the assault and forced the Indian to their position. As soon as
reinforcement arrived, Pakistani assaults began and they pushed the Indian army
back to Khemkaran and captured the village. After that, Indians tried their best to
take back the village, but all in vain. After the ceasefire, when forces were called
back, Pakistan army left the village.
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Role of Pakistan Air Force:

Pakistan air force plays an important role in 1965 war The 1965 war saw the best
of the PAFs war-fighting abilities, and made history by shooting down 13 aircraft
in one day. In the night of 6th and 7th September Pakistan air force sends its seven
thirty transport air fighter to attack and destroy he air base of pathankoat,
adhampur and halwara and commandoes of special services group step forward for
attack

when Indian forces launched an offensive towards Sialkot, aircraft of the Pakistan
Air Force supported the Pakistan Army, and Indian forces were compelled to
retreat. Besides, aircraft and valiant personnel of the PAF supported the ground
forces in the sectors like Rajastan (Sindh), Khem Karan (Punjab) and Chumb
(Kashmir) including other ones.

Squadron Leader M. M. Alam set new records in history of air warfare on 7th
September by defending Pakistans airspace against the aggressors, and shot down
five Indian aircraft in less than sixty seconds at Sargodha. He is rightly branded as
a hunter of the hunters.

On 6 September, while attacking Halwara airfield, his small formation was

intercepted by a large number of enemy and, although his aircraft was hit, he
refused to break off the engagement, in complete disregard of personal safety, and
was reported missing from this mission. While Squadron Leader Sarfaraz Ahmad
Rafiqui led a formation of 3 F-86 aircraft on a strike against Halwara airfield, the
formation was intercepted by about 10 Hunter aircraft out of which Squadron
Leader Rafiqui accounted for one. But, then his guns jammed due to a defect.
However, Rafiqui refused to leave the battle area instead he ordered his No. 2 to
continue the engagement, while his end was never in doubt, but, he chose to
disregard it and, his aircraft was shot down and he was martyred. During that war
of 1965, PAF had destroyed 104 Indian aircraft on ground and in the air. It is
mentionable that some opine that India and Pakistan have made contradictory
claims of victory during the aerial warfare of the 1965 war. But facts cannot be
denied, which prove that PAF won this war.

Role of Pakistan Navy:

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The role of Pakistan Navy in the Indo-Pak war of 1965 is highly appreciable.
While, securing Pakistans coasts, it played a vital role in defeating India in the
1965 war. Therefore, this 8th September is a special day due to the golden jubilee-
ceremony of Pakistan Navys victory.

Operation Dwarka:
Operation Dwarka was a naval operation commenced by the Pakistan Navy to
attack the Indian coastal town of Dwarka on 7 September 1965. This was the first
use of Pakistan Navy in any of the Indo-Pakistan war. As the Indo-Pakistani War of
1965 broke out between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, armies and air forces of
both nations were involved in intense fighting in the Punjab region and in Kashmir.
To relieve pressure on the southern front, Pakistan decided to use its navy in the
war by launching a quick strike on Indian coast. The primary objective of the
attack ostensibly was to destroy the radar station at Dwarka which Pakistani Naval
intelligence believed had a Huff-Duff beacon to guide Indian bombers. Pakistani
high command also hoped to divert the operations of the Indian Air Force away
from the north. On the night of 7 September, the Pakistan Navy launched its assault
on Western Indian shores. Dwarka was chosen for its proximity (200 km
from Karachi Port), its lower defenses and historical relevance. The plan called for
a fleet of 7 naval vessels of Pakistan to bomb the tiny but significant town
of Dwarka.

The objective to divert the Indian Air Force attacking Pakistan's southern front
worked as the Indian Air Force raids on the city of Karachi ceased, presumed by
Pakistani sources to be due to lack of availability of the radar guidance to the IAF
fighter jets, which was damaged in the attack Operation Dwarka was a significant
naval operation of the 1965 war

The Pakistan Navy celebrates September 8 as Navy Day. Radio Pakistan also
transmitted that Dwarka Listening Post was destroyed.

Efforts for Ceasefire between Pakistan and India:

During the war of 1965, the secretary general of the United Nations U Thant keep
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on visiting both the countries from 9 to 15 september on continuous basis to

convince them for ceasefire. But, Ayub Khan insisted that the solution of the
Kashmir conflict should be involved in the conditions of the ceasefire. Whereas, on
the other hand, India was not ready to accept the Kashmir conflict. Thats why the
secretary general of the united nations could not convice both the countrie for
ceasefire.

On 18 september, 1965 a resolution was submitted in the security council of the

United Nations for ceasefire which has to be passed by September 22, 1965.
Meanwhile, both Pakistan as well as India came across the fact that none of them
were in a position to win the war. Through the resolution of ceasefire, both the
countries were ordered to stop the war before 12O Clock in the morning of 22
september. But, on the request of Indian Soldiers the war was extended for 15
hours. In this way, the war ented at 3O Clock in the morning of September 23,
1965.

Disadvantages of War 1965:

As a result of the war, 9,500 Indian soldiers were murdered whereas 1033 Pakistani
soldiers were martyred,11,000 Indian soldiers were injured whereas 2171 Pakistani
soldiers were injured, 1700 Indian soldiers were lost somewhere whereas 630
Pakistani soldiers were lost,516 Indian tanks were destroyed and 165 Pakistani
tanks were destroyed,110 Indian aircrafts were destroyed as well as 14 Pakistani
aircrafts were destroyed. Pakistan captured 1617 square miles of Indian territory
whereas India captured 466 square miles of Pakistani territory.

Role of neighbouring countries in war 1965:

September war created a difference between the friends and enemies of Pakistan.
Despite having armies, America and Britian not helped Pakistan in the war whereas
both these countries helped India in the background. America applied a restriction
to supply weapons to both Pakistan and India. At that time, Pakistan considered
America its nearest allied country. Islamic countries specially Iran, Saudi
Arab,Turkey,Urdan and Indonesia helped Pakistan throughout the war of 1965.
Iran and Saudi Arab supplied fuel for the aircrafts to Pakistan to avoid the shortage
of fuel. Turkey gave army stuff of rupees 5 lac to Pakistan. The people of Saudi
Arabia prayed for the victory of Pakistan in Khana Kaaba. China helped Pakistan
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alot throughout the war of 1965 and it proved to be Pakistans biggest helper
throughout the war of 1965.

Tashkent Declaration:
A meeting was held in Tashkent in the Uzbek SSR, USSR (now in Uzbekistan)
beginning on 4 January 1966 to try to create a more permanent settlement.

The Soviets, represented by Premier Alexei Kosygin moderated between Indian

Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan.

The Tashkent Declaration of 10 January 1966 was a peace agreement between

India and Pakistan after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

The conference was viewed as a great success and the declaration that was released
was hoped to be a framework for lasting peace. The declaration stated that
The Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan agree to make all
efforts to establish good relations between India and Pakistan in accordance
with the United Nations Charter. They affirm to renounce the use of force in
the settlement of their disputes.
The President of Pakistan and the Indian Prime Minister agree to withdraw,
no later than February 25, 1966, all armed personnel to the position held
before August 5, 1964.
Both India and Pakistan agree to follow the principle of non-interference in
their affairs and will discourage the use of any propaganda against each
other.
Both the countries also agree to reopen normal diplomatic functioning and to
return of the High Commissioners of both the countries to their posts.
Measures towards the restoration of economic and trade relations,
communications, as well as cultural exchanges between the two countries
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were to be taken. Measures were to be taken to implement the existing

agreements between Pakistan and India.
Prisoners of war would be repatriated.

Discussions would continue relating to the problem of refugees and eviction

of illegal immigrants. Both sides will create conditions that will prevent the
exodus of the people.

The Tashkent conference, under United Nations, American and Soviet pressure,
compelled Pakistan and India to restore their national boundary and the 1949
ceasefire line in Kashmir. This eventually led to dissatisfaction and protests against
the Ayub Khan leadership.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto reaction to Tashkent Declaration:

In one of his speech, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto said that the war which Pakistan won in
the battlefield has been lost by Ayub Khan on the table of discussion.

Effects of War between Pakistan and India in 1965:

At the conclusion of the war, many Pakistanis considered the performance of their
military to be positive. 6 September is celebrated as Defence Day in Pakistan, in
commemoration of the successful defence of Lahore against the Indian army. The
performance of the Pakistani Air Force, in particular, was praised. However, the
Pakistani government was accused by foreign analysts of spreading disinformation
among its citizens regarding the actual consequences of the war.

Moreover, Pakistan had lost more ground than it had gained during the war and,
more importantly, failed to achieve its goal of capturing Kashmir; this result has
been viewed by many impartial observers as a defeat for Pakistan
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One of the farthest reaching consequences of the war was the wide-scale economic
slowdown in Pakistan. The war ended the impressive economic growth Pakistan
had experienced since the early 1960s. Between 1964 and 1966, Pakistan's defence
spending rose from 4.82% to 9.86% of GDP, putting a tremendous strain on
Pakistan's economy. By 197071, defence spending comprised a whopping 55.66%
of government expenditure. According to veterans of the war, the war greatly cost
Pakistan economically, politically, and militarily. Nuclear theorist Feroze Khan
maintained that the 1965 war was a last conventional attempt to snatch Kashmir by
military force, and Pakistan's own position in the international community,
especially with the United States, began to deteriorate from the point the war
started, while on the other hand, the alliance with China saw
improvements. General Tariq Majid claims in his memoirs that Chou En-Lai had
longed advised the government in the classic style of Sun Tzu: "to go slow, not to
push India hard; and avoid a fight over Kashmir, 'for at least, 2030 years, until
you have developed your economy and consolidated your national power'. Pakistan
was surprised by the lack of support from the United States, an ally with whom the
country had signed an Agreement of Cooperation. The US turned neutral in the war
when it cut off military supplies to Pakistan (and India); an action that the
Pakistanis took as a sign of betrayal. After the war, Pakistan would increasingly
look towards China as a major source of military hardware and political support.
Another negative consequence of the war was growing resentment against the
Pakistani government in East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), particularly for
West Pakistan's obsession with Kashmir. Bengali leaders accused the central
government of not providing adequate security for East Pakistan during the
conflict, even though large sums of money were taken from the east to finance the
war for Kashmir. Sheikh Mujib Rahman was critical of the disparity in military
resources deployed in East and West Pakistan, calling for greater autonomy for
East Pakistan, an action that ultimately led to the Bangladesh Liberation
War and another war between India and Pakistan in 1971.