Canadian Light Source

Synchrotron Science
Classroom Resources
Background Material Appropriate for High
School and Middle Years Students
Canadian Light Source Outreach 2012

www.lightsource.ca/education
The information provided in this document is produced by the Canadian Light Source
Inc. and is written for a public school student audience. Information is simplified and
should not be taken as expert. Please contact CLS staff for further information. Use these
materials freely for educational purposes but please remember to credit your source.
There is a great deal more information (including lesson plans in French and English)
available on our web site. I would like to offer my heartfelt appreciation to the CLS staff
and user community of the CLS for their time, effort, and expertise in writing and
reviewing this work. Special thanks also go to the Outreach students that have
contributed so much.
We are eager to hear about your adventures with synchrotron science. Please contact us
to let us know how you have used this material and what would be useful for us to
develop in the future.
********************
Tracy Walker, B.Ed., M.Ed.

Educational Outreach Coordinator
(306) 657-3525
tracy.walker@lightsource.ca
www.lightsource.ca/education
Have you heard of Science on Stage Canada?

www.scienceonstage.ca
Synchrotron Science Classroom Resources 2012

Tracy Walker, Educational Outreach Coordinator
Canadian Light Source

44 Innovation Blvd.
Saskatoon, SK
S7N 2V3
Telephone: (306)657-3500
Fax: (306)657-3535
E-mail: outreach@lightsource.ca
www.lightsource.ca
Content contributors: Ricarda Bentham

Jasmine Liska Victoria Martinez
Peter Yee Jaret Piller
Curtis Howie CLS beamline and technical staff
Synchrotron Science Classroom Resources

What is a Synchrotron?
Table of Contents
What is a Synchrotron? __________________________________________________ 1
Introduction _______________________________________________________________ 2
How Does the CLS Synchrotron Work? ________________________________________ 4
Synchrotron Light _________________________________________________________ 13
_____________________________________________________________________ 13
Salute to Safety! ___________________________________________________________ 15
Engineering Highlights _____________________________________________________ 16
_____________________________________________________________________ 17
Experimental Beamlines ________________________________________________ 17
Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 18
Mid-Infrared (Mid-IR) Beamline _____________________________________________ 23
Spherical Grating Monochromator (SGM) Beamline ____________________________ 25
Variable Line Spacing Plane Grating Monochromator (VLS-PGM) Beamline _______ 27
Spectromicroscopy (SM) Beamline ___________________________________________ 28
Resonant Elastic and Inelastic Soft X-Ray Scattering (REIXS) Beamline ____________ 31
Quantum Materials Spectroscopy Centre (QMSC) ______________________________ 33
Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility (CMCF) _____________________ 35
Very Sensitive Elemental & Structural Probe Employing Radiation from a Synchrotron
(VESPERS) Beamline ______________________________________________________ 37
Life Science Beamline for X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (BioXAS) _______________ 39
Soft X-Ray Beamline for Micro-characterization of Materials (SXRMB) ____________ 41
Hard X-ray Microanalysis (HXMA) Beamline __________________________________ 43
Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices (SyLMAND) ________________ 44
Bioedical Imaging & Therapy (BMIT) Beamlines _______________________________ 44
The Brockhouse X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering Sector ________________________ 48
Outreach Opportunities _________________________________________________ 49
View of the rings from the Mezzanine.
Synchrotron Science Classroom Resources Page 1

Introduction
The Canadian Light Source (CLS) is Canadas national centre for synchrotron research.
Located at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, the CLS is a world-class, state-
of-the-art facility that is advancing Canadian science, enhancing the competitiveness of
Canadian industry and contributing to the quality of life of people around the world.
Launched in 1999 and officially opened in 2004, the synchrotron is one of the largest
science projects in Canadian history and was the product of an unprecedented
collaboration of federal, provincial and municipal governments and agencies, universities
from across the country and industry.
The CLS is committed to being a world-leading centre of excellence in synchrotron

science and its applications by working with the scientific community to promote the use
of synchrotron light, promoting industrial partnerships and innovation, and engaging in
scientific and educational outreach.
Currently, the CLS has just under 200 employees including scientists, engineers,
technicians and administrative personnel. Located next to Innovation Place, one of
Canadas leading high-tech industrial parks, the CLS provides a much-needed national
R&D capability and strengthens Saskatoons reputation as Canadas Science City.
The mission of the CLS encourages excellence in both basic and applied science, with the
mandate to grow the Canadian synchrotron research community and be responsive to its
needs. This is accomplished through leadership by an independent board of directors that
emphasizes the facilitys national character, with representation from government,
universities and industry, as well as advisory committees made up of leading scientists
from across Canada and around the world.
Access to the CLS for scientists doing basic research is through a peer-review process
that encourages excellence and originality in the science done at Canadas synchrotron.
Research time is also reserved on each beamline for fee-for-service access by industry.
This tool can be used to probe matter and analyze a host of physical, chemical, geological
and biological processes. Information obtained by scientists can be used to help design
new drugs, examine the structure of surfaces to develop more effective motor oils, build
smaller, more powerful computer chips, develop new materials for safer medical
implants, and help with clean-up of mining wastes, to name just a few applications.
Page 2 Synchrotron Science Classroom Resources

Quick Facts:
More than 40 synchrotron light sources have been built around the world. The
Canadian synchrotron is competitive with the brightest facilities in Japan, the U.S.
and Europe.
CLS was built in three phases: Phase I included the building, the rings, and
several beamlines at a cost of $174M; Phase II added seven more beamlines
($56M) including the much-lauded Biomedical Imaging and Therapy beamlines;
Phase III, currently under way, adds six more beamlines at an estimated cost of
$65M
More than 3,000 scientists have used the CLS more than 5,000 times.
Beamlines carry the synchrotron light to scientific work stations that operate 24
hours per day, 6 days per week, approximately 42 weeks of the year.
The first synchrotrons were additions to facilities built to study subatomic
physics. Synchrotron light was an annoyance to those researchers because it
meant their electron beams lost energy every time they went through a bending
magnet. However, the remarkable qualities of this light were soon recognized and
researchers began to come up with ways to use it.
CLS utility costs are approximately $1.8M annually including electricity, steam
and water. When we are operating the facility with stored beam, consumption is
approximately 3.2-3.5 megawatts to produce approximately 200 kW of
synchrotron radiation. This translates to approximately $1,000 worth of electricity
daily.
The six-storey building (Phase I construction) required 1,300 tons of steel and
enough concrete to build 160 1,200-square-foot homes. This concrete base has
more than 700 piles each 10-20m deep with vibrational isolation from the
foundation for the walls in order to ensure stability.
An economic impact study estimated that CLS operations directly contributed
almost $90M to the Canadian GDP. This means that for every dollar of CLS
operating funding (approximately $23M) our operations contributed three to the
Canadian economy.

How does the CLS synchrotron work?


1. Electron Gun and Linear Accelerator

Electron Gun:
The process begins in the basement where high voltage electricity passing through a
heated cathode produces pulses of electrons. Heating the cathode to
incandescence gives some electrons enough
energy to leave
the surface
(essentially boils
them off). The
high voltage
(approximately
200,000 volts a
car battery has
only 12 volts!)
repels the
electrons,
accelerating them
toward the Linear
Accelerator, or
LINAC.
View of electron gun during teachers workshop
The source of the electrons, the cathode, is a tungsten-

Cathode goes here oxide disk (tungsten is the same material as light bulb
filaments). As electricity flows through the disk, it will
heat it until electrons are emitted (at about 1,000 oC). A nearby screen is given a short,
strong positive charge (125 times per second) which pulls the electrons away from the
disk. The system is similar to that found in a television picture tube.

LINAC:
The electron gun supplies electrons to the Linear Accelerator (LINAC). A series of
cavities with microwave radio frequency fields in the 2,856 megahertz LINAC provide
energy to the electrons that are accelerated to an energy of 250 million electron volts, or
250 MeV. At this energy the electrons are travelling at 99.9998% of the speed of light
(3.0 x 108 m/s).
The microwaves push the

electrons much the same
way a surfer is pushed by
water waves. The LINAC
produces pulses of
electrons for 2
nanoseconds up to 140
nanoseconds for injection
into the storage ring. The
short pulses can be used
to fill a single "bunch"
in the storage ring for
use in time-sensitive
measurement studies.
The long pulses are
used to produce a
View from the electron gun down the LINAC (3x140=) 420 nanosecond
pulse train in the storage ring.
Pulses of electrons are supplied once per second by the LINAC. After several
minutes of operation enough current is accumulated in the storage ring for several hours
of operation and the LINAC is turned off until it is required to refill the ring.
Vacuum Chambers:
The electrons (and later the photons) must travel in a vacuum to avoid colliding into
atoms or molecules and disappearing. The ultimate vacuum chamber pressure is lower
than 10-11 torr (1 atm. pressure is 760 torr). This means that there are fewer molecules
present in our vacuum system than there are in space around the International Space
Station.
2. Booster Ring
In particle physics, the standard unit to measure energy is MeV or mega-electron volts
(1*106 eV). One eV (electron volt) is the amount of energy that an electron gains when it
moves through a potential difference of 1 volt (in a vacuum). As they circulate, electrons
receive a boost in energy from 250 MeV to 2,900 MeV (energy equivalent to about 2
billion flashlight batteries!) from microwave fields generated in the Radio Frequency
Cavity at 2,856 MHz. For comparison, the energy of charged particles in a nuclear
explosion range from 0.3 to 3 MeV. The typical atmospheric molecule has an energy of
about 0.03 eV.

The electrons travel around the

103 m ring approximately 1.5
million times in 0.6 seconds.
Each of 68 bunches contains
50 pC (3.1 x 10 8 electrons)
with a total energy of 9.92 J at
2,900 MeV and 10 mA
circulating current.
The booster ring cannot

increase the speed of the
electrons to, or beyond, the
speed of light, but the
electrons travel at about
99.999998% of light
speed.
3. Storage The inner Booster Ring connects to the outer Storage Ring
Ring
When the electrons reach 2,900 MeV, an injection system
transfers them from the booster ring to the 171m storage ring. The process
repeats once per second up to 600 cycles (about 10 minutes), as required, to reach an
average circulating current of 250 mA.
Once in the storage ring, the electrons will circulate for four to 12 hours producing
photons every time the 6800 kg dipole magnets change the direction of the flow of
electrons. While the ring looks circular, it is really a series of 12 straight sections each
with 2 dipole magnets, and a series of four-pole and six-pole magnets to narrow the
beam.
Some straight sections also include space for special magnets called Insertion Devices.
After each turn there is a photon port to allow the light to travel down the beamlines.
Over time, the number of electrons stored in the ring will decline. This is inevitable
because the vacuum isnt perfect. Electrons collide with the few particles that are present
and are lost. As a result, CLS must either empty the ring and re-inject electrons, or add
more electrons to maintain the necessary current.

Magnets:
There are two types of electro-magnets in the booster ring. The blue dipole magnets
weigh over 3000 kg. The magnetic field created by the magnets is used to direct the
electrons around the booster ring. The field of the green quadrupole (four-pole) magnets
is used to force bunches of electrons into a fine beam within the vacuum chamber.
Radio Frequency (RF) Cavities:

There are two cavities that use
microwaves to boost the electrons
energy. A cylindrical cavity in the
booster ring delivers a high-
energy kick to the electron
bunches during each turn around
the ring. It operates with a radio
frequency (RF) of 500 MHz.
The purpose of the cavity,

pictured left, in the storage ring
is to replace the energy lost by
the electrons to light
production. Superconductivity
is the flow of electric current
without resistance in certain metals and
alloys at temperatures near absolute zero. The operating temperature is -
2700C (-2730C is 0 K or absolute zero, the point at which all motion stops). Operating at
such cold temperatures eliminates most power loss, while the RF field provides energy.
Insertion Devices:
The CLS is one of the brightest synchrotrons in the world despite being roughly one tenth
the size of similarly bright synchrotrons. One of the ways that we achieve this is through
insertion devices. While dipole magnets change the direction of the electrons, thus
producing light, multi-magnet insertion devices called undulators and wigglers move the

electrons back and forth many times creating a narrow beam of much more intense light.
A wiggler or undulator consists of a periodic series of magnets, placed in a straight

section of the storage ring. The magnetic fields force the electrons to wiggle around the
straight path. The result is a very high flux of photons along the beamline.
A wiggler produces a wide range of high energy X-rays. An undulator produces even
higher intensity X-rays with a narrower range of energies.
Left: undulator under development (note the series of small magnets in a row top)
Right: undulator installed in vacuum chamber

4. Beamlines
The CLS has 13 beamlines accessible for users or scientists from other institutions
using this equipment as part of their research programs. A beamline (#6 above) consists
of a optics hutch (#7) where synchrotron light is focused and wavelength is selected, an
experimentation hutch (#8) where the appropriate technique is selected for the
experiment, and work stations (#9) where scientists operate the beamline and measure
light as it is absorbed, reflected, refracted, or scattered by the sample.
Monochromator
Synchrotron light passes through the optics hutch on its way to the sample. There, the
monochromator enables researchers to choose the wavelength of light best-suited to the
experiment they are conducting. The monochromator is the device that separates different
wavelengths (much like a
prism). This is done using either
optical dispersion (as in a
Crystal prism), or of diffraction, using a
grating which separates the
wavelengths of light and filters
out the light that isnt required.
Each of the beamlines at CLS is
X-RAYS unique and have markedly
different monochromators
specific to their design.

Endstations
The selected wavelengths of synchrotron light are focused by the mirrors in the optics
hutch onto the sample in an endstation located in the experimental hutch. Each endstation
is designed specifically for the types of experiments conducted on that beamline. In
general, each one consists of a sample holder and a detection system, unique to the
technique employed by the scientist, as well computers through which the researchers
control the
mechanisms
involved in the
experiments and
view the data as it
is recorded.

Synchrotron Light
A synchrotron is certainly not the only way to generate IR, UV, or X-Ray light and so
many other techniques are used at other types of facilities. There are four general
advantages to using synchrotron-generated light for these techniques and there are some
techniques that can only be successful using synchrotron light.
Brightness or Flux
If you were to expose a 1mm2 sample, similar to what a researcher might put under a
regular light microscope, to a number of different light sources and measure the amount
of energy the matter in that sample interacted with, you would find that the energy
generated by a synchrotron using insertion devices is considerably higher than what is
produced by other light sources.
1.E+22
1.E+20
Synchrotron-generated
1.E+18
1.E+16
2
Photons/sec/mm
1.E+14
1.E+12
1.E+10
Sun-generated
1.E+08
1.E+06
Light generated by an incandescent light
1.E+04
1895 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Generally speaking, synchrotron sources pack more photons into a smaller beam of light.
This offers researchers more information about their sample and makes a greater variety
of techniques available to use to learn about their sample.
In situ experiments
Another advantage to some synchrotron techniques is the ability to conduct experiments
in situ, or as they are without treatment. There are a number of research techniques that
require the scientist to treat their sample (crush it; make a solution; slice it; etc). While
this is also required for some synchrotron techniques, there are also some that allow for
the sample to be analyzed without treatment or with less treatment, which can be a
significant advantage.
Tuneability or ability to select specific light

By producing high flux light across a significant portion of the spectrum, a synchrotron
offers many different techniques to researchers in one building. In order to gather
information, the wavelength of the light has to be appropriate for the size of the matter of
interest. Shorter wavelengths allow scientists to gather information about smaller things.

In addition, each element absorbs energy at a known level. Being able to select a specific
wavelength, or range of wavelengths, allows researchers the flexibility to direct their
research towards specific questions.
Millimetre Micron Angstrom
Speed
Due to the extreme brightness of the light, it does not take as long to conduct the same
experiment using a synchrotron source of light as it does with a table top source for
some techniques.

Salute to Safety!
CLS is committed to providing a safe and healthful working environment for all staff and
to protect the general public and the environment from unacceptable risks.
Control Room
Control room management is an important part of ensuring personnel safety throughout
the facility.
From the control room we monitor:

Personnel Safety Systems (PSS) - includes Fire Alarms System, Accelerator
Access Interlock Systems, Oxygen Monitoring System
Equipment Protection Systems (EPS) includes beam position, size and quality,
cooling/heating systems, vacuum systems, power supplies and magnet
settings, timing systems, and valve controls
Accelerator operators disable/enable all or individual beamlines including start
and shutdown processes and select mode of accelerator operation such as normal
(beam available to users) versus accelerator studies
In the case of an emergency the synchrotron can be shut down automatically in less than
20 milliseconds from the control room and from several other locations manually.
Radiation Safety
When dealing with sources of energy, there are safety concerns that must be addressed.
Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or
through space. Light, heat and sound are types of radiation. There are many natural
sources of radiation, including the sun and various elements in the earth. Since the CLS is
a source of light radiation, thermo-luminescent detectors (TLDs) are used to record any
possible radiation that escapes the shielding surrounding the rings and endstations. These
are located throughout the facility as well as carried by personnel. The national limit from
natural sources (background radiation) is 3 milli-Sieverts (mSv) per year. CLS measures
very little above what is detectable in the background and is well within the annual
regulatory limit imposed by the CNSC (Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission) which is
50 mSv - equivalent to approximately 500 chest X-rays per year.
Experiments and Safety

CLS will authorize an experiment only after the activities associated with the experiment
have been defined, hazards have been identified, and adequate hazard controls have been
implemented. Once a proposal has met all applicable requirements, a permit is issued
identifying engineering, and administrative controls and training requirements.

Engineering Highlights
The 84m x 83m CLS facility won
the Canadian Council of
Professional Engineers 2002 award
for exceptional engineering
achievement. The six-storey
building required 1,300 tons of steel
and enough concrete to build 160
1,200-square-foot homes.
A major challenge was to ensure

stability of the light beams that
travel along 30m beamlines to the user end stations. Theres a risk that vibrations from
traffic, wind, cranes, mechanical pumps, etc. will affect the beam and invalidate data in
scientific experiments. To address this risk, the facility is built on more than 700 piles,
each 10-20 m deep, and the floor is vibrationally isolated from the walls. Temperature
must also be controlled. The booster and storage rings can only vary from 23oC by 0.1oC.
The beamline hall has the air circulate every seven minutes in order to keep its
temperature within a degree of 23oC.
Accomplishments:
Equipment Alignment: absolute position to 150 m with 3 confidence level over a
diameter of approximately 50m.
Vibration Stability: no vibrational noise above 1 amplitude at less than 300 Hz.
Ultra-High Vacuum Systems: ultimate chamber pressure less than 10-11 torr.
Motion Requirements: sub-micron and sub-micro radian positioning of optical
components.
Controls System: twice as many
control points as a Candu reactor.
DC Magnet Power Supplies:
stability better than 10 ppm with
24 bit resolution. Maximum
magnet power supply output is
700V and 600A.
Cryogenics: 280W at 4.5K liquid
helium (LHe)
liquefier/refrigerator and LHe
distribution system.
Superconducting RF cavity:
the first light source in the world to
use a superconducting RF cavity to power the
electron beam from day one.

Experimental Beamlines

Research Applications
Introduction
Over the last ten years, the Canadian Light Source has developed a unique suite of
beamlines to meet the needs of the Canadian synchrotron research community, with
capabilities and design characteristics that make many of them globally unique. As
illustrated below, our experimental facilities span a spectral range from less 0.01 to
approximately 100,000 eV, providing academic researchers and industrial customers with
an array of techniques for research in the materials sciences, earth and environmental
sciences and life sciences.
The picture on the previous page shows the current layout of the experimental floor
including facilities in all three phases of development. Here is a quick reference to all the
CLS beamlines.
1. High-Resolution Far Infrared Spectroscopy (Far-IR)
A new window into the study of molecules, this line offers wavelengths of
light that are very hard to obtain with conventional sources
Infrared light causes specific vibrations in molecule bonds, so researchers can
identify molecules by their precise vibration pattern.
Applications include simulations of molecules from space and organic
chemistry.
2. Mid-IR Spectromicroscopy (Mid-IR)
Imaging of living tissues to determine which molecules are present using
signature vibrations caused by infrared light.
One use is the study of scar tissue formed in heart attack and burn victims, as
well as plaques formed in the brains of Alzheimers patients.
3. Variable Line Spacing Plane Grating Monochromator (VLS PGM)
PGM uses long wavelengths of light (both soft X-ray and ultraviolet) to study
surface science, that is, what happens where surfaces meet.
PGM provides information for building nanostructures, anti-wear coatings,
and the surfaces of a variety of materials. One application is the study of anti-
wear additives in motor oil that coat moving parts and extend engine life.
4. High Resolution Spherical Grating Monochromator (SGM)
This beamline uses long-wavelength (soft) X-rays, which have little
penetration. This is useful for studying chemical properties of materials.
Used in soil sciences, materials studies, and geology. The techniques have
been used to follow nitrogen speciation through a cows digestive system.
Study of oxides, some of which are destructive, while others actually protect
surfaces. Used in developing new paints and coatings.
5. Soft X-ray SpectroMicroscopy (SM)
Spectromicroscopy analyzes how light interacts with matter and images matter
as in microscopy.
SM is particularly useful in the study of thin films and surfaces, and can
provide detailed images of cell walls. It is also used in study of commercial
molecules, such as polymers.
6. Resonant Elastic and Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering (REIXS)

For atomic-scale microscopy with applications in environmental science and

advanced materials development.
REIXS uses monochromatic coherent X-ray radiation to zoom in on an atom
and its local environment.
Allows researchers to determine electronic, chemical and magnetic properties
of materials.
Used in biomaterials research, nanoscale electronics development, and for the
next generation of quantum devices.
7. Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility (CMCF-ID)
Crystals scatter X-ray beams because of their wavelength. In crystallography,
researchers collect data on how the light scatters, to construct an atom-by-
atom model of the molecule.
Used primarily to understand protein structures, which is important to the
knowledge of fundamental processes in virtually all fields of biological and
medical sciences.
CMCF-ID is capable of satisfying the requirements of the most challenging
and diverse crystallographic experiments (physically small crystals but with
large cell dimensions making up the crystal).
8. High Throughput Macromolecular Crystallography (CMCF-BM)
For detailed, atomic-scale images of molecules like viral and bacterial
proteins. Research includes determination of new structures of proteins,
nucleic acids and other macromolecules, high resolution structural analyses,
drug design, protein engineering and proteomics.
Remote-access beamline. Scientists will be able to send pre-frozen crystals to
the facility and be able to set up experimental parameters as well as inspect,
evaluate, and download their data from their home laboratories via the Internet
Short-wavelength or hard X-rays have been used since 1895 for identifying
atomic structure.
9. Very Sensitive Elemental and Structural Probe Employing Radiation from a
Synchrotron (VESPERS)
Delivers micro-focused hard X-rays to solid materials, so that they can be
analyzed with X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,
and X-ray absorption spectrometry.
Research mainly in earth and materials sciences, as the method can determine
trace elements and crystal structure in microsamples.
Used in the study of transportation of toxic element traces in soils.
10. Soft X-ray Beamline for Microcharacterization of Materials (SXRMB)
Uses wavelengths of light between soft and hard X-rays.
Applied mostly to study of transition elements. Used in material, life,
environmental, geological, surface and soil science.
11. Hard X-ray Microanalysis (HXMA)
Hard X-rays used in X-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffraction.
Provides detailed information about the structure and chemical properties of
molecules in samples.
Used to determine the fate of contaminants such as arsenic in mine wastes, or
mercury from fish in the human diet.

12. Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices (SyLMAND)

Unique in North America, SyLMAND will be dedicated to fabricating
extremely small components 100 to 1,000 times smaller than the thickness
of a human hair that can be used in revolutionary microelectromechanical
(MEMS) devices.
13. Biomedical Imaging and Therapy (BMIT)
Unique in North America, the BMIT facilitys two beamlines will offer
advanced imaging for biological tissue in unprecedented detail, as well as
high-precision radiation therapies for cancer.
Core research programs include human and animal reproduction, cancer
imaging and treatment, spinal cord injury and repair, cardiovascular imaging
and disease, bone growth and development, arthritis and athletic injuries,
dental conditions, mammography, developmental biology, gene expression
research, development of new imaging methods as well as extending present
imaging capabilities.
Hallin, Emil. Experimental Facility Overview. Canadian Light Source Activity Report 2008. p 164

Far Infrared Beamline (Far-IR)

Far-IR Beamline Specifications Chart
Source Bending Magnet
Energy Range 5-1000 cm-1 or 0.00062-0.124 eV
Resolution 0.001 cm-1
Flux 1 x 1013 @ 100 m
Techniques Fourier Transform Absorption Spectroscopy
Website http://exshare.lightsource.ca/farir/Pages/default.aspx
Operating at far infrared wavelengths (5-1000 cm-1 or 0.00062-0.124 eV), this beamline
is used primarily for ultrahigh resolution investigations of gas phase molecules. When
molecules absorb infrared light, they vibrate and rotate. This absorption can be measured
and displayed as a spectrum of lines, or a spectral signature, that is unique to the
molecule and provides insight into the structure of that molecule.
Far- IR beamline
experimental
hutch.
To conduct studies on this beamline, gas samples are stored in a temperature-controlled

absorption cell (metal tank shown in the picture above). Infrared light from the
synchrotron travels through the chamber to the detector where the amount and frequency
of light absorbed is measured.

Data shows spectra of

O, CO2, and methane,
presented by Dr.
Adriana Predoi-Cross
(Professor in the
Department of
Physics and
Astronomy).
One experimental area of interest is the work of Dr. Predoi-Cross from the University of
Lethbridge: Synchrotron-based spectroscopic techniques have the potential to increase
our understanding of planetary atmospheres through studies that will enable more
accurate modelling... we have studied the spectral signatures of several molecules over a
wide range of pressures and temperatures using the facilities available at the far-infrared
beamline. This information is important as results determined in the lab can be used to
interpret real life situations.
CO2 spectrum
collected at
Far-IR by a
Students on the
Beamline
group.

Mid Infrared Beamline (Mid-IR)

Mid-IR Beamline Specifications Chart
Energy Range 560-6000 cm-1 or 0.070-0.744 eV
Resolution 16.0-0.125 cm -1
Flux 1 x 1014 @ 10 m
Techniques Spectromicroscopy
Website http://midir.lightsource.ca/
The Mid-IR beamline provides a state-of-the-art Fourier transform spectrometer and

microscope for use in high-spatial resolution spectromicroscopy experiments. This is an
effective tool to perform spectroscopy and mapping experiments on microscopic regions
of a sample (routinely 6 microns by 6 microns in size and 3 by 3 in some cases).
Absorption of light in the infrared region of the spectrum causes excitations in the
vibrations of chemical bonds as well as rotations of molecules. This absorption can be
measured and displayed as a spectrum that is unique to the molecule and provides insight
into the structure. The infrared spectrum of materials can be used both to identify the
material and to deduce molecular and chemical properties. It is ideal for studying the
structure and mechanism of biological molecules.
Vacuum system
carrying IR light
Spectrometer
Microscope

Dr. Ali and his team from the

Saskatchewan Cancer Agency,
University of Saskatchewan, Health
Region and National Research
Council compared paired slices of
cancerous and healthy brain tissue
that had been removed from
patients. One of the specimens from
each pair was stained and examined
by a pathologist using a regular
light microscope. The second
specimen was then examined under
the synchrotrons infrared
spectromicroscope, which is
capable of detecting the tell-tale
signatures of biomolecules such as
proteins, carbohydrate and fat
Left: Healthy tissue; Right: Cancerous tissue components inside individual cells
and build a chemical
map.
High school
students
investigated a
connection between
diabetes and
fingerprints. This
poster explains their
work.

Spherical Grating Monochromator (SGM) Beamline

SGM Beamline Specifications Chart
Source Undulator
Energy Range 250-2000 eV
Wavelength 62-6.5
Resolution >5000 (below 1500 eV)
Flux 4x1012 @ 250 eV
1x1011 @ 1900 eV
Spot Size 1000m x 100m
Techniques XANES, FLY, XEOL & XPS
Website http://exshare.lightsource.ca/sgm/Pages/SGM_Home.aspx
The SGM beamline is an X-ray absorption and X-ray photoemission beamline that uses
synchrotron light in the soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum to perform
absorption spectroscopy experiments. By measuring how samples absorb different
energies of light, researchers are able to determine what elements are present and how
those elements are bonded together.
Soft X-rays have less energy and longer wavelengths than hard X-rays so they can be
used to investigate the lighter elements (those with lower atomic numbers) of a sample,
like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. This makes the SGM beamline very important to
studying exciting new materials like graphene and nanotubes,
which are made from interconnected carbon atoms.
The beamline is also important for
studying environmental samples like
soils and minerals. Using the X-ray
absorption spectra of carbon and
the other elements in their samples,
geochemists can investigate how
chemical and fertilizer application
change farmland and gain insight
into how the carbon in the
worlds soils will be affected by
global warming.
More detail is provided in the

Techniques section of this
resource. To summarize, as the Student checks the sample in the vacuum chamber as
part of a Students on the Beamlines project.

sample absorbs photons, the endstations detect changes in the sample and measure them.
Absorbing the X-rays causes the atoms to become excited. As they return to their rest
state, they must release energy by emitting a particle. Emitted photons in the visible range
are measured with X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence (XEOL); X-rays emitted are
measured with Total Fluorescence Yield (FLY); and electrons emitted are measured with
X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS).
The following figures are data sets taken of soil by high school
students in the Students on the Beamlines
program:
This FLY data shows elements

detected in soil separated by horizon
This TEY spectrum indicates elements present in a

soil sample (data collected by the first Students on
the Beamlines high school grouppossibly the first
researchers to collect data on soil using soft X-ray)
Variable Line Spacing Plane Grating Monochromator

(VLS-PGM) Beamline
VLS-PGM Beamline Specifications Chart
Source Undulator
Energy Range 5.5-250 eV
Wavelength 2254-49.6
Resolution >10,000 E/E
Flux 2x1011 @ 9-240eV & 50x50 m slits
Spot Size 500 m x 500 m
Techniques XAS, FLY, XEOL & XPS
Website http://exshare.lightsource.ca/vlspgm/Pages/default.aspx
K-Edge elements
L-Edge elements
The VLS-PGM beamline operates within the ultraviolet and soft x-ray range of 5.2-250
eV and is ideal for high resolution, low energy spectroscopic studies of materials for both
fundamental and applied science. There are several endstations that allow for different
techniques to be used including the Solid State X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy chamber
(used for XAS and optical luminescence), Time of Flight chamber (gas phase studies),
and a photoelectron spectrometer.
As these soft X-rays interact with the

electron shells of elements with a low
atomic number, a number of
measurements can be taken of the sample.
Absorbing the X-rays causes the atoms to
become excited. As the atoms return to
their rest state, they must release energy
by emitting light. Photons in the visible
range are measured as the X-ray
Excited Optical Luminescence
(XEOL); X-rays emitted are measured
as the Fluorescence Yield (FLY); and
electrons emitted are measured as
TEY. TEY, XEOL and FLY can be
performed simultaneously and
determine the properties of the
sample.
Absorption chamber and
highlight of the sample
holder system

An example of where this information is valuable can be found in the development of

ceramics fabricated to replace or repair damaged bone (called bioceramics). Developing
material with slower degradation rates is very important and can be tracked.
FLY data shows

silicate model
compounds with
differing amounts
of Bioglass (BG)
CLS Activity Report 2008,

p. 50.
VLS-PGM recently hosted a variety of new

researchers addressing environmental and
industrial concerns. The Athabasca Oil Sands
and their environmental impact have drawn
global media attention with concerns of
possible toxins leaching from the tailings
pond into the Athabasca River. The toxin of
primary concern is naphthenic acid (NAs).
VLS-PGM was the first beamline to apply
XANES techniques to speciate NAs to
determine if NAs are naturally occurring or
anthropogenic.
Spectromicroscopy Beamline
(SM)
SM Beamline Specifications Chart
Source Undulator
Energy 130-2500 eV
Range
Wavelen 95-5 Time of Flight chamber being set up and tested

gth
Resoluti 3,000-10,000 E/E
on
Flux STXM ~ 108 ph/s in 30 nm spot,
PEEM ~ 1012 ph/s in 50 m
spot
Spot Size STXM: 35 nm
PEEM: 50 nm
Techniq XAS, FLY, PEEM
ues
Website http://exshare.lightsource.ca/sm/
Pages/SM-Home.aspx
K-Edge elements
L-Edge elements
The Spectromicroscopy beamline combines X-ray absorption spectroscopy (ability to

determine absorption of specific elements at specific energies, or wavelengths) and
microscopy (imaging matter on a smaller scale than the eye can see, up to 30nm) like an
optical microscope. This provides chemical information such as oxidation state, type of
ligand and coordination number. Using reference spectra, the chemical species can be
quantitatively mapped in a sample. The elements that can be examined include those
with atomic number 6 (C) through to 42 (Mo). Samples can be examined wet or dry, and
because there is less radiation damage compared to hard X-ray techniques, softer
materials like tissues can be examined, making the technique ideal for environmental, life
and material science research.
There are two microscopes on the SM beamline: the scanning transmission X-ray
(STXM) microscope and X-ray photoelectron emission microscope (X-PEEM).

Schematic of STXM Microscope
In STXM, a Fresnel zone plate is used to

focus monochromatic (single wavelength)
X-rays to a small spot size (~30 nm). The
sample is moved across the beam through
the focal point while detecting photons
transmitted through fluorescence. These
techniques are used to help scientists
develop a good understanding of the
natural biopolymers, their distribution
and interaction with other compounds at
sub-cellular levels of grains which will
help to develop better varieties and
enhance nutritional and functional
qualities of food products (Karunakaran, et. al. Activity Report 2009, p 50).
The protein and starch were identified and mapped in a section of a wheat seed Aleurone.
The magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and silica (Si) were also mapped. The gray scale
indicates the thickness of a metal in nanometers. The composite overlay of the metals
(bottom, right) shows the spatial relationship of the metals to each other.

Resonant Elastic and Inelastic Soft X-Ray Scattering

(REIXS) Beamline
REIXS Beamline Specifications Chart
Source Undulator
Energy Range 100-2000 eV
Wavelength 155-6.2
Resolution 2 x 10-4 @ 1000 eV
Flux 5 x 1012 @ 1000 eV
Techniques XAS, XPS, Elastic & Inelastic Scattering;
Website http://exshare.lightsource.ca/REIXS/Pages/default.aspx
This beamline is a state-of-the-art soft X-ray scattering facility dedicated to the study of
novel and advanced materials, including strongly correlated electron systems, nanoscale
biomaterials, spintronics materials, and more using various photon-in and photon-out
techniques under magnetic fields and at different temperatures. The beamline is designed
to achieve high flux, high brightness, moderate resolution and full polarization control.
The source of the beamline is an Elliptically Polarizing Undulator (EPU) produces

photons of linear polarization in any direction, as well as of circular or elliptical
polarization. With the capability to accept light from two EPUs, beams are spatially
separated by magnets and all optical elements are capable of handling two beams. In the
two-beam mode, a rotary chopper is used to select which beam reaches the sample in the
endstation. When the two EPUs are generating light with different polarizations, rapid
switching of the polarization can be realized. The REIXS beamline has two endstations:
RSXS and XES.
The Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering (RSXS) technique combines diffraction methods
with spectroscopic techniques to develop a new structural characterization method in the
soft X-ray regime. The highly monochromatic, coherent, polarized and variable energy
X-ray radiation allows us to zoom in on a particular atom in a specific local environment.
The extreme sensitivity to local charge, spin and structural changes will allow us to study
the interplay of charge, spin, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom in strongly-correlated
electron systems, and to investigate phenomena such as superconductivity, charge order,
orbital order and various types of magnetism. The use of circularly polarized X-rays will
enable a nanometre-scale study of magnetic structure in materials such as monolayer
films and multilayers, the formation of magnetic domains and domain walls.

The XES
endstation
sample chamber
and load lock
The X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) endstation is a synchrotron-based tool to study

the electronic structure of new materials. Along with the spectrometer for soft XES and
Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS), the endstation also includes instrumentation
for soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). It will allow access to new information
on chemical state, electronic structure or best possible synthesis of experimental systems.
This research will ultimately lead to novel devices like sensors with advanced and
tailored optical, electronic, magnetic and catalytic properties.
The RSXS endstation

scattering chamber

Quantum Materials Spectroscopy Centre (QMSC)

QMSC Specifications Chart
Source Undulators
Energy Range 10 eV-1200 eV
Wavelength 1.03 nm-124 nm
Resolution 0.8 meV-70 meV ( at 10 eV and 1200 eV respectively)
Flux Up to 1013 photons/sec/0.01% BW (at the resolving power 104)
Spot Size Less than 20 m x 100 m
Techniques ARPES & SARPES-XPS
Website TBD
Modern science and technology rely on materials whose usefulness depends on their
electronic properties that is, how they conduct or resist electric charges.
Semiconducting materials, for example, are the foundation for the worlds computer and
telecommunications industries.
The QMSC, currently under construction, will be used to design and explore novel
complex materials for their potential in next-generation technologies. This national
research centre will include advanced beamline tools for probing electronic structure, a
dedicated materials preparation facility, and integrated support in materials science
theory.

The QMSC will enable Canada to play a leading role in both furthering the quantum
theory of solids and developing technological advances in fields as diverse as electronics,
Charge
Magnetism
Superconductivity
Charge Density Wave
Metal Insulator Transitions
etc.
Lattice Spin
telecommunications, computer science and biomedicine.
The electronic band structure and magnetic properties are the research targets.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and SARPES (with a spin

detector) are the two endstations designed to provide extremely detailed information
about the structure of these materials.

Canadian Macromolecular Crystallography Facility

(CMCF)
CMCF Specifications Chart
Source Bending Magnet Undulator
Energy Range 4-18 keV 6.0-18 keV
Wavelength 3.1-0.7 2.1-0.7
Resolution E / E 1.4x10 -4
1.5x10-4
11
Flux 1x10 ph/s (200 5x10 ph/s; 2x10 ph/s
m) (100 m); 1x10 ph/s (50
m); 7x1011 ph/s (20 m);
Spot Size 230 m x 195 m 130 m x 30 m
Techniques XRD; XAS
Website http://cmcf.lightsource.ca/beamlines/about-cmcf/
Macromolecular
crystallography is the use
of X-ray diffraction to
determine the structure
of big (macro)
biological molecules,
such as proteins and
nucleic acids.
This is the method that

was used to discover the
famous double-helix
structure of DNA. A
researcher that wishes to
study the structure of a
particular protein must
first isolate it and then
grow it into a crystal. A
crystal of a
macromolecule, made of
thousands of identical
molecules, is placed in a
focused hard X-ray
beam. As the X-rays pass
through the crystalline
structure, they are
diffracted and the
resulting diffraction
pattern is recorded.

A series of many diffraction images,

collected as the crystal is rotated by a small
amount, leads to a three-dimensional model
of the electron density structure surrounding
the molecule, which is then used to construct
a model of the structure of the molecule, as
seen above.
Synchrotron crystallography research has

produced the detailed structures of tens of
thousands of proteins and other
macromolecules. These structures have
contributed to the understanding of fundamental
processes in virtually all fields of biological and
medical sciences, and are vital to drug design
and protein engineering. A recent example of this
is the discovery of the function of an enzyme in Molecular model of the KshA enzyme
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a
causes tuberculosis, which will lead to new new target for treating TB
possibilities in treatment of the disease. The Capyk, et al. 2009, J. Biol. Chem 284: 9937-9946.
structure of KshA, which is crucial to the survival
of this bacterium, was determined by Jenna Capyk, et al. (2009) using CMCF 1 beamline
at CLS (top of the next page). This detailed structural information can now be used to
develop a drug treatment that will inhibit this enzyme, allowing the bodys immune
system to conquer the bacteria.
The CMCF facility consists of two

X-rays come
beamlines. CMCF-ID, part of the
through here
Phase I beamlines, is capable of
satisfying the requirements of the
most challenging and diverse
crystallographic experiments
(physically small crystals with
large unit cell dimensions) using
single crystal X-ray diffraction.
CMCF-BM, part of the Phase II
beamlines, is a fully automated,
high throughput beamline,
Sample accessible remotely. Scientists are
goes here: able to send pre-frozen crystals to
FLY detector the facility and set up experimental
parameters as well as inspect,
evaluate, and download their data
from their home laboratories. Pharmaceutical companies will find this beamline useful
for analyzing bulk samples of one protein that is targeted for drug design expressed in
many different environments.

Very Sensitive Elemental & Structural Probe Employing

Radiation from a Synchrotron (VESPERS) Beamline
VESPERS Specifications Chart
Energy Range 6-30 keV
Wavelength 2.0-0.4
Resolution Si(111)-10-4
MLM2-10-1
MLM1-10-2
Pink Beam
Flux Si-111 ~ 2x109 @ 15 keV
MLM1 ~ 1x1011 @ 15 keV
MLM2 ~ 4x1011 @ 15 keV
Spot Size (2-4) m x (2-4) m
Techniques XRD, XRF, XAS
Website http://exshare.lightsource.ca/vespers/home/Pages/welcome.aspx
Elements that XAS spectroscopy can access using this beamline include:
K-Edge elements
L-Edge elements
The object of VESPERS is to deliver a micro-focussed hard X-ray beam to solid

materials so that a microscopic volume can be analysed using x-ray diffraction (XRD),
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) either
simultaneously or sequentially and can create a map displaying the distribution of
specific elements within an area of interest in the sample.

XAS measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the sample as the

monochromator changes the energy of the synchrotron light the sample is exposed to.
The energy at which the radiation is absorbed is element-specific. XRD refers to the
recording of the pattern of X-rays as they pass through a crystalline material revealing
information about the structure of the material. In the XRF technique, the atoms within
the sample absorb synchrotron light, creating an excited state in the atoms of the element
being probed. As these atoms return to their rest state they emit a photon with a
wavelength specific to the excited element.
Research at VESPERS
includes the study of dinosaur
bones by a
physicist/paleontologist team
from the University of Regina
and the Royal SK Museum.
They study chemical speciation
and location in fossils in an
effort to determine dinosaur
environments and diets.

Biological X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (BioXAS)

Beamlines
BioXAS Specifications Chart
Source Wiggler Undulator
Energy Range 5-28 keV 4-21 keV
Wavelength 2.5-0.4 3.1-0.6
-4
Resolution 10 10-4
Flux 9x1012 2x1013
Spot Size 600 m x 200 m 400 m x 20 m
Techniques XAS, Imaging
Website TBD
BioXAS will enhance and complement life science research at CLS with three beamlines,
two from the wiggler and one from an undulator. Two beamlines will be dedicated to
XAS and one will be a multi-mode XFY imaging line. These systems, currently under
construction, will be tailored for the study of metals in living systems using XAS and
imaging. BioXAS will investigate the molecular form and microscopic location of metals
in biological systems with unprecedented sensitivity.
These studies include investigations of the role of metals in brain diseases like
Alzheimers, how to treat the deadly effects of toxic elements such as mercury, and
developing improved drugs to treat cancer. Environmental research at BioXAS focuses
on how metal contaminants affect organisms and, ultimately, humans.
The image below is of the BioXAS optical hutch looking from the monochromator

towards the experiment hutch.
The following elements could be potentially studied with the combination of these two
beamlines using XAS techniques.
K-Edge elements
L-Edge elements

Soft X-Ray Beamline for Micro-characterization of

Materials (SXRMB) Beamline
SXRMB Specifications Chart
Energy Range 1,700-10,000 eV
Wavelength 7.3-1.3
Resolution InSb(III) 3.3x10-4
Si(III) 1x10-4
Flux XAS: >1x1011
Microprobe: 1x109
~ 10 m x 10 m
Techniques XAS, XEOL; PEEM; XPS; XFY
Website http://exshare.lightsource.ca/vespers/home/Pages/welcome.aspx
Researchers using XAS techniques will be interested in some of these elements:
K-Edge elements
L-Edge elements
The main focus of this beamline is to provide users with access to the intermediate
photon energy range between what is defined as soft and hard X-rays. Covering the
absorption energies of many main group and transition metal elements, this beamline will
find wide application in a number of fields including, but not limited to, materials
science, life science, environmental science, geological and soil science, and tribology.

SXRMB K Edge
NAs concentrations:
11,700 mg/L
1154 mg/L
494 mg/L
282 mg/L
133 mg/L
65 mg/L Christopher H. Ryan et al.,
2011. Application of X-ray
absorption near-edge
spectroscopy (XANES) for
the characterization of
naphthenic acids derived
from the process waters of
the Athabasca oil sands.
Chemosphere
- submitted
Research using this beamline includes the study of naphthenic acids, a complex
byproduct of the process to refine crude oil. An experiment that contributes to
understanding the chemistry involved was conducted using SXRMB to study the K-edge
of S within different concentrations of naphthenic acid.
Another
environmental
research project on
SXRMB made use of
a fluorescence
technique. Students
studied potential
effects of acid rain on
their community in
SK Boreal forest.
These students were
particularly interested
in a signature that
might indicate
whether or not
damage had occurred
and were focusing on
S and V.
Students presenting results and
findings of their Boreal forest
research to the staff of CLS.

Hard X-ray Microanalysis (HXMA) Beamline

HXMA Specifications Chart
Source Superconducting Wiggler
Energy Range 5 40 keV
Wavelength 2.5 - 0.3
Resolution 10-4
Flux XAS, Diffraction: 10 @ 12 keV
Microprobe: 10 @ 12 keV
Spot Size XAFS, Diffraction: 0.8 mm x 1.5 mm
Microprobe: 6 x 6 m
Techniques XAS, microprobe, Diffraction
Website http://exshare.lightsource.ca/hxma/Pages/HXMAHome.aspx
K-Edge elements
L-Edge elements
This is a hard X-ray beamline with

three different endstations which
include XAS and diffraction
capabilities. The microprobe
rasters samples, taking XRF
readings at micron-sized steps to
create an image or map of the
readings, as shown.
Sectioning of zebrafish
larvae for X-ray (1) and
optical (2) microscopy.
Elemental maps for Hg,
Zn, Ca and S in section 1
are compared. (Korbas, M.
et. al. CLS Report 2008. p. 124)
Sample goes
here
Detector
X-rays come
from here
Diffraction set up
XAFS and
XANES
X-rays come from
detectors XRF
detector
Sample goes
here
XAFS set up
Images courtesy of HXMA beamline staff Dr. Ning Chen and Dr. Chang-Yong, Kim
from page 159 of the Canadian Light Source Activity Report 2008
Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices

(SyLMAND)
SyLMAND is a unique facility dedicated to research and fabrication of polymer and
metal microstructures using X-ray Lithography (XRL). It will provide distinctive
capabilities not currently available in Canada and be highly complementary to other
existing and emerging facilities. Typically the high-aspect-ratio structures created using
XRL are used for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices, microfluidic and
optical devices. They have very tall, smooth walls compared to structures built with other
techniques. MEMS are very small devices that combine electrical and mechanical
components such as sensors, actuators and valves and switches in larger devices.

XRL uses highly collimated, high-intensity X-rays from a synchrotron source to pattern
X-ray sensitive polymers through a mask. In addition to fabrication opportunities
available with direct X-ray exposure, devices can also be produced inexpensively using
LIGA.
The steps of fabricating micro-parts by LIGA are shown

above. After X-ray exposure and development, the mold
is electroplated filling the voids. The electroplated
structures can be used as individual metal micro-parts or
as moulds for replication in polymers and ceramics by
hot embossing or injection moulding.
In addition to being a more cost-effective fabrication

process, LIGA enables the use of materials with
increased toughness, high temperature inertness,
chemical and biological compatibility, magnetism and
more. This allows a huge variety of MEMS applications.
CLS logo fabricated on 500-micron thick polymer
Bio Medical Imaging & Therapy (BMIT) Beamline

BMIT Specifications Chart
Source Bending Magnet Superconducting Wiggler

CLS logo fabricated on 500-micron thick polymer
Energy Range 15-40 keV 20-100 keV

Wavelength 1.6-0.3 0.6-0.1
Resolution M1 DCM 0.57 x 10-4 with M1 CT:10-3
Si(2,2,0) M2 CT:10-3
M3 DEI:10-5
M4 KES:10-3
Flux 1.5 x 10 ph 3 x 10 ph
(s*mr*0.1%bW*mA) @ 10 (s*mr*0.1%bW*mA) @ 20
keV keV
Spot Size 240 mm x 7 mm @ 23 m 220 mm x 11 mm @ 55 m
Techniques DEI, KES, Phase Contrast Imaging, CT ; MRT; SSRT
Website http://www.lightsource.ca/bioimaging/
BMIT is designed to image biological tissue and to conduct radiation therapy research.
The facility will address the interest of scientists and clinicians in the diagnosis and
treatment of cancer (breast tumours and paediatric oncology), circulatory and respiratory
disease (heart disease and asthma) neurological and behavioural disease (brain and spinal
cord injuries, epilepsy), reproductive dysfunction (infertility, menopause, and
contraceptives), musculo-skeletal disease and kinesiology (arthritis, athletic injuries), and
dental conditions (temporomandibular disease). BMIT has two beamlines : one which
uses a bending magnet to produce light and one which uses a powerful superconducting
wiggler.
BMIT is one of the few CLS beamlines that produces an X-ray similar to what we
generally think of in doctors and dentists offices. The difference is that BMIT can use
different methods to achieve that image. Those differences are important, as can be seen
here.
Radiograph DEI - Absorption DEI - Top DEI - Refraction

When complete, there will be three experimental endstations on BMIT. They will be
capable of several imaging techniques in both projection and computed tomography (3D)
modes. Additionally, the insertion device beamline will be capable of microbeam
radiation therapy (MRT) and synchrotron stereotactic radiation therapy (SSRT).
Computed Tomography
creates a 3D image using
Kittens head slices such as this one of a
rats bone
Work continues on developing

cancer treatments using MRT,
explained as shown in this
diagram
Data from NSLS X15-A: Pisano, Johnston(UNC); Sayers(NCSU); Zhong(BNL); Thomlinson(ESRF); Chapman(IIT)

The Brockhouse X-Ray Diffraction and Scattering Sector

Brockhouse Specifications Chart
Source Undulator Wiggler
Energy Range 5-20 keV 7-22 keV 20-94 keV
Wavelength 2.47-0.62 1.77-0.56 0.62-0.13
-4 -4 3x10-3
Resolution 10 3x10
Flux 1012 1012 1011
Spot Size H400 m x V50 m H500 m xV100 m H5mm x V0.25 mm
Techniques Scattering & Diffraction
Website http://www.bnbsector.org/
Brockhouse, with three beamlines, is under construction and will be a national centre for
structural characterization of many forms of materials systems. This includes crystals,
solids, liquids, and nanostructures under ambient conditions and at extreme temperatures,
pressures and magnetic fields. The sector will support a diverse community of Canadian
and international scientists spanning the disciplines of physics, chemistry, geology,
environmental science, biology and engineering. Some potential applications include
structural studies of polymers, drugs, emulsions, novel batteries, petroleum products and
quantum materials.

Outreach Opportunities
Youve read the guide and now want to bring your students to the world of synchrotron
science? The CLS has several excellent outreach opportunities for teachers, middle years
and high school students.
As a publicly-funded facility, we welcome the opportunity to share our excitement and

enthusiasm for science with the next generation. Part of CLS mission is to participate
actively in educational, social and cultural development of our communities. We
endeavour to support science education efforts by offering professional development
workshops for educators; student programs connecting students with scientists and
research; online resources including this document plus lesson plans and activity ideas for
implementation in the classroom; virtual connection to the facility; and for groups able to
travel to the facility, we offer tours that can be customized to suit curriculum goals.

Tours
Tours explain how the machine works and present applications from many scientific
disciplines including geology, archaeology, biochemistry, physics and forensics. We are
happy to tailor the examples to fit into the unit you are teaching.
CLS Educational tours are designed for grades six to 12 and last approximately 90
minutes. The tour includes an introductory What is a synchrotron? segment, the option
to choose a topic to emphasize and hands-on activities. Public tours are available several
times a week and are open for all demographics. Tours depend on availability of tour
guides, so be sure to call us a couple of weeks before your ideal tour date.
Video Conferencing or Skype

With the wonders of the virtual world we can bring the CLS into your classroom. A
synchrotron, and the research conducted here, provides unique context and examples for
classroom content from biochemistry to light diffraction; from electron shells to careers.
If you are unable to bring your students into the facility, and/or would like to develop a
distance learning opportunity, contact us about connecting virtually. We can work with
you to develop something that meets your learning objectives and your students needs.
Posters
Looking for ideas to inspire further research or classroom discussions? Download themed
posters explaining research projects using synchrotron techniques. Themes include cancer
research, CLS careers, climate change, mysteries of the universe and more!
Teachers Workshop
Each year we open our doors to the nations science teachers, providing the unique
opportunity to participate in synchrotron experiments, network with Canada Research
Chairs, CLS staff, as well as scientists who share their experiences and enthusiasm for
science; and explore the entire facility.
The educational strength of Canada's synchrotron is that it provides an exciting, real life
context for many of the outcomes expected in the science classroom.
Teacher Testimonials
The implications for synchrotron work are so far-reaching, that it can be used in almost
any course material.
Catch the passion of the researchers and the practical applications which are relevant
and concrete so that the knowledge can be passed on to students.
Its invaluable and is a fabulous way to learn more about science/research to motivate
classroom teaching.

Topics Typically Covered

The grand tour See this magnificent facility up-close and personal!
How does this state-of-the-art machine produce its brilliant light?
The basis of synchrotron research techniques What does it all entail?
Discover how synchrotron techniques contribute to a multitude of scientific disciplines,

including:
The possibilities being explored in cancer research
Imaging and therapy capabilities of synchrotron facilities for biological tissues,
animal and human research
Nanotechnology and the development of cutting edge materials
Environmental chemistry research
Drug design and diffraction connecting physics and biochemistry
Practical, hands-on sessions!

Identify elements present in a soil sample using soft X-rays
View the biochemical structure of a protein crystal from data generated using
diffraction
Connect absorption measures using mid-infrared light to the structure of a spider web
Explore how RF cavities and magnets manipulate electrons to produce photons
Students on the Beamlines Workshop

Your students can conduct synchrotron research!
This workshop is the first step to connecting your students with synchrotron science. Our
Students on the Beamlines program enables Canadian students to experience the
scientific method in a unique way, by accessing a world-class facility and collaborating
with scientists to design a synchrotron experiment, collect data, and present their
findings.
Students on the Beamlines

The Students on the Beamlines program is authentic scientific inquiry for high school
students. Your students become lead researchers with the support of CLS scientific staff,
enriching curious and talented students. To pursue this opportunity you must first
participate in professional development training at our Teachers Workshop.
Student Comments
The project did not just foster knowledge about the synchrotron, electron orbitals and
honey, but many other practical skills that are needed in all fields of study and careers
such as decision-making, preparation, time-management and focus.

It was eye-opening to see the real scientific process. We didnt know what we would be
getting into until we were doing it.
Science is creative. We were winging it. It isn't as structured as we thought.
Teacher Comments
It has had a ripple effect in our school. This experience has been the subject of
conversations among the general student populations and I think it has made science
seem a bit more cool, a bit more fun, and a bit more respectable.
Speaking from a teachers perspective, it was motivating and made me reconsider how I
incorporate science that is real into the book science we have to teach.
One of the reasons I like to get kids [to CLS] is because its a different way of teaching
kids. It is like French Immersion. This is Science Immersion.
Science on Stage Canada

Science on Stage Canada is an exciting new initiative through the CLS that celebrates and
supports excellence in science teaching. This one-of-a-kind Canadian festival is modelled
after the successful European festival. Professional development, pedagogical
discussions, and a science teaching fair are woven together to help facilitate innovation
and national collaboration.

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Synchrotron Science

Canadian Light Source Outreach 2012

Tracy Walker, B.Ed., M.Ed.

Have you heard of Science on Stage Canada?

Synchrotron Science Classroom Resources 2012

Canadian Light Source

Content contributors: Ricarda Bentham

Synchrotron Science Classroom Resources

View of the rings from the Mezzanine.

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The CLS is committed to being a world-leading centre of excellence in synchrotron

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How does the CLS synchrotron work?

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1. Electron Gun and Linear Accelerator

View of electron gun during teachers workshop

The source of the electrons, the cathode, is a tungsten-

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The microwaves push the

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The electrons travel around the

The booster ring cannot

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Radio Frequency (RF) Cavities:

The purpose of the cavity,

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A wiggler or undulator consists of a periodic series of magnets, placed in a straight

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Tuneability or ability to select specific light

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Millimetre Micron Angstrom

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From the control room we monitor:

Experiments and Safety

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A major challenge was to ensure

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For atomic-scale microscopy with applications in environmental science and

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12. Synchrotron Laboratory for Micro and Nano Devices (SyLMAND)

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Far Infrared Beamline (Far-IR)

To conduct studies on this beamline, gas samples are stored in a temperature-controlled

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Data shows spectra of

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Mid Infrared Beamline (Mid-IR)

The Mid-IR beamline provides a state-of-the-art Fourier transform spectrometer and

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Dr. Ali and his team from the

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Spherical Grating Monochromator (SGM) Beamline

More detail is provided in the

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This FLY data shows elements

This TEY spectrum indicates elements present in a

Variable Line Spacing Plane Grating Monochromator

As these soft X-rays interact with the