Questions 1 through 10 are based on the following passage.

Lichens, of which more than twenty thousand species have been named, are complex
associations between certain algae. The lichen itself is not an organism: rather it is the
morphological and biochemical product of the association. Neither a fungus nor an alga alone
can produce lichen.
The intimate relationship between these two living components of lichen was once erroneously
though to represent mutualism. In mutual relationships, both participants benefit. With lichens,
however, it appears the fungus actually parasitizes the algae. This is one of the conclusions
drawn from experiments in which the two components of lichens were separated and grown
apart.

In nature, lichen fungi may encounter and grow around saveral kinds of algae. Some types of
algae the fungi may kill; other types it may reject. Lichen algae are autotrophic, meaning they
make their own food through photosynthesis. Lichen fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they
depend upon the algae within the lichen to supply their food. Up to ninety percent of than food
made by the green alga cell is transferred to the fungus. What, if anything, the fungus contributes
to the association is not well understood.

Lichens are hardly. They grow in many habitats and are often pioneers in hostile environments
where few other organisms can flourish. They have been known to grow endolithically, having
been discovered thriving inside of rocks in Antartica. Lichen help reduce erosion by stabilizing
soil. Several kinds of insects glue lichens to their exoskeletons for camouflage. Many species of
birds use lichens as building materials for nests. Human have used lichens for
dyes and antibiotics.

1. Which of the following best describes lichen association?

A. Simple plants made of two different autotrophic organism.
B. A mutual association between a fungus and an alga
C. A parasitic association between two fungi, one autotrophic, the second autotrophic
D. A union between a parasitic fungus and an autotrophic alga

2. The word "hardly" in line 26 is closed in meaning to

A. Tender
B. Durable
C. Armed
D. Beneficial

3. In Biology, mutualism occurs when two different organism live close together and
A. One organism parasitizes the other
B. Both organism benefit from the association
C. Both organism are harmed by the association
D. One organism benefits while the other does not or is harmed by the association

4. In line 7, the word "intimate" is nearest in meaning to

A. living
 B. Extraordinary
C. Biological
D. Close

5. Lichen serves as camouflage for which of the following?

A. Insects
B. Birds
C. Reptiles
D. Mammals

6. The true nature of the relationship between the lichen components was clarified by
A. Examining lichens with a microscope
B. Observing lichens placed in the dark
C. Observing the lichen component when grown apart
D. Decreasing the amount of nutrients available to the lichens

7. In line 27, the word "hostile" is closed the meaning to

A. Unusual
B. Cool
C. Untraveled
D. Inhospitable

8. An endolithic lichen is one that

A. Grows in the canopies of trees
B. Grows inside rocks
C. Grows at very high altitudes
D. Grows inside other organism, including other lichens

9. Many lichens contribute at the communities they in habits by

A. Removing pollutants from the air

B. Controlling wood-rotting fungi
C. Slowing the spread of viruses
D. Reducing soil erosion

Question 11 through 20 are based on the following passage.

When buying a house, you must be sure to

have it checked for termites. A termite is much like an
ant in its communal habits, although physically the
two insects are distinct.
Like those ants, termite colonies consist of
different classes, each with its own particular job. The
most perfectly formed termites, both male and
female, make up the productive class. They have eyes,
hard body walls and fully developed wings. A pair of
reproductive termites founds the colony. When new
reproductive termites develop, they leave to form
another colony. They use their wings only this on time
and then break them off.
The worker termites are small, blind and
wingless, with soft bodies. They make up the majority
of the colony and do all the work. Soldiers are
eyeless and wingless but are larger than the workers
and have hard heads and strong jaws and legs. They
defend the colony and are cared for by the workers.
The male and female of the reproductive
class remain inside a closed-in cell when the female
lays thousands of eggs. The workers place the eggs
in cell and care for them. Even if one colony is treated
with poison, if a male and female of the reproductive
class escape, they can form a new colony.
Pest control companies can inspect a house
for infestation of termites. Often, of lay person can not
spot the evidence, so it is critical to have the opinion
of a proffesional. Treatments vary depending upon
the type of termite.

10. How are termites like ants?

A. They live in communities, and each class has a specific duty
B. Their bodies are the same shape
C. The king and queen are imprisoned
D. The females' reproductive capacities are the same

11. The word "communal" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

A. Eating
B. Reproducing
C. Organizational
D. Social

12. Which of the following is not true?

A. All termites have eyes
B. Some termites cannot fly
C. Workers are smaller than soldiers
D. Termites do not fly often

13. In line 4, the word "distinct" is closest in meaning to

A. Similar
B. Different
C. Genetically related
D. Strong
14. In line 6, "classes" is closest in meaning to
A. Sexes
B. Colonies
C. Courses
D. Categories

15. Which of the following statements is probably true?

A. Thousands of termites may move together to develop a new colony
B. The male and female reproductions do not venture outdoors except
to form a new colony.
C. There are more soldiers than workers
D. A worker could easily kill a soldier

16. The word "founds" in line 10 is nearest in meaning to

A. Establishes
B. Destroys
C. Control
D. Guards

17. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. Termites Destroy Houses
B. Termites Work Well Together
C. The Habits and Physical Characteristics of Termites
D. The relationship of Soldier and Worker Termites

18. The word "each" in line 6 refers to

A. Ants
B. Colonies
C. Jobs
D. Classes

KUNCI JAWABAN :
1. B 10. A
2. B 11. D
3. B 12. B
4. D 13. B
5. A 14. D
6. C 15. B
7. A 16. A
8. C 17. C
9. D 18. B

Sumber : TOEFL WORKSHOP in 30 minutes by BILLY ADAM, Ph.D

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