2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.

Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

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Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,
Home tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration
Sitepages
Currentcourse
OneDimensional,SteadyStateHeatConductionwithHeatGeneration:
H&MT
Participants One dimensional, steady state heat conduction is considered for following
General geometries
Module1.Basic
Concepts, 1)Slab
ConductiveHeat
Transfer... 2)Cylinder
Lesson1.Heat
Transfer, 3)Sphere
Importanceof
HeatTransf...
Lesson2.
Conduction 1)OneDimensionalHeatFlowthroughaslabwithHeatGeneration:
thermal
conductivityof i)WhenTemperatureofBothSidesofSlabisSame:
mate...
Lesson3.One ConsideraslabofthicknessLandcrosssectionalareaAthroughwhichheat
dimensional flowtakesplaceinxdirection.Aheatsourcelocatedatthecenteroftheslabis
steadystate
conduction...
generatingqgamountofheatperunitvolumeperunittimeasshowninFigure1.
Lesson4.One
dimensional
steadystate
conduction...
Lesson5.
Electrical
analogyand
Numerical
Problem...
Lesson6.
Numericalson
conduction
Lesson7.
Numericalson
conduction
Lesson8.
Insulation
materials,critical
thickness...
Lesson9.Types
ofFins,Fin
Applications,
HeatTr...
Heat generated is conducted equally towards the sides of the slab through a
Lesson10.
distance x measured from center of the slab along xdirection. Temperature of
Specialcases: bothsidesoftheslabissameandisequaltoT1assameamountofheatisflowing
Fininsulatedat
theend...
fromthecentertowardsthesidesoftheslab.
Lesson11.Fin At the center of the slab x=0 and at the sides of the slab x= L/2. The general
Efficiencyand
effectiveness, conductionequationunderthegivenconditionsreducesto
Probl...
Module2.
Convection
Module3.Radiation
Module4.Heat
Exchangers Integratingequation(1)withrespecttox,weget
Module5.Mass
Transfer
Courses

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

Integratingequation(2)againwithrespecttox,weget

Usingtheboundaryconditions,
Atx=0,,Fromequation(2),weget

Atx=L/2,T=T1,Fromequation(3),weget

Substitutingthevaluesofandinequation(3),weget

Equation(6)representstemperaturedistributionequationintheslabhavingaheat
generatingsourcepresentinsideit.
Temperaturewillbemaximumatthecenteroftheslabwherex=0

Flowofheatcanbeexpressedas:

Usingequation(2),wecanwrite

Substitutingvalueof fromequation(9)inequation(8),weget

Equation (10) represents flow from one of sides of the slab therefore, total heat
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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

flowfromboththesidesisexpressedas

Total Heat Conducted form both sides of the slab = Volume x Heat generating
capacity
TotalHeatConductedfrombothsidesoftheslab=TotalHeatgenerated
Under steady state conditions, heat conducted at x = L/2 must be equal to
convectedfromasidetotheatmosphericair.Therefore,

SubstitutingthevalueofT1fromequation(11)inequation(6),weget

Equation (12) represents temperature distribution. If one side of the slab is

insulated
At one side, temperature distribution will be represented by equation (6) except
thatL/2willbereplacedbyLandisexpressedas

ii)WhenTemperatureofBothSidesofSlabareDifferent:
If the heat source present inside the slab generates heat qg per unit volume and
heatdistributionintowardsbothslabsisnotuniformthenthetemperatureofboth
sidesoftheslabwillbedifferentasshowninFigure2.

Thedifferentialequationgoverningtheheatflowthroughtheslabisexpressedas:

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

Integratingequation(13)withrespecttox,weget

Integratingequation(4.14)againwithrespecttox,weget

Applyingtheboundaryconditions,
Atx=0,T=T1,Fromequation(15),weget

C2=T1(16)

Atx=L,T=T2,Fromequation(15),weget

Substitutingthevaluesofandinequation(15),weget

SubtractingT2frombothsidesoftheequation(18),weget

Dividingbothsidesoftheequation(19)withT1T2,weget

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

Equation (20) represents temperature distribution equation in the slab having a

heat generating source present inside it. In order to find out the location of
maximumtemperatureintheslabequation(20)isdifferentiatedwithrespecttox
andequatedequaltozero.

Equation (21) gives the location of maximum temperature in the slab. The
equation representing the maximum value of temperature is obtained by
substitutingthevalueofmaximumx/Lfromequation(21)intoequation(20).

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

Flowofheatfromonesurfaceisgivenas

Fromequation(14)substitutingthevalueofdT/dx,weget

SubstitutingthevalueofC1fromequation(17),weget

Similarlyheatflowfromtheothersurface

In case maximum temperature occurs inside the slab, heat will flow from both
surfacesoftheslabandtotalheatflowwillbegivenas:
QT=Q1+Q2

IncaseT1isthemaximumtemperature,heatwillflowtowardsx(+veonly)and
heatlostwillbegivenas:
QT=Q2

OneDimensionalHeatFlowthroughacylinderwithHeatGeneration

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

i)AhollowCylinder:
Consider a hollow cylinder of length L having inner and outer radii r1 and r2
respectivelyinwhichflowofheatisunidirectionalalongtheradialdirection.T1
and T2 are temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder
respectively. In order to determine temperature distribution and heat flow rate, a
small element at radius r and thickness dr is considered. A heat source present
insidethestripisgeneratingqgamountofheatperunitvolumeasshowninFigure
3.

Heat conducted into the element, Qr = k(2 r L) dT/dr

(23)
Heatgeneratedintheelement,Qg=2rLdrqg(24)

Heatconductedoutoftheelement,
Forsteadystateconditionofheatflow
Heat conducted into the element + Heat generated in the element = Heat
conductedoutoftheelement

SubstitutingthevaluesofQrandQgfromequations(23and24)inequation(26),
weget

Inordertofindoutthesolutionoftheaboveequation,integrateitwithrespecttor

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

Integratingequation(4.28)againwithrespecttor,weget

C1andC2areconstantsofintegrationandtheexpressionsfortheseconstantscan
befoundoutbyusingthefollowingboundaryconditions
Atr=r1,T=T1andatr=r2,T=T2

Subtractingequation(32)fromequation(31),weget

SubstitutingthevalueofC1inequation(31),weget

SubstitutingthevaluesofC1andC2inequation(30),weget

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

Dividingbothsidesofequation(35)byT1T2,weget

MultiplyinganddivingRightHandSideoftheaboveequationbyr2,weget

Equation (36) represents temperature distribution inside a hollow cylinder with

heatgeneration.
ii)ASolidCylinder
Incaseofsolidcylinder,thegoverningequationremainssameasequation(30)

Differentiatingaboveequationwithrespecttor,weget

Applyingtheboundaryconditions

SubstitutingthevaluesofC1andC2inequation(30),weget

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

Equation(37)representstemperaturedistributionequationinasolidcylinderwith
heatgeneration.Maximumtemperaturewilloccuratr=r2,andwillbeexpressedas

Dividingequation(37)byequation(38),weget

Heatflowthroughasolidcylinderisexpressedas

Heatconducted=Volumeofcylinderxheatgeneratingcapacityperunitvolume
perunitTime
For steady state conditions, heat conducted at r = r2 must be equal to heat
convectedfromoutersurfaceofcylindertothesurroundingfluid.
HeatConducted=Heatconvected
Fromequation(40),wecanwrite

Tfistemperatureoffluidsurroundingthecylinder.

SubstitutingthevalueofT2inequation(37),weget

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

OneDimensionalHeatFlowthroughaspherewithHeatGeneration
Consider steady state heat conduction through a hollow sphere having r1 and r2 as
inner and outer radii respectively. Temperature of the inner and outer surfaces is T1
andT2 respectively.HeatisflowingfrominnertooutersurfaceasT1isgreaterthan
T2asshowninFigure4.

Thegeneralconductionequationwhichgovernstheconductionheattransferiswritten
as

Sinceitisacaseofonedimensional,steadheatconductionthroughawallofuniform

conductivitywithheatgeneration,therefore,
Therefore,equation(41)reducesto

Theaboveequationcanbewrittenas

Integratingequation(43)withrespecttor,weget

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

Uponintegratingaboveequationoncemorewithrespecttor,weget

Applyingthefirstboundaryconditioni.e.atr=0,dT/dr=0toequation(44),weget
C2=0(45)

Applyingthesecondboundaryconditioni.eatr=r2,T=T2toequation(43),weget

SubstitutingthevaluesofC1andC2inequation(44),weget

Equation(47)representstemperaturedistributionequationinasolidspherehavinga
heatsourcepresentinsideit.
Heatflowratethroughaspherewithheatgenerationcanbedeterminedbyusingthe
followingequation

Heatconducted=Volumeofspherexheatgeneratingcapacity

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2/1/2015 H&MT:Lesson4.Onedimensionalsteadystateconductionthroughplaneandcompositewalls,tubesandsphereswithheatgeneration

For steady state conditions, heat conducted through a sphere must be equal to heat
convectedfromoutersurfaceofthesphere

SubstitutethevalueofT2fromaboveequationinequation(47),weget

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