Magnus, W. - Oberhettinger, F. - Formulas & Theorems For The Functions of Mathematical Physics. Che

Formas andTheorem
for.the
Funct ions of
Mathematical Physics
WILHELM MAGNUS
Pro f eu+or, Unv"tyGbten
AM
FRITZ OBERHETTINGER
Unf"r4
Trandatedtips German
JOHN WERMER
CHELSEA PUBLLSHING COMPANY

Nzw Yom N.Y.
1954
Ooricr 1 0DI
awmc.upr :}} iNn ATromm. , 2917, j,%NT To LAw

O rlby 'x.SY.A PE 'G COWAIY
"ed sad dissribrced in tblic InwouA"bor-

ity of the Attorney General undrr Lkense No.^-134i
I' ice?DI1n STAT1r }}orK

Ed}tor'S Preface
This t ranslat~ou of " Forznaln and "tze fir die Spe'dellen Fuuk-
t!.onen tier Mathemtsuhen PhyW dife-M m no cnentW respect from
"tee C retan MOW save inn*wmection ofnumber of misprints.
It may be wtH to mfl attention to the. continental use of rot rsther
than m4; disc, the symbols for hyperhdc hym;tions are in Gothic type:
e.g. the hyperbolic cosine is denotedWA f
Foreword to the First(German)Edition
The 'increasing use of mathematical terhniques in the physical and
technical literature necessitates constant reference to extensive and
C^MM#;T".be ~%f NAVY0~k10 VirnAre;.WWI -ft 4.1%}7/1C.0'1f 0I..
a major . part consists of a very la results, especial y

formulas, which can be presented
hope that a useful purpose wil be
in this volume of the properties of
In order to avoid interruptions of the text by too many references,list of the abbreviations used an
bolFore,swehashave been placed at the end of th book just before the bibliographyAll proofs and all that co
not taken up the numerous representations by
loop integrals of the functions treated, since these representations
belong essential y to mathematical method and are not, in themselves,
formulas which are directly applicable; moreover
they can in most
cases be derived easily from the formulas that are given.

The question of ,nsions i a series of orthogonal functions has
not been considered, to do so without a thorough.discussion of
convergence and represe ntation theorems seemed to serve no useful
purpose; th erefore only a few special series dev are presented
m
additiontothevarious6gon
to the variousttoy theorthog onality reortho onali atirel
The Lamb functions have been omit ed and the treatment of the
Maddeu functions has been kept to a minimum because for both of
. is available for these functions the extensive monograph of

M.L O. Strutt.
For friendly advice and valuable assistance we are greatly indebted
to Dr. Fliugge-Lotz and Dr. Flugge, Prof,
Prof. x. S.i dt and especial y to Prof.
We wish to thank the Springer
magnanimous support of our work.

Betlia,uary 1943.
TAM
CONTENTS
Chapur. TheG -funct or,
Secoxd Cbspser: The hypers et=* fuqcdon 7
1. T1w hyptargeomet ic series

2. The e3nannerevu-umdn 12
Third Chwx The cycf ions.. . 16

1. )odierrtial etio, gont " . tr . fornaruias, series
elpaOnSy-vatexpansions,Oaex,ncOice int . 1
2.3.

eorel 1
ei ions .. . . 22
uct ea .Anga.ton
f rsr
222J8
. . . . . . . ....

7. }}o}factorsandintegral :rptr}ea
a
fd.... . . . . . .
J
2802
olyooias aasoci}with the eedcf ut ons

8.1011
teve-Ad andeher.
T'heods ofI Strc ve,auc}ri fuacti}.,
..0
s-nP ies of K3Dtev}1 }t}

erles
x to i1+:}}l'biwd Chapsr:13.thieuf .13.1't.
ftCapscr: Seriral harmoni

mtizl ofJns.ticrn 4

L4..
T'he 7.egaad KMI.;.... .
Thea eritcsl harmonics of the first kind. 3
The sbluda LCre digieatiai. .
b ar _ " f s.
Representation byIf 9 bY pergeometric functions. P. 59.:

ecurston a"ormu3aS ad relarions between various sobtrical
ha-emof aics.. P. 61c j Formulas Ue
P. 63.d)Analcont uatiot
P..)integ~sl teprcsentab P..f ) Some in-
teirrahvulvinsr wherical h armo P. 69. --- g} The uddi-
eorem eOL P. 70i}
behavior for 1 urge values of!I. P. 71.k}
p.73.
16. Ons
7? Ringor to:oidal functions..

Appendix to the Fourlb ChapletThe functions of Gegrnbauer ;6

COrs
Pi f tb Cbspter. polynomials
8034
. 77888
. .

2.3.4.
Sixtb Cbspter: The confluent hyprergeometric function andspecial
0
QU
8889
91. Kummer functions.
Whit aker functions

2.3.4. Parabolic
Survey of
functions
inder functions
the special cases
. . . . . . . . . . ..
.. . . . . . .
of the confluent hypett rIC
a) ?he Lad functions. P. 94.b) The parabolic cyl-

finder f unct .95.c) The 1 functions P .95.
d) The Gatnma- 95.e) T'he
error fu Fresnel integrals. P.%f ) Loga-
rithmic-integrals, exponential integrals, sine integral, cosine
integral. P. 97.
Sevewb Cbster: Theta-functions, elliptic functions and integrals 98

1"beta-f unvs... 98

1.2J4
The Weierstrassunction 100
The jacobian ellifunctions. 102

105
Elliintegrals:
Integral transformations and integral inversions. 114
Eigbt Cbspter:
000 . Te Fourier-transformation.. . . . . . . 11
The Laolace-transformation.. . . . . . . . 120

2.3...6.
Il rmation 136
Examples of the Mellin-transformation. 137
The Gauss-transformation.. . . . 138
Several examples of integral .equations of the first kind. .- . . a 1P _,; 139

139
1.ri lbert"s reciprocity formula for the cotangent Kernel
Modification formula 140
2.3.4. Abel
tion.
.uation
Ions of the type of the Mellin-transforma-
. . . . ... . 141
141
.Further examples
Niwb Cbepter: Coordinate-transformations

Dif erential opetations..
0.0 Examples of saranon or
2
:
Appe"x to -the Ninth Cbae r:
4
.......2444
. tion of the
SecnnA nrrtaw
.....-.:...........J660
.........00.. 07247

of Abbreviations
on- mbols
Cpter I
The Gamma-function.
The function' r(&) )isisan analytic meromorphic function of:with

simple poles at l for 1==0, 1, 2,and the corresponding
resues (1y
1 .Accordingly, the fol owing three properties and the
condition I'(1)1 determine it uniquely:
Thenctional equation r(z+1)=;r(x).
1'(s) is real and positive wh
en z is real and positive.
For real positive values of z, tr'wit<r(x)(=).
Furthernctional equat 0J
r(12+'g) r(-2L2)-

ro) r(ix)= .
sin.
(Additional theorems
r(x)r(}+w ) j'(s+:).r(z+)((2 x)r(M)

C Multiplication theorem;2, 3,
In particular for u=2 and.3
I'(2 z)
A-x
.2-"111
r(x} r(.9+ilil
1:___
r(3 z) =.;-.J-.
1'(z) I'tz+I ) T(z+
Special values:
1'(n+1)=*I (s=0, 12);
r(=)}r(s)fx;64034()):
crc. 1 721 (1)
la 1 V 7.1 r(1)
Several analytic r:
. 1
r( 0 Z=f(ln:) .(Re s>0),
........

1'(s)
fiesL-111AE-too*
s+1) is desotad()or s! and driedfact}orl "is.
The Gamma-function
T }x+yx+)
!c e.tv d==
Y+I atf+W=
(Re a>0Re x>0Re>1)
fJ--1
(1+t)sX-1 (I112 r(x) r(y)
dt=2x+
(I+1!)s+: r (xy1
(Re x>}}.Re y>0)
.|1.
I+x IY
..
J ..

d J
X--y / )r(
./.1 I
.(I+
/
(x, y real x>0y>1)
fJO

(2 x+I)(2 y+I)
Sins(p COSspdr= 22+.+1 r(x+I)r(y+1)1'(x.+y+I)
r(x+)r(y+1-1
2 r(x+Y+1)
(Re:>Re y>
MI2
r(x+1)
1 1 COs=COsdf-
J
0 (-L Y2+)()
(Re x>1)

rsilse.
n xt:r(1)___
.WS --
j-
0
(x, y real and positive;0<y<2).
J
fC()" x t:_ r(Iy)__
-~r-Su.;
x.-, x
0
(x, y real and positive;0<y<I)

CD
(act (2 r!) =2!:r (x + Y) I'(x - y)

J(f d)f. I-AzX)
0
(Re>!Re y!;e>0),
Sys
[sin% IFCO,?Iil='-r}(11
.1 J g\.
0 0
The Gait-function
We have t

Ll
. .Jr.r.L
_0--s t 1(.r.4_
.rn
V 1t.1 ---J(,:" ( tIN
0
r. .
J
1
1t.
(for Rim, z>0)
.rI
I.-A# lp.
Iovw$we xi
::1.f.
in}FzJ+ }j }s:mot .} i) 0
(}}<R`
o in I'o 1,(s) Ir"r.*2 (a)_J____V:
.e.f %41~Lj i
-
1.1
(1) C
VptW.V1'13 .
(=1e;3.)
V) C2 In 2,
:I I t
(*n}+2 I. O

O
+
3 !
i;2, 3m,0 i,?$IW.
1.
r( Ex!n+
.
where Re x>0 ar.d are tg w _:takem over e re1 ear

i-
Path in the coinO Cxplime,
forproti; cCparmims fov(x) for urge : oclues of If arm.u . 1

-!Stil ,nj s
.JI.I.V? 10 Is .!Y_ Dow s1-f +e
lIsJ"VC).41M. .a
Here eve take j i.5g:{<the. numbers Da. are the BernouPi'nnumberS,

which are deflaed by
14s,;`j B1, *+;(forl, 2
: %2,}
(
37i
.0amma-.
by
t
1r.
B,+Bit+(-
ind we have furs=
B,
!Rr (i) 1:.5
N12 N1)+198-a
?ram this one ob ns an

asymptotic development for 1'(:)of which
he first terms eld the formula:
1'(xLrs 27L/.IL+1W+ZM7139618"+0 P5715480 s4+(2-6)]

:I<
For real positive, xthe error is smaller than the last term considered.
Definite integrals connected with the Cafunction. One defines

the Beta-function R(z, y) as
B(x,*j1
(Re x>0Re y>0).
Then
B(x,Sty
B(x, y) B(z+y. 2)B(y, s)B(y+six).
For.m l,23 weve
1 .+.1 +.1
( )
.r..t.
8..) .1 1
t
frl-I
r ()
I ~... ... . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .
(+)(1+
(Re x>Re y>0;real and positive)

ir r(x+1) r()
Ji1 + ji+li-
>>1)
r t'('1'1(
x II
il
+1)
(Re:>:Re>Re" -" -}- }s; >1

;Re>1)
Gor+mo-function
1,,( x+
J
y -} 4tv+ir/"
(Re>0Re x>}}. Re y>1)
.:r(X) r(y)
IJ-l
(1+j)s-1 (1t)=9-, di2
1+gsy+v (x+y)
(Re x>.} Re y>off,
r!' + 1.r1 r(Y)

1
r(i
y real x>0y>1)
fsi-n
0
.
.r(2*+1)($ e y+1)
r(x + 1) r (y+1)Ac+1)
no+)+)
21 '(x+r,+1)
(Re x>>D#

r(x+1)
10
cosOf cos yl dl= fl
r(i+l)r(1)
(Re x>1)
rd. 1y)xy
...: -~r-s-
z
J
0
(x, y real and positive;0<y<2)
rem x t_r(i
J.-V~s
y real and positive;<y<1)
.
Of (=r1)(got or&:'(x + y) r(Ar -- r)n! x)

(Re:>}Re;e>0),
_r..,._}rf 1l_
e S..
'T'i.e Gym.fiction
de, . . . ....
=2 2;it
\3l
f.f 110t do# (13)
JY i0 V
1..J ~Lt
dt
-:1
l KK} 4 y2 a41
_.1+\__/x

12 }~)ftJ}
LJ
(Rez>". ).
1
.
t'-i ( tr)
~-~~-~
I
+(z;
J0
(Re(+>.)>0Re>
r
v()
Jr 7---I *j)
(Re x>0Re y>0).
Supp'erzerus:
in 1" (zj =:Il ::-F- l r,2
O
34.8 .1{r + rijA+.

I r 1 cl 1.2
!/I_ I . Ikr
LJimam IxIts'.
.i
(sr.

!
{arg}<J})
+I

-, In r(c) dC:in+?1n2
(rceti'incar pate or integration;!arg 0}<a).
Several definite integrals for Eider's coustant-
I
JC a= (la})
0

f1.,l l r.I -I
0
j Un+r= Jf CosJ--t-
...
1
T.1

L `w1 -}- :I} + .J
f
1
1ds.

. . f _
I+A
The hypertfun 7
Integrals with integrands involving the Gamma-f une6ons 0CCU.
r.0 we
chieflyin the Mellin-transformations; cf. Chap. VI LI, may re-
mark here:
+
. . .. .
ad e. ds__ (2 cos itl v.; for!t}<
J r(IS+)r() r(p+p-
m
0 for!!)
real Re(+14)>1)
Chapter Il.
The hypergeometric functiono
9I.The hypergeoinetric serie$t
The hyergeon:etric functions are the, solutions of the 11yUerR"o-
metric dif erential equation:
x(i:)+++1) z, d"ds0.
A solution of this difel-ential e qw on wbich is regtu at x0
is given by the hypergeoniefl-ric Se w-eA eS
F(a,;;;+a b Y &(a -}- 1) b (b + 1 SM `P ! + c (C + t) }` 21 `t`

TheWhenhypergecmet r i c seri e s breaks(* - 0, ` I , 2, . . v). wh; equal s . _
c=it, the series is undeflr ed beca use of the vanishing of
the denominators in the terms from _ he ri+Pa nc! on, provided is does
not break off because or. b equals(:<=0. 12
But we card, say:
F(o,;:)
lwhm
.-. (
:(++X)'b+1j 1.-j -+I;+2;)
.. . . . . . . ..
(+I)t
(=0I2
if.b, c are dif erent from zes o and are not negs tive integers,
hypergedrnetric series is the unit

then the circle of convergence of the
circle!;10'rbe fol owing coalitions of ccnve gence then hold:
I>Re(+bc) }>.convergence on the entire una circle except
fog- *Y"
Re(+bc)<0(Absolute)convergel"Ice on the eni-I"re unit

circle including;=.
Re Ea 4-)iDivergence 1 on the entire unit circle
The hypergeometric function
For x=1 we have in the case Re (a+f?c)<0

r(r(cb)
F (a. b;C;1)= r(,!) r(b)
For the derivative we can say:
dF
-
Y -Fc++;+
OF (.+1)b+1)
F (a+2, b+2;C+2;.
=C(C+-
Representationelementarynctions by hypergeometric series:
11+.1_ sin(.mXc
(1 +x)=F(XI 'l;1;x), 3 , xa1S' 1 x
3.\ (sin
In(1+x)=xF(11;2;x) F(+
1
:.=
t
.x,
/1 1 3
arc sin xxFf.::--:Xs
-.221 F( $
.-- ~x) =cos(marc
. 1 - 1.1 a% z]
:F(;3,$'x}), F} -3 .1-;)

y1-x+-
------__T-41+0 1_ 3.
=Sm29; 2;
26olx)F(+_u 1+nu2' 2
.n _12' 2'x)
ccosx F(;1s' sinsx)
1.
COSPF{- . .:.tgaz)
3
(!, - -i-xx12'; ;
For the hypergeometric series there exists the fol owing representa-
tion:
_:._._1'(c)r~~_s.-
r.r(a- b) Ir
(Re(c)>Re(b)>0)
Tranaf ormation fol7nukis for the hypergeometric functims
-
F (a.. b::s)1s"FI a.b::1
-r-1
__._.
.(1J-- r t a..::-~.1
--l/
(1sr-+-+F(c.cb" c")
1. The hypergeametric series
flay;;z) r(c) r(c - a - b) F (ar(c - a) r(c - b);++1;1:+

+2)r(`) r(a + b _' c) F (C_r(a) r(b)c-h; c-a+;.:
F(e);;z) r(c) r(b - a)_ --r(b) r(c - a):FCa,.+;1--+;1_1 +sl
+r(&) r(a -- b)r("; r(c - b)z)-+F(6,+;+;)
F(a;2;(;I a2;;z
+x)245F(+12;+i;z=)2'F(;2b;)(Gauss),
(;+}}tsF (22a+;;z) = F (aa+1:;)Gauss)
1_1__.L.1___.ft\.:..1.C_
F Ca,a+;)F(2a, 2b; a.++2 ; Sins 2(Kummer )
Gauss s recursion formulas.
cF(a, b1; c;:)cF(a19 . b,; c; z)+(ab)zF(a, b; c+1;z).}
c(b)F(a, b; c; x)a(cb) F (a+1b; c+1;?)+
-}- b (ca)F(a.s+l;:+1; z)0
c cc+1)F(ab;c;z)c (c+1)F(af,'. :c.+1;:)
abzF(a-}-1,b+1;c4-2;z)..
cF(ab;c; z)((ca)F(ab+1;c+1;z)
(Is)F(a+1, b+ 1; C+ 1; z).}
cF(a, b; c; z)+(b;)F (a+1b; c+1s)
b(1z)F(a-F-I, b+1; c+ l; z) =0
c{cb-z)F(ab; c; X)c (c)F(.1&.; c; X)+
+sl+z(1z)F(a+1b+ l;c +l;Z)0
c(cz6) F(a.b.;;s)(cb)F(a,bI;;s)+
.+sbr(1F(a_-f-1b+1;.}+1;)=0
cF(sb;c;:)cF(b+1;c;:)+a.* F+1b+1;c+1;:)0
cF(sb;c;)cF(a+1b;c;:)+bxF(s1 , bIL I+1;,+I;s)=0
{((Cbjs}F(.}}.;.};)e(1s)F(.+Ib;c;Z)+
+(c)(C-A):fla, b;c+1;"s)=0
c{b((ca)s}F(a, b; c; z)bc(1s)F(a, b+1;c: s)+
+(c.)b)aF(sb;+1".)=.,.}}
0 hyporgeomcMOM
( T-C - I;; (C+I)F(ab+1;1;)+

+(cb): }(a+1, b+!;c+2") ..
c (e+1)F(ab;c: 19)(C+1)A77{a+Ib"+1"z
+zF+Ib+.I;+2') 0
Fs; ;)cb) Na, b; c + I;:)bFta, b+ 1;+I":) . .

.. .
CF(4; ;F+1;F(a+l,1" ..
. .
The hypUrgeometric series can be generalized; il Pochhamme}'s

notation
(av).
E(mis +.,(}LS

;pre;= !
}o
with
(CtI )(at+Z);gol,
e41+i)q-q-+1);l.
In diis notation .we get F(.6;C;;C;.f);harther we

get, e.g.,
oil(P;B:
..s.iv + l(+;: +; )
}$; (a1(s -}-

(I)'-
1)9}4A' (+; ; ; )
spr++I)r(if IS .
.
sv..
(d-r}+$*Fi.t+P+12;34-;1}
11
tr'rs( 2: I:)complet4. elliptic integral of the
first Ichld,
(k)"r. ( 1.1;1 "comsplete elliptic integral of the

scond kind.
Dif erentivition.
):}F; (3:;.}: [}+a"} }' } (Q;;:
(+;+::J do* A itv::
1.
(4;;1pdxs;;:
1. Tbo r ypergeometric win
(c)x&-4 -1 (1z)'IF, (a;=11

do
:
~1(l)"4-0 Al}};;1
(C.x*--1-% (I})yi}l-e-} l }ab;;z)
(}lx)s+F-a tF 1 (R.x)1
(c).
()
(I).b;+;

[(I )(6;c;s)]
{I)().(b)w
Ws
(1)Q-1to+0b;r.+)
d"dx'}[(;x,)}!` 1(;;x)j
(G)x._r.i_,} (1:(a:;x)
:
1-
|1I (Ije-'0+ :hex(f};:)
Sukpments.
For the function ,Fs &ere exilsts a transfor ation dug: to Whif ;
(a. b, C.'a7+ I, a+1, s)
+! _
tFs(
J+I'b+1, ---+1'
(I1
We have
(a;b, C; I+1+;

T(l+a+ r(I+r(i+a:)
r(I.
(+ ci2 )r( 1 }. a)r( I+
Some integra!"e 'mis:
I
!F1(b:C; ) P(C)r(A) r;c O

(1:,a-A-!(b;A;: )is
lRe>Re A>0: !MT (s<saf:+1)

2
.F. +;+I; 1
r)r(+!) cas * qt dip
r(s+) ,J }l21 cm r#+A
6
02 It 2M.- ., ?+ 0120 0 V 0)
totic formulas: For the behavior of;(ab;c far large

vaAsympvalues of {!!b!cf. G. N. Wat.on(see bibliograpbj x)1.
12
Tom.er9w AV" 9C fu aa
2. The Riemann .dif erential equation,
mThe hypergeometrict dif erential equation ismann's dif erential equation.,specialRie-

dsud2+1-a--a'z-a+s--b+z--cJd-xds+
gap(a'- b)(4' -' c)z -- a+P.Y c) (b -- a)z--b+YYl (c - &)(c - b) us - c (z -- a) (z-b) (s-c)
TbQ coefficients of thisfferential equation are singular at the
ints z=a; zb; z.
.::;y, y'are called the exponents belonging to the poles
b, c.
The exponents must satisthe fol owing .additional condition
+Ia+e+#I+Y+=1
The, dif erential equation for a is usually denoted by the fol owing
scheme:
b c

Special cases of Riemann's dif erential equation:The hypergeometric

~ P
.a. ... . . .. .
Y
e

dif erential equation
:)+1+b+:)z]
is writ en
}",1, I
~ P
.. ... .
1f}}}
04
Cab
u
.. .. .
.
The so-called "generalized" hypergeometrlc. dif erential equation
d!u.F1_ .de,1YY1.f7Y'.o dl
.2-0rr.pp7=:v
arr L1 JLsijot1
is represented by:
0 00 1
. - P
. .r... .. .
.
aof Y,

The dif erential equation of the associated Legendre polynomials

P; (z)
:} d9"dz=2Zdud:+1-- s;+.+;)]
2. The Rinann dilfirgntial equstio:i
is given:
001
}
. . .. . .
1
~~ }
.
: P z
1.1
.

The polynomialsq(z) which are connected with the associated

Legendreynomials 1".()and are given
(l+C;()
satisfy the dif erential equation
100 1
pp *+2p0 s
0x 0
The dif erential equation of the confluent hypergeometric function

ifwe_.r.n
iWrl-1-I~
.. ~
is given by the fol owing scheme:

0 00
+Ck
0

.. .. .J
with lira c -+ oo
Transformation formulas for Riemann's P-equation.

The fol owing two transformation formulas hold:
):P{: b
cy .. .fl. . {
.. .. .. . r..
P +k1y -}-1
X. X

Ce + kf'l+1
}: .
. .
. .Ct. .. .. .
r Y
.
P
x
The first f mmula states that if
then "the expression

. .P
. .. . .
..J
.c
.
=ls--bz b1
14 } bypsrgsoa:et ic function
satisfies a dif erential equation of second order with the samd singe
points.be and the exponents+k,+k;A ,T-1!;
Y+ivy .+I.The se transformation formula takes a dif 'r+}atial
equation xvith the An.aritiesb,the exponentsa$; Ay0Y. ,
and the variableinto one with the sane ex aonenfis, the sinacities
.:c. anti the variable zi., where the variable P, is wivv,3d the
variable:a fractional l1"Deaf transformation
__+8
+ D (A9BC+0)*
The instants,:bl, c, are obtained from the constants a, b,
same linear tr=sf orrlation.
Sution of Riermn:Mi s di f ereidud equatian
.
.}
y successive appheaiâon of both tr"ornlation fornm1w,
Rlemann derential equat ior, may
quan be reduce to the hypergeomeWc
dif erential equation, ar.d therefore
its solution reducw to.hypo-
geometric function.
"' or=aendIs wel I_.__(s(r,b)_____
U4.-s;~

_I C
iY
Joe r ?/

.. . . .

r"P
o, %j.
0 r}}00
.,}tJ++
a++V
1
Y}7-y
0
!.. .
}
(Z) èb)
}--s s s--Y}s } r -. -61") ++0

a++Y Y
(rb) ;s
A solution t" fore, according to the above, may be expressed

fol ows by the hypergeornetric series:
(!---}. 0r (i=-ZY.(+.+.+:1+W:(w-6)b)`.
ki=b) k;-.Z-,b) 'w VK _?,_P"r To.70
Since Rien-ann's equation remains unchanged whenconstants
a,b,c;mss.;y,y' are interehanin a suitable manner; we
twenty-four solutions .of bhe dif erential. eauation, which under thw as-
sumption that the values1'P', y-.y' are; neither~nor
integers t2ke the fol owing form:
._(sa s4Y.a._.__.__.(c -b) (s- s)N
; 1FI1-1P +Y.++y;1+;1:}
arr(.))
_is\.r'r._._.._._..t(c._b).
1}s--j)(j J++r,++y;1+;1
}s--tr-r(-;.)Yb)
._t -!NIB t -- C ea__..:___.c}-}s cj- }s
%a(: L1: -f} + +if++;1+.;
\-r/c--m1 fnb)1 '
?. The Rismsnn.U.
.-
s b 1s --- w+4e+#1+41; I+;
's --a i}s--` S-+C++/+::+P
-cr*+a+;;;;
.s--b}P s--s+Y+le:+(s--i

0)(.
11
(s -- bl}'s -c/ s--c)+9+}+fe;+(s--}b}(}c--cjl
(.c 4)F (; bs-4j %s--a,F(y++a?+#;+y;(b )(b--c)(S-La))
.)F++++;+yto -a}}:-'}}(b--,c) )
(70 .F++; +y;(b- s) (1(6-c)(s_;),
F}s--a s-sJ(++,f ;+;;+; (s--c)(b c) (s--s)
j, --d) r-- b $.F1+*+7/ +P;+;.(b-0(f--411(b--is) (s_-4)1
(s -- a ac' s -- bs--C C )p+++;+;(b--t}(.t--}1(b-a)(c)
c;)rF(,,+#Is++Y;)
}} s--c " '` - b }'Fs, -}.s-c 0`s- -c 're 01-+y+r;;+;tb-}}
s`c) y }s + a a' (yb `s-b %,++++;+. (a-b)(s--c)(s-c)ts--- b)
s--cy' r-4 ) sV.-b) s b++)++ir+:+?I;(a-b) (t--c)1(ate j:
IL-c)%s- ,1j-A a}''e= b Y++e+;;.(a--b} (s-c}(a- s} (s" b}
}i--s) /d--ala f}}--br+X+;+)
s -- 4 }F s -- c'r r++;+}, (c-a}(s b}' (t-b) (a-a}
s--b) }'(;-C%t )F(,}+Y.+;+Pl. (c=-a}tx--b}(c-` b) (z_
)0t ') }}---45 +s -- t } a( p++++;+P: (c- a) (s-b)(c -b) (r. - a)
}s( I P a} s -- a+J/. rT+J; I(c-a1(j- b).
I .
The hypergeometric as well as the "generized" hypergeometric

di&rential equations are characterized by0;br-,;C1.
In this case, in the above twenty-four solutions, those factors of the

hypergeometric f unction F, which leave the. form of a power of x
art io be set equal to one. In the argument oar Fon the other hand,
one has to perform the limit process b -} oo.
Chapter I I.
The cAiaidriesl functions.
'1. nefinitions'qdif er ential equation, recursion formulas

njany-valuedness, indnice inte}ruls
.
series expansions,
The cylindrical functions &(z) are solutions of the.dif erential
cation
(I) P&d se+ds+(f') B
Their dependence on the parameteris usually, fol owing N. Nielsen,
normalized so that they satisfy the recursion formulas
$r;-I:)+.$.+1 (Z)*8F()(..' .8, b)

b)..
2
. 8,-a f+Y:'f):

Special cylindrical functions which satisfy.()and(2b) are the Bessel

and R
Neumann and Hankel functions:IV (+lN, (x)(x) . ()
respectively which also are called cylindricalfunctions of the Rrst;
second and third kind' and may be definedthe series-expansions
.I tY_
\s ) I
$11!(I1) . (. I;r
i
{:!<

iv()-.(19)1
[.(!-Srl.fil ",
I/\$I l\n11
rk I lgl00Sl t (} -i-1-} 1))11I'(--F+l-{-1)!
LEmuw-.
(+0l,+2,;I us= I<)
For. N,, the netation Y', is very common

1.nd... .. . n
.
.r.1(S--..-14 1 s Y=(.E l.st" 1 AE %
(I
2 in (S) in r sx _1. s }.x r
.I
_In-0 V(a-j_l),1j1st
\----)I
(InCcf. p. 2,1.:}.;!}<
the last sum sk 0 for.off,
N_()1)"N,(t);I-.0)1)"1.(s)
I:3)
H;O (z) +(*V)*
H"'() 1..1
. . rbitrarya)
The function pairs

(a) a'. g:" (r) :.J.():(S);Ì,(;)(s) for.+0;I
are fundamental systems (ie., linearly independent solutions)of(1);
their Wronskian determinants(see p. ,160)have.values
4 :
n

Thefunctions j, N,, IV" "with the exc of the functions

r.(5=01.are not one-v ued,but have a branchpoint
a:.}.The transition to dif erent functional branches across
0o, 0) as a branch cut is made possible by the circuit .relations
I V(Onxiz)O""'"IV(Z);
(Ps{;)0.40fx(s)+smaftIV (z)
-910(I) n
(OsM4= RIVIU (:)O-VA{ n

On
})xiZ) arx i IPWO()+sin ()vxsin vit(+)

l3
to these formulas we may add the fol owing:
H(1" (O(x)*4X. Hcrs,()
1PVr}4;-}xx)1XV}:"(S)
M.
A bar abovequansignifies the .complex canjugate.)
The function=xl*'~` $,,satisfies.the d.if erential equation.
+.:+1):+ys Sao+.;
T..
l8foh)ec.r choices ofA r.we can derive from this the solutions of
a number of dif erential equations with the help of cylindical functions;
in particular
_-__1J
s .rw-sv r_as ne somnonrjr OusgI"J
~
Furthermore y& (e1 and=;(are solutions of
OYdA*+(OS . V}and 1syM+`0-r90respectively.

The C;ilindr-ical functions vAth half-in:eget indexA- with
X = V,12,Zre elementary function.0;fn Particular
jilt WV du s-X2v f -2 CosaY -x - 1q-

ISIRWVf(- Cos Sx Vrz+Mn SNz Y-S )J-312(Z)-r-W2 (:: OSIICOID Az fi )
.-
At (4+_3 ) SiazCOS zixi.81

1-118 (z!r2[(+3\ cosy.is-.) 119+3 sin i"Zrz_
}t 4t t. Hi%
}.i}2I As}( Vxiz
Generally we have for1, 2 J
r2 .;}Q;} e4(Inax/
a
t J.&/.(X)
Compare this with ' 3a.
The Bessel functionswith integer index=0,1921,:
possess especial y simple properties. They are everywhere one-valued,
entire. transcendental functions, which may be obtained in the fol owing
ways as coefficients of series cxpansioris:
u-s-"u:}o }z)+[+(r"1I.
ex issla#-I:(x) cos 2go.:I=+.()sirs (2 1) #]
s=0
(e2 fo!c SI., 21,3S,;es1)

(jacobi-Anger formula)
'Ow often writes in the meeution of Sornwwrf eld .
IP't (S) x,,+j7z- (z%Irizi*.():xCIMI) (A I = V i Z_l.(.

.nef:itions, dif erential equation, recursioa formulas I9
e powers ofmay be expressed linearly and bilinearly in terms

of the):
1==r,(s)
.0
O0
(+2.+1)!
(
! J s. +} (z)(.I2. 3,)
1E.(:)
0
2*!+!($x+rIh-}-FXss-T- - I)ito ! (2k-i-r) 1+is++ 0
(k, r=0, 12,:2k+r>0).

Cylindrical functions A.(; ) with a fired non-zero value of s
r.
occur frequent: y. Special notations slave been introduced for these in

seleral cases, by Settiag:
1V (Z)==e-" i0 jv (Z: x/2 Z)==es"uil2 1?1(sOZ)
(<arg z<n2( <

arg:;)
K,)e'xH(1)t.:- n=2HMV(:)
(<:< 2
I,(s) and K,, are called "mod i ftd Besse! f tnneion" and "Hankel f unc-
tion" respectively and satisf,%- the relations
:(:):(:)2r(:; :()+I.+i (skiZ 1'(:)
K,1 (z)I(.,+, (z)= 2F Kz r() K,z)+:(;)==2 .Yf; :zf

K.-v() ().
The modified cylindrical functions 1, (z) and K, (z) solve the dif eren.
hal equation,
,};ds

+
dudi(:+P2 )z:1
The four functions ),(z)N,()I. WK, (z)are linearl\, independent
solutions of the fourth order dif erential equation
d4 yd3 y_2 ti= -}- I d2 y 2+Iy
sd:= dz +( 0.
. y
One moreo\-er defines the functions ber, (z)bei,:her. (z)hei,(=);

c=}ke , (z)which are real ifis real for real positive values of s
2'
O nU The cylindrical functions
and in which one oinits the indexfor v==0writing thusW 0

instead of,ber0 .s.by the relations:
ber,()bei, (z)=J., (e113 :C i/4 X)
her,(:)hei,(:)=H;,1' (e f 3xil4z)
ker,()hei, (z)kei, (z)her, (z)
For integer values of n = 0, 12and real values of v>0 we
have in particular
1.(r==(1)[ber,()bai (r)J
H;,1(" FS)==(1).+[&Or. (r)hci (r)].
Indefinite integrals.
A consequence of(1)and(2a)(2b)are the fol owing relations,
which hold for anN- two cylindrical functionsand:
r0._;____J__
j [(0'#I) Zz I $.(Pt)Z'.-(z) dz
:(Pziu(::)8: (B:)8.(P z) 4(z)]
:[d z.(:)&-I (P Z)ZX_i(:)&(Pz)]+)AW(z) &(Pz)
Further formulas may tie found in paragraph IO and in RStraubel
(see bibliography)
92.Addition theorems.Multiplication theorem.

Let r,and R=r=+es2 r e cos p be positive real numbers,
and let 9? be realThene, R are the sides of a triangle, with ?the angle
between r and e. Let e<r and tf be the angle opposite the side e;thus
0<<r --. Q e - f y-- e 091;

let k be an arbitrary complex number. Then for each cylindrical function
we have the addition theorem
1.
. a(*;)COAE(*)8V+"(*)eiw . CO
(0.<e<r;k any complex number)

where the functions & must satify the recursion formulas(2a, 2b);
this is fulfil ed in particular for
(t) (
8,+X = J.+HV+wH + l

For ,$,J,, and integer values ofthe restriction e<r is superfluous.

Ore may also give complex values to r,41if these together with
2. Addition _theorenn. Multiplication theorern 21
R andmay be continuously transformed into real positive

numbers, where, besides,}e}}{r}must hold constantly.
In particular we have:

(3aj jo(k fr-t+e=-2recos}) .0

EC. I. (k e) J. (k r) cos % 9719

(3b) H9(11,'2) (k) =Ejn (k e) H".(k r) cosIF

0
(e<r).
J.(:sin).:( -a} I _ 0
)cos 2
One also calls the fol owing formulas "addition theorems":
.
(4)
$,(k R)
Rv 2V1'(r) I ..o
+)IV * 8V.f (k r) C(')(COSe' r" "`
+123,;conditions for r,R,as in (3) ].
For=0 they yield(3a)(3h)in the limit; 'for &jrtheyr
valid for any Values of r,9,For=they yield the formulas:

(a) R
} i (2nt=0+Jim+'/,He t, 2'r}+"/2r) P. (Cos
(H(1for+ikRH(2) fo:k R).

Finally we have the "singular addition theorem" which fol ows from
(4aand(4)respectively by the limit process00:
1J
.
.
eica
/. 1
.(2.
+)I.+:(k)P. (COs)
..0
:1'(v)+.)JV+M()(*)C" (Cos)
0
(+012,)
for0 this becomes the JacobiAnger formula from ' I

We designate asultiplu;ation t1worem" the formula:
f1is _1'"_
& (I S)AV JE .0
tz)tee2J;
itvalid for OQ j, with arbitran" values of A and:ai}l}}ise

only for}1A_ !t . ! <1.
1.Y.
93. 'Asymptotic expansions.

.)Hahkel's wvmptotie series. +'e set:
(4 gois)[yp;[r21P)
.. 014)1.
=1,23).
'Men ire get the fol owing fomulas, to be used when!I}
!:!1
HIT()
.} a}l .}-}h. }gl} l- }s}l+
<<2J
-s-x-1 IV. 0 [ pa (2 i s'"awe+}i=i'")j

.<x<R).
(6c) jv(s)C2ccac=4X) tLz+{]-

;)"(v, 2M+I) +0(2s)2W+l.]
if.l vx}
)
<.z<
Or So) +0(24981 .!:+

t -ff - /xsmks

(8d)I144 )
+
TS C06(11
-

I
(I) iv. 2m+l}(is)*&+'!
<<.
._.+!__..__
Yor Matt-integer.=V, 1z,)these series oreax Oil
and give the fol o+ing closed expressions. valid for all values of x:
H;+,hM=s;ri}()- ~).(

..
~.,i " tx).

()r }(=)
.For. real positive values off and $, ,the error due.:, . ., ,_ . . .
to drfjung opt. me series (as(OU)is smaner than u1e aosojure vauue
of the first term not taken.For values of any argwhich ire close
3. Asymptotic expansions 23
toXon the other hand, these series nay become very

dif icult to use; in particular the error for I atg!>0 may become
larger than the value of the first term ignored.
b) Debye'A asymptotic series. These hold for large values of!and

W.In the fol owing formulas letand:be real positive numbers;
for the case of complex values one may consult the works of Debye
(see bibliography).Furthermore let e tie any smah fixed positive
number. .Then we have:
)for 1_>s; sinthe fol owing asymptotic series,(x}.

_3_...
whi& is primarily useful when 1>.with the initial terms
rl\_1
tril .%j. {s1 owS f lR2 )}sK
11^L.JX
f Si X/4 r(#):11._\'/+ ='(f)

f_i)r 9}+Q+Q, tg).+
--12_1
:f3:77 'L,.2__385 j &_\Ir!).i

LIS)IScog{
2-1 1
b=) for 'x>rgelespecial y for}xs 1'/$ und.

I go:J%V4I
_J_.____
ai+l(x)~- dwWw".~vM.X

r M);Il a.:_r(#)
ofSine)a-- x Sin Q 1 /}
1

+(F32877576+3863466)l'(#)h s/!sin or+}

b,1 for.!Silo;1 With:=a:
rIla N
() I r(i)STh-r(4)((P.1 ) r(j)
+ r
.11
. OP4+3140)l'Mh+
. . .
...
From this wee .can compute (x)(x) and so also
N, (x)j, (x) in the cases b,)b=)b );however b2)gives for J, (x)
the expansion ,J, (x)~0, since here j, (x) vanishes with a higher
24 The cyUndricaf function:
Qrder of magnitude than the terms appearing on the right in b.: In

is case one has use the fol owing series, which is valid under the
bypothpsis of b, 0
)
1_.___: r(P:t1 5_:_\r()__ +
~e---"ten2A
1*All,'645h
\11
385___\()
+( 312877 gate676 +
3456)Iz4%
+
}
1
e)The formulas of Watson and Nicholson

The formulas listed under b.)tail when}x}becomes comparable
in magnitude to;in this cajo.but also for larger and for .arbitrarily
small values of}one may use Watson's f ornll las.
Let x andbe real and positive.We set
C i'1 ) I!s(<:).
Then we have
.Hil s)()+o1 r1}

.e-1.We/$
) (x
if?=
H plus()+}
(arctg- 3 -.8
+ .
)
The error 0 1Ihere is in absolute value less than 24II.
Dee's formulas are also known asTa;gerit approximtion" and

Watson's formulas as "Haokcl aj)proximat 11.
For positive real integer values
x we get for n1 the f o1-
owi n formulas due to Nicholsoil derived from the Airy integral,
see 03l.~ 2s)with an error that
5 is not accurately known vet:
(} -- x)-HQ: [Ti rh (x - x)%3x

!.(+) ~Ox ils

(+'>
Ju(s)1 2V!E3 }x{Jl.+j-al.I I r19 (S - *)%]I"A/8 3- rj-j -}

(S>.)
NuIx)2(x a){e.IT.12/a I I rig (S - *)"43 - fx- I}

(S>ts).
' 4. Zeros. Product expansion of J,()
d)Supplements
For x}x real andpositive, we have

()++:(+) ...
For real and positive values ofand x

z ( j:(x)+N: ("))
is monotonically decreasing as a function of x when>} and mono-
tonicallyincr0tonically incresing when 0<<.Further we have.
1
. >I Irv+N I?' Wj

(Z a9; 0
!JI-A!
}is (it z)!S1when<1(XI2130
11+1S2!
94. Zeros. Product expansion of J,(z).An expansion

i n partial fractions.
The asymptotic, expansions of ' 3 contain information about the
zeros of the cylinder functions for large arguments, and. this -informa-
tion is easily given explicitly. We have, further:
ifis real and>1.then l_ (s1 has exclusively real -.f
zeros.US is
an integer or zero, and if v ties between(2s+1) and .+
then f,()has exactly 4s+complexact ly 4s+compl
ex zeros, two of ex zeros, two of which are pure im-
aginary; iflies between2s and(2S+1) with S.13,
then l. (x1 has exactly 4s complex zeros of which none is pure imaary.
_.L.r:
Itis real ana>u, ana it 7, or y, is me smanest positive zero of
J, (z) or J' , (z)respectively, then t,>.fV>
For0, 1and=I23jo()and J%+()
. h
have no common zeros, and neither
dsOO 1.1atndn e+k;reft-.on
;it may
Re1<!arg11!<equals the even integ(1 .-- I--i-
ne expressea asarctg tcotga)
Letbe arbitrary but+123and let i, , for
.=1,3,be zeros of r" J, (Y).ordered according to the increas-
absolute values of their real parts. Then for all:we get the prqgTuctz
rresentation

iv()
1I =l.1'(s + 1) 17S-i

The cylinMcal : unctiOM
The iveare all dif erent from one another. If, moreover, x and X
then:
are positive real numbers,
iv (s r 1VUr.sx)JtUVO a X)-
UV(X)NV(Xs)N.(+) Jr(Xx)]=
() (b466) J i (1.O w)
r0<S<X<1; Res>4)
(Formula of Kneser and Sommerfel.
' 5.Integral representation@** 0

PoWm"s Formulm:
(, 2I y (.at)..
=rx r(v + })
j.()() L"i(V + })!L"s }btT }.0}0?1}'r

=r
me>to:>0)
(Re>
Heine"S formula&
_._.__:____
e &0 (S)H %4.Irtworal.#one.9901TAT

.
(0<< Pror0 and for arg x0)
()~g-sw svVT
x<arg<;forand for arg0).
Formulas for integer values o f0, 1.

I r.__J___._i-" (.._______J_
_/1'1-.. . ....fW..vas 1f R OWL
JJ

f Cos
its Cos:
::xisf dn+; 0

s...
:.
c:(+
~__.
(ssinpMape-.

le>.,})
:F_
N. (x)=
.
.CO S (S!Y) d:

(x real and positive)
.0r 8-1'; i+ $@
+.
.nr
(x)=
Y-0-
d:Hr
D
J
(k)real and positive)
I's (+)= fca. to di,r-

ir-
Further formulas:
(s) r
iv== r(I)r J( 1)
<Re<;:real and positive)
(x)(} mar' coax tr(I -- }) '( ) (t" _ i)"+ ti

<Re<;x real and positive)
r+ l lh.+. ..
8:'`"(s) }..i }
(Re v>;Res>0;+for Ha)for HM),
R,(s)s y. s" }( fled!t} + }) _

(Rl>>
r.
NO (sx).- r.~
. .. . . . .
j
1
(P. x real aad positive)

Themkkfuwtions
((q2
s16V a
[;:I0;)
<Re<;:real and positive, upper sign for HO)
lower sign for HM)
.
1( _12xi 26 (1 - il-t ~Go
({arg s!<;real and positiveRe>1)

.._
1r(s) 11_+_
- .:-. Jr(P+s+1).
.
(Re0,:real and positive-)
x HQj) (i x z)2zr".z
(x, s real and positive)
Integrals due to Airy for the functions of Index:
;r-13[..[2 xfxNk}3fi I+J-1/8 [2xfxl3

cmI+fx Kai, t2 X fs)k i}fi J
real and0).
Ignat representation due to Lerch for the indefinite integral

of
s .1.Xw1
.4+4061 r r(.
t.
J.(}) s}- ~~.-s
GA.Jl -is+1j
.
96. Integral relations between cylindrical functions.
;l.(+)d: (p+)>i).
6. Integral relations between cpliedrical fw}ctioat 29
10 (R") I.(r z)
; _ . + Xx_r -. -__ +
.
_Jds
()s (s}oos8[R}a}}-}- r=c-}}j.} Jr+.
(Re+)>1;R and s real and positive)
1 }+}($) JMajv(b
0
(Re>;}PI)

17 J, (as -}- xe)

lip r-1r(N)H
-1= riv (as T)j
1 Le i
(+
.
b, a,,real and positive >fan;

1
[Re !ms+.+>Re #>oil
:r:a' + b}bPi o' y[1-[1-(y fa-i-+-b2)
lim(.)9'' - r'
<1, Re #>1y real and positivearg YPf
Ear I>;arg (Py.)q=ar for<where Q=! in the first case
ul__-------
d='-' in the second cases)
A }} case IW0,of this formula of Watson is Som"
mer$eld's formula(see '.
SoWre'a formulas:.
"In''-0-1 J, (d y-(0 + O)VA}' 1'{} -f-1) f:

1_.__.1_._
real and positive; Xtk-2ice # ;*1'
_xv-#"' 0+i
X, (s- }}-Adh+
a,,.*_irp(P + I)) +x3ro
x real and positive Re p>i)

30 Th.C,ifndt'ICw..
V r(P + 1)go x'-t` f

J.(s j) JV}1:
Krr (a A.r-AL .
-
u
(.real and positive";1<Re<Re (2 #+V).

e+1r_.
N+1 2'' r(V -{- 1)JOYSs ~+
(Re p>1; Re>1)
D
H(C')} }t+s):+x10(1)dl
:Cos+CW+ t' 10+,+140 + }(s2 + C2)(A`+'+1)/t

(Re #>1Re>1).
Watson's formulas:
I,ISFVxJiI. (a s)(ti + xsyh

(Re>and positive.!< x2}.-i
jVx)x) _:r(+}}r P+i l.
~.. r.dl
4 x-)- .
(Re`12realpcultive}!<5)
x)tvL(v+
J.("+)(x)=
S)r+1r;
_
)
a real and positive,I<)
(Z)J9, (z) N, (s)4 sin (pt - v) xso(2s*+)
(Re>.,0}Re (p)}<1)
1.} Nv (s)aVN, (z) aJV (s)s _I Kg::

(Rex>o).
6. Integral relations between cylindrical functions 31
Nicholsori s formulas:
(})+N;,S-,1 K, (2 x3'J)
(Re z>0.
Formula of Dixon aFe"ar:

8 cc*a
iV W+NV (z)
(Re>0"<Re<
Ramanujan's formula: For<<Re ( fc+,y)>1 and

x>0, Y>0 we have:
jv -1(y)Ottd$
r._+)
~
fJS SPY'
1cm:1
._____t., .._
rsi:}}Xz J}+}=}-ith -}- Ys}t}JTtx=efix) 2Cos).

For all other(real)values of t the integral vanishes. For t0, x=
we get
(x).(z)- +(2
(Re (p+)>1;x real and positive)
Further formulas:
.
(Z)1,(C)} 1 e'Isxsl `k } de
(+for H(I)for H42).Teal and positiveRe>1}r}<Ix})
K, (C) =r11+K" s it ) t 0
(!I<}!<I(x+!<)

.~.-.. rjx2--rjx2--
rJ
=.,.Ix real and positive

32 The cylindrical functions
J"+ .1

. .
r2(x sin
..1 .-
0
. =0I2 x real and positive)
__1__ 1___
Js))n -j f 0 (2 Z COS p) COST"Taf n j J o lz z stn?)Cos z9191
(= 012)
xh
1x= z\Zr__._._
JVJ2(Yz2 -}- ) ,-- -2 ! rn( 2 )r ir j , (ksin)cos (k x cos)d
0
(Re>1Re:>0}
1'm \21N''1Y\21-

2Jo.TI, (%xt=+1Yts+1) dt
(Re v>1real and positive)
1a(Vxf 1,0 (S);() 0
1-
0 (u t){- x=dt
Ja
1o (a x) Ko (a x)
t2 +
ker x
z1l( yri+u.(jo (u x) us d u- -A , J K'1
0

x2ji fJO
kei .x
.Is()d
arctg u= d u ==
to+I
;7.Definite intearals involving cvlindrical functions

JV
especial y discontinuous factors and integral

representa tiona of elementary functions.
( 2 n)yr
J ejs,(bt)!ldt== apr(v+I) 2F,(."-}-V+ I2;*I;)
Re (a+i b)>aRe (ab)>0Ire+v)>o)
97. Definite inte"s involving CAindriPsi functiastis 33
b)vrty+
JTV- +Of +'!s V;
(Re>;Re.>}Im b
..)r+4)
e-*'JV ++% rx
(Re>1">}Im b I),'#
.
jr(bo di+bs -- s)"ssV b`

(Re>}}.;.Re>}Im b!)
fe-491,-
[a1 }-
b'ras+
(Re>1;Re>limb})
[b- s'l for e>
j Is }N f#+.6") cos =.
.+: for e<
(bQ real and positive)
1
(b fe) for>.
.. . .. .
..
2N,t} }- b* cos
i
e-bvice-i for e<
yas Qs
(be real and positive).
1 :_+Yg*iml}+}b=
a- Val+
1Uwe~-~~--
a / )
.b rea) 0, `}J>0)
CC0~
. . . ..(.+.A}--I. . . f.orbs>
b
.o
for b>a
jr"tK,bdt
rpa=
In
rasb:
(ab re0b>.},
f
1
C osK, (b) ya=+bs
(b real: b>0).
ODr.___..!.lb.
sinAs=fogV-4+Y-;0-l
(b arid real>0)
j. 0
jo (- s= -- t} cog- 1(,g f2)
rz
n.
K, - 6
(real}Re{<1)
( -L 2-9+M-12)
)
}I> (}) }"-'`'

0<Re p<
(+I)
A2+Re).
for b
|~~
.e
..rJ-|
.09. .
X-
It (bs)at== du for b
J x+
OD
(bx real and
Scmmerf eld's formula:

re +"A T!
Ss e-V -r ..... . .
*.
is andreal ;<X2'arg<
If we write on the left side *k in the exponent instead of+=k, then
we must demand
<jji--.ts;s 1;.2 X<arg k0
Weyrich's formula:
y.}+
. . . . . . . .
yr-2 : F 4-2 - +Wf6ic"e)

-..
(r and:real;0arg YW-- -,0<:;g Olk<X).

If ewe write on the left sideAnstead of+i k, then we must write on
the rightas well as e-4s.and Hg' and we must demand tl-at
<arK # ' - s' :S;<g}a
7. T)tfinite integrals involving cylindrical funct;.ow U
Formula o f W eber and Sonine:

(,Y + 6
f
}} pl1+.a._:.a'1
1.)= -J-1rz---~1rt
AY 1 I1-r1jr%.1
(Re (p+>o;I argpl<x4% real and. positive)
f ()}}C 4(2 jP)"i

(Re (2+2)>}.0;}argI<)
Formula of Sonine a5 cha f 1+ettlin:
r (!'+'
f
\2/
(t).fv(bt)t-Idf .------x
. .. r(.t,. A f,. 1a)r(P+1)
1P+ V--A -{-1 P-A + l__..a=1

x =F;}-fP+1)
(P+A+1)>;Re A>1;and b real;0<<b).
The right side yields another function if :r. it we exchange p and
well as a and b;the integral on the left is thus inter alia a function
.___t:_L:________.yr.__
I wllicn 15 Hut WMIVEIC at..r yr a
.b =u we get
ao
/j.
Y82) (r;):(p +r--1+1,
1i
:r14r O`V+A+1) r(#--''

\21\2 1\2 1
(Re (p++1)>Re A>0;a real and positive)

For 0<b<on the other hand, we get:
++1
br(
;(jV
2

X
(8.) 0
lf 0~. -
J
l,U+F-;1+1 --.u+v--A+1._..bs`
X(e;+1;!
\2ral /
(Re w+C%A+1)>0; Re A>1;and b real;lI<bJ<a).

if+A+1 or p+Ai+1 equals an even non- positive
bteger, then in formula(S,)formula(S3)respectively, the right
side vanishes identically. This case is especial y important if at
3
the same time i:foririula(S3)or(S)respectively, the hypergeometric

function =F, reduces to an elementary functionThe fol owing shows
cefaispecial cases of the formulas(S)(S:!)(S3)
b'' I r(y) /bs
.. . ..!. .
4!() V,1 V1,4/ f}" .;
J-0+(a)J#%--J#%--I (b)
(1)"/2 a
0
(top formula for 0<b<a middle for 0<ba, bottom for

. <a<b; =0912,;Re v>0)
O _:_/_
2 blu t 2}
J,,(a t) j P,(4)di-
!U
1("e(+,a)>0;a>of

r (p+)2-

J JN t > tI.(t} de r(p+) 19(p+)(+)
(Re+)>o),
1
. for 0<a1)
>b
((dt1 a0)
J ...m5 . . . . . .
J
smarc sin1
.b

for a>b
d~
J a J 1.
Jn
a,- sin
for a1)
(1 /.b\
!COS I JA arcsiu - ) for a>b
8.j(a)vOS1 b=}COS
1
~_a.
.3 } for a<},}
+yb)!
(b and real0, Re }u>OJ
7. Definite integrals involving cylindrical functions 37
aresin
_}
is}bs
for>r}b
} Or --as(+0i --as)M
aa Cos
for2)

.(arc\b\1
J*
} 44b,
for>b
{ a= (b+ybs - a')
.Px2
for a1)

0 for- a1;Re (,a+1)>o).

Further formulas:
!.
(2a(2 b),, r(p++1)
()jv (b)9V4+di= +b:)P+f+
(Re(+1)>}Rep};Re a>}Im b!;Re a>o)
b-ra10(b)iv (b t)+
r(p++) r Coe+Cos (P)7 1
/I
(as + b= cos= 7)'0 +'+'!s
(Re a>}Im b};Re+)>

real
sr.jJo.(adiMant) a ns-! r -10
41>>>at>4i>a=+as++-;
Re>1)
Formula o f Sonine and Dougall:
"IJO (a 1)I.(b)7.(C)P,-P
bs.err+Sing
(b) P+1
so r(p -(v + f) r(j)
wherc a, b, c are real positive, and we take

U;
a n
bs.y+c=
A-= ,CM
2b
depending on whether bc}.;(bc).<<(b+c); (b+c)<a;

Furthermore we must require Re #>J. Re>i For is=
this formula yields
O0
-1dr-t
.!);()dit'-1-
0
(bc)' ro+)r()
where Re v11>j a ndA t h e area of t h e t r i a ngl e with sidesb, c;if

theste values cannot be. caken as the sides of a triangle, then we set
d equal to zero.
Formula of Sonine and Gegenbauer:
0
IJ(bt)J.(.x=) c}I 101(blus'(4 fe +++
.,for

(Fe>Re.u>2;b, x real and ? 0).
Further formulas are to be found in Chap. VII .' 1, 2, and 3.
' 8. Polynomials associated with the BessEl functions.

a)The loteumarn polynomiah Q' (P are polynomials i i t-1, which
may be defined by the fol owing series expansion, valid for!t}z!
I
=a on (t) In(_).
0
We have
t_
08 (t)
0_2 "}"} m -1)! for} u""0 m ! (# })
ForI we can say:

2.tins
_._.2(..1)_ 2
t1) v%+I 16) -r k" , 1) US-O&)t ors P1~
Q,r--1 (9)0+1(t)=2(t)
as well as
:()%().
8. Po!ynomial s associated with the Bessel functions 39
for every closed curve, 30 without "'IOuble points which encloses the
origin of the:plane, we have:
0,n(:)0(z) d0 for m019
LA(:)On:)dz--0foftn2+n2;"==012
One also designates

rJJ TJ Ii(:)(:)dz :
as Netimann polynomials the functions D. (t)

2
.
far=0I2.
(for=0, 12 whiare polynomialin t-1 and are defined by

series expansion
.JY
a0
eee
1
t.Z! fen()JM2()
.0
The functions A(t)which are defined
.b
V
Z,.t-}zJ r+n n0
to be regarded as a general;zation of the Neumann polynomials and

sometimes called "Gegenbauer polynomials"; they are also poly-
nomials in t
Instead of the functions 0-M one mrav make use of the Schlafli .rJ
poivn6mia!s, which ai-e defined by

S0W=0, S- (t)(I )n+i Sri (t) for nI2
Sr.2 Ito,(tn12} for==I2i

they satisfy the dif erential equation
(.4_
1
{d t'+dt+(){()sins 2
Fig+9C OS: 2
and the functional equation
+d
SMY _:)Sn+().,(:). .0
D)T'he Lommel poivnoialq..(z) are defined for arbitrary

values ofand fog- m = 0 I2 b VJ
R",: )(.(:)(
-
;v;:)
they are polynomials i: :x and each con:-lects three Bessei functions,
the indiceswhich dif er by m and m1 from one of thenn, by the
/0 .C1
formulas
J94 in (:)=Jv (z) Rix0(Z)J.:(Z) R,-,+:(z),
(1)(2)==(:)RIM,(:)+J-.V+l()tip:+1()
(m=12A)
The R,, , may be expressed in terms of Bessel f t nctions:

I,+. (s) J-.V+1 (_)+(1)I-,-,; (g) I,-, (z)== 2sinvnXs
(M=012
In particular we have:

Roo1Rio2vsR=,) {;- 2(2+2) f
2
2
1.
/...
I}`ti (z)+J!Ils (Z) ;il s()+P-SIS (z)
Z
+ .
2
J.-1(:)HMr (:)iv(:)H V( 1-)(_)
9. The f unctions of Struve, Anger and Weber.

Ins and the fol owing section we set, in order to abbreviate,
_F'a
-- Zsx=r
The functions H. J.(!).E. (z), n arced after Struve, Anger and
Weber, respectively, ai 'e sollirlnl s Of
the ihhomogeneous Ressel
()+1
v,H.(Z)
(+)r()
is)sin Y n
FJ,,(:)
+ (..)Cos
P..(s) :--~
and may be defined by

2(:).
r(+)r() JsinS*
a
(I)():
= =0
r+I) ray+!)
IRCos# - z sin
0
Ir._..
xi
9. The functions of Struve, Anger and Weber 41
Between them there exist the relations:

sin()Cos.E.(:)E-. (z)
sinx E, (s) = d,(;)Cosiv()
and the recursion formulas
2(1
:(:)+:(:)2vr(:;
i(F.r+l()2
..
H,i+:(:)2vs)

r(+!)r()
(s).
H,ì (z)Hv+l()2 H:(:): r(}t) r(j)
For!:}1!:!}the fol owing asymptotic formulas hold:
n 10.(1VI) (3V2) -11. - 1
J,()~J, (T)+
I!=..r!
LJ
.( .V (V0) (4VS) -T- 1

sin V n
L ss
P1
()
H,(;)==N,,()+ +)) ( --- 1) ( -- f),} (2 ) !wtm.f sf
=0
+(r2}
x<arg z<R).
P'ar integer values of =012 have J, ;for half -

j.H
we
integer values of (2n+1)=0, 1 2, ( 5 a n
mentary function;in particular
H 'is (.9)Co
For Struve's functions, furthermore:
H(zaAx')==Ewtrfi1H(x)12,).
real values of>0 andN,(:)>0.
H. (2;)= 2 s x-Y} ft J: WW}42l

ro)J+-92) "-
0
Go
2 s -. J: (u)r (v()
(Re>;I1<
cos (S cosv)l
(Re>V
42 .cylindrical functions
...
10 N,()P1==
r(}tan -(T pM)
r(P+j') r-#a
(I<Re #:! g 0;Re p<Re+
0
()F' (it+)
40(t) H. (t) rdi=
V +j1-141)r(IA+V+D
(Re+)>o)
r.Jo
x) xr
x [H--*(f; )N, (a k)]
+ 2coo
(k -real and positive;<Re.<+E

Further formulas can be found in Chap. VII . $ 2
910. Lommel functions.

The dif erential equation P,=k s#+i has as a solution the
function y=ks.,with
f i- A+3 #++3
So(=I
r(P+1)1P++11\
Ft(1; 14
provided that p+and ;& are dif erent from the numbers
135,.For arbitrary values of p andthe function
r,(=)+r(" -21 1)
}(l} }- } x-11z J [Cos(} 2 r .) wWSX) 1, (Z) I
is a solution of X#'1, since in this expression the right side
remains
meanin1, when y 1approachesnegative odd integer.
F'or P315we have
Sol, ,;{}-- I)!-}'+}(} - r} t{} -- s)2 - 091

-rJ
the right side in this formula gives a semi-convergent series for

for arbitrary values of y and and for large values of:.
The functions S., (s) anti s,, ()are known as Lommel functions.
They satisfy the recursion-formulas:
SO +s, . (;)=go+ I[(P+I)'V'1 Sr.. (Z)
S,$$(S,, (S) (1A1) S:{:();
the same formulas also hold for the functions

11. Eaaimplw Of Xft" "rid.12. Schloe.nilch series 43
If 8"(s) is any cylindrical function, then
[(#+;):()4;):.:SO#(+)]S'` $.(;).
Some integral representations:
s0.0"sffoIs- s CsV
Sl.(j) f Cs
S_i,(x) = f 6-sI
(Re>6)
911. Examples of 1apteyn series.

We have here series of the form IRS IV+a CZ(]
w"0
..d..
1 +:2(s z) *=I __}_

0 provided }<I
1!s.)
'1+1zz
1
.1
For real values of.with 0<1- we have
+.h l+} s) .- ..l .I

1)"-l
JIIs.)

. .
_
1.
.1
(.; Z+. ()J. (n E),
*.:
. .
1 1
a)} .
Xx(+a a); (I+. Tcx
1
912. Schloenilch series,

uti(be a function of the real variable x. which is twice der-
entiable in the interval 0zx.Then for 0<x<x
)(s)as+..!.(+'x)
.+t
with
aZ _x }I. iya I'o }

R f a} }p,}r0
4 The...
Examples:
. 1
_L
1+:I's (x x) .1
1
(2 r<x<2 (r+1)
,P 1.t(2_j-) ,Xl
fxsX2 x arc cos
+
8
w-o1)s
(X<<2
+AE1)" 1.x)}}. (0<}-,<

.1
1.I.x-7 f 1
. Lj 2 } i x -{- Zr -}- x= -{- y=-
;+Efe(fx-i-+-3ps)
1

++ f (- 1)w-1 BI Nx}I (2*)! rs w-1 p2:(cos $) (0<r<2
where=t+y=+z2,' cos and B:.are the Bernoulli num-

bers(cf. Chap. I).
Appendix to the Third Chapter.

' 13. Mathieu functions.
The Bernoulli trial solution using sep aration of the variables leads,
in ora indrical co-
in the case of the wave equation writ en

.ix,62) C
V1
e same trial
solution, in elliptic cylindrical coordinates, leads to a 'new class of

functions, which are to be regarded as a generalization of the cylindri-
cal functions, but have by no means been as thoroughly investigated
its those. The functions in question are called "Mathieu functions ; they
are solutions of Mathieu's dif erential equation
t dsy.i 2hsCos2x)
+i :___v__
= 0
which in turn is a special case of the dif erential equation

y._.t:____
dist"Wo -rw3 py~v
By the substitution.=a, b,p=b,z=x this equation may be

reduced to the dif erential equation
._it _ _ _1 0.
(W) d x2to-.7
.M.functions
one also often designates )as Mathieu's dif erential equation. We

have Floque6 Theorem:
Where exa`ts a solution yof (W)such- that
y(:+2)==Qy)
When yj and y= are two solutions. of (fit') such that
Yi (D)1 Y2(0)=.}0
y, (o>=o, y= (o)=Z

0a(2 x)+)(S (2 R))+1C";
we accordingly have the fol owing trial solu tior.:
+J
ew.On; (a=ex.*).
. .J
Putting this into the dif erential equationwe get a system of

infinitemany linear homogeneous equations for the infinitemany
linknawn.coedents A.
._._.b2._
A14=+Iij+.+10
21=X=), I, 2.
In order that this system of equations have a solution, we must have:
bx p .,
1;;;; 0 0 0
8 fa=+(js2ir] `1(e--Z$)'1
t
0 0 d .1l}J
2+()_] 2+(pN]
P
0 0
ap 0 }}.
WAs+
I
.+)
p
,t 0 0 I 0
2149=+(+ 2 [at++!
6
r}\ 0 0 0 I . . ... .
++i}=] 2fa.(p+2 o=]

From this determinantal equation we can for given a and bcalculate

the characteristic exponent p, anti thereby, using the recursion formula
for the Adetermine the Athemselves un to

a constant factor.
We thus have determined the soluti of the dif erential equation
+b} .-ftlos 0.nnL el w ~.0

00
O The cytiadrizal iun:-inns
The characteristic exponent rc can also be calculated from the fol-

lowing equation:
sin%(Ti P)d (0) SInT(a)
where d (0) is the vahio) the above determinant force00.If jA
is purely imaginary, theti the seI-ction is stable;for real or corople: iA the
solution is unstable.
For I_;(0i the solution is periis with tine
period n.
For /ItI-) Y; 12}the solat'lon is periodic with
the i;eriod:
Mathiet notions of the.t Und.

Of particular importance are those soltrt:ons of Miathieu s dif erential
equation (COs 2 X1 y0Wl , I t }are periodic in.with
the period `:These are Mathieu%s functions of the I'Arst kind. Such
sciuti,)ns are possible, for a given hoaly for certain values of the para-
meter A depending on the value of h'.
Ther" exist tour distinct series of pz~iodic solutions, the Fourier
expartsicris of which nave the form

:(z)" `} r. CosZrx ;c e.+:(x442 %+t.+CO%. h+2}x;

f0 f =o
O0 OJ
S ek(x)=B::sin ZTomx;l e=+:) B2-,.:p#+I,:r+Sin #'21 rr+1 %I) x

(6I2;for se,only=IGs)
where the Coefficients A and FS depenu on h2.The M athi ett function of
the first kind then is either an even or an odd function of x.and its
Fouriei expansion either has only terms witi: ever: or. has only terms
t:lili odd r.
The arbitrary constant factor in eachMathieu function 71. is chosen

soUtat
O for #==0

.J.. for +0;
coilsuently we get for .4 }D.
lim:cos 2N0Hj ic:+:(z) cos (2+1)x

0
Iim s(z):yin 2:; Iim: e.+:(z) sin (2+1)x.

h--l
The coecients A_:;Blu,:;Ana+i, =r+j;BI W+l, s r+i are deter-

mined by
13. MaWsa fuwfioas
I+10:r.0
VAnn.+r4A) As of+r.3
..+ra+Asr>1
ks.:+(I*+It:+V A,,+:,0 r.0
he.::+[(r+1)Aa*+I,+`2.:0, r>+.
(Beat s -f- As Bs4* s = 0
JV 8se. 2,s + (4 Y"1) Bs}. i. -I- JW B,>1
1t" B}w+}. } -I' Il1) B! n+1,1 + .4Ik $S s+1, s - 0, r == 0
V B,6+10:+1(27+I)r11 s$.:4 0 8sa+i,:0>0
The relationship, -which must exist between As and A in cider that
e.g.,besolution of the Mathieu dif erential equation, fol ows
frm the equations which determine the_e. if this system of lfiaear
homogeneous equation's is to have a solution, we moat have
0 Ou
Q Q
,. 16 .0
0
0 0 36As
.} 0 0 6,
This is the equation for the determination of A with givenLet

solutions"&le numbers 1, (ro 0192).ordered aocording to
i=easin0alue. With I ..one can recursively calculate the ooef-
dents.:and so the solution seg.
A corresponding situation exL#ts for the other expansions.
Mathieu functions of the second kind:
Except for the trivial case k0the Mathieu equation has

one
periodic solution. The Mathieu function of the second kind is
second solution of Mathieu's equation, linearly independent of
periodic one. As before, there exist four distinct types of this
which may be expressed as fol ows in term s of the functions of the
first kind.
ris
(x) (x) f} ti. (x1P}

(xJsxal C}}w.i(})P.
are (Xs :Rs "t. (x); s414:.:S)is%9+i (jr).
48 Lw cylindi i f.Y" ow
Associated Mathieunctions: The associated Mathieu functions of

the first and second kind arise out of the correspong Mathieu func-
tions of first and second kind by putting,in place of x. 7%e associated
functions satisf y
+(+G'2x) y
The associated functions of the third kfn cQsttbination of
the corresponding functions of first acid
Representation e f the associated }vl athieu functior}tfirst lcirtd.

46) (x):ir(hjr(w
C+(x) Q}EOwas.r"+1i,jr.
S 41s) (x)
Imo,&I
S+:(x) Sinjb;+NJ.(ir)l.7ll.
Assocated Mathieunctionatit th",

Cis (x)
r"o
.ZA2 .:M jP
C }'6+:(s)rQ=w+1,,} - y, i91"* s"1
(x)Gox rbs..vial(Niq!
bs*+r}(4-01 }
where
.+::(1)r r (As wfi,:+Ass+l,s++%+l, sr-!] 9
bs.:.r [Bs::Bin+,,+1)''Ki0+1, s r11
Heine's representation of the assoc}ttedn}tio}ns.
(x:Irt2,x)
care (x)s*O'x)
For large valuesx. the fu C(+}lwelt as Stend
r
card coy);the functions Cc, (z)WJA.Sd PS! W tend toward
=.
Spherical harmonics 4
Chapter IV.
Spherical haripoaics.
I_.Dif erential equation, definitions and notation.
The spherical harmonics are solutions of the dif erential equation:
. 1) IONdss:duX 7-z++:o,
where v. p are two arbitrary complex constants.(1)is a special case of
thehypergeonetric(Riemanp.)dif erential equation;cf. Chap. I1.,
12. In gefieral the points
z11, o0
are singularities of the solution of(1)and these singulariti0s at z1

and z`.are ordinary branch points. We are interested on the one
hand in the solutions of(1)for real values of:in the interval
1S:S1and on the other hand in the soiutions for arbitrary com-
plex values of z with ltez>1which are many-valued in the z-plane,
and for the consideration of which one makes a suitable cut along the
teal axis betweenoo and+1.Furthermore, the sohations of(1)are
al interest in the case that or # or both are integers; in
ar the case ja0 is important .For these reasons we introduce
the fol owing notation, to be used chroughout in this chapter
z always signifies a complex variable. x always means a real number
from the interval1z+1;without special comment, we always
mean:
.x, whereis a real number.

(+).(s) are solution of(1)whiA forI<1 as re one-valued and
regular, and so in particularly are uniquely defined for s=
(+)"(s) are solutions of(1)which f6r Re>1 are one-valued
and rear; if they cannot be continued everywhere in a unique man-
ner, then we remove the points on the real axis to the left of the
point zl, (insofar as they are necessary for joining the branch points),
from the region of definition ofso that these functions are
then uniquely defined in the rest of the z- plane. The values on tb s
upper or lower side of the cut between1 and+1(if this part of the
real axis belongs to the cut)are denoted respectively by(:00) P

upper index p equals zero, we omit it. fl, always mean
numbersthe sequence 0, 12,; mean yCO1Ti-
Alex numbers, unless the contrary is stated.
50 Spherical harmonics
92. The Legen e polynom als.

1'lie dif erential equation(1)for the spherical barn Tonics becomes
for # 0the "Legendre dre ntiul equation"
(3) ddz:Z2) du + V
This equation, for Ynteger values of(and only for hose values)has a
polynomial in:as solution. We hicave:}= . ' 1z) is a solution of (3)
foro, 1, 2,.wnere P. (x) is a polynomial ofth degree
in:and can be defined by any one of the formulas
t
P. {Z} ! =zol-- x$dI`1)
1
P's (2 n!)2" n 1 i' 1( . . . . ... .. .~
w2 12
;
1-
(2
P2(10,=y, . lam1 . 22a "l n } 1+ ;2;z2
P2() (122% n! 3E::;( . :?;Z2 )
P. (cos 0) (2n)}r', "I "I2F, ( 2; ;LJ2)
Pri {cos 0) 2F.I(;;SIn};,FI(n+1;I;Cos; # )

P (X) Ir n+l a"azvs ( I ) Witf, xY ZI + PZ
l.4 ore ful y, we can write:
(2)I
P 21%!! {X (sOle,{;*
R. &J 'reAI%P%&all*I i
1 1 1 1 .3.5(2J1) Fl 2 "(2%+1)..,v
p(r) J--'IQ A!11. A
LA.
22(2+1)(2+3J

!1
_Q_2_.!
...1
35(2+1)_ 2n:_
P . . .
2.4.,.(2n14 r.. Af
1.
2n (22) (2 x+3t2+5) .1 -T-

.J42 _ A _
V..U
!r_____.I
P(CCs 0) 22 " 1} 05 n# l is tI Cos2)
(21)
13
lk C%
1.r" 1) (2n -- 3 Cos in4)+
13.5 1)(2)
1.2.i 93 --12 n -- Cos+]
2. The Le$essdre polynomials
where the last series breaks off at cos(;i.e., it has+I terms,

which for odd n are equal in pairs. For the lowest values of.we have
(with xcos 0)
p. (x)=I
Pi()x=cos 9
PS (.X)=(3 x'i (1)(3 cos2$+1),
PS (z)=(5 x33:)g(5cos3#+3 cos $)
P, (,c)1 (353 03O X2+3)=A- (35 Cos,64+20cos20+'9).
Also
(2.)t
Pe (1)IPS(1)==(I)PS a+, (0)==0, P2(0) =(I). .b!!
0
:[(:")]
2
fp::(cos)( :")(?:++2, };-s1J

The Legendre polynomials are special cases of the GegenbwY"
nomials(see e 8);we have
.Aa()
.0
for}I<Min}s-1!

p1 P for>Max!:
}G1.+1 .+
.0
Recursionormulas:
P (s)(21) z pa-I(S)+(n1) P_:()==o,
P-___.
(Z31):PP-1)=92(PV,
.1-
+:PS-1)
A sum tormula:
.
(2 r+)P, (x) P,() (+;)Po}'. }Y) p'} i fix} yY

t0
Orthogonality relations:
+I
for x+x,
f Ps_i
-
2
2s+1
IL ---
5e integrate involving Legendre pomials:

+t
1
f P, (2) I/z for k==.,+}II
).(2).. (.+)
when n is even
. . . J.. .
1
++1)(A+1).(+1)
f24 P(z) ds
(x1) (A3).. (A+2) when x is odd

++1)(A+1)(+2)
(Re A>1)
when m>
P (Cos
:} .+1)-}-3}.+1)
.0)+.+
and m+
is odd,
} r(34erwise
0, when +c+W and.n' is even,
.t. . ..~.rit *,..

I
f P. (x) P. (x)

'1!
1
when n is even and n' is odd
P (12 sin'sins $) sin

. sin (2n+1)$(2x -}-1) sin $
+1
_, Pi*. (x) dx(1 + k x:r+s/s-

`,,().
G',2+1(1++'Is for}ik!<1
I
Inequalities:
For real values of t>1 wee have
p. (t)<P1(:}<(1)<p. (t)<
For real values of t>1 we have
P60)+Pi()++p. (t)>0
sin (2.4+I)
[p. (COS $)l'> f0<<
+1)sin
!P (cos $)}S1;feiew P (cos #) c
converges fog- . 0<6<X.
()has exactlyreal zeros which al' lie in the interva
(1+I )
Integral representation of Laplace and Mehler:
(cos== (cos.+cs
F2 f Y}*..
sin+)1P
12 rJcvs(x. 1 O f .d- . .... .. .....
theorems see
For further integra i representations see ' 4.. For addition
' 3. For asymptotic behavior -for large values of x see ' 5.
.3. The.d spherical harmonics *of the first kind.
Some expansionsseriesLegendre polynomials:
(2+++ 2*(2*- 2) }, }z) ,}-(2 +t+3) (2 n+i) s

.).
+:w+11'i(;) ++ (2*+5) (2 x+7jVI
2x2s.Pe+r) (,),P,(Z)+(1.3) 22-4+

+13()P's (z) +:}:I<1)
POW
(2n1) Pft-1(:)+(2.b) P;-3 (y)+(2 n9) P,6 (z)+
for 0 S<<
Os+p P P. (Cos #)-
for 0<rJ<<.
3. The associated spherical ha rnonics of

the first kind.
For inter values ofand jt, the dif erential equation(1)in the
case ( r!1has a particularly simple solution. AVe have:
The derential uation
(4)
}(1++) 1 -- x!0
has for M.=01n the solution
.
.1)0(1:12 p,} ix)-Pd so

The functions 1(x) areassociated LegenT IMspherical
harmonics of the first kind:! ie casts.the uegree and .0 the order of
P';the func}tior=s Y(9, ") of the angle variables # and
cos M fp(COSIF(CM #)
are also called surface harmonics of the first Idnd, "tesseral" form<0
and "sectoral' for.They are periodic in #and gvwith the periods
andrespectively and hence they are everywhere one-valued and con-
tinuous functions on the surface of the unit spherex2+.+s= 1 with
x.= sin 0 sin go.:=C_,they are solutions of the dif-
ferentiaI equation.
1 1Y.
(aaea}+
aOne
sin" # 8 go.its+r
Prequendy introaubes. } of.the. e()
again denoting them. The }ftinctions here de=boted ()..
usually denoted by 2; (x) .
We have
(+! Ic. I-__._..1xN
Pm (x)=1)(1xs),Ot 2w m! (x-}n)! try`1)
(-- 1)w (n -}- m)12'"11!!(}i-mxt)=12{(1:-m)(M+%+I) 1-a..+

+(x-m)(*- tot + 1) (m -}- n -}-1) (m -}- n -}- 2)( 1 - x21(m+1)(m+2) 2}
(- [If (2 n)214 n! (n-rz)1XT./2{(x-M)(x--m-1)-- 2(2n-1) --
+(n--m)(n-m-1) (n-xt---2)(n--,n-3)2.4 (2 n --1)'(2 x --3)}
(1)(2)!
.+ 1 1\
2"!()! x:)wh:IFI( 2
:-:~
2./
pi (x2)(I. ` xt)i/$=sin 0
PI(:)=3(1:!)1/s:=9sin20
P2 (x)3(Ix=)(1cos 2 0),
Pt (x) --}(1:s) `/_ (5 Xs1)==(sin $+(5 sin 3 $)
P3 (x)=15x (1Xs) =(cos $cos 3 0),
ps (x)=15(1ZT/===1 (3 sin $sin 3 0).
Recursion formulas;
P}+(x)+2(+1).pn+w(x)+()(++1)P* (x)=.}
s-x
(0*12)
(2-} 1)zP,}(x)(m+1) P7t +I (x)(+)-1()0
(dm1)
(x;+1) P:+ I (x)++1)'x P (x)

P"Sm- I (x)F"t,`+ I (x)==(2 is+1) FlxIP} 1(x).
Orthogonarelations:
I
P (x) P,, (x) dx =0 for pt+
-
2(+m)!
2+1()!

9F!dsin:Pw (Cos 0) P; (Cos 0) = 0

uu
when+n' oarve.

Josin::-4R (x + M)l.2x+1(x--W)i
0
4. The sohitions of the Legendre dif erential equation 55
Integral relations:
(+.)!

0
. . . . . .. . . . . . . .
.)1
1
I(+)!
[Pam (-')?2-42 2xg){
(0<
Addition theorem:
P (cos $ cos 0'+sin 0 sin Y cos(0l
P,Pi,(COS#)(Cos#)cos
Supplements: If
() =as P (cos 0)+!r Law cosm -}- b,, sin=197) px (Cos $)

2." (0 =a} P. (cos 161,+Cos9+b sin1P: (Cos$)

eu
S

sinY (4910(O,for+
asin $$ i'u()rte [cos $ cos $'+sin $ sin V cos (T01
0_

rT)
l
W e nave.
_.__!~t
(cosy+0 Cos==PS (Cost)+2)= (x + m)1 Cos M T ra" (COS V), gal
(Cos=.
.
_
(1)+a (n+.):_:__
I' (m + i n)1J (offCosa) coy
0
~
:)(n + w1f!(n - M) l( i f. P }x1 id.
Further formulas and theorems are contained as special cases in the

results ofa and t;.
4. The sciiutiox:8 of the Legendre dif erential equation.

The Legenare dif erential equation(fit?)has the solutions.VV
=a, (z) where
.daa t.1V(S)Z-V-1
U
!F'1 ;F,(+;;)
+1
2

3

1
56 spherical harnionics
and C1,,are called Legendre function of firstand second kind respec-

tively;(z) has the points z =-1 and:_-_ cc as siAgularities, ex-
cept whenis. an integer, since then C (x) becomes a polynomial and
in fact equal to P, (s) for0, 12,and for=1;
one therefore also writes
1'-.-1(z)P. (z).
OV()is singu lar at z=I and oo=:and has branch points there
except for },012 ;in this case 0, (z) is one valued for
}1 and regular at:= 00
In the righthalf-plane we have:

1+ \;1
(6b) ( 2 )It;;=+il (Re z>0)
Con
sequenuy ipv tzent
) is liy( uniquely defined by(6a)and(6b)within a circle
of r adius 2 centered at z==1 and in the righthalf-plane; as a solution
for:x=cos 0 we get
(6c) PV(:)(:) :(+;;1:sin=
and in general
$.(z):(P, (z)= P-I (z).
#l, (z) is uniquely defined by(7a)for co outside of a cut from
z=1 to{:}>1; one can analytically continue(into the inte-
rior of the unit circle from above and from below means ,of the
mulasforthehformulas for th geometric functiongeom;as the solu tion Q, (x) on the
real axis
t nypere,-e12
oetweenI ana1 one uses
QV(X)}f4(++i 0)+Q.(o})J
then
rP, (x)P,)
(?b) (X) 2 sin
for012,
__:._1+:___
(7c) QU(x)
~2.n1 -- xrr w-1 m forn=u, it Z,

with
2.I
ww--1()= 1 (x)+2*--6 P x)1 a _ ,S{+p.-& (x)+.
31)-52).-.T
(the series breaks off with P. (x) or P, (x))

OE SIMI
P(x)P-,. {x)
:(z) 0.
:(:) saesthederensatisfies the dialequationa

"-i
1x dx :d W,,.ia+-I-1) W,_1 _dP(x)
-

4. The solutions of the Legen&e dilfssytU al tivo5 i
The functions $, (s)#3,. (r) and P, (x)Q, (x) are linearly inde-
endent;(6)(7a)and(6a}")(;b)(7a)(7b)respectively therefore
pe$ne,0 for all values of(r+1) and for the regions Re x>1 and
z=x=cos 8 respectively, a fundarm for the Legendre
dif erential equation; the fact that not exist is irrele-
vant here because of (1)()==(n+l);iQ, satisfies the
dif erential equation 3)also forCv1
We have
(:) (_)
2sinQr(Z)
(+V with:<0awith z>o)
(z) 4(
(+ with:>0v x i with:<0)#

ee;(z) stn
PV(X) for sin vn+},0
(:)d $v (=)a+:)[+(:z()]
(2+1):VV:)=(V+i)+I'(z)+:(
(:;)(+)+;(2)(s)1
(z v+1) z(:)=(+1)0r+:(:)+;(:)
O, (x0)Q,(X)Pv (x)
:(:s -}-1s -- 1WO-1:)
Qv(Cos)CosQ, (COS)+P, (COS)
-:(Cos $)QV (cos S)P, (cos #) for sin++0
Expansion of P, (cos 8) in a series of Legendre polynomials:
sin n._1 1
PV !COS $)
LOtmoLV-n..}. n + I 'j F (COS
(+012;05CJ<)
P,(COSP* (cos 0)
sin nor=` "o).114- n -}-1(Cos(Cos

+ OR12,;<a+t' < xFly<r..<.
Spherics! harmonics
For}I}>1}rarg:!<we have
+I 3
(2)== 2--v-2r(P+ i)i)r(v o:(+ 2
:iF.A:
~.+
1
+r(V + }irev+})A(
r
A~:
2
Estimations:
.___:/.:___r=
..f, xsin #vvvIV sin $
;0<<n;real and>1
P,, tc0sP"+.2(.I#)!:2 Co
}Q. (CO'sQv+$(cos0) I:co
(0<0-4g;real and>1independent of Oand v)
Formulas for integer vcsl+ws o f=0, 12,
a00 a,
1t.-1)"+i{z
(4r+1
(s1.. . }u,rl
s
co

)2s' x ! dT(} })! dzR1(1i1A(ts })'+t
.(Re z>Y)
21)IOU()()
1
(}+fo- - 1}<+ --1})

(must lie in the interior of the ellipse passing throughwhich has its
foci at1)
.: . .1
(rg(1;}<X)
1_+yi 2}z+}
(z)
WO C1 -2ss. +soyx -S- I
(Re z>1}<I)
1 d"
(_) 1 a )A In}1 }'. (z) In s 1g } --1
1
[(.,0l}x1 }- xI }x) In I+ XZ S 1--x
5. General spherical barmcnics 519
24 .(2s)___ 1(+I)
(cos 0)=2 (+1) cos+3)+
I.3. (2}+1)}cvs 1 }(2.+3
l3+1)(2%)
A ,AJ
1.kò1 I& nul
I &, cus (n+5j$ }
(o<<)
2.4(2 1(I)
P.. (cos $) --

4 3.5(2+I) [sin++ I(2+3)
sin (m+31$+
1-3 (ri -f- I) (n -I- 2)_;_A1
. fi 1.2aur %" -T- u/ vJ
(}<<.
Speciales:
QO (x) In
Q'I (x) In 1 + x1-x
1+x 3_
Q2(:) (3 xIn -~~~.
Ix
5-.2
Q.(
11 (X's3x) In 2x.
.P1 t1)\ r(-R ')

sin
P,,(I)I r
(0)

2.nals z !\1
QV(o)= C }') r(-:,--v)

1
P,, (cos 0) Q,, (cos $)(cos 6) P,(Cos A) sins
Further results fol ow from the. formulas of95, 6, and 7for a=0
5.General spherical harmonies

a)Repre8entation in terms of hypergeometrie functions. The
solutions of the dif erential equation(1)in general have branch-points
at z=100;the remarks made in $ 1 are to ire 'xert well in mini
for what fol ows:
The f uncti(ns,
:(1- (z+ 1) r"12:FI'(1-}) z--1 : j(+::i - s2

(arg}},,.when:real and.>)
The factor 0 4is frequently omit ed in the definition () order tat
) become real for real values of0 and for real values or >1. The
definitions used here are due to Hobson. Barnes replaces the factor e"in the
hrricalh..d CS
Oa
0re
ext(++I)()
= 1)'`n x..,.a-.1 X
"i (+1)
- ++++1 3 11
X 2F, 2 ;-;i)
(arg (i'1)=0when z real and>1
arg:},0when:real and>o)
inter alia linearly independent solutions ofthe dif erential uation
(1) which at first are uniquely defined in the regions I 1 <2 and
}z! >1 respectively with the exception of the parts of the real axis
betweenoo and+1;they may also, according to the theorems about
theergeometric function, be continued without restriction, and
~~_.
uniquely continued outside of the cut. The formulas for a and Wsfr II IU
meaningful also when 1ju and+

tive integer or cf. Chap. I . $ 7).
31 respectively beco mes a nega-
|Or
zero
For real values between 1 and+1 (s=x=Co we use
as linearly independent solutions of(1):

P; (x)=i/2 $0 (COS $+0)f'P"`" $PV (COS 00)

1 h+SNrl:l
TV=
r(1 ì-x);
i e-fsxi [e--rx{I2 Q: (x+J+OP X412 W (Z 1.
2.)]10..
.
l'(V+Pt+I}P;`x .(V -..a x-1) 1 t )
~
=2 szn j&x Lam' (-T) =Is
.
The last definition fails when ja=.G,12,;in this

case we find by goin ; }o the limit, that
Q; (z)(1x2)MAQ$'(Z)
).r(r - + 1j(+
When+is a negative integer then the functionsandare
not defined. In the fol owing formulas, therefore, the case +=1.
23,is to be excluded throughout, insor as. thenotions
rappear in them. The definition of two linearly independent solu-
xions of(1)in every case is however made possible by the fol owing
__(+.__~_________J___J__
definitioncc by 4"&Aand A"'W also are. often given dQ$nitiona
dif erent from Hobson's; thus Barnes omits the factor e-Pwi in the definition of
;other authors define).(x+0);mixing of
these kinds of definitions also occur, e.g. with Jahnke and Emde who first si!ggested
the introduction oJIL the symbolsand.But only their definition of
agrees with the definition of Hobson -which we are using.
' 5. General spherical harmonics 61
theorem, in which n, w=12,according to the conventions of
Paragraph I:
The dif erential equationahas,IA012,
the solutions.
(:).(z),:(X)e1(:)
for:xcos $
r()P()();(:).).
P+012,3,Jthe soh-aims
0; (s) and 10,` (x)(z) respective
are linesindependent. I fa is an integer but u+612,
then theUtione
V" (z)V; 10 (19) and PI, W(x) respective
are IfnearTy independent solutioru of (1).
It P=or1then forthe functions
VOO(z)(}) and P: (z)(z) respectively
and<the functions
$0-142)C (z) and P;O (x)QA (x) respectively
are tir+early independent solutions of the dif erential equation (I) from
b) Recursion formulas and relations between variogs spherical
owes:
1)dM`(;)ds (P+11 VV +i (i)(_} 1) } }; t})

{2+1)s(=) (0+1)r:(:)+(V+JA):)

+(z)+2 (it+!) +==(JA) (v+0+1)V (z)
.1
1(x)W+ 1(,g)(2+1)W-' (x)

V:(:)=(}).
(:1)=fay (P+1) M+ 1(x)(r.+1):CC (x)

(2(x'11+I): (P+1)+:(Z)+(+):(x)
cl:' (z)+:+1MY.(s) ()(+p+1)(2),

rY; i --Irr
(+A+1)z"(S)+.j(:) (v+1):(:)
(+)W_,()+fF= Tw+z (x) (v):C: (z)
Sphefical harmonics
A:(z):IX(x)=(yS"+ 1) hti --1.n,"-1(z)

:Q: (z)}+:(:)(+}) 01 1".': (})
Q-1(:);('}1==(2+1).Q i-1(:)
(+)(v+p+1)Q:-;(:)+2+1)--1 w+1(z)
=tv,P).P+1) W+ l()
}'` rz) :h(~ -- u -}- i) (})r(,v+.M+ 1)

(A W (Z)
(C accordingly as Lm z Zz- 0)
P 'rtIr-I(.:P IV, W:
r.)dx+1) x()(+)+:x)
(Y,)((v+JA)(x)
A'D'v* 41(x P;.` (x)
==(f"+1)(+))+P, (x)
(2+1)x()=(p+1);(xj+(+P);(x)
PV -# I (,T)+:w+1):)+(7A(+1s+j) PV()=0,
t ri-x2
()(1A+1)+l{x}==w+P.)(+1A+1) n- I W
+(2+1)1},,}*},(x)
-I (r)P",` (x)=+l j 1- x' } ;_'} (%}}
P~` (x)P'v+ 1()(+}) 1 _ xs Ppv_i(:)
():P, (x)(v+P) AID *y- I (x)1-- xx P;," 2 ;x)
vI"+1) .PVK+ 1(x(+a"+1):P;.' (x)1 }_ PFV + 1 fix).
:1'(y- f'$: (+)e-;(4l

:,C:Fva{:(+)sin+Nx(
`LT-ynaccordingly as Imz 0)
(Z) ELn(+,a) X7W_:(z) sin[(,P) nl=ORcogV (z)
C--;.Ifa1)= otKXV2LQ: (Z)~x2(s)} .
63
5. General spherica: harmonics
:(COtg)ei+)i7--v(++1).rS1I1 } } pK (cos 9)
(<<
:tgrisin }3r(- v -;o>
(0<<)
l
011n1 a
Ogot a)n1'(1+p-}-v) }r-V2 n Sin a
(Reo t1o>U).
(x) d Pr (x)dxd1;P(xj _2 si_lnludc wa(1 -x')

/t'A+1
d()
I;-
2\ )r (v +.a -+- 22
P; "P}`(x)y dz }- }V ,U + 1
1x: I'
)(2)
x
\2
QVP( =cos
(v+)QvP (x)+ sin (V+#) a P; (x)
sin(+ju) x n Cosn Cosx
V-;(x; (z)
S - -6 - -in v - P)X sin1A) X
P(z) f q -- p + ,) COsr (v -}- u -}- i )a F, (x)sin}tQP ;z)

Pv`z) :2n sinP)(z)
c)Formulae f or special values ofPt{cf41)

r(l++)(I=)0/g
P; (x)( 2'" 1'( I+.) r(I)
x 2F,(++;.+;)
,W" (z)!Fl(;+;)
ep.+
r-_}u1_
:'/s +: +I)1
(z1),u/2.Z2x
+.+ +.+ 1
X SFI( 2
2;
)
1__.:___ 1 d(Cos)
(Cos 0)
. . -.. .. . ... . . . . .. . ~
otg}} ` 21'(1--} .}i CotY(COS v; +I)d

fx-}
l', (off==
TA;r-- is + I0
1Z I
..
$r+i } }}+0 ) r -+P+2. 2}r 2+ ') rx r(!p + 1)

TV (Q)yx-yx-(; I I --~~~eer
Y J
dQP (o)dzf;i cos(' }2 ` n}

:(x) = ( -;(;pAx)
I
p(r1=
1
FAX)).1}('}}`+I)}'Cx).r(}+};}-i}
.
(.) 1(dx)m
r1)"m4, (x)
O-V(I)a1)!
()
If, (2)0P; (z)for m>o.
'Is (to f a) r 2x Sin aw-e

~.._
Pt ,h (Cos' Cos; .rv.:qe (COSxan#.
:I!a)
((Cos1( 1r(I + y)."-.,$l$.o)I ( I sin } ".l'(I + }) 2
continuation and behavior for!>10
about the analytic continuation of the hypergeo-
metric function(see Chapter I .)we get the formulas:
"Vsin (v + p) x 1'(r -f- is + i)a"." 1 coo v x 1' (v -i- f )1 'a)1r

x2F,(v+ -p+2} -i-1;+:+
~
2Wr+)
1~7r"
1M U)
(0;:(::_l11! 1 ..r
(2 s+135,;!;}>1; larg(si)!<)
0.Geoecal spberiatl }tcnoo 0
(x) " l'(#) r( -- } -- })(:;+::

:F v 0 -f- 1_ 2w+_32'
2r+)
n> > > ri_ `^-
l k 111 ilI 1./2:Ti ( 2 ' 2;_1;
(2 v+138,. . 11;=f>1; j arg (xI) l<)
,}( . Coii T)1r'( -- } -- })}i/s 1tg 2)V+x

.t1.1_.3
sin' )+
x =r 1,+O' -j -;
+)(cotg 2 )~x
1.I I .
X elk2;2 ;slits --2 )
(2 r+3 .:<< )
I /sIN-022
(x) I;
r(.1 lJ) k_+ 1ks+iilk" I.; +11
s1
. s. -f-.!1.. <)

.
Let Is*"^ --:+z.* ---1, where C is uniquely defined outside of the

piece of the real axis between 00
and+1 by the demand that for
real values of z>1be real and>1 Then:
t=12PfA rc,+},+I} c==-FI +++;+:;)

31
1+++.\
(i $rg*(z)!<
(i)= rt). -W, l 13_

211 1 U+;;
...J
r()c'+##+1
r r(v+ Irl4 11_I_I
+ Sri k 2;-i;)
r(+1) CP*--f
(rgizI)l<2+1135.% a 0 4b )
Zr() I a) is+ I all jFjI% ks-- 1)(+;;} -- s+

r1++
)2FI(+
(!arg zIj!<!1:}<2),
,6 d
ccON ref++ (z'1(+22 x

+1 r(r+)
IF,( 2 -;+;11- s})

.
(++123;I ar8(;fi)!<;11:!>>,
('+P( - }P+2 1 2
(x) (P+V+lIF 1(;+
r(f
+2;1+1
rv + it x) r( v+m+2-2 2 :fp+v+22 +1
xall)
(As +2
_Ir(' '+#) y}1
Q; (x)
/
--~~-!i
_tJA-;-r1 .F:

2 ;} } xs l+
4-l f.~A1
1
C03 PV(v)y-
(2xIk),
z__._
+
r (!-: P +1- X-t^

For}:!i ire have
W Owic'I9(v+P+1)}.} r(,,+ 1%[+O(V-2)1 rx

4;I a-g =i<
:) _{rh+ )+-r-2![1+o(=l)
Lr(#+I) IX IV(P.r
(+;}!<;.Para7)
c)Initegral repreoentation6
(cos2 (via } aos (-P + D V dv}

(0<<nRep<when # real and<0 also valid for S0.
901(+j) 8] a 1
:(Woffi (avi 11S)"-f )P*%
r
+*)j
real and positive Re #<.
..G.erict! htrmomcs. 67
a}"` ( din a ` _ _d-('+ %)j d t20 :'( --- :.e -f- ,) (CEng t -- Gi a .
real and>0;Re p<+tRe (v+t"+1)>o)
r(r -- p +1 cosro+p+1)(cos2n(c} .
2 (sin cos (v + ) p d p}t r ( fit + ) (cos 9} - cos fl)K-}

(Re p>)
r(v -- p + })r('} + p, + 1}(cosos2x(cos 0) sin]

_1(sin $)-N`( .[(+)()]
r(g)J (cos.sCo 97)
.
(Re IA>)
((coscos+(cossin+)
_1/2 (an #)P1l_ ccs[(+)(f]dp
r+J
(Re #<)
;";F;,` (cos #)Q,'`. icon

_r(v +,a + 1) (sin #)0' 2-Hfsin$ 6` V' d p
r(+1)r(;,+}) J (cossin 0 C03 y
0
(Re (p+)>., i.0<<;

(1Oy%dt
*'r(:)=
(so ._ 1 r1rfr(#+*)_1
.. . . .. .. . . ..
+s: --1)
(lie 1A>}arg;<)
W (Z)
8''j" 2-") ray -f- + 1)Nu +Dr(v - f 1)(;p1} (sin 4)2 } dIz fzs -1(lo
(Re()>1;}arg (z1)}<)
(+I) .;r%of p t d1
(x)= r(+
.-~
1J(:+1t)r+1
0
(Re(+1A)>1, v+12, _ft .

;!arg(:1)l<n)
6
6 hericaal harmonics
() .1.. p'1 v+P+ I)(} + 11 (I

(Re(++1)>0, Re>1,!arg (z1)}<
(+)rtp -f- i) (s= --1.r-'- 1
+1).rX)eat -1
[f } 1r . 1LCoyx.I . A /d ! .1, r . 1LJ
\s I.J(c"1 s)r'7g j
(Re p>ie(+A+1)>0;!GTig(:1)I<
1r(s+p+1) sin'` $
r(+1`r(N+)

(Re(+p+1)>0, Re(p+1)>0. Rep>*).
--- A ' - a nr_r
.*ul
l t
.IJ J
ro+p+1)sine 0
P; (CQS }) r(v--p1) r(})
grt} }` t giftst
..Jo(0+sin $!$)r+06.(Cos 9isin}t+1 .. J

X ----
J
(Re(1A+1)>Re p>)
arjo
(SS1)0`2'' ' (St" :t t)!+dt
r()==
()r(+!} (;+$)IS*V.i
(Re>1,}arg (z1){<Re(+1).>0, Rer)>0)
r(,}+b (S21f /t rSol (v+ I) t d t

;r(k1 a r(+Y)()
O
J(x+}Oi t} " K
(2e:>1 , I aTg (xI)l< Re++1)>., Re)>o)
n_l'(2 p + l) " (sin #)#fd'"' d t

%LAM) (p+v+1) (pk--V)J(1-f- Q t cm f -{- t % 0
(Re+1)>0Re (itv)>0)
2
PV-"(CM
r(v -f- 0 -}- 1)u
c0<<r2;Re (u++>0)
r.0}1.&@ici1.. i.
..~~~..-

P;" (Cos
sinCos+a2]K, .)rdI
1
::
++1)
(o<<Re(+is+1)>o)
r(z)
q (;s -1 r121'Lu+v+ 1) r(,Kv+r-}
u-r)
(Re:>0Re++1)>.}0Re (ar)>o)
f)Some integrals involving spherical harmonics.
:/r-!2} 1
a-s1)Pw $;" (t) dt
(Rez>0Re p>1)
2(9+)(:+)
.
JJ
_is s
.
K,, (t) K, (s)=R (S 1)'I= "-114 e-*-

yr+)(:},)J1 v+ "s
(toreal and positive)
.11..J
0. (_) (_0dt=r4l) e+Pj9,("I1)#l?. Q-M (1)
11real.and>1Re p>0Re(0+1)>o)
r()r()
(Cos(sin- r (A+ F+ 1t 2lArS )(tp-f-vk 2+;)(s
(Re (AA>o)
I
C
P, (x) d x ,(Cos $)
1
r.sin
ix(x)(V-- ) v +- ) [sink P, (cos8)+Cos # P, (Cos #)]
e.
g) The addition theorem.

P, (Cos # Cos #'+sin $ sin $' cos
P, (COs)P, (COS V):;.(CosP; COS V) COSMT .1
ao
P, (CosP,, (COSY) .1r(v- ",+ 1)l'( m -x-1)(CosP; (COs B) COs

(0;5 f<0;5 0<+tly<;9 real),
0 ....
(cos $ cos 0+0 sin- 0' cos

=Pv (ON 0) ov (cos 0)+2 E1) '" P;'" (cos $')(cos $) cos9
..I
(0<<<<<+<real),
t, (_rCOs IP)

$V (x) *,()+211.$ v*I W Wo M Cos.91

.I
Re z>0, Re>0On (z1)i<I UT (C1)}<

(t t--. 1 t' -- 1 Cos w)
vv (t') o (t)+21)Qy (t) V'' fit.) cos91
.I
(t' real., 1<t'<t;+I2e7,. .;4p real )'
(;+PV1 };o
vv.l _(rn--n--i)f(W6'+n)i
..1
c (t T) Qt.rr) e-mar
(T'z', a real and positive)

p111cos 0 cos lysin }0 sirs t9' cos qrj
P,,(cos $) P}, ('COs Y)+
.
(1+
2 I),. .-
II+)
Fw'"(cos t9) P,;' (cos ty) cos m P
(0<e<10<;ip real)
h)Theorems almut zeros. P,;" (cos $) as a. function ofhas, for

rvalues of p(I infinitely many zeros which all are real and simple;
with.we also have01 as a zero.
Va (t) has no zeros for real values of t>1 whenand,u are real and
S 0 or whenand ,u are integers. Whenand p are real but p>0
en (t) has no zeros or one for>1its the case p>according
n
)and s*In Ahave the same or opposite sign; in the case
05f:
there is no zero or one, according as the next integer less than p
even or odd.
(t) has no zeros for real values of t>1 ifand P are real,
>and+IU+1>0
When a means one of the numbers 12, 3 then 0has no
aeros .for!arg (z1)}<;QA (cos $) has forOilva
exactly+1 zeros in the interval 0.
.General spherical Earmonics 71
'h+(z) has infinitely many zeros when A is real for real values of
x>1 and no further zeros.
Inequalities: Whenand p are;eaI and11>o,
Y0, then:
!:(cos1r(rA:( -- 8l ro+1) (vxsin$ .-

/(sinY`
2n\i/s 1
}f(cos 6)!< r(rf #+1) (
r(v+1\ r sin 4 j (sin $
I(Cos e) 1<roimro +(4) 'Isr lv n Sin 0 (sin $)}

!$, C r (} "` -}-1) . xr (V 1) v sin $)tl (sin #)I*.
i)Asymptotic behavior for large values of ( v.Considered as a
function ofand 1u(cos $) is an entire transcendental function.
For real values of p acid for }1}:}}arg!<we
have rtI .
I!+A ~;~-r _A.
2(+,.}+1) L/ J
(cos 0) [1+0 (Y-1) I
(+!) z sia
( > 0,}}.
-/
For real values ofand # and1A we have in particular:
Or(Cos $)= " }2C n sit: $ Cos(+)a- +pX2(e1:)

(COs }ysin$ Cos(+)0+ 44
+e!J+0
1\
. >0
B .
e
These formulas are the first terms of asymptotic expansions which

for X6<<5X6 are also valid for
.
even are convergent series anc
complex values ofand p. The formulas are:

Go
r(r+/A+1) +):()
(cos)
J(+) l"0
(+):11
X
_rt21+IA (21+1) X MI
COS I e I
L\ z 4 f
x
sin #)i-+W
(++1 23;+;Convergence for
_._b
<<;
.~ asymptotic expansicn for.!10 1I yi
as 1cng asp are
real and positive andc>.}).
r(+9+1) (+:

Q AA /vkCOS 0)== r (v+;)
(1)
(v+!):I!

10
21+ 1\.(21+1)n.Anl
X
COs
1|!J .

2
p--I- A 1
/z
(2 sin #)r+%
(+ y+123 3252 71 ;Convergence for

_5
<17<.:aSVnlntotlc ewanslon for}iv}}At{
b0-/1 !v!1as long as
v, tL ru'al and positive aad!!9 '$ <>0)
When 0 is so close to 0 orthat vO or(0) respecti-ely no
longer is lar;re compared to I theii these asymptotic forlnolas fail;for
IT1 husitie values ofand for real \,alues of ja0have however
the fol owin; asymptotic expansionusable for v }> I and for small
values of 0;
fL2/(.-2cos:loos)
.
rjjU.l (1,)
+:()+1 N+3( )] 2!

J ,. N+sin
-
S n
2 LZ
where 71(2v+1)su 2In particular we have, then,

1

v"` PT(COS)(
(real aiid Z 0real and0).
Approximations to those values of v, for which with a given value

of $ the equation P,,' (COS O)0 holds are given for small val[of
0 by the formula
2
r. 1 . 1 1. L 0
Sns
2/_ ___/
1 r_._I ;, .
v+ I !I .~..-..-eel T v 1 Jal
22 sin 12
0\ j\
I
where 1A, i s an arbitrary zero of Jr,. (it real:id z 0) \;,hick is dif erent
f rOm zero.When $ is close to n. we have correspondingly
r (2 ,u+k+1)In012 jc
v k}
r)r+I)ro+I)\K?/
(p>0k==0I2)
1
r
1 Z\
2 In I
/
==0k=`}JI2)
..General spherical harmonics 73
The behavior of(}1(s) for large values of}{and real posi-

tive values of:> fol ows from the formulas:
2
:(90=2}` r r(-- r - }) (Sin a) ris) (ass } 1)ot+%

.\(P++2'3 1$ " 1-si.+
+) e(`++.
r(IP+I) (Co s
1.1 1
X:(1A+ ;v;1 .!.IJ
(+;real and>In 2).
M(%oa)= fn r(v + # + 1) *-(P+vil).1 r v+f) (1-*-ss)P*g-. (oc)p

S_1\
X:(++; ~A;--
z1.. /
(+P+1+012,;real and>la 2) ,
k)Supplements:
P, A (COS 0) P; 11 (COs 01)
airy v xA r 1 . l . ,} P;1tcos #,(CO6 0'1

Lrnsj
1
(r,1, p real, App.,.}:<<

1
sin Ax 4 N% s=o(- 4+1 )(COS

l<J<;p realIs0)
- P N x) I f 1}, Kat r (p + i) k1 + x
m(.a + 1)'m x!w}l++(+(-_I
(+0,1;Re p>1).
apv (Cos f)at LO(co, t) a

{aP;i (oft_:cotg s}(COS 12)
8 P; 1 (}os "1av:1"+In (CM 12 ) .
74 :Jerical harmonics
'6 Conical functions.

If in the dif erential equation(1)' 1 for the spherical har-
momcs we set
=+
where I is a real parameter then we obtain the dif erential equation of

the so-called "conical functions". They are special spherical harmonics,
and their rties fol ow from the theorems and formulas ofg5.
Prope
However, the co nical functions
P-%+(x)Q-%+iA(X)
play an independent part; their most important properties are:

.+Is_:_. (4 I'+11 (41S+39) .
P_%+:(COs) 1-MmL~
. 24
5.R.

is real; we have:
P-%+(x)P-a(_)

P-(COS $)= x du
J..T,.)
Q-%:Fix(cos 0)
!
P-x+cos $)=
[Q-%+(cos tip+QL(Cos 0)l
Pw1i+ix(cos 0 cos 9'+sin $ sin O' cos op)

=P}K+;(cos #)P_K+(cos t9')+
._1) ". p..va{:(.$) P``YA+(cos $) cos
rd/--r
- r1rv1.lx m1\z1
=w l (As+I As1' An--o -1 1
\1%I1
(o<<<<.}<r+$'<X)
.
P -16+iCOs 0 COs liran $ sin 0 cos q})

=P-v,+;:rosP-x+(cos f)+
1)'" p+ i:.r%+d:(.)
+: =l
(As+}) (as+:).((A2 + C-7-1)2)
(o<<<+LJ<
1
7.T.funrdc.ns 75
Q-%+:(COs 0 COs l$'+$ sin #cos

=P.%+(cos $')%+cl (Cos $)+
1)"I%+:(Cos #')+:(Cos #) Cole
+: =1
(As+T "j7+1).((A 2+(2 m -2 1 )2)
(0<<<+Y<n1.
al
'7 Tortua functions.
We designate as totus functions the solutions of the dif erential

equation
! Z
+s
I.
6.ni
'"' ) 0.
These are special spherical harmonics; in particular we can put in for

the functions
(f0" % (Wof)
The general formulas of ' a simp)in a number of cases for these

functions; the most important results are given in what fol ows:
:%t90f =l'(x + + }) (sinr n

r(+D20rim+W (+.).%
1),;
1(+) .

.yl +6ilt)
O
C-%(Uf)(1),n r(s+
rc+}) t
;r(x +'n + j) j (fror(n + 1) f%

C-% (UTJ)" 2or(m+m+f)fr(a +
x 2F1(i++.+i;+1;a-2)
(9012-0r( + 1) (})-c-(w+
x SFI (i+n+no I+m;2m+1;1e-).
76 horicsl harmonics
The asymptotic behavior of!)for large values of.fol-

tows from the form ula:
rw oo%
T(Wof 10 x
r(x+4;
91
x (8 l(K + i) In (4SF, (It+;+:+A+8]

where
(1q);+ i (*- }) c_ s} + j - j (x -J) (*- a_1(x-1) 1.2(x--1)(m--Z)++

}- W`-, (0; 2(n-l)
.1J1 11:
0o
r(1+)(+1+
_r (x -}- (+t+1)(1+ . .1t+:1+:.+)C--2(.+)
where for r = -i;2k?we define
I1 1.I1
r
-
. . s:

r-j
!}}pper}ai apper}aia to the Fourth Chapter:The functions

of Gegenbauer.
If we expand the function'
12+lo)-XCO (9) 0
,.-o
in a series of increasing powers ofthen the coefficients C" (t) of this

series(for arbitrary r) are polynomials inwhich are .called "Gegen-
bauer functions"; they are closely related to the Legendre polynomials
with which they became identical when=;as functions of t they
are solutions of the special hypergeometric dif erential equation
_:(+I)t_a.+J)._
YyA --~y
and therefore can be expressed by the hypergeometric series:
C'(r (s + 2v) ,F1 (}1'IU -l- I)1'(2 v)+2v;+t2;1-}8

Compare ' h the last formula of Chap. I . ' 1.
8. The functions of Gegenbauer
They resemble the spherical harmonics in having an a}.}

theorem:
C;, (Cos VP cos $+sin V sin 0 cos

r(21) VI) I tr+Of
1
1r (V)F r(2++)
1-0
x (2+211 sin;qj {cosC)(cq05q}--(cos

(real;+);
for0vehave
CO..
> T(v)(cos .re=l3,)

(cos Z.
In2;+a'w. .1
Recursion.la':o
to+2)+:(tj2) C;,+2(++1)tw+:(t)(c2+)q)
C" (1)+ Ift Cox' }I (9)C 4 1MV-2 M]
+2 v) Ca (t)2[CSP'*" Mt CV, (t))
CA (t)==(1+2)s CS-1(t)2(1tE) Ca-20)
d C'(0_0_.:
di=2}+C-a}()
+
r sing' fl(cos 0) C; (Cosd$
!J..
O*-1(+)I IF (V)P
T(2.)
for is}}am
Special cases: For integer values of 1=.} I2
1P() t1t:01! 21
colt'/$ (9) (211) (213)31 d t'
111.~~
I
.
Relations to the cylindricalnctiom:

(cos2''.I'(v + J) ,'(j) r(2v + x)x f 1' (2 r).1, t=}d'

(Re>;=..12)

~IV-,K (z ssin(COSsinr+ .. .
2.-g .n

r sin'99 Cs (COs1+(x)
(Re v>}!<0, 1, 2:
78 Orthogonal polynomials
Sulnients:
-r
CMr },} -` (t + -- l. cos w)w sins"- 0
__._l2+
.)J1_
2" TlA- ` W,12 + 1t dP,(1M.+J

L t!"1) L-AJ

sinn+.1
C IS (COS fl) n ;:(;)(2 v).
C2_.1)w I'(' + fl):}'i (1'(r) x t +;0)
_.or (v++1)_.__.___
C2 +:(t)
2-:.
-r(v) n t_.' .
1
C;, (t) = 2" r (v + x)a t r(r)IFl(x2 2
1
(cos fl)Ca=
q -o
cos (pq)
+..
dkd xke)") c o.-*P (1) ,293

Jim V-xft C012))1T*! +I
FC,2 (t)f r). 11 20 n 1: y" 1d% F4 , d t"

\2.
-1
where F (t) means a(+1) times continuously dif erentiable function
Chapter V
Orthogonal polynomials.
9l-: Tschebyscheff polynomials.
The Tschebyscheff polynomials of the first kind T. (x) and second
kind U()are defined by:
T. (x)==cos(cos x)==a [(x+}1 -- x2)%+(0 - x=)"]
(x) _- sinarc cos x)[(z+}l, - x:)w -(0 - zS)w)
For the Legendre polynomials see Chap. IV,2; for the orthogonal Gegenbauer
polynomials cf. the appendix to Chap. IV.
' 1. Tschebyscheff polynomials 79
TS (.IT)z6(;)ZO-=x:)+(:)x=)'(;)X16-4xs)a+.
U,.X-)=flk 1131}-
1'- x'(A: ::(1:)+f::(1:_)_1.
51 . -J
Thus:
To (x)1, Ua (x)0,
T, (x)x, U11x)J1 -- x:,
T= (x)=2 x21, Us (x)ff -x=2x,
T,().= 4 z3x) Us (x)=V1 - x= [4 x1),
T, (x)=8X"8 x=+1Ut (x)=rx' [8,04 x]
Ti (x)=16 X'S20 x'+5 XI Ue (x)=z' [lSx}12x=+I].
TTO(1)1Us(1)==0
T(1)=(1)", U(1)==o,
T= (0)('-)" I USS (o) -= o,
T! *+l (o) = 04 U2 *+1 (o)(1)
The T. (x) and U (x) are linearly independent solutionp of the dif er-
ential equation:
(1x:)x Y,+n= y=0.
Recursion formulas:
TO+1(:)2TOW+T.-, (x) 0
U4+, (X)2 z U (x)+US--1 (x) .},.
Often one also defines as I'schebyscheff polynomial of the second kind

the expression
Us (x)sin Ra -f-1) arc cos x] U,wi (x)
1XS 11
It satisfies the dif erential equation

(13xy'++2) y0.
The Uw (x) and()may also be represented as fol ows:
To (x) 1)"._
- ,-!1S=IR---1=
1 1KJ.OalaxW
+1)(1)-
U*i (x) 1.3 a. ,A dPI9. -JL l , j-.; (Ix2)M+y.
...-
Orthogonal polynomials
As representationa hypergeometric series, we have:

T (x) = F 4k;:
The zeros of the()and U.()are all real and mutually distinct
and lie within the interval from1 to+1.
The endpoints of the interval1 are zeros of(x)
Representation of the ?'()anti UK(.)by generating funetions:
It!
12tx+t:. ==T (x) to; e2 for:8
1 I
12tx+rs
Us+, (x) t"
fl-: --Xi 0
Oi-thogonaity reintions:
+Z
T'., (X) T. (x)Y 1 --X2 for at+
01t
I
=+0
OOfr 0
U, (x) U. (x)
fJ-l for+ft
dx=0
Ix'
.0 forfor
}}.
=0
92. Hermite polynomials.

The Hermite palynomials Ha (x) are defined:
(x)(1)0-01}
He a (x)z"(02)ZO++ IA3(;)zo3(-.+
thtis:
He* (s) = 1. Ha: (xxs3;
:(x1 HOAX) 6+3
Hci (x)==x:1 Ha, 10+15x
1):)I
Ha=(0) ! ;He-,(00
The Hermite polynomialsHa,()satisfy the dif erential equation:

Yff:+,}
2. -Hermits polynomials 81
Recursion formulae:
He.+:(x) = x He.He;, (x)

;He!* (x)He:(x).
He,+i (x) = x Hen (x)He:(x)
One often defines as Hermite polynomials the expression
or
Hen (x) 2"A He. (Z
(x)= (e;= d" (e-0)d x%.

The He.()satisfy the dif erential equation:
y"2xy'2y}..
For the He. (x) the fol owing recursion formulas hold:
He;, (x) 2He.-, (x)
r+122:(x)0.
The zeros of the Hermite polynomials are all real and simple.
Representation by a generating function:
:-t!/He. (z) j . U
From this fol ows e.g., for=or =i and addition and sub-
traction respectively
I~.
}o} x
jHe,02A(2 njsO0
1r2
F2,EHe0:(x)
correspondingly for t=# andf2 respectively
t cos (x
E(0).He=2"(2 *P;

sin (x }2)f2-f2-:).He2%+1 (z) (+1)!
Integral representation of ft,(.

+.
He,, (x)+I)w ,Y
Orthogonal polynosni
Re presentation hyperaoometric series

_(1).()1l_.1.x=\
He,( ._ 1r l2J
(_ 1).M+01
He=,+, (x) ! :IF,(; 3.2 )2
{jmen(!of1_s1
We have: i
x real>0.
L;
Addition theorem for the Hermite polynomials:
+)x/Q
He(ai xI f . . . a" X11)He yaI+. . -.4-69

..1
_. He, (x1) . He, (x
01+ ...
Thus, e.g.,
(x+r.)He.. (x n2 Ha (y y-2)

J He. (x) Hew (x) e--r=1= for

F2 x for m = n.
Henaiite functions of the second kind:
The dif erential equation
xy+y0
has besidesthe solution=He. (x) stil another solution, denoted
by he, (x}
he: (x) IF I ( Zi 1;;X=2 '
!+a,,+, (z) )w+11F1(12;21, 2
W'}`
k:w (0)}.0;hes.:(o) l)*+i.!r.
The functions of the second kind do not reduce to polynomials, but are
e series.
The recursion formulas for the h eare the same as those for
Me,(
Relations between theHoand he:
.K17011, (x)(x.!
Ira,. (S) hem-1 (x)HOW., W(x).1)!es",2:1)
for.0:
(x)
C0*12; he, (x) =_ fe"(.T'; -1; 0
3. Jacobi polynomials 83
3.Jacobi Poly nonaials.

The hypergeometric poiynomials of Jacobi are defined by:
all(y, x) =F+n,y;x
anYx)
ae(y, z)

(Y, 0}I
a,y, x)=..Ia
c-Cis(y, x)
+2Y+ 2) -(a + 43) x}Y %" Y -f- Z )
:(Y)
33 }a + 4}. tY (Y + 1) '}- (+3)(+4)(+5)_
7(y+ 1)(y+ 2)
Allzeros of the' Jacobi polynomial are dif erent from one another and
lie in the interval 0xI if.y. are real and+I>V>0.
The a.(Y)satisfy :he dif erential equation:
x (Ix) Y P.+[r(+1) z)+(+n) Y=0.
SpecialThe Legendre polynomials P. (x);the Tscheby-
sche$ polynomials(x) and the Gegenbauer polynomials C;()are
special cases of the lacobi polynomials, for we have:
(;1,)F(+
1x
P (x) 2
l. I I
l - x)
Tn (x) kut 2 2 )- F( ;
2' 2 I
)(2 v)In}n!(2 _I__' +X)

_
lx) v+
22 I
_(2 })x!(+;}' + 1 . I +x2' 2 ).

Orthogonality relationsf
I
:(1x)01-r.. %_ d x =- 0.
-..
0
for m+
.
r)r(+IY)( Il1
.O
xr-'- (Ix)" jfw an dx h () +
)() 2 T,
for m= and Re(>0; Re(Y)>1.
6'}
84 0tonal polynomials
94. Lagn ierre polynomials.

The Laguerreynomials(x) are defined
.
: tx1.d x* (C": xo,") ;
DO4_}} n.nat)( -- x)kk Jk !.0
For the special case--- 0 we have
L (x)(+(;)(;)
:)1 L2 (x+3Tx
Li (x1x L, (z4;+
L: (x2x+

Ls (x5z+5xX3+b34- 1
(x)=1; L (0)1".(=1= (;)n1

The V },a) (x) satisfy the dif erential equation:
x Y '++t)+ny =0.
Recursion formulas:
)(:)==(;+2+1)L},(x1)LO)(+1) va)5(:);
=23n.
e zeros
of the Laguerre poylnomials(x) arereal, positive and
simple.
Representation of L,, 0`)()by bypergeometrie series:
L; a) (x)i )wiFl;+1;x).
Representation of}(x) by a generating function:
s- s:/(1)
(11)4+ 1 (x) !t}<1
Connection with the Hermite polynomials:

HC=(x) t-L(s)()
Ha=+:(x) x V%) (022)".
4. Laguwfa polynomials 85
Connection with the Bessel funetions:
00`) (})fr("+I+u 0`) >1
for a-0'
L (x)x!jo(2f T,).
Sum formulas:
1+(Lt(:)L:(x)):=a=
.1

(1+t)L L)()to 0
}}<1
c
U
,l L (x) dx=LA()Lw+:()
CO
Z f,r L (x) dx]es1

00
0
L(a) (x(a --p+k)}%e}'}t(x)k=0

}Lta}K(:)]
(x):(y} = r ( I + a + x )x!Lrk*'4(s + Y) (z y),*(1 + a -}- it) k ! t-"u
(1+t)= c-L}a-A1(x}4E. }I}<1
Addition theorems for the Laguerre polynomials:

++(XI+x:+.xk)=
(+
/
co
(Z 1) L (ti) (x s)L f%)(xk) $
.L(w) (xy)}\kLta+a(x).
e--C xat.L(.a) (x)(x) d x0 for m+
+) for mx
Sonine Polynomials: In close connection with the Laguerrey

nomials are the Sonine polynomials(x)given:
(1).
, (x) r(a++1)
L})(:)
The confluent burp.S14 0AIM-1am its spedal Cam
We have for these:
<!!%;and+1 a positive integer; x>0.

Further formulas for the Laguerre polynomials can be found in
Chap. VI., ' 4 and Chap. VII .62.
Chapter VI.
The confluent hypergeemetric function

and its special cases.
91.K inner f unetions.
The confluent hypergeomefr:c function arises from the solution
a Riemann dif erential eauation
0
P
!. .. . 00 .. . . ..
+F

x;
'x

by going to the limit c --)0. 00;it depends on two parameters x and p and
in general is defined as a solution * of the dif erential eouation
ds u.1fM'_.o.
(1) I++(+10:
d s\ss=/v
it can be represented as a linear combination of the functions
)
;+e-À(i+1A; 2 pct1 ;
:%e'"2 2F,P;2+1 ;z)
:a(+1)s=:
(x)F:(a;;s).1 .1:
.
.is,
is calledKummer f uncticn; it frequently is also designated as the

ooo}uent hypergeometric function'- and#W 'the Kummer di$eren-
d=a_
xkcs) d i1 0'
s-'/S e"b,gwnwscyfiuzction of~With

. ..1
-
.IL801ainake-Emde, where IF,Writ en
1. Knrnawr function
it is an entire function of z. The diiferential equation(4)has two linearly

independent solutions v ,and U, ,which have a simple beha,%rior at;=o,
viz,(for c+o, L-2.).
0i(:):Fi (a;;2) 37 (a).

o {`)"
0VI (Y)==21-CIF,(+1;2;:)
and two linearly independent solutionsand,which at:=oo have
a simple asymptotic(semi-convergent)expansion, namely;
:('570S)w (a G + 1w.0 A:
.:
"0

00v:(:)(c -- a),(I " a),:

~-.
MO
I<ar$<_13
these are related to vi andby the relations
0
.
r() (C)
1
Ca) Ur(a)1
r(2 l'(2c)
OU. 0-z(C+1)
F-- )-t8 -ra -C+1L'=
8<arg:<2n).
Elementary traorniations and recursion formulas:
__
dsll' 1(;;)1F,(+1:+1;z)
,F, (a;2;l:) as OF,(+;
24-% e-s x (.r-%)hj ,r(a+J) es z%-*' is;, (zos,9r)
1F, (a;C;I) ex:Fl (c;;x)
aA+1;C+1; =(aC) IF, (a;+1;x)+IF, (a;;r
a 1F,(+1;C;a) (:+2ac): F,(;C; Z)+
((CA1;;z)
1
1n"
r (c) Y P 1(a ;;=
s +I1}(00 .f, 1)! 1 (a+++
(+.12
Integral representations; s
_.._r(c) -7_. r_._._.._ - An -..

1,91l'ts) }c -- s)- CW f'- au1WI-W- 4 a t
(0<Re<Re c)
O 6 The confluent hypergeometric function and its special cases
+I
ehl;)(;+)
r (c).-2
,F, (a;c;:)
I
(0<Re a<Re c)
r+v+ P
r( ac+1)
-- IFi(;+1; z) a12YJe-' t" fm (z Vz-1)
1
{Re(++)>} arg
21
Further results are contained in the formulas of ' 2 and of Chap.

I I' 2.Also compare j 4a in this connection.
2.WI-i t aker functions

It we introduce the function W=ell/2into the dif erential equa-
tion(1)of ; 1we get a dif erential equation for Wwhich does not
dW.
invo}ve- . 1.e.

(5)
d2 W_/1.I1'a 1:. n
az2 -T.Z3J_V.
For tilts dif erential equationthe f unctioos

MM,( s z"-4-% e-z12 IF, (u+1; 2,u+1;:)
M( :+=1&P IF,(x;2+1;z)
constitute
a system of linearly independei)t solutions, provided 2 y+0
12 .3,In order to obtain solutions also for 2/u =1,
23, one may introduce the functions
:e2
iv()==()M(z) I'(2} + Y 1 IF, (JA+;2,u+1;
which remain defined also for 2p123 since for

1A=.and==123

r /12
. -z

9x)
NM%(:)= LPL x,%(:)
r
.
__x
9. 2 )
then:% (z) becomes:sol:tion of(5)v}7hich is defined for all
values of p. Or, on the other- hand, one .can introduce the functions
(2:_r(2p)
W,() x)tip! )Mx(:};
these are called " Whit aker functioriW' and tend toward solutions of
l 1141p
annroaches one of the numbers 01 4- 2A-wx,(Z)
2. Whit aker functions OO n
and W_(z) are in every case linearly independent solutions of

(5);we have always
WX,(Z)WX()
The functions N,(Z)mm"(Z)WX9(:)area in general many-val-
ued functions of;with:0 as branch-points and soo as essential
singularity;iri what fol ows, we shall consider them only outside the
negative real axis, i.e., for}arg}<
The Whit aker functions are normed iI1stlc hsuch a nstlcnaway that they possess
a simply asymptotic(semi-convergent) expansion at x00.For we
have in every angular sector}arg z}a, a>0:
W )e-:1+LU = - (x [;I'(x -- V_.[112 -- (x -- f!.

. .
.1
Etementanj relations and traormatlons:

Mx.(Y) e-(+%)(z)
Nx,(:e) ofN-x,()
:%et12 tilt
MR*+(=) =(2 p -}- 1). d s"(+C-)
(}}.1.2 ;2 }} +123..
met(z) %OF,(; +;)

(2) r(2 it):
W-K .w(:).= (+) (+ rII+)
[ iar8(:)I<;2/s+01
RecuMon formulas:
wo,ft (x)=;%TV%(Z)+(+P) TV ft -1 to#(:).
=:%Wx-%,#+K (s)+(P) wx-,,#()
:Woo(:)(:)W x.Al(:[t"()1 wo-i,k (x)"t
(+)(x) --=wx, Ax)] (la++x)
[(r+)W:+dW x, iw+l (_) + x d Wc=}1+

...._d.
+.J,+/")+x+P) t w a(z)x (Z+214+1)W x+l.+:(z)+
+U+:):+2#2+2+]w++:(
90 The confluent hyper }}osn}tt-a'. function and its sped.
8ehnviar fur iorRe values of Re We have for Re. x}Pw lwhen

Re:!;1}P}and when Re:>0'
_
r(2 1A+1)cos (2Pr).
.rx
Integral representations.
SP+e 8.
W x,(t) . ... . .. ..-.-. . . . . . . .
e-- =T tox}%(1'+Yip+%dT
(+).
(z+ \,.7
[Re fl++i)>ID. I erg= I<]

+
!.

r(s)-(Sr:+)rS+P+) es
wx.(_) 2x= r(++)+)
.
in this integral repre eentat:on of Bames the path of integration is to be

chosen so as to separate the poles of r (s)from -LO-hees of
P(14+U and I'(+JA+1)
()2e-( :)
(Re x<1 A+d12,..
1'(2)I'(2142x+I)
1' (2 ju+I) ()

6-(t")n (t=) 4 x-ZMMa(T)

_'r(,u+1) c-:x) xA 2sK) in+ e-02 f(Is)I MS
('2`)
[t real and NsitiveRe (fitx)>}. Re>o) .
Compare with this ' 1. and ' 4a;f urther integral representations are
contained in the results of Chap. VII ., ' 2.
Formulas for the product of two Pll.it aicer functions:
22 [(IAx)
(Sin 1) sin
JJ .. ...
.I z I
W M, $4 (x) w-,, (x)'it 11 t

_!I
v
+Nil,. (x Sin f) cos [(.cc) ..J
(!Re pRe<I;:real and positive)

3. Parabolic cyllndor functions 91
.
2
Wx.0 (iz) WDS,()= Rsk(xn:)di
+)I'()
(I:}x2;I Rep I+Re<)

w:)()=(; ;)P+ a s-% (x+r) tri1 91 + } t-(x}-
1R)J
0(t+%+K
x sF, Qx+A+#; IxA;, 8) dt

where
In__+t+).
..-.
)
:+0, C+Q,.!arg z!<}arg C!<
Re (IA)>o,
W(x) Wk
m
!'(1 -- x - ,i)1'(- 2 p)r(f -x--p) %-A--A
+At +A
x -o
-~-r1.
1
++(+
.
1'(!xA)1"(2 p)
+ x-+.x.+I. .x A.r I 11-!
auto.-
x Wrr+1+p(1)
rgr<;ate(+x) >o;+`]+1,2,3 ;2p+0I,2,.
A rnultivi catitm theorem for e- 4$ N.. . (s):

.01-
rNU.x) 0(x +0 +4).(1a:ts0!a)"

0 SijV1()
'3 Parabolic cylinder functions.
The functions
___
D,;--W+k
__(t) I_\. 3
1
.
y-r -.1 f I . ,Y% i
Lr\=-)

r `' ;;
.. IJ
are called the "Pa.-abol is cylinder functions."
They are entire functions of;the di$erentW equatioa
dewZi+(+im
92 The confluent hyparseo}tric function and-pedal cam
has the solutions
= D. (2)D,(:)D_:()p:i Z)
which are connectedthe linear relations:
D,:(di"M D-sF-1+e- i r.-i/$

D, (-)+D_,-1(:)
D, :)++D_(-:)
The initial values of D,, (s) are:
n. cm;Dr (0) _r(

_V2
1
I1. "}!
I
Recursionorrnlas.
D.+i (;)s D, (s)+D,:(Z) ., i.
d~____
Ur (Z)+x11z)1J,,-)-.. 0
d
a D, (z)z D, (Y)+D.+, (t)=0.
For large values of }(!1ix.!})have asymptotic
expansions for D,
1_:9/4(1)1)2)3)\
d,(z)e-, z'1+,j---
--2z2.442)
-- %F-: 1}
for!arg z}<
D}}(z).:(Iv (f - 1)+v (v -- 1) (}.-2)./iv - 3)
-J______ (+1)(+) :(+1)(y`}"2) (y+3) (y+4)
" .,srr -% L.r-/*z-ItL
J1 2
n A _0
..
+ . .
.
__
rorn>ax>
Dr (T)e-VA r(1)2 ;t)

'2xe- rx1'(--V) :-V4(;-f- (V+ 1) (r_1})20+ +1)(v+2)(v+2)(v+4)
2.40
. . .
.
>:>
Integral representations:
_.1__~~;__~.__
kx)r}}Ta-d}-l" j4}cof-?
[mss(1)-for<0; Re>1]
3. Parabolic cylinder functions 9J
e`!'/}
D, (z)= r) fe-2 (Re<o)
D-,-1(z z{,414) D..r. 1(z x-144)

Y g-tsj.( fsI'(r+ 1) JP+%-(2)
(Re v>1)
D, (x) D:()
! 1
sin (x$ Sin t+)
_.
Gin t
0
(real, Re<0)
D, (z 044) D,:6-{44) G}.'l)Jt. F(-./ eize

nt

(Iz!<x4;Re<o)
2-(.1)/2 _.
022/2 D--- *-I(l+t) x]= 1~_.d
. 0 (1+12),+v/2
r
r~2)

(Re>1;Re i xs z 0)
2(P+1)12fer -) I(t .+ 1)(v--1)/2---d t1)-1 +vmtl -

(Re<0;Rex=0)
r()evx{/. 2-4t-t e'ssf (D,, [(1+i):]+D,[(1)=1
i cose - ,OWA j-*-1

(x real;1<Re<0).
Supplements:.
For integer values of0, 12,the functionsD. Ware the
Hermite orthogonal functions(cf. Chap. V., ' 2):
DA (I)%d'sddzeHen(.
Furthermore
D., (z)=
Rs{(4)1
D-:
eqj4r-!2}{!(z )l -V2}-0}0}
The --confluent hypargeomtric function and its speciau cases
The functions
A()D ;i+{x)[(1+)x]
satisfy the aif erential equation

d2Ad Xs+(Z a+
I'he function==e-101" D, (z) satisfies the dif erential equation
...-
d zsz(V+1)==U.
Vie have
ars .1
r t' Dr+lt2--(,+sw r(+1) sin.---
.
(Re>z).
theorem:
Drx+b y) .
).I(foi -+}bs(pY) b
(abYreal and positive>b)
94. Survey of the Special cases of the confluent hypergeo-

metric functions.
a)The Laguerl-e functions. The function

.+1
(+2)
L;O (z)= r(a+t) r+1)
VSOMs+i(z) .r~..r

_l'(a++1)
I'(a + 1) r(v .{- i) it 1;:;
satisfies the "Lagueffeeren*W equation"
:a }! r+(1 r (r)ds+ =,}.
The functionsare called "generalized Lraguerre fum;tiorse.- in tl}ei}r

totality they are not a special case, but are the totality of the confluent
hypergeometric tuuctions. As Laguerre fuuctions in the narrower
one designates the functionsWZ. (9);.for these there exLsb the
integral representation of Sommcrfeld:
r/A\v_-
isro +1j) 1-z).)

(Re>1).
' 4. Special~of the confluent hyper fleometsic functions 95
For==12,the f unctions L,, (z) and()respective

'are polynomials in;ci. Chap. v., ; 4.
For large. values of n one may use the fol owing series expansion for
the calci Iation of):
e-h(t)j'(a -}- x6-}. 1) JA.'(h) (' (m-ad1} aeM..o(f X-_)

(th real and positive
with
Am (b) zI" ==_ 1)

"0 (1h:+.+1
or, writ en exp}licitly,
Ain (h) :
fhI(k)(h)L-(2+vt+x+04( k")
..Q
A (1) L- (a+m++1)().
h)The parabolic cylinder function. The functions D,, (z) treated
in ' 3 may most Easily be expressed by means of the it aker functions
(cf. ' 3);for integer values of=4, 12, . . .one gets the Hermite
polynomials(see Chap. V; ' 2) from the Laguerre polynomials by
means of the relations:
LHe., (z) >

L(%)() 1)" 1- '210 a 1z He2+:(19).
)The cylindrical functions. The cylindrical functions treated in

Chter IIbe defined by
.(4.0.e-A2 ailg,r(;&+1) z#(e{xl:-v z)
wootz)exMHiUM ( g(-,/2.
For=0, l, 2 we have in particular
H:2Yx- 2
!(z;)X-% eis D-:it(2 is)
is)n !(20:)%e--L)(2:).
fx-fx-
d) The incomplete Gamma"f unction& The function

Yx)c-9 d =r(y)x(r-- 012e- x/2 W(:N2. 42 (x1

(Re>0).
96 The confluent hyper}eomaetric function and its special cases
is called "incomplete Gamma-function." According to the formulas of

2 we have for large value of x(for real positive x)
x)rM ` x.-i+O)}
For non-negative real values of x andthe fol owing formulas hold:
y)
(act x)(- )
. . . . .1.. .
f'(
for xy>0arbitrary,
erY(.x)
}-1 x j-;,a}(x) L"'} (y)a' 2 (n -f- 1) o, -ff-or x>0,a +y = 0,i Re<
)x0 Ir (a

1
(+1)
for xy = 0, Re<0.
e)The error function and the Freenel integrals. The function
(z)2 e-l' d i6firxn%e-x=/= W((x2)2xIF,(.-1;

U
is called Errornctfon' of x. We have

/ x3Ss x?
(z)
2(x1, Aat. 1;A A+
)

1:0! aJ
and by the formulas of ' 2 for large real positive values of z

;-%I_..t1.1.3 135
1t&lj2x k2 x2(2 x:): (2 x
)
If for real xwe separate the function
_1(X 2 rx) =C (x)i S (x)
into real and imaginary parts, we get the functions

C)t22 0
S: 0
which are called "Fresnel integrals."

Frequently one denotes the function
rJ
. .
4 J by Erjc().,0(is a

cawed "Kramp's function."

4. Special cases of the conauont bypeg geo nsfu lc functions 97
For large values of x we have
C (x) =+X2:+0()
(x)21 c0S X x=n x. 2+(1)
Furthermore:
_.r' r..1__1.--I Q.*,J

C() v ,.r,OIU;A

.I r._._

XXcOS 2

O(z)+1(I

J.(-X( x2+J( 2.)+I( 22) + J% (}l -V) + J10/0 X+.

(X)J412 (-Xi, XI) + J'J.(X 11+Ila. /9)
f ) t.osarithrnic4ntegral, exponential integral, slime-integral,
cosiuMntegral. The function
:dtIn t(;)%:W..)
is called "logarithmic-integral' of.The function 1i (e*), is frequently
denotedEi (x) and is called "exponential integral" of x. We have:
Ei Cib)+(Z)+
Ci Cos I +fI f -costdi i.
(CEuler's constant)
*sin t dtsin t d t.t

'Tile functions Si(and Ci (x) are call"sine-integral" a"cosine-
inegmr respectively of x. One also writes
dit.
98., Theta-functioiw. elliptic fmctiow and integrals
For large positive values of x:

_/1.1! 2 . 3!
L1tX)t Slx) ft{r ; W%2+
.-
;+
)- )
Further formulas are to be found in Chap. VII , S' l. an3 2.
Chapter VII.
Theta-functions,. elliptic functions end integrals.

61.Theta-function
Letbe a complex variable and T a parameter with positive imag-
inary part. When t is taken to be purely imaginary, one also writes
"rzxt
vihere 1 is real and positive. Furt-ber we make the abbreviations

six=dim.
The fol owing functions of the complex variableand the T:
$1 (v:)G},2(1)* eixt(*+i/2)4 sin(2+1)

=a

#3(T)2ei(+IW Co3 A l2+1)

0
(:)!+2ef.9. cos 2 x
.t
0` (Vi)1 + 2 1-1().SfX:!= cos 2

.1
are called Thetnctions; one also sets

0, (v)o,(T)
and writes when the value of = is clear,
:)()()()().
The Theta-functions are periodic functions of.with Nand $, having

the period 1,and $s the period 2. Furthermoxe, there exist the fol-
lowing relations which enable us to express a Theta-function of argu
ment+:+with arbitrary integer values ofand m again as a
'f'heta-function multiplied by an exponential factor:
l. Theh-functions 9
:+:;:(+_Y2)e4iXtj"+iXV) $A(V)
0=(v+:;#.(v+2)e-(ixr/4+'x9)
8,(v+);(V+t2)*/4+. ) 02 (V) 0
#, (v+);$o(y+_s2)e-(ix r/4+iXV):()
The zeros of the 'theta-functions are to be seen from the table
Function.:
__I1.1.tI
c.eros forXNt t n.s2.T2
ereandagain are arbitrary integers,

ife.14 are integers such thatJPy==1then the Theta-
functions "}th the argiiment and parameter value respectively
v'.=r
_T+
it++J
may again be expressedinsimple 'mannermeans of the 'Theta-
functions of argument v_ and parameter value r; this is made possible
}ne formulas of the fol owing table:
:(v:+;)Xl4:(;);#1 ( V:(:) --sT!.
:+:::;$. ( Tva)s.
:+;:;('1eV_ -is 4xq9fs #, (V.
}oIV,1)(;$ V1s " s)$_ (v , . T) .
Rom the fOROWS, e.g., that
fwewe V1+-
Q,1)8r Y}+oes M TW_1%T ` T "I V1 (t!t)
kYT+YT+al
whereis an eighth root of unity.-For 0, we obtain, after setting

T,xi and bearing in mind the definition ofthe formula
M
1 1-1__.. .
#8 (VOt)1+22xnv`_4* 1
e--wT ""
rtr49
'Theeta-functions can be rapr-lasented in a simple manner as infinite

100 Theta-functions, elliptic fuhctiom anal intWg
products; with the abbreviations introduced above, we have the for-

mules:
$1() i eq%:(192 n+: 2s) (1q$z-2)

0
Oj
t%()== 90%:(1+Qs "+s z2)(1+qt)

0
OO
3() e(I+q2 w+1 z2}(1+Qsn+1.)

=.0
( z} e f (iqt n+i:)(Iq2n+l Zr-al

=0
v%,,here we have set
(1q2) (1e2
1 1
The Thetafunctions are solutions of the partial dif erential equation

j)_a
W v=a;;
their derivatives with respect towhich a: e indicated by primed let ers
s atisf v for v=0 the relations:
101(0)(a)toy
tQ} $o (0)
:(o)
+
a .n.
po lam)
The zero-values of the Theta-functions, i.e., the numbers 1%(0;)

L12 A.) t93 (o, _) (0, 1r)are usually abbreviated by 0,020300:
analogously, one writes 191 forcoyetc. This abreviation wil be used
later.
2.The Weierstrass p. function.
Let &j and'be two(complex)numbers, the quotient ofwhich

.
:Z

is not real;we rurther assume that the imaginary part of r is positive.

A function/of the complex variableis called an elliptic function with
the periods 2 cu and 2if /()is meromorphic and doubly periodic
with the periods 2 w and 2:Le.if
. . . . .. .. . . ... . .
1(+2)==+2)==f()
A meromorphic doubly periodic function with the periods 2w, luu a

.
constantreal and inational.

Z. The.. 101
we then have for all integers n and m

1(u+2u+2m)==pa).
A special elliptic function with the periods2 wand2 au'is the Weiersts ss
io-non
t
V()= 1+ (
2.Fa1)2
where the sum on the right is to be taken "over all integer-pairs n, m

with the exception of the pair of values n==M==0. If one wants to
emphasize the dependence of go (u) on w andw;one writes ip(;22)
in place of9()
e function P(u; satisfies.the dif erential equation of the first order
P1(d p) =a} 4 (fip(u)ell [}J (u)e=) [p()1)
. }g= "- g$ ,.
where the numbers e2:Ca92are independent ofand are given
by
1 ja (W)e===6.(+w1ei = go (d)
el+e2+ 0, e, e,+e1 e.+e= ei=9:;t$s } e,et o=I GO
15 C 1 I\ 1
$s (9 .+w')" $3L (.+.).

here the sums are to be taken over all integer-pairs n, m with the excep-
Lion of ft=M=0.The numbers gs and g: are called, the variants
of F.
p W has an algebraic addition theorem:
1+!)+((+}1) (W) }s} }p(+I) -s+(w?

where u,are two arbitrary complex numbers.
The fol o, ving theorem holds:
Every elliptic function with the periods2 u3and2 wis a rational func-
tion of)and F,();it. may be writ en in the form
Rl)+d:)
where Ri and R= are rational functions.
One can express (p)and the numbers e1es03$2in terms
of the Theta-functions and their zero values. Let

Sm=0
102 Tbeta-fungi, elliptic fuacfono and integrals
Then we have(cf. the rotation and abbreviations of ' 1):
`},(o) -- e.2 ow $,t+i #i (v)3;.)

}}- esMOP2 a} o
fei -- e32 w } }*=-P392w s
;_I of #$2w- sZw 01,19
: (X)4 X)4 (I12+ns Qs It1 -- q ..1
8 4=-
6
3 ol
1 f.
218 3 1a= )
i
1 . ( 1q q" _1_
~
e}
t
:
+ t

1
14s:J
93.ejacobianelliptic3.
NOUon.ddenitioNotation and de: we set:
OD
re==If (t) $ (11

Kz) .=.K'K (-r)
The f unctions !of2 Kv:
.....fllt
a.--.
sn2K
cn;:

()
do
()
which are designated Sinus amplitudinis, Cosinus amplitudinis and
Delta ampl itunis, are elliptic functions, witSnhaving the periods
4K a2 K', cno the periodsK'and 2 K+2 i K'and dothe
periodsK and 4 i K'.7' hese "Jawbian elliptic functions" are connected

with the Weierstrass p-function(with the periods 2and 2 w') by the
relations.
._.__dns
kf cj=an x}one u
1
e.+(a:J Bus
3. Tha Jacobian elliptic functions 103
(cf. ' Z).Furthermore, one sets

e=-- ts.- .
1+:(1) .
el-`s:Vel e3k'(i( .1
.I
..
1+2eIRSx4
1
Then we have ks+k'1Very often one introduces k as parameterr

in place of r;comp ire hereto especial y ' 4. We get for!r{S1:
(k) 'l=+2\4/h+( k )S/S4+( k )13/14+

+1^0?();i_+
One calls k(:)the modt.,de, k'()the complementary module of the
functions sn.cndo.
Further- one introduces the fol owing new notation for the quotients
and re; iprocalr of the functions sn u, cndo.:
ns= ,nc= nd u :~
.n Cn do
.
n sn
SC: sd u=
Cn n
Cn Cn
Cs cd=
n dn
do is
ds m dIc JL~
3n Cn
Relations between sunc.do u; periods, zeros, poles. We

have
. .+sn=Ido: u+ks sniI.
When we increase the argumentby integer mulles of Kors K; then

scndo.change into multiples of ore abother or of the above
listed reciprocals and quotients. This may be~in detail from the
fol owing table
.+K, u+iK,*, u+K+ik', u+2K,.+2 iK', u -f- 2 K+2 W'
sncd.
~
do 9 gn
.
= a.
u, Cn. Cn Cn
dn. 9C dndo do
104 Tuft-function, auptic funstiops MW iatv -
.zeros and poles of sna, cnvs, dun are given.. . in the fol owing
table in which n and Ware arbitrary integers .Vl,z,:
Zeros Poles
2K+2!s' Jr' K
2KKK+++
++. . .
..
n
C
(Z+1) K+_2 i x'K i K'
do u .+1)K+(2 n'+1)K' KI
IMerential equation and addition theorem. We have
sn- (Isn:.)(1k2 sn=)
(cn- (1cns of.+k2 cn:)
}j (dn u) I"=(;dn'.)(kdn')
LO.J
For arbitrary values ofand w we have the addition theorems:

sn.n.do+an.vndo
sn(+w) -As sn$ u sns err
cnen.sn.doan.do.
cn.+W) =I - ks sns u sns w .
Fn.do.ks ancnan.do.
do+) Iks an'sn .
Transformation formulas:Imaginary tra ornution of Jacobi.

One can regard sncndoas functions of.and k and then
one writes sn( k)cn k)dn(k). We have:
sn(k) (j) SC(k')

cn()
1
-n(k)== nc(Y)
c A1(1. _ ks)
do(f --k 9
do(k) do.
n
Lauden's tralion: We set
I
1 1+
n
n[(1+k')ki](1+k') sn(k) cd (uk)

cn [(I+,Y)kil=nd(k)(1+sn(k) sd(k)
do [(1+W)k,]id()(1W) sa(k) sd(.k).
4. Elliptic in}s}ra:} 105
1
Gaussrmation: Let :( )
sn(k) -
+(ut -}- })
+5(usn= ( I -I+ A)
I
cn(k)
(A) do()
+(uI)
do(k) :
1,t sn=
Ì -f- })
+()
Formtdw for the reciprocal anti for the pureimaginary module:
I_1:;
sn(k)k-1 sn (kk.-I);sn(k)
.-J
.;. J
=J1 _-_-_- SO }}-f- k2
Cn.(k) = dr. (kk-1):cn(.k)
cd (a fi +k=
do(k)=cn (kk-I);do(ik)
(}l + k=
4. Elliptic integrals.
The integrals of the first kind. The inverse functions of the elliptic
functions are called "Elliptic integrals of the first kind." In accordance
with thedoubly-periodic nature of the elliptic functions, the elliptic
integrals are infinitely many-valued; for a fixed value of the variables
the infinitely many functional values dif eralinear combination of
the periods with integer coefficients.
In particular, one calls the inverse function of
7sn(
the Legenrlre normal integral of the first kind with module k;it is
The infinitely many values of(y) dif er from one another(for fixed y)
by a linear combination
4K+2.r
0Theft-tunctWes, albPtic..d3ntw
with.o'l2,:.which depends on tie choice of the

path o}f integration; if we now regard Xand Kho lor_ger as functions of r
but as functions of the moduleby setting
K (,r)K (111.)K'(=)W(k)
dien
Jo :F,L(ji
-
Kr(k)(*)
.(1
1
K(&)di%. ,., . 0916;;di1/,#A" 1. 11 + Ah

}o.-)
K(.)is calledcomplete(Legendre)elliptic normal integral of the
kind.
we have the relation of Legendre:
d. (k k,2 dK}d } dk JK
Relations between dif erent integraas of,e first kind. The in-
functions 4f the various jacobian elliptic functions are defined
the formas:
: =dl =__ds.
.r r(IM cl*' t2) JNO --'s -}-104
4
s.
di;- =(dt
J1+(1+A. .
J r(1+M (At'u+
0Jo
.
r
.(IA".Jr'x((to + OO

dt
dt
IJi
-
J T(1M (I Pti -1) %

1
.
d
ds
Jl

OO
J1) (Y)(.to+

rdtri
J.(t - k' l)JI(A-1) (I--Y'M

1 1
It is to be noted here, that the upper limits of these integrals are albe-
bsak functions of y.i.e.,
4. IUHI*c in rals 107
cn.
Y1

C
1
SC.-

1 - y'f-}

Cs.~~~-~
1--- k 8 y2 Y
cd=
t 1- ks ys.1 ys '
1
ns=- =

_.. y!
do nd a
i -- k's ys
One thus obtains from these forrQulas at the same time relations be-
tween integrals of the first kind with dif erent integrands. Further.such
relations fol ow from the forma'has which relate the Weierstrass elliptic
functions to the jacobian elliptic functions; the fol owing tables pay
special attention to the case in which the coefficients of the polynomial
X (t) are all real, and are therefore so arranged that with these all other
quantities become real, too.
Let x (a)(i)(eP) Yr);fil. r real,>>y.
We set:2=.WWiE? en
ryYr.Y
with y

r dt1_-.=~ ~
JY-x J TOM t1r em
. . .
. ..
Jdri- dl}1 -- lsj (l} --kj ~

108 Tbeb-funcaoaa,.coctiaas and integrals
.

:;: .
..:! -~
==.
J F(I(1Its tf)
|. j-
Further let X (t)==(t)(2b+c)bc real,C.b=>0
a=- 2ba -f- c,tI-}-b-oc2Hk'h'-b-f-a.Then
.H
1f dtfj wi
.rJ;rJ:r.J:.
x.+N
I
H
.
1f it9--M0.2+}'sm .+Hx
:
1dt__Ha+x
1
. I
V .
H+
.H+x
.y=.
fit i ltd(As+rs') J's -r

Further relations between real iniegrals of the first kind, which make
POSR13lereduction of these to the normal integral of the first land,
the fol owing:
Let.y, a be real constants and let>>y>a.We set
y(I)((7)(9a).
a sub3titation
yh (x)ye=h (xo)
the integral is transformed as fol ows:
wbere
___ wiks
a
1(&6)J(1--
03)
-
t
x=
F
when y, and y he, between at-and ao or y, andy lie betweenco and 3,

d
() Y (P --a7)
r;(P --)) xt
when y, andlie between .?" and.
4. Euiptic iut"ab I
Further, we have
.
~_rdi with k2a-P_

JY Vri (}=a}J ycl.t') (It .Y P-4

where
a(A+(Y3).
(x
(aY)+d) x2
when y, andlie between b and Y,

*y) --Y(a.-A Xs/. _ -.1 I- Ok . !
r
whenand y lie betweena :1d op. Here the values of xe and x lie be-
tween 0 and I.
Further let
YM.Ya) (tP) [itA'+Val

whereP.are real and>We set
w+=.(1A.+102b=.
By a substitution
Y=} (x)yh cZa
the integral is transformed as fol ows:
}} -'d` w'ith (a.
1fJj(I(I}'r9
. J-
b! . . .
.. . .
%Nere
(x
a Q A-b+1-- ace
b+(b+.)j1so
when y and y,lie betweenand o0 or between0o and ,8.

Furthermore
r: de1'_( with k= ((b):

4.b
Jy- Y }a b J I(IM (I.t

r.---r.}}}
() Mb +.asb--4P)I _x*
b+a(b)jiz=
and y and y, lie between and.
If we set x=sin.xsin..then m. andlie between
r.
and A.
If+2p we introduce 1p as a new variable and use the

formulas of p. 106.
Tea-imams;,d.d
Fiml
.[.+V'7 [t A s+'/s]
where 'P.it are real. We make the abbreviations:
A I+(+V)wA Y+(r')2:
14As _,.drs
ctg.=4rS-- s}s
Let z a nd y or x, and ys be coinnected by the relations
ytan
Sm

y.+ .
l en
r=- -.. . . . . .. . . .
.. . . ... .
_d9r_
js+Sj (1(1k3 p) +s J 11 -- As sins 1P
ere we set
...
r
...
(r+).
TU integrals of the tint kind as inverses of the elliptic f unction&

True properties of the elliptic functions at onceId information about
the elliptic integrals; this is evident in, theof the dif erential equa-
tion for the elliptic functions; the addition: theorem, e.g., gives for the
inverse of yMYthe formula:

(1--M (I -AsoY

rd
...
J y(10)(Iki M
0
then
r_._
I=2
;! }cltWjJkM
O
m
O
1
and the9ers depend on the choice of the path of integration

and on the values of for a rest~Paof integration and suffi-
small values of y and r=00
4.Uclslaoptic itV4V II
If we set
Y=sin f
then the elliptic normal integral of the first kind becomes the function
F
J Flu.
and the complete eltic integral of the first kind becomes
7P
(R).r-- . .
0ins
71e Landen transformation they. yields:
if
1

ki t +' +kjsin E2! 1!1--} sn }
r
~..
0) 115iV
0
If k is a reai positive number between 0 and 1then the Landed trans-

formation gives the result:
Let M(b) he the aritchmeto-geam etric mean of the real posifive
numbersandb; here N(b) is defined
M.1a lien bs
.. 3..o
d
+6 so.s+.-1
4..
2 biya b. bY&O., be.,
for x12, 3, Then
t
K (k) Z A! (l,
KK' .l, k)
'Me normal.integral of the second kind. The elliptic integrals of
the second k:hW are defined as the inverse functions o: the indefinite in-
tegrals of the elliptic functions. The elliptic integrals of the second kind
which belong to the module k may all be expressed as the sum of an
'integral of the first kind and a multiple of the ecliptic(Legendre)normal
in:egraithe secondd
f,! /'1011 - hS A.
112 euk-ndo.6c..'C.
If we setsin 9psin Ys becomes
;(0:
The value of E for 97 is called complete nomwl integral of tie
wconaand writ en .E (k) Then

k2 sil = 0

rJJo
1--f i s t s I . } a: F t
We define
E' (k)(k1;
between K, K', E, E' there is the relation of Legendre
E K'+E' KK K'
2
.
For sinall values of k we have in the limit k,}.:

KE
limR(it)
.
I
-+o
E {k) l
-+0

~4
ln
-+0
E'()!

l
~., 0 [Kf(k) -0
Indefinite integrals which tray be redneed to elliptic integrals.
All indefinite integrals

l Rttfa0-1 +. -F a1-1 i +apt-- t--f- a,)
where R is a rational function of t and of the square root
r1sip+420+all
with constant values of::.asmay be expressed linearin
terms of elementary functions ctioand.noiutofns ananee.normal integrals of the first,
second and third kind; here normal integralsthird kd are the
indefinite integrals

(l+c to)(1"I(1--(Iks 12)

reis a tor t.
A number of examples of this theorem are: contained in the relations
between integrals of the first kind given above. Further exaraple} are
given by the fol owing integrals. We set
;_(. I- dt. ._.:. . . _._._ :1-- its 01--- is _4

j r{1P;M,
113
U 4 .El ic integrals
Then
F- E
to di k:
110.)(1k= t2)
rJU
Ek":F
Ur _is. dt
1k2 ti
-k--
_dt_- _y y1 Y
J}- t= (1- k s ts) k's k'sI - ks ys
0
_tsdi E --k's F Y11Y"

JI1- Y(-I _ k=. IS)s k -F'Sk's 11- ks ys

r/- isFE
.1"= d t '--}
t
JY(Ik: 1')s
Integral relations of Legendre.l'he fol owing formulas known under

the name "Reduction of the complete Legendre normal integral of the
third kind to normal integrals of the first .and second kind"(definition
of F (k,)E (k)Pages 111, and 112)
_coss
sin# cos P Yk'sin$ P i 1coss coss- k O sin* iv 0
K E(k', ,8)+E F (Ps, P)K F (k', #)I,;

2
sin: 4p
k':sin P cos P
Jo 1(1.sin: P) sin' qr ri ._ ks. sin: v
[KE(a)+E F(k', P)K F (k', P)]

...
...
x/8
Sin=
sin P cos }1--. k' sin'

JOi - ks sins a sins-fin= 4}
KE(},,P)EF(k, P).
Special values of the module k.

For a number of special values of the module k the corresponding
values of K, K', E, E' or at least relations between these can beven
explicitly. Thus we have for the "lemniscate functions," i.e., fur the
l ..d. ad..
(Jaobian)dl}c functions with

fil
KK'2% f. doI [(f11'.

1`-
FWar we have:
ft-I we get K'K f2.

ForFor=sinwe get K'K f3 and (r8-1s f3x f34
Fortan*get K'=2K
The Jacoblan Zeta. 'Vide define:
.
zn (m)f dr.( E (k;KK (k)

en
/.___
z= - in agzn.2 K)zn
ai(a+v)zn.+znk sn.snsn (a+)
znf.}k7 dokjnW2Kkl]
Cter VII .
Integral transformations and Yntegral inversions
PreUm" remarks: Thbmust in many cases satisfy the.f unctlons which occurfol owing conditions:
If/ (9) is a realn of the real variable t, then j(tju to be piece-wise twice continuously dif erentiab
e no finite point of accumulation and the limits of f (9)
exist when aroaching these points from ei.side At.
must have
/(4)[lion f(`)+lim 1(x)1.

0 0
Where conditions for validity are given for formulas or a) tierns

are ent but not necessary: in some uses m,or
pcrtance nre
given
l. The Fourier-trasssfortnetion 115
3otne relations which exist between dif erent integral

tions:Letl
1e-"S t M;F of l0(2 }}(91,

.(x)
srJJ
9)ddb.
en
(.)
1
(PJ
r
z)
cof= 2 f K. (2 Yz
9I.The Fourier-transf ormat.;on.
we have the thecr, m:If 'FI(x) and F= (x) are real functions of the
real variablex,which are define for00<<r., and which satisfy
the conditions mentioned in the hreliminarv remarks of Chapter
VII ;further, if we set
+.
F (,z) =FI(x)+% T2 (x)and if the integral
f JF(z)Iexists, then for all real values of y there exists the function
1();(x) -0
and at every point at which F (x) is finite

00
(J ;_I2Ae-( 00
r
.:
lim
where the inlegrai_2is to De interpreteci as
.
Cyhe calls t (y) the Fourier-transform of F (x);the designation Sps}

tral f or F is also comet on.
In what fol ows a number of

examples of function-pairs F(z). . Icti % , I`G 1 P 1f .,7 _,
and f(s given, for which the rel ationsi) antiUv are ruinueu.
The parameters a, b in the examples are throughout assumed to be

real and positive.
For the -d-Wtion of ja and K, cf. Chap. 111, e } .
g.
I10 Iritegial tranturmations anu integral inversions
+0o
Fr
1(Y)eiF (x1 JO
. . .. . ... ... . . .
sg n x
I
:sgny vi 2n
}I x r FYI
sin ax for!y}<a
}y!>
/Y for
. ..1.1
sin2a x !~1 1!<2a
\/
a
0 !>2a
e o: p<x<q ()ei4(w+)
0 x<x>q } .+y
e'ei w z for>0 :
0x<0 .. . +.y+
I l
Col a x
Re (A)>0
V ~Y'/4
_.
c
Re (1)>0 e
Re()>0
~r7
w.10
sin a x2
,} y=-a COs 4 a+4
290(Y)
yx= + a=
1/ nsgn Y [j o (t a v)+me(a fir)]
sgr.xs + as

I!
u a
I __._.__.
sgn x le-"' hi (a y)hYjJ
x=+a2
!r.
a{}

fat.l l+
x. fal +.
a,z 1;,.,7t sgnF
Y:
sgn x
; 1~,t, s

117
1...Fouriw-trap
F !jr) .2a
1
0
+Coc+f "L' t (y) (+ cceif:) -00
X(1.i ly-a!.afl-Y+a1)
i}2 o!l lYly-a-aJl
Un
x'
.Zs I yI y\1
..
r.. .L
S t -_--:.t}1!

x
V 2 -t al \YZ a &I J
........
axI ___rl y IyA\

St
r }} l r +f X a sin ;}I
..
Xx sin y=r (iA)

_y'
d.x& -}, =-'J
`4 a/
+(y':-:
nxnSs
a{(y'4 at
-2
{
sins.x ns for!<.
0 !}>
-_y
fx %01 2
<
wo !
sin bs
for{}<
}
=xi
t bVs*-s}
Ma(.r&+ y")
}!>
Yx.
. . . . . ..
.r - ,
.-riI
(COCS Y2-a Ty-ir2 al Y1)

1s74/yl s
wn
rlx (cam #-a-!y f+12 d 1 yi)
1
!}<a
fora} - x=
0 }x}>. } is()
0 for!<
nx
yx..
}x}>. } qiit(.)
118 Intend troinfora tiow atsd intepal lnvosions
/{ !
arc sin I1 II !
kIr___tf.)
=for J 1
ras a_ s !:.X'2
1}
x
1
..i
jar= -- as.:
:___.1
}X= .f" a=rt A} ! y i i r(j) Kti ` 1'(r + j) ~>
xisgnyNO(!y})
2 Y K (2 X y f"Sa a 36 3a for>,}.
os(lei +..Is)
.. . ... . .
zn ; y-1 [11 (2 lyl I Y-_ Y ._3__3a 3a 3a
KO(s)
fory<0
for}>f }J
a)+J(21 r1
{ No(.ybs }-y si .!}<6

},0 for 1!>b
{ J. La y} - r:) lyl
sin (b yat
fa= +x=
X [Ci (b fa'i Ts_+6 s)+Ci (b fat -}-. xlb x)] (aXs NOe} - y') for rb
re S }+x a)
+so
X [Si (b as -f - x'+b $l+(.+.Z2ex)]
(bas }+x s)
;'2-X2
XL}Si (b tel + 08+bx)ofkbxe.)]+ I.(.rys -- b%) for ; y !>
( 0{r}I I c X is+%ry
ln}$ ( +r'
iv t3 r a' -- x' for xa} I <--x20
.r. [ Q (vol -+o+Al fxI>:}
.... . . ....l.}K (s
f4a' x" ' .l, (b fslf=} for {!<.
0 II>. r7
120 Iatwal trxnlocs"I"atio=int"ral iavOions
HrVII )yQ,x9
rR=+ a-r,Ks-r %r"--b ')
C- melt He%) Y2-x is *-*'I" He. (y f2)
9},2.The Uplace-tranf ormation.

The theorems formulated in this section are concerned without ex-
ception with the simplest and most important case in which the Laplace-
iransformaiion is used; we state two relations between a function t(t)
andfunction 8(where the realand imaginary Parts of >(t) satisfy
the conditions formulated in the preliminary remarks of this chapter, and
where moreover:
la)f(s) IS defined for all real values o:;f t; =0 for t<o.
1b)there existsreal constant at, such that the. integnj

a.
i}0l
9.4)is an analytic function of the complex variable "_+1T
which is one-valued and regular in an entire half-plane?W
)Iae function !8(p)!is for>dominatedfunction(10
with the property
!r(+'L)!S G (s) for>ce
such that the integral +
0
G (s)it
exists; it sakes that if this condition be satisfied not9itself, but
onlyfunction
re (P)(A)42P-,,a,p
z U* Ls.. 1
a;IF, are constants,.V1. have a

and inter-
positive real part; one must then%00case Ch oose co>0
prec the integral I in (2) as lim Y. -..

Now we have the theorem:If the Functions / (t) and gsatisfy the
conditions(1a)(lb);(2a)(2b)and if between them one of the
relations
+M
e)
9w1 CP b(_I2xi:*
holds, whereZ.'but is otherwise arbitrary, then both relations

hold between g(p) and 1(t)
The conditions on /(I) and g(p) may be partly replacedone of
the relations(8); from(la)(lb)and
the first relation infol ows(2a)and from(2a)said the second rela-
tion in ($) fol ows f (t)0 for t<0.
If the relation (2) holds between f(t) and g(Q) then we call / (t)
"original function" and g (p) "image function." One a writes
g(P)2 N)N)=2-'9(P);1(t)(POP) .0.

..9()
and calls gthe "Laplace-transform" of /(t).

One should note that
+Ca
Um
.+o ):.12x) c.
since t (q==for<0 and therefore f (0)i lim f (i1. -.+o
can choose c,>0 but otherwise Arbitrary; besides, the bounds on.
can easily be obtained in every concrete case.
The parameters and b in the fol owing formulas are in general to
b e chosen real and positive.
The let er n AN
2 .ornuktiow aIM
"pFunction 1funnuhn
+.
1r__
Sir sJ a. 110
1 1
1_l\
.)
a)
(.real and positive (.real.positive)
Dif erentiation in miginalain

P)t(o)
w-r
Pa(})I-I f"(0)
Integration in oripW domain
!}g
J I g Ar)I
0
Dif erentfation in image domain

1()
)d" CdPA
1(+.) iL(})-.I (TvA

(.real and positive (.real and positive
2. The Laplace-transformation 12 '1
co
AM
,frxris/s ( 1 ) d sas s=
0
1Yrx--t f
0
1 9 IF)rp
O
r/2 f s-r/$ Jfis:) / (S)

u
(})
(Re v>1) Re>
t
I I.I
i12 fS t )l 0+)
The Lace-transform of pertodlc functions.

Let 1()be periodic for t>0 with the period a, thus f (t+) = / (t);
let a be real and positive. If for 0 9<the function 1 A (1)
and if we set
f to (1) 8-1p
then the image function / (t) belonging to g (") is given
9.(p)
(P)r- I
12 Intogtal transformations and integral inversions
function Image function

.+d
~
}Op-%-Mr(a+)wx.} })
I+ (p4 ) Ci()()(:)J,

I+ 1as{()()+()())
I
TI+0 12 H,2 a "(a)NS è /l

2-1
t1+(V+IYI (1)D'-ti (f2.P)
(.+fa-t$$+ i) a+(ye-2 t -2+}I ) A 2-o.a(
u+yap 0-}' 1)t}a-FFT-I) 0
$21 S }s a
6 .I heace-iransformation 125
Original function Image function

+.
OO
I r_
R Jap ctoo

i It

sin at
ps+as

6
.
}.(P+b) sin $
e'&-* sin(1)
(p+b)dd
(P+b) cos $a sin 0

ecos (a t8)
+b):+as
(2)!
sins.t
C2'+_Aas:+_P'1asi
(2 n+1)!
sins "+ii
1
(::+_Pas-++a}
e4 s cos ya-, L" s/4+.b)

r= lp-
sin ;4 t _l
t arc-Eg)
I I_1 I+ __/Ii.
sin a
2 )P)
I r+1)
91' sint UP)A,0'+ !l
2t+1
r+I) r/.&.
C
~2 rl L tY.
.rJ..
)+1)1]
1$6 Integral transrmations and integrinversions
CWginal function .Image function

+.
1r
(8)x i2 -j ..
:i 6-.1dt
I
I
._______t
2The Lapcs-trawformatian 227
Integral transformaVons and integral inversions
N'ginal function ImagP function

.+go
cc
2 . rJ.asg (P)Q g (A)!e-1()
1__~.
:+t' LCOS p u p sin9i (p)]

Ei (a t)
()
.0
1 arctg( 1p a1
. .. . . . . . .-------
Cit) 1
1_.
(+P --I}) .
Y
(+yes1) x2ph e (p) )

(t)
CV2I( io N2 a)]
( (I)
a I
(P-) ... . . . . .. .. .. . . .
1p+
2. The Laplece-transformation 129

+.
I
1('} -- -le9 (P) dp2rir 9() e1()d
e
. . . . . . . .... . . . .
e.(a)Y ~.-... .... .. . . . . . . ... .. .
+a=-b

(ai
(+b> ypa=
(2)s/81 D: (- a= .n p}j2-1
\rtl
:)()12IZD-.()
(r+i-i}.}s p"-gyp+i (Re>1)
(2)()lZe-:() }1_1}}+}2 (7 -}- I) P"}} (Re()>1)
1
FY;Yi
(s >)
Y";t}
\ ):F,(! M,1" VIY"
~.
r
,F,(
.(s.
.*
Y.j1;t)
\P )F FS(! r Ylyo-1;
/
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
,F.(;YiY.;t
(s>r)
lp/: 12 1 Y"
/
w/1 2 .1 .~-.
.I
k-X 9--.-
r
/1 p
2R/2:(.+1112 e-s11/4He, (jt2l) t(sV2Yp
!_l2
.L (1)

L.(1)
+ W :s
2 21
( .
.n
a-0 L. (1)
2.0+1 1
Integral transformations and integral inversions
Originalcoon Image function

+w
1 ('.__
)2nij9(p)P g (P).If()
cSm
la++1) -(PA1) a
e " 14 L()(Re>1) (Re>1)
.(P).+.+1
(+) _/._._._1
M(1) :ritfp.rf; 21; I~ 1
(+)V+sl: Yr!/
r(++1)I--.__.__.__..__..I
10` MM,, (t)
(P+ r+ 11l:l0p+V
r(cc++)/__._.___..__!\
is ZI/2(t) =:(++p++;2v+1;)
e+r+all,/
Re(.+)>
r(a+r+I)L._._:._..1\
e-O(1) :(++!N+V+;2+1;)
a+v+ % s-r-r}}- I I
-x(at)Re (2+1)>0 +2+;)_,x+u+. _ lP^.1
)%
N(t)[Re (NxN (t+1)>0]
(+)++%
t(b= WK.r (++)r+)+%

to (a+)>o, rte P>(}
__à1
rt+2)(;++
\/J
1.____.____.b\
;.real and positive) x !r1 lttx;x11
Y.
tiHe.(i-1) ;yn (2 n)1 (p 1)"n 12" P"+%

;nV2
(2+1)1).
He=+:() *120+15/2
_).
%D2W-9)
.(p ++x
. . . . . .. .
D2:(2t)
2)" T ( x+;}(p - 1)"(P + O"+'t,
U . .The Laplace-transformation 131
e+.
1_.__

)2nii(p) dP ()=jf() u
e-6 co
J2 4M(yi)
(Re (.u.++i)>0]
-----. . . . . . .
ArL(21")w() I'(2.a++1) (Paa),.

(P - })}*_}.}
(Re (2y+1)>0]
.-~
.. . . . . . . . .. . .____
1
jo(a)
7+a=
. . . . . . . _______
-.~-----.. . .. . . .
j ar_
IV(I) ------; Re()>1
FP.lPp
------
a
r..I.(t)
.. . .. . . .
Rea=r()>
tr J(I) ;A.rX ra.I Re (y)>
.. . . . . -. .
tr+Jr(at) :+:I'(v 4- J)~ p .-,. Re(>

-... . . . . . . . . .
!fps+.
. . . . .. ..
tv/2 .l, {2 t a t} 442 p- r-1 t Ol y Re()>i

. . . . . . . .
.1. (2 e4
. . . ~. . . .~.

.
Jt) !}}1}'a= + }'

+ P=
J-%(1) !yfjp -+a 2 + p

f aat--- o
1_i Jr(.t)
arRev }+I'P'+a= r>0
} ar (p + v OF+ a=)Y P2 + a=s (.* + ).0 + a=)r
nU .
132 Integral transformations and integral inversions
. . .. . ...

C.

O0
()f (t}

.
2
tyt g()
et(
n .The Laplace-transformation 133
. . . . . . . .. ... . . .

c+iw

t)
2;
c
eg()d 9(p) 1f(
u
. . . . ~. . .
a Yess
. . ... . . ... . . . . .
(f12 + as)%
.. . . . . ... . .~.. . . .
vi Y0- + Z12
. . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . .~~.
H(a t) :}:+2[IT -(- j }- ){

+Li )
.. . . . . . . ~.. . . . . .
.
H(a s)
{2 i! p+ In+T a-(-1- -) -2 1}
X34 Integral transformations and intagrnl inveisions

+.
1r_._._
2 n t j9(p) c-s
/
a`(f ps -+a 2PP I. ____(p+})""11
-1...---:-(
+t sinX LJ1
1<Re()I
was( a=t '
-- b% fl tT-6)I X}:: -bs) AV0

.... 0
e- b VVI _a2 a''
as(+
Re()>1
I -t + 1 - 11a C(tv
--
for>
Ko (a 1)
.
1.arctg.~v-.
1--
r
- <.
K,, (a t) sin
. ( I
1<Re()<1
Kf(.t)
t% K+%t) U "" 1
/2p+
t Ko(a t)
1{ Q(As - a') gyp= -- a= la,s-1}
Ki() Ia= }[KI SpKe as
2. The Loplace-tronsformation 135
. . . . . . . .

e+
1 r_
(j9(p) d p () u
j(r)dt
c0o
1
X
2Ps - a=
X{Ei[(p -}- }p=-- a=) b} Yp=-a' Ei[(#i--- as)]}
for p>a
K,l a. yIF' ) for>l .:X
1
},,0t<b) asp=
X [Ci (b fas --p) sin (b ja=-- p2)si(ya= -- p3) cos(y;? 7 j'_)

r
for p<a
Jz: + as - p2
O
He (a t)
_2 1 aIn ----x p: }} as p+V
1/a\s1
! :
H,t)
P Y_+as
. n
r..IL + 1+!}
\P/ it
HK(t) _
F fgg
;
H)
fi- Yo'+.
H,()star+i stei t 21 _l= v+6' --

to}
136 Integral transformations and integral inversions
c+
1(_..
)2ni J9 ()& r/(I) d t
t
$o (to, it) (
Sin (2) (S)

:(it)
Y? 90111P
Cain C(21)1
:(t) (01)
0 (goY p
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(t) &J E(2 v) yvJ(or;;S l)

P e t r.FP
g 3.The Hankel-transformation.
Let F()defined for 0 :5' . x<+oo be a rurlction of the real vari-
able x, the peal and imaginary part of which satisfy the conditions in
the preliminary remarks of Cbapter VII and for which the integral
IF(z){d
exists. Then for real values of y z 0 and for real values ofthe
integral
OW AY) _J9, (xy) F(x)dx 0
exists and we have for x>0

O
() F(x)!I, (z Y) /(Y)dy.
One calls f (y) the Hankel-traarm, of orderor F(x).
In what fol ows, several examples of pairs of functions are listed
which are connected by the transformation formulas()apd;the
corresponding va!ue of the parameterand bounds on its range of
values are given in the middle column.
The parameter a appearing in the formulas has a positive real part.
The let er n always means a number of the sequence 0, 12,.
I.
' If one sets
the formulasi) and
x 2-4
(s)

become
. 1
.
F .X
(ft(Y)
Y
=()then
()j.(2 Y-)();
0
)f J.(2yFV)()47 0
Freouefily we also desienate.(as Hanlcel-transform of ip

4. Examplm of the Mellimn-transformation 137
-1---------
)
F(x) Jv (x y() t (yf Jy (xy)fvyF(z)

x v> y%
_
e/.0 x2te+1/2 Lea+)()
/
u>1
L(n,(2}l
(1).c -z2/+l/= L (r)(.) v>1 e-Y212L)()
(l) ().
.?r1
s'/2a+(r)
r x24(l -- a).4 >0 rvs/2+i, )
+1( a') ip==
xs
J. \ 2 ) 2
>1
)IV-a} + ys
z4/z:(21A; 2.u+1; :0!;+:(:::+:Ys-l

!
[Re4juv+)>0Re(2,u+1)>0] ![Re (4.4+)>0;Re(2 it+I)>0]
( 4is) +143.(Y2

/
.. . . . . . . ~~~~..~
____XS\_X'\
FXI.I_II
. r/4\4/.f144/ /4( x ) , ( 42( 12-4)
+I{ Do+() (I)++%10/4 Do.+()
xA+%e-s!1 4D:() (Ir Y11+%e- Y"'-" DS a+, (y)
940 Examples of the Mellin"trainsf ormation.

Let 1(t) defined for<+00be a function of the real vari-
r.(z) be a function of the complex variable:==F,+z yp
which is one-val ued and regular in a region bounded by two straif
lines parallel to the y- axis. Then, provided suitable regularity a
convergence conditions are f u1ed, the truth of either one of the two
formulas
=1()dt
... .l
... .
1,
+
1
::
r" t-ss)
-.Go
138 IntWal trawformations and integral inversions
if we restrict the otherwise arbitrary real number x o to a suitable

interval, implies the truth of the other. We call lp()the Mellin-trans-
form of 1(I) and designate the formulas (U,) and()respectively as
.Wellintransformation and its inverse.
In what fol ows several examples of pairs of functions t (t) and(:)
are listed, which satisfy the relations (93) and (9_) Further examples are
contained in' the formulas for the confluent hypergeometric function
(Chap. VI., '2, '3)and for the cylindrical functions(Chap. I I., '7);
there only the relation (9i) is given.
+
Go
Ir..
2 in jOP (s)ared a 97(Z)t (t) d t
0
5.The Gauwtranformation.
Let(: Xsx) be a function defined for all values of the
real variables xix=xa.We call

Mmm
Z
(: YS YO)=J 00
r_1
102(XI: .x) dxlx2,d x
.. ...
n times
' G. Several examples of integral equations of the fit kind 139
the Gauss-traorm ofprovided that the integral exists. We have the

theorem:
ifsatisfies the dif erential equation
+:+:_
;
then
+m
__(=V-y,.)2
I
m -QDO
J.J.txlx,ZU1%i axsax..
.. .. . . .
tRftP 0-,!.
n times
provided that the integral converges absolutely.

'Examples for n=1.
.0.
e}(x-y)' He (x:f7i (y f2r P

+.ro

jr cos2xdx fX cos:.
e
m
(stn Y} sin 2.

9f . Several examples of integral equations of the first kind.

The Fourier-,place-, Hankel- and Mellin-transformations are
special cases of integral equations of the first kind with essential y singu-
lar kernel, where the singularity arises out of the occurrence of an infi-
nite interval of integration.
Corresponding examples with a finite interval of integration are the
fol owing
1.Hilbert's reciprocity formula for the cotangent-kernel:Let
1()and p (y) be continuous functions ofand y, respectively for
Sx:!5}andzrespectively, and let/()==1(n)
i ()(n).Then the validity of either of the two formulas
12x(;+2Y2
2xf 11+x--yy2(x) -
implies the validity of the other. The rotes here are to ire taken with
their "principal value" in the sense of Cauchy, i.e., in the first formula,
140 Integtai trtmformations and inte$tst inversions.
for exame we must sit

l. Modificatio-sie of Hilbert'a formula. a) The fol owing integral

equatou of the first kind is given +
1 f _g(y)in y x
.
where f(x) is known for xa and we ask for g (y) in the same
interval; the integral is again to be calculated -with its principal value.
We, set
w-a Cos =Cos
%nd assume that sin.op F (T) where

F()Co-3
may be expanded into a uniformly converging Fourier series with sine
terms:
;(97)'bwAE
sin $I
.1
sin
Then
I !1
9M ===!
)/I_3, s
bo,EbA .1 Cos

where boremains undetermined so far. We must suppose that the series

for g(y) converges.
b)The fol owing integral equation of the first kind is given
+.
)B,Y)dyXs -- Y2
.
with the ume assumptions as under a)we set:

.
X=4 sinJa sin ip .
R X) = f(sin2 -)!F()Xsir. ri}sin .1

then
9(y) Cos (Xjeos) .I
where ca is to be deter mned by the need fur g()to be finite.

6. Several examples of integral equations of the AM kind 141
These solutions of integralations of the first kind are based On
the formulas
Principal valueJ
sin
= .n
(+}=012
A two-dirner-sional analogue to this(for a plane region bcundedan

ellipse)has beenenW. Scbnleidler(see bibliography).
3. Abel's integral equation. Letbe a real number and 0<a<1;
further let G()be -a i-urct on of the real variable which is continuously
dif erentiable for all values of x0.Then Abel's integral equation
(_)()()
bas one and oidy cne solution>qooptinuous for(vJi.e.,
!.f(x) adG (z)d+coy Ya-1]

sin a
T(Y)
4. Integral inversions of the type of the Mellin"Tramformadom

a)Let(v)be a function of the complex variable=a+f t,- which
is analytic in a ship!Cr!S a and which satisfies the condition(")
W(v). IA k be a complex number0and arg kW, }j f i. o<
<For!!S a the integral
.40
1{v()!+!)l2:
is aI - umed to exist, and the integmud is assumed to tend for!a
uniformly towards zero as};}00.Tbm for real positive values of
r the function
+
(kr) i(7) six Vjs IV(r)

Go
exists and we have

w_.____ dr
W(y)
n
j qp(k r)Xjz Hlop( p vl . . . ' " s
An example of this is furnished by the functions

9v (k)=a--{krs-i.
1
w (r)2i 5 fors<t
142 Integral teasMal on$.inte;ral inversions.
b ) we sec:
1'(y) e"',4 2-i--./s OSS/Z (Dv[(1+)x]+D,11) XI)p (z. w).
If then() is a function of the complex variableJ+T, which
i s analytic for 1<q<0 and if f (x)is a function of the real variable
x defined for 0x<00 en, provided that suitable convergence
conditions are fulfiled, the truth of one of the formulas
a,+i.
. f P (X,V.-i a<<
I(x)(.i(x1)
) (x) 0
0o
implies the truth of the other. Here a bar over a number signifies its
complex conjugate.
S. Further examples:a)The integral equation
s
a()
l2XV 12 A CM (IFIF)+'42
in which for 0;5 7 g 2 xf (q7) is a known function and we are

asking for g (gyp) in the same interval as a function ofand}h!<1
can be solved, if f (ip) can be expanded in a series.m
(90AEON
. ..0
setting
8(V)=(1).}Cw!e{ew . .
in case this series for 8 (p) converges.

L,)The integral equation
Azj He (I xyUg(y)dy
withfunction / (x) given for 0 ;5a-<00 and a function g 0y) asked
for in the intorval 0y<oo can be solved, if for f (x) there exists a
mie.ansion
M
=
.0
s" a. J. (x)
valid for 0 9 x<:0setting
R (Y) ii'" (2+*(y) .

..Saversl eacsmples of int Viral equation: of the first kiod. 143
where the constants e are determined from the constants *j by the
equations
1 VI / I.1
t I'
Cw,=2 !}r a* !Ar.l_Lff1._1
.0 A~-ANJ

we have here:
c-7/1.1
all = EwCa ( 2 "tMMV-2-M
k}d1_~s-I
}}

Leo1.82 for.Is to 3,".

A sufficient but not necessary condition is the convergence of the
Smes E}}.
)13e inte equation
+t
f(x)=I:()In (I xD d y
with the uuhown finetion(y) is solvable, if eve take for / (x) a power
of x. We have for1xl:
+2
I (I})
1.. ---._ ," A dy
XMXJ
1
r1..
+1
.1:1y1 -, y'
y
X
(!)
+1
r(ys_In2

i kfl --yain - ---11nfl=ytj

~1
d)Let X (S) be function of the complex vam Ib "e.regular for

!:11If we set
__(1it) cX -iN= r__:.11.2 1-:~1-

9V %s!aJx.,il
0
(t real;1t =-g+I; is1,2,3,)

then for rwJ values of s hetwee1 and+1:
+1
1
* (1($) (1--- 21 s -}- s=} +*2
144 Coorsate-traasrmatioaL
Chapter ix.
Coordinate,tranaformations.
91.Dif erential operations in orthogonal coordinates.
Inee of the c artesian coordinates x, y,we introduce new ortho.
gonal coordinatesw. The relationship b etween the two systems of
coordinates is given:
Xx():yy();).
The surfaces=constant, vconstant andconstant are to
f:"1 an orthogonal system.
The element of length J:xdy=+ is then expressed
in terms of the new coordinates. as fol ows:
U_d va.
assV_YsWS;
the element of volume d:=dxdydz is
.

uvw
the element of area is

jd.
u .
U
Here:
I/iY\.lat
~U
U_.--.!-.
1I1\1
1 V.((ax) 261V )+(ay) =av+()

I Il\t.1\I.az\ =
w=k) ta}}+(ati}+(a}lam)
The nonnals to the surfaces=constant,constant, and
constant have, respectively, the direction cosines:
isax I.
Cos(x) Cos(.x)
Fy
=ax=57-u- ;
py
8x
:.
a._a
Cos(x) W
. I
Cos(Y)
~U1 ;U~
cos (V, y) V
a.
cos (m, y)
I"
aa
.aS
cos(z)
1U U
d : cos(:) 1-F ;~.:
-
1. a

Cos)=w, z)
1.Dif erential operations in orthogonal coordinates. 14?
Furthermore let V be a scalar and W a vector.

Representation of grad;div It;rot' It and d:
grad.U a V : mod.a itV aV;gradavw}W }aaw

divUVW [ au()+aC ovI V(+( a(7 w)}
divgradU V W( U 1,7) + CI ( V 17) +( W IVC7U VWdu }Fv U W 61 V dw U V aw)
rot WVW[ (I )5';7a (-!}t) ]5 7w V )
U wj7U
rot,UV [ 11 ( w95 -U- V)a (-Log)] c7 v U
Vector components transformed:
wz U a xau+U ayau+W_atau
_axav+ay -a-, + WS;asOw
w, W+'t wWf+W.
Cvlindric.-il coordinates(e" P, z).
x=} cos ..z
=O
ye sin 1
U1, v 1

dss==dLO2+esp_+dz2.
. . __J___a
grad, V ae grad, p.CI z
div 4I =(e W.)+OW,-5z

a= vaQ= +aVdei a= }o= a }aOz=

a:
1
rot,=
.
x

rot, a
rots=
aweaIp
'we = 19.0 cos 9)+1C,, sin P ; 9(vWY cos IF91= sin 97;9(s=Ws.
also writ en "curl". [trans.]
146 C,ocwdinate-transformations
Spherical coordinated(rips'. $).

=cossin t)0

=sin 4p sin $ U'.?.I I
U===I it__
.
Y
r cos
a s'=-- drs+rs sins # d q7_+rs d.
grad,a tP ; gradar vI arp,r sin $ a 1P'r a$'

div}r= a r+_Ir sin }r+r sin 610 (sin
_.I , '42vr! sins $ jPs+aar(av).a+- I a (sin 0 9'r=stn $ a$ a#
rot?-I a$ a--- (sin-r 4i} $9I, ja wal-i1
roteIr sin $sinaar}
rots,}. ar a}9WI alitr a#
was=9L sin $ cos.+sin $ sin.+W. cos $

W cos $ cos T+Wy COs # sari p9f, sin

. +COs (p
Parabolic cylinder coordinates(E, n, z).

..
Y.
= constant gives : :2(y!'OR l21
.174 constant gives : :a(+No2
e=He+
I
Z
. .
...
I W=1
)12+112 .+
ds.(p+n=) (do+d n:)+dz=.
1.
grad,OR Vat :grad,,
WKV;i-s ark grad;dt
)+aall(WT-O) +:+a %$az

J..
U,V
1( aiif}} + t1' a+a=VPan'+a=vdZI

.
1. Dif erential operations in orthogonal coordinate 147
rott
+. (anf- a W11)as
rot,
yjs+ris(jr . + to atas,at
rot,
.+. E( }2+n'11.)}4 fe ++? we)]

*`s
+. +WT-Oi-S

WQ
"0+. V
is
Parabolic coordinctes(n..
xerjcosIp insfiantto
_.__0.1___
yq sin V y-vi `_TI~-
(n')
nconstantves
fi-Oy'=en.
+.J(:+)
These are confccal paraboloids of rotation with
the z-axis as axis of rotation
= a
1
:~~ ....
p+r12 lei,u' 9
s2(p)(0+to)+vdjO.
gradf61 -Vof ;rad

'O_ -+n a-Van;grad,1 a'Tfn of
v
OFT-V 2x
xa +aan+ }'+1' a+o' + n'+}
1 ri a Iay1.l a J.af }.11.1\a=wl
tof)r71}an +, itkTi}V }V a}J
rot W = 1t ro Ye-+-n Iaanf -- CIWI]is+ v s af

rot,l(
I+. [ -- ol wkfet + e afa (fCal f
I
rot., X
to +. [ MCal qof+iOlIxP+91]
1
148 Coordinate-trantiormations

Its+17s COs5111 }+ 1'}s}+ }'
i
Cos 97+Ws

=its
YV+. + r!'
=WE+Cos I P.
Elliptic cylinder coordinates (t z).
C6 COs q ====constant gives an elliptic cylinder
y=c Sin }sinn with the semi-*axes a = c 11oi
:Z.
b=c thin
y=/
1
Domain of the f , j,:. CS ( 1012+c= Cins 4
OS}< 17constant means:
OSS 2-n x=
1
c s cps ns Cs sins r) o
0<z<+-,.
t =
:
V1 W1.
ins+sins rj c ysins $+sins il
:=cs(ins $+,l) (d V+d n2)+dZs.
F}a
_.1}A A__a.. . .A
grads ip= ral au ,f~St 4%us
wln-l;sln"rVvIn" 4tsin,*

1a_~
v }(Ci ns }+sin: n It+
c (Cyan=f+sin =W La dv.
+(f SW t -}- sin= n)+:+sin=

1 a=wcs (sins f - f -sins) a =+*:(Gins f+5n:a_sins il) =va
a2va02 l a=pcs (4[o f 2 j -- cos 2 r)) à Ors+as }ass
rots 4r(}c Cin= -}- sinsn a(Gins + sins rlar
rot(ca litrot, % = 1 c Cyit ' -(- sin'asc Ctn } -}- sin }a lKsa) '
rots % -- 1-- X-(Sins + sins
X [ } (Y Cyit = } -}- sing r})a(Cin= + sins 7i)
Sin tcc*nfS-ni_j i+ sins il+flof f sin gre-iiq + sin= 17
.n_sint n
st'ri= } + -sins q.Tsinlesin=g
.
2. Dif erential operations in orthogonal coordinates 149
EUiptie coordinates( i'>)(Prolate esoid of rotation).

x=Cr?) R1) cos eis gives a prolate ellipsoid of
rotation around the z-axis with the
=CE1),(1 sin or serni-axes
a .- c4; b =ctos1
=c$ xJ+y'
+ 1
c2 j C=t:I)
Domain of thez770 V
117+1 77 no gives atwo-sheeted hyperbo-
loid of rotation with the x-axis as as
I<.00 of rotation and with the semi-axes:
0:<!9 2 TIo ; bf 1 - Teo

s: x=+y_
1
Cl(I)
=e
Tl__1 I TV 1 T1_1 1/1-171:_I

rrc y(I -- 1s) (}i --1)
C (s- -- q'1 c:(P+()(vY).

grad,1 }--1 a} ,G s--r}= a .1 1--r}: a},c v#-- }1 i a r}

Ia
grad, V=
cy(1s) (fs ._ 1) a OF
div ?(
) {if [y$'-7J') Wa (}l( =-.-nz)G-}') 1
+ -4."._v
f 2--1 -- r}=>a
Ia_--e). filf LaJE +aanns) LVPI+aay0111 (1--1? (61---1) a V$

_I
rot,=
c (e-- (P --1) l a !girl1--- +}s a } j
rot.1{ a 4I trot, $1 = -----c lpa (i -.-af
rot, %{8"(1 1-q')a()

1-- }v _P---n s cos+:*+}! ';=.1712
.coy--1} sinrp+.I --- }:
%r+Cos T.
ibo Coordinate-transfarmatiors
Elliptic coordinates(}. Y. IP)(oblate ellip'oid of rotation)

4 gives an oblate ellipsoid of
xc }'(1+P) (I.)cos
rotation around the x- axis with the
(I+V) (1n2) sin T, semi-axes=cfl +f .2 .bc fe
C$. .,VIY=-1_
c:(1+f)
Domain of the e, q, V .
0<00 11=gives a one-sheeted hyperbo-

joid of rotation around the z- axis with
177+1 the semi-axes r*Cb=c
USg7S2 XS+y'
=I
c=(11? of CS tit
7
r-
I
I2I/.
Uv+ 172=x'+17_ }y(l1-})C}~}:)

e+) cs(p+n=)

.
1+r
d+
I
d+c"(1+CZ)d 4,'
1.a.__2____Ia.
graul 7fir: ngrauy if~cs
__J___I aV
9u.%I=:.
1-j"1).V,
div $i=
i-4 _ .. ~..
{1.+!i(I - n:) (p+ n') Ixfol+
=
!(I+P)(Ins) 0 F )
1
= (+1!) +dyJa+[ (1--n')+(1 +m(1--n=)
rot t
c .(1++ n')IT17 [(1-i-0) (1-+?') + }= aicvf 1 r- tj} a } '
otv
Y(1-- } c1' + na) I (e + na) C, 'ItV I + $a 09P+

H'+P)(1A /P + n,.(I /E'-1- n'
rot.,
_ . fib& .- a..=m. 1 U.;11:-.
r)LO C17/ d tj1 . j.

.llJl

= 1--tI=}' + >)= cos+:+ +1r

W+9. s n 61 =++COs1+J2+ ,j' .
wv=Ws sin 9p+wy cos 7
' 1. Dif erential operations in orthogonal coordinates 151
True cooruinates (t?).

6z e=means:
x: --- }}
+()ssin e
01 cCos

c .} means:
}01cos10 .
n t1 (c %footg nJ2+a ( .}1Q. . .
CQS f? 6in

r z-y-
tLof }Cos f)
Domain of the f, q, w:0rj ;g 2:;0-c} 97;6 2x;0f<-00.

=r

. ..
. ..
Ito4. .. .
. . .
Cos ...
...
(Foil;cm r!

c6e
:1C!((poi -- doe V Y0+::Sins e(60 j-CC.3 n)S

grad,t}oi cos agrad,-- a} .c}o; } - coa n a q .an
QEoj i -- cos iq OffeGinf a'.
div%== Wosr?rxc gin t
s Ion I IfelCos q)z 48 [ Vn ix, (9o1 }-cos n? s+1 _d ww(U` i -- cos 1T), a 97
(Ui f --- c
ft sin f a\.a 1 gin t a\tdayl
1r.,Y-Frt:9w_ -0rw*1
L-J S Xw Iw a 71/ U T! NI&V`wewb yl v 71 / oIR c %wlObI1
rot (got f -- cE c gin(wv)1go- Cos]

rot. (- cos O; 1c gin I I&I f - oosa gin faZ (tol f -- cos ,")]
rote(poi -- cos VY [_ 8 tc W.)a t GI t -- cos I1aOR q(WE),
W,.1-- Cos V601 I CosUf I - cos q+1- c(s !j got IU R-cos nn g gin' yi 604 f -- cos
gin f sin }lL - oos } coogin I sin g601 1 -- cos 17+%coallcolf-IGI f cosy
Wrws9+Cos lp.
152 COO!n.im
Elliptic coordinates A, #,(ellipsoid of three axes).

(to+(62.>b>>0.
r(as - b}) (a} . . Pare the three solutions of the
bt +A) (P+ p) (04- v),. _ . JEW _a,cubic equation, in
.++l=~10
(.+)+)(LS+) as -}"ba.
(4s.)(6,2.)
for given x y z such that
>>.
Domain of A,,#,.
00>A>c'A=constant is an ellipsoid of free axes
>>bs; P==constant is a one-sheeted hyperboioid.

bs >>. ===constant is a two-sheeted hyperboloid.
vI YicxiV-= - 2 f (.a)W2 yt (ir)

r(A))I (")()A) ()
Was ; (})==(as+A) (bs+A) (c,+);/(u)and 1(v) are analogous
:- it) (A-r)4 t(A):+ (});:+( (v -.a)4t(y)v=

a ip1
j) a-,U) (A - ;j TA (t (j) ax)+4 y1 t}) a(ia--})t}--}) a}
\
J
1
/(r)
+4 . . . . . .. . . . . .
(V)( (ava.
o
{a4lpa a2+atvca p+t a

4
d
)ca))

,o.._
.pYt}A ' wy}! c}).
.Walsove:
1U2 a)'+y=(b! + h?+ 1)!

1VS17x=. }[fal +,a)$ + (bs + p)s+
1ws1)_+y'(b' + , )!+lt (6s -f- V) I
1. Dif erential operations in orthogonal coordinates 153
So we have:
a2+b2+c= a2b2
4p() 3 4 b} }}) 3
a2+bj+c2
4 IV (y) 3
aiid hence
_2V.____atV__a!W
ty tyy tp) JV toV ti'1 JlYMJ
A1P 4 [9 (f)P (y)1 P (y)V,()]rt9(:)VAJ
Bipolar coordinates (}z).

c silt =}o means:
x:
C,oi }cos 17 .._._f2__
.. . .
. ..
c sin (xc UN N7,+yxSin=Cz (Vdt gz fI)
8rofcos n =71, means:

z:2
X2+fyc cotg 1.),== sin= %
=Cs (cotg2 ?l1).
Domain of the I; vli; :z
. 1t.1~
1.
0<<+00
vMCI tcos 17);Vc M01 tcos 11);
os;S 2
gradeI;cos)a; grad,,1c(cos)aw.a1'
grads jPalpaZ
div{}o }c:cos)x
Xaa} (lz01 }-cos I,)+a_d } ( c(}o} - cos q)+ t a I(,(%ol $-cos T))= as
I):(aipz (ap+as}a }_+aava Z2
rott*()(apt,}anc awlof f - Cos r7 a z
(t}pf } --- COs f) a Za 2s
rotsI (%OfcCos:I aaf()a ( ia TJ a o} -- Cos 17)]
154 Coordinate-transformations
' 2. Examples of separation of the variab yes.

In what
fol ows we shall summarize, for several important cases
the
results ofbBernoulli trial solution by separation of variables
This method wil now be employed for the fol owing dif erential
equations:
I.`nave equation:
1 (VV-
j al=;
2. Equation of conduction of heat:

I av
Dar .I
If we try to obtain the solution (x, y, z, t) of these two derentiai

equations in the for;! of a product of two functions F (x, y, z) and
Z 0) where F is to depend only on the space coordinatesyz hnd
Z only on the time tthem we obtain for ;( (t)
in the case of the wave equation:
x()alike
in the case of the equation of conduction of heat:
x (1)c-k=.
while in both .cases we get for the determination of F (x, y, x) the
AF+A=F}.
whe: e k is an arbitrary constant. Having determined F from the above

equation, we then have the solution
F (x,, ys z) X (t)
if in place of the Cartesian coordinates x yarbitrary curvilinear or-
thogo,nal cwrdinatesur are in}Toduced, then F becomes a function
of the new coosdiinatP,c.anti the equation of vibration becomes
one withur as independent variables.
d F(a, v.)+OF()0.
Under the assumption flu,'0) -&(u)1.(V)1.(+e)(i.e., provided
the function F we are seeking may be expressed as product of three
functions f, (u);/a(?):/3(m), each of which depends onon one of
three variables)we. shall in what folkws state for several spe-
cial coordinate systems the dif erential equations that :rust be satisfied
A()/S(V)r.()as well as give linearly independent solutions'
of each of those three dif erential equations.
.2. Ess mpks of seicratioa of the variables. 155
Cylindrical coordinates .X.
-..(+
. 1 1a
dP dIF..
A .Fk= F0;
11 a ;;+gap 0
J
F=11(e)t0fa(:)
dll,de=dfide.+(a=14_e= f!0j/k'} a!) ,B ,M CLD

d2f, _1. _
Zf}" J}gas
whereand ,u are arbitrary constants.
._.The plane wave and the spherical wave may be expressed .as fol owsf . t I r _12 w .}
terms of partiewar sotutions of ne equation of vibrations in eyLin.
drica! coordinates:
n8 Wate: ti k e eos _mJ. (k e) cos rn
M}O
B1
EMZfor ;:1.
Srical wave:
O'ds
R 2 Zen COOS mt(PO) f I m (ED(X 2)0 H (LDQ #,-,- a=)
}o
s!Ij.
for Lo<
cos.TO){}01}k= as} H I
0.
e
for e>eo
_
Ef
cos}o)1. (A e) I. (A.t-2-smYiE k- k=
th
lie'+Po2e0 CosCP9}s)+--(x = s}s
Spherical coordinates r, $, 4')r;$, u+
AF+k= F0;
r __aF:1.aF.1
a\ arI----- `sin IV _-IOsin 10 a$;= sins +k= F.}0
F/1 (r) /i (6) f s (4))
1(h

r d rx +(kv(v+1); f 1(r)=
(.)

sin=+sin $ cos+(+; sin' #14 >>0;
(6)(Cos
dst,dvosh (T),fi
156 Coordinate-transformations
Representation of plane wave

and spherical wave by particular
solutions of the equation of vibrations in spherical coordinates.
Plane wave:
2k 0+1 Jn+ %ps

Spherical wave: co

R
. m(k)Hì'n+(k ro) P (cos):for r<ro
2ro

. -
2;syr-Oro) -nt -_ H(i)yr n+r)(cos y);for r>ro

with M=2+1

ri;cos=cos $ cos $o+sin $ sin $o cos (r4'0)
;(cos)==E"S 0
(cos(coscos m (y74F0)
Parabolic cylinder coordina-tv. Rp:);==fx.
4F+OF==},0; p..+a2Falms+(V+,} a SF}aA+*($2+);

J-
1 . ,
F=A (}) t2 N f3 (Z)

/I..L62%_
it p^)I
0;(1 4rIN = k2as f.=
. D-(r+i L)121[}}1l(1+i)l
dsftd v7s++: I: DA)121{yl(117+)!
dif:dsas f s /se.+i ac s.
Representation of a cylindrical wave:

+.
Ho")(2 FID
.I
1 e0
Dr!(1+)} A:!(1+)A x
xr(ro2)r()d
=+:;1<(0;Re(Vk).}};Re-(77 2k)Cr:.
Parabolic coordinatesn. 9p);=Ili=91-

jF+k= F0;
a=Fais+I aFf a}+a;Fan=+1 aF71 al++ks {V+r=) F0

2 .E=mples of separation of the variables 15?
F= h 0) f=(n) fs M
d=tidV+_I d t,t dZ+(*$-eis+A)r,;

11:1F1(iA4k+-f-1_ .2+;T:)
and t;e-1 Wx/4tir l2(k).
d=1=d13+1 d t,rl d r1+(::fpsTi:)A*0;

f=Cf:F1(+;+Tk)
and fn-1A/4 t, }u!2(k ?7 t).
d=l,d IF:
In the case k=..;(Laplace's equation)we get for d F=.}}}.
118.(f)f!=8,9(ts*GtiN.
Elliptic cylinder coordinates (}, n, s).
AF+k= F0;
a=Fof+a=Fa}+CSQ2- cos 2 il) -IF+:(Tof 2 ecos 2 1?) Fo,

F=1iM /it (+))1a(z)
d fl++:)!o,
+ cos 2}f=0
"
t(k)
_~
. . .
e*{..
The dif erential equations for f I and /,are the so-called M athieu dif er-
ential equations; their solutions, the Mathieu functions.
The dif erential equation for fl is obtainable from that for f}by
putting the valuef in place of.The .corresponding situation also
bolds for the solutions of thetwo dif erential equations. For more on
this question see Smu-r r: Larnische und Mathieusche Funktionen.
Elliptic coordinates(t. 179?)(prolate ellipsoid of rotation)
aV }'a.a.V 'a
F +o: tl(1)}+-'I1+
--a `rJa}7}a}
iO.F.-.u.:
+(tk_1n=
Ms+)+kI C2 (pna) = 0
P--ila97=
Ff1 (F) !=(n) to (9))

8 0ordinate-transformations
.
djW} L:) +11(-
Ct ++
-J.
.1.fJI
J-1 -r
., L"J
.
k1

!
t
ddry: +(- 0
.
; 13e+.f p v
In the case k0(Laplace's equation)we get for A =:(r+1)
1IV, *(}) and la%f), fsF;` (n) and Qv (n) f3*{+V,
For k+0 the dif erential equations for f, and f are the so-called Lamd
equations, their solutions the Lam4 wave-ftnetions.
For further information see S-mu-rr:Lamesche and Mathieusche
Funktionen.
Elliptic coordinates($8,719,)(oblate ellipsoid of rotation
AF+OFo, aof+t)a} J+dart:)a F}a}J+

.a=Fl l.LM.
`}oe i. tit1 +P1+..+U,
Fl, M 12 (17)1s1%0
dde+MdfJ!(+k2 c:;)
d-'1q+/a(1 q;+:::+)
daisdjo 1.
dif erential equations far /1 and /, are again the Larne equations.
.21 -- evuation for f, arises outCWexi
. of that for /, by putting the
valueIinace of.
For k0(Laplace's equation)have for A (+1):
i:Ts, 0 0 and W Y i)Itp:}rl) f3.
Torus coordinatesr7.:is=170..:. P.
o , aan gy aa F cos r} a +
a_1
U.
OIF
41*.c= Sin 4__
rr:I_%r_e & -- --k2
. . Tau].
U 3 .Linear difeNft!"Imt egwtivmtsecond
\
This dif erential equation As not separable for k+0 .For 0(LA-
place's equation)ave:
JF=O; _1a ( Cin $4.
af. ke-of fcos "} a$/a 17 k(wo( fcos q a V 1
1F
r t- l- i!r _ r r %, 0.
winkw,UC-
If vie take lF9F } s and F.cos 11 g (s,0 as new vari-
Wes,en
a F!.-!ael.a=9..1 Mg
a s I kaLa }_aPSV
With gh(S) hh)13(97) we get:
1:V AI V-% (S)
=1d2tidstdfids!I or . . .
...
e%is)
It-. ;
d-411 f,
. . .
.. . .
-1.
31.../3; f:.
A ppendix to the Ninth Ch apter

3.Linear dif erential equations of the second order.
In this section we shall give several formulas which are of use in
treatin
gordinary linear dif erential equations of the second order and
which therefore are applied especial y often in the theories of the her-
geometric function, of spherical harmonics and of the cylindrical fune-
tions.
Let the independent variable be denoted by:or t;let a derivative

with resp ( )a deriva-
dd
ect to x be denoted by a primed let er
t;ve witb respect to t by a dot on the let er (!LV
\dt ) J
uantities with
index zero (x.Ya Yo . .

are constants.
The dif erential eouation
+W Y,+b (x) Y.}:

has two linearly independent solutions %(x) and:(:);its general
solution is:
Yn, (x)+4 vs(x).

We furthermore introduce for abbreviation a function A (x) with
(x(x)
160 Coordinate-transf ormatiom
when a (x) is continuous at:-= 0we let in particular
A (00,a (t) d$.

The inh9mogeneous dif erential equation
i`+a (x) z'+b (x) z/(x)
then has a solution vanishing with its derivative at:.,0namely:

n_
!(x) f0: e,A (}):()1:(E)1(J) cA (1) E]
with
Do=n1(0) r12(0)n: (0) t (0).
For the "Wronskian determinant" 17n::of the solutions n1n5t
of the homogeneous equation, we have:
% (x) nt, (z)nt (x) %, (x)=Da e-L (_).
Consequently. one obtains from one solution -n, another linearly inde-
J
pendent one, in the form

:(x) f) n2lM
Substitutions:If we set
y (x)h (x) W()
where h isgiven function, then
IV P+a (z)+b (x) yhW"-}-(2h'+h a) W'+{h"+a h'+h b) W .
If in particular we choose
(x)==c-()
then h a+2 h' =- 4 and the dif erential equation for y becomes the
dif erential equation for W:
a a
b
)W0
If one sets

then w-satisfies the Ricatti dif erential equation
W'+.+.+b.
If we Introduce a new independent variable t by

x()
then, with()a((}))P M=b(97 (t))
y..++Ms y+(0+e 0. L/ J
.Linear dif erential equations of the second order 161
Theorems about the zeros of the solutions. Let e (x) be a real

function of the real variable x. Suppose the dif erential equation
+e (x)=0
has the linearly independent solutions:(x) and:().Then we have
Between two neighboring zeros of:(:)lies exactly one zero of:(s)
Moreover, letbe a solution which does not varAish identically. lien
we have:if e (x) in an interval ca Sc1 is everywhere less than
or equal to zero, thenhas in this interval at most one zero. If for
COXci everywhere e>0 and there exist two positive con-
stants m andsuch that
ms S()S Ms
then for the coordinates xiand x2 of neighboring zeros ofwe have the
inualities
/.t
S!z=xii s
If we set
(os_8<)
thenhas in the interval co S x S c, at leastmany zero as
function
cos [(xC6) m]
and at most as many zeros as the function
cos [(xeb) M].

Dependence do a parameterLet A be a parameter, and let(x. x).
tie a not identically vanishing solution of the dif erential equation
+a (x) y'+[b (Z)+A g (x)] Y=.. }.
which for x=0 has the fixed initial values y (0,= Y.y' (o. A)Yo
(independent of A).
If then for two dif erent values of A=and A = A, and a fixed
value of x.+0 both y (xoAl) and Y (xoAO are equal to zero, then
we have the orthogonality relation:

n
9(})(:)(;:)di=0.
If we set
aYa).x,
then the value of h at a zero:of y is given by

()
CRY(rap- Y, (XO1) CA()9)(x,)
Ust of Abbreviations.
Let x+be a complex number. Then
Re real part ofx.
-=
Ian imaginary pact of
7 xy the complex
I} absolute value of con of s+ Yxs + y'.
a argument of;sing:) c(.9)
.. . . .
:. . . . . . . . . . . .. ....
.
. . . . --
+ .+ys
a principal value of the natural logarithm of;IU sin I s}+

+argwithn<arg<a:if:is real and negative;
one always specifies whether arg=n or. arg~n
is totaken.
0
.n signum or sign of the(real)number x;San x+lfor
rX>0, age x=1 for x<0, agn 0Q.
= largest integer less than or equal to the real number
f (x,+0) . f (xe+a). limiting value of f()when one approaches
.0
the point x` with values)xe

R so0} lien f (xc,a).>0.
S- 0-0
f(XI10 UIa f (xa)a>0

-+0
;
1, 2,always means a non-negative integer when nothing is
said to the contrary.
1.
(:==
)
1.
.(a+1(a+1 9) Itir= 1. 2. 3,..
1.
). 1.+1)
.~-.
1 1.2n
a. Neumann number; e#1Eft=2 for1* 2, 8.
2Fi (CEO; 7;,g):liypergeometric series
__.(+1}(P+1)_.
~A.T~__ 2 it ni~.
rj.YA
V(404 .. . . . ..
() .
t
mo
Ma
,F, (ay .; Y, Y,;)Ceneraiized hypergeometric series

(convergent only for 41)
O
(a,). . .(av).
o (Yl"(YJA
List Of I
O
I;.) POLL.
A (Y)"-
00

A;: ..o
Me I
(41=) (4 vs3s)Rrs(2I )I]

(r. 2s.!
forI,3..
0) I.

o Nx)l see
Order of
Chap. I I, ' 9.
magnitu d e of f().Whenapproaches a limi9
vue (usuallyequ O0 them 'frog valueis always
evident from the context) We write() v V W1.
there exists a real non-native constant M such that in a .
ficiently small geighborhood of
,. everywhere
!9()ISMif()!.
,diale
~expressions
used to indicate the apphcabilfty of

small
compapproxima tion formulas
r
Approximately equal" in formulas without explicit estimation of
the error,used primarily when giving the first terns of an asymp.
totic(semi-convergent)expansion for a function.
Asymptotically equal." The symbol is used when giving a semi.
.2
convergent expansion for a function.
.. . J.. .
.
=symbols for the Lsplace transformation and its inverse; see Chap.
VII ,2.
hyperbolic cosine, often writen cosh.

in hyperbolic sine, oaten writ en sinh.
List of Function Symbols
in alphabetical sequence
Chapter.
Synbo Name of tFunction Section
B (x' Y) Beta f unction

8:% ernoulli numbers
her,, s, her 1 Real and imaginary parts of the Bessel func-
} I I,1.
..
be i, be l .t ftions of83 n i/4' (for real a)
C Etvler's constant I.
C() Fresnel cosine integral VI,4.
C(t) Gegenbauer functiow(polynomials) IV? Appendix
cr:(x)ces46+1() hfathieu functions of the first kind
.. .t.1.
ce(x)GC;(x) Ma;hieu functions of the second kind
Appendix to
CeCe: 1 associated Mathieu functions of the first and
..:.J~..1
Crap. I I
CeCe: J3000.1Q Ktna respective.y
Ci (x) Cosine integral VI,4.
cn
cd u :
.. . . .. .J
do
cn
Cosinus amplitudinis V r 3.
C3
WeberHermite functions, parabolic cylin

D,()
{ der f unctions }VI,
do
.. ...
do
Delta amplitudinis V . t 3.
dn
ds
sn
e. VII;
E(. 9')
!
:!;
Elliptic normal integral of the second kind VII,
E (k)
E'(k) E (Y)
{Complete ellintegof the second kind }vlvilkITas
E,, (Z) Weber function lilt
Ei (x) Exponential integral VIP
Erfc) Error function V1,
. Neumann numbers lilt
F (a9) Elliptic normal integral of the first kind Vil
F(f,;:)
} It. f1.
}
Hypergeometric series
(b;C;! see table of
OF, Generalized hypergeometric series abbreviations
:;C;: Kununer function VI,Z.
Vol) Jacobi polynomials V. 3.
List of function symbols 165
Name of the Function hapter and

Symbol Section
B:9P VII 2.
Gamma f unction I.
r(z)
Yee I.
Y(x) Incomplete Gamma function VI.
t14.r;
.01.9t
H(;) Struve function I I,
Hankel functions of the first and second kind.
1H(:)H(:) respectively ..
t Jt
.(x} Hermite po:ynomials
Hermite functions of the second kind
.;)
... ..... ..4...1..4

her r(:)heiv()
her (z)hei(:)
I, (:) Modified Bessel functions
iv() Bessel f unctions
J,,() Anger functions HL9.
Module of the(Jacobian)elliptic functions
} VII
;30.
Jfe.
and integrals
=Vi - k= Complementary module VII
Complete elliptic normal integral of the first
!4 (k) kind }
K (h=K (k)
Y,,)
hei, (Z)hei)
hero,)her(:
Modified Hankel functions
.J11

.
.1r

...........
Laguerre polynomials
y..vVI
.
L (x)
L(X) Generalized Laguerre polynomials
L(x) Laguerre functions
2Ctt )l Laplace transform of f(t) VII
.42
.12
Logarithmicintegral function
.
Ii (x) V
Neumann functions
....9.. . . . . . .
I I,
N. (Z)
M(Z) confluent hypergeometric functions VI,
Nut(s)
I
nc:
.. . r. .. . VII
see table of
3
0(z)]
00( Neumann polynomials

r.... I I,8.
abbreviations
p.163
() Weierstrass' Ffunction vii,2.

10; (Z) Legendre polynomials IV,2.
P"'a()
"fel (z) }Associated Legendpolynomials IV,3.
IV,4.
(Z)P,, (X) Legendre functions of the first kind
166 List of function symbols
Symbol Name of the Function Chapter and

Section
........
................
(s) Associated spherical harmonics of the first kind Ivab.
() :factorial I.
bC
P
()
....:. r }
s
P'. OV
Riemann's dif erential equation lipJ
Error function
.4.L.. .

rl..
p() Euler Psi-function
.()
Legendre functions(spherical harmonics)
}
...
G,,()QV()
of the second kind
m; (j)QV (x) associated spherical harmonicso f the 12nd kind 6.
.( Lonzmel polynomials 8.
S Fresnel Sine integral .
SO) sfi polynomials S.
s.0;()S.A;(Z) Lommel functions 10.
:(x);$620+1 (s) Mathieu functions of the first kind
sera (s);ssO:(s) Mathieu functions of the second kind
S92,14);sore,:(x) associated Mat.functions of the first and x toI
se( g)();soft)+: second kind respectively
Si (s) Sine integral Vi,.
0 Sinus amplitudinis VII,3.
T. Tschebyscheff polynomials V,L
T')(s) Sonine polynomials V,4.
$i.( Elliptic Theta functions VII,1.
1)(v" t)
u (x) Tschebyscbeff polynomials of the second V,1.
kind IV,4.
we.,()WO-1 (s)
() Whit aker functions VI,I.
Y,,() Neumal-in functions I I.I.
(19)Z,() Cylindrical function VII,1.
n Jacobian Zeta function VII,.4
Bibliography
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FORSYTHE, A. R.:Treatise on Dif erential Equations. 6th edn., 1929.
GRAY, A., MATHEWs, G. B.:A Treatise on Bessel Functions. 2nd edn.. London 1922.
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HOBSON, E. W.:The Theory of Spherical and Ellipsoidal Harmonics. Cambridge 1931.
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HuRvn7., A., CouRANT, R.: Funktionentheorie, 2edn. Berlin 1925.
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KLEIN, F.:Vorlesungen fiber die hypergcometrische Funktion. Berlin 1933.
KRAuss, M.:Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen. Leipzig 1912.
MAC LACHLAN, N. W.:Complex Variable and operationalolculus with technical
applications. Cambridge 1939.
MADELUNG, E.:DYir mathernatischen Hilfsmit el des Physikers. 3rd edn., Berlin 1936.
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MAc RoT, T. M.:Spherical Harmonics. London 1928.
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WAGNER, K. W.:open'ocenruhoung nebst Anwendungen in Physik!'echo.
Leipz1940.
WATsoN, G. N.:A Treatise.the Theory of Bessel Functions. Cambridge 1922.
WEYRICH, R.:Zylinderfunktionen and fibre Anwendungen. Leipzig 1937.
WHrffAKEt, E. T., WATSON, G. N.:^Courac of Modem Analysis. 4th qdn. Cambridge
1927. 5th edn. 1935.--
167
1 Bibliography
b) References to the literature for the individual chapters.

Chapter I
WHITTAKERWATSi)N, WATSON:p. 449, ARTIN.E.: Einfi h:ung in die Tho)rie der
Gammaf unktion.Hamburger mathematische Einzelschri ften No. I1.Leipzig. 1931.
r..bapter 11
WHITTAKER-WA*TSON, KLtIN. FORsvTHE. MAC ROBERT.
l. BAILEY, W. N.:A new proof of Dixon'*theorem on h ypergeometric series
Quart. I Math.(Oxford ser.)Vol.8(1937)p. 113114.Assoc iated hypergeometric

Jbi 115117. BATEMAN, H.: Paraboloidal Looidinates. Phil. Mag.(7)Vol.
.tfrt
1. Cj
series.
26(1938 10631068. ERDE LYI, A.: Transformation of hypergeometric Integrals by

means of ional integration by parts.
p. I ib-ltiy. MAC KOBERT, 1M.:Yroo
Quart J.rath.(foier.)Vol.0!939)
of some rormulae ror tr:e nypergeometric runc-
tion. Phil.Mag.(7)Vol. 16(1933) p. 440-449(Proofs some formulae for the
generalized h% pergeometric and certain related functions. Ibid. Vol. 26(195)P. g} 93.
WATSON, G. N.:Asymptotic expansions of hypergeometric fuix-tions. Trans. Cambridge
Philos. Soc. Vol. 22(19121923)No. 14 p. 277308.
Chapter I I.
WATSO N,WEYRICH, GRAY-MATHEWS.
1.STRAUBEL, R.:Unbestimmte Integrale mit Produkten von Zylinderfunktionen.
Ing.-Arch. Vol. 12(1941)p. 325-336; Vol. 13(1942)p. 14-20.
2. WATSON:p. 395, 363, 368, 142.
3. JAHNKE-EMDE:2nd edn.(1933)p. 204f f . DEBEYE P.:Semikonvergente
Entwicklungen fur dielinderfunktioaen and
zungsber. der math.phys. Kt.d.Bayr. Akademie .~hred.WisAusdehnung
senschaften zu
iris Komplexe. Sitz-
Munchen .Vol.40
(1910)No..WEYRICH:P 4961.WATSON: p. 2Q9ff.WFYRICH: p. 64ff. WA'tsON:
p. 44559.
4. WATSON:p. 483-485.SIEGEL, C. L.:Uber einige Anwendungen Dior hantischer
Approximationen.Abh. :,.Preuss.Akademie d.Wissenschaften 1929 No. 1.
6. BUCHHOLz, H: ximation formulae for a wel!known Dif erence of
pro
Products of two Cylinder tuna ions.Phi!.hiag. Vol. 27(1939)P 407420.
WArsON:p. 3950. VON DER POL, B.NIESSEN, K F Symbolic Calculus. Phil.Mag.
(7)Vol. 13(1932)P. 37-572.HUMBERT, P.Sur les fonctions K de Bessel.
TIMISOARA:Vol. 17(1941)p. 5964.
7. WATSON:p. 385-415.GRAY-MATHEWS: p. 240. WEYRIrH:p. 110. VAN DER
POL u. NIESSEN:as in6.
S. WATSON:p. 271.
9. WATSON:p. 308ff.
Besf 10. WATSON: p. 3Besselschen Funktionen..MEIJER, C. S.: lntegraldarstel ungen aus der Theorie derLond. Math. Soc. (2) Vol. 4
I;1; 12. WATSON:1 p . 61932) p. 1033-10489.1 LOwRY.. H. V1144-1163.Operatil Calculus. Phil.:.(7.
Appendix. STRUTT:(Extensive Bib!iography).
Chapter TV
HOBSON, BATEMAN, BUCH HOLZ, H.:Die Bew ung elekt netischer Wellen
einem kegelformigen Horn. Ann. Phys.(5)Vol. 37(1940) is p. 215225.
.MAC ROBERT, T.:Some formulae for the associated Legen4re functions of
thr?. rst kind. Phil.Mag.(7Vol. 27 (1939)p. 703705.The Mehler-Di.ichle: Integrai
Bibliography 169
and some other Lcgendre-formulae. IbidVol.14(1932)p. 632-656. Proof of some

formulae for the generalized hypergeometric function and certain related functions.
Ibid. Vol. 26(19313)p. 131-93hRDELYI, fi.:Integral xepresentations for Yroeucts Ot
Whit aker-Functions. Phil. Mag.(7)Vol.26(1938)a.871877.
PPELL-MPEUE ndiWHI^KER
AppeX.FEETITTAKERw0 -WATSO?V:4th edn. p. 329, 33330. WArjON:r. 369, 379
:p. 389-391346
Chapter V.
POLYA-SZEGO: Vol.2. COURANT-HILBERT: Vol.
' 2. APPELL-KAbipf:FERIFT: p. 342362. DOEMH:p. 184186, 310. FELDHEIM,

E.:J. London math.Sor. Vol.i3(1938)p. 22-29.
3. APPELL-KAMPE DE FIET'. p. 99.
4. BATEMAN:p. 457.DOETSCH:p. 136. 181184, 310. HOWELL, W. T.:A Note
on LAGUERRE Polynomials. Phil.Mag.(7)Vol.23(1937)p. 807-t311.On operational
representations of products of parabolic cylinder functions and products of Laguerre
polynomials. Ibid.Vol.24(19;)P.1084rc9"1.TOSCANO, L.:Forntuia di addizione
e moltiplicarione sui polinom.di %aguerre. Atti Accad.Sci.Torino Vol.76(1941)
p. 417432.
Chapter VI
WHITTAKER-WATSON. APPEL-KAMPE DF FFRIET:
912, 3. BAILEY, W. N.:An integral representation for the Product of two

Whit aker funktions. Quart. J.Math.(Oxford see.)Vol.8,(1937)p. 5153.DHAR,
S. C.:Bull.Calcutta Math.Soc. Vol.26(1933)p. 57. ERDELYI, A.:Funktionairelationen
mit konfluenten hypergeometrischen Funktionen. Math. .Vol.42(1936) p. 125-143,
641-670.HOWELL, Qtr'. T.:as in Chap. V,4. MAGNUS,
parabolischen Spiegels. Z. Physik Vol. 118(1941)
Neue Integraldarstel ungen aus der Theorie der WHITt'AKERschen and HANKELschen
.Nnr .:Zur Theorie des 7mlindrisch-
343 to 356. MEIJER, C. S.:
Funktionen.Math. Ann.Vol.112(i936)p. 469489. MAc ROBERT, T. M.:Proof of

some formulae for the generalized_ hypergeometric acertain related functions. Phil.
Mab.7)Vol26 (1938)p8?-93SCN14IDT, H.:Uber einige neuere Beispiele zur
Wertverteilungslehre. J. reine angew. Math.Vol.176 (1937)p. 250-?.52.SHANKER, H.:
On the expansion of the parabolic Minder function in a series of the product of two
parabolic cylinder tunctions. J.Indian Math. Soc. Vol.3(1939)p. 228230. SHARMA,
J. L.:On Whit aker's confluent hypergemetric function.Phil.Mag.(7)Vol. 2 5(1938)
p. 491504.
4. WATSON, G. N.:Uber eine Reihe aus verallgemeinerten LAGUERRLSChen Poly-
nomen.Sitzungsber. Akad.Wissensch.Wien Ila Vol.147(1938)p. 151159. i RICOIrt ,
F.:Sviluppo dei pnlinomi di Laguerre e di Hermite in serie di funzioni di Bessel.Giorn.
Ist. ital.At uari Vol.12(1941)p. 14-33.
Chapter V11
WHITTAKERWATSON.HURWITZ-COURANT, KRAUSE, TRICOMI, MILNE THOMSON
ENNEPER.
6Apter VII
DOE TSC H:(Contains extensive bibi ography).
1.CAMPBELL, G.AFOSTER, R.M.:Fourier Integrals. Bell Telephone Mono-
graph B-584(1931).HOWELL. W.T.:As in Chap.V.4Many results are implicit
in WATSO',z and WHITTAKERWATSON.
2. HUMBERT-MACLACHLAN, MACLACHLAN:Contains extensive raphy.

WAGNER. K. W. also DHAR S.C.:On the cperat representation of coons
of the confluent
MACLACHLAN.N
hypergeometric
W.:Integrals
type. Phil. Mag
involving Bessel and 0.1
1af.;d Vol.25(1938)p. 416-425.
ruve Functions, Phil.Mag.(
170 Bibliography
Vol. 21(1936) p. 437-448;Operational forms for Bessel- and Struve Functions. IN &
Vol. 23(1937) p 762 774, 918 tional forms and contour integrals for
d. Vol. 26 394-408. Open
.1938)P
Bessel Functions with
tional forms and contour
awent
antera is for Struve
Urions. id p.457-4!.
LowRY, H. V.:Operational calculus. Phil. (1932)F. 1033-18,
1144-1163.NIEssw, K. F.: A contribution calculus. Phil. M.(7)
Vol. 20(193).P. 977-997. VAN DER POL, ational solutio n of I."
dif erential equations and investigation of properties of these solutions. Phil .9.(
Vol. 8(1929) p. 861 to 898. VAN DER POL, B. NIESSEN, K. F.: On simultaneous
tional calculus. Phil. Mag (7)Vol. 11(1931)p. 368-376. Symbolic calculus opera. Ibid.
Vol. 13(1932)P.37-577. lso ENDELYI, A.: As in Chap. V1.
HDWELL W. 'T'.:onclass of functions which are self-reciprocal in the Hsel-
.Phil. Mag.(7) Vol.2 (1938)p. 622-628. VAN DEP. PoL, B., NmwzN,
K F.:Symbolic calculus. Ph i1. Mag. (7)Vol. 13(1932)P.37-577. MEi jBu, C. S.:
eorie derWH 3Rschen Funictionen 11. Proc. ALd.Wetensch.
Beitrage zur 'IAmsterdam Vol. Some functions which are self-
reciprocal in the 4th. Soc.(2)Vol. 42(1936)
9-17. WATSotv, G. N.:^note on parabolic cylioda functions.J.London Math. SOc.
Vol. I (1936) p. 250-251.
4. DoETSCH:p. 318-320.
5. D08TSCH:p. 186. GRAY-MATHEWS:p. 7.
.6, 1. HILHBAT, D.:Grundziige einer allgemeinen Theorie der lineuen Integta
gleichungen. Section 1. Leipzig 1912 and 1924New York 1950.
__________~___._____._
6, 2. HAMBL:: 1)1)1JCH7i
:p1.)1)1CHMEI iEIDLERuW.oer:UDCt
DLERw: einezwei
tnZet
aun.Qm}.
n}ona; 090
einer Pormel der In tegmlrechnung. . J. reine anjtew. Math. Vol. 183 (1943) p. 175-182.
3. DoFrscH:p. 293.
.C._KomoRowxH, M e rurUng
eiruger Problems der Beugungsi rie.urnal of Physics(previously t ecnrucai rnmics
of the US-.S.).Moscow Vol. 19 39 .229-241.MAGNUS. w.: uDer eme xana-
wertauder leichung fur den parsbolischen 2ylinder. Jahresbericht der

Deutschen Matheuati inigung Vol. 50(1940)p. 140-161.
WHMAKEx-WATSON:5thn. p. 2 3 1.GNUS, Tber die Beugugg
etischer Weilen an einer Halbebene. Z. Phybik Vol. 177(1941) P. 168-1.
BAT'jaMAN, H.:On the invasion of a definite integral. Math. Ann. Vol. 63 (1907)
p. 525-548.
Chapter IX
1, 2. PomELs.3. BIERIIERBACH.
Index
Abel's integral equation 141 Hasel approximation 24.

A(integral)28. Hatel function 16.
Anger-Jaci 18. modified 19.
Hankel (series)22.
Heine 26.
Barnes (definitions)59.
Hilrt 139.
(integral representation)90.
Bernoulli numbers 3. Hobson(.ions.
Bernoulli trial solution 154.
Bessel f unctio16. Image function 121.
modified 19. Incomplete Gamma function 95
Beta function 4.
Bitolir coordinates 153.
Jacobi(Transformation of elliptic func-
tions)104.
Cauchy 139. Jacobi-Anger 18.
Convolution theorem 122.
Cosine integra .
Cosinus amplituduu d' 's 102 Knew-Somwrfeld(aration into par-
til fractions) 26.
Cotangent kernel 139.
Kramp's function
Kummer's functions 86.
Debye(asymptotic series)23.
Degree of spherical harmonic 53.
Delta amplitudinis 102. Laguerre functions 94.
Dixon-Ferrar 31. Lindentransformation)104.
Lsce 52.
Uplacegal
uation of conduction of heat 154
Error function%. Legendre's relan 112.
function 56.
Error Integral%.
Eu!cr's constant 2. Legendre (reduction formula) 113
Lemniscate fuations 113.
Exponential integral 97.
rch 2S.
Lommel polynomials 39.
Factorial 1.
Ferrari fee Dixon
Mlet 52.
oquet's45.
M6dule!03.
Fresnel integral 96.
Gallop 34. Neumann functions 1.

Gauss(recursion formula) 9. polynomials 38.
transformation of elliptic functions) Nicholsom 34, 31
103. Normal integral (elliptic)of the first hind
Gauss transformation 138. 105, 106, 111.
Gegenbauer 38, 39, 76. of the second kind t 11, 112.
171
1 Index
of the third kind 112, 113. Sonine-Schafheitlin 35.

Order of a spherical harmonic 53 Sonice Polynomials
Orfinal f uncctioa 121 Spectral function 1 1.
Spherical harmonics.
Plane wave 1 S S f . Serical waves 1Sff.
Pochhammer(notation)10. Stirling's formula 3.
Poisson(integral representation10
incipal value 139. Tangent approximation 24
Tesseral harmonics 53.
Ramanuan 31. Torus coordinates 131.
Riccati dif erential equation 160.
Watson 29, 30.
Schafheitlin, sm Sonine. Watson -Nicholson 24.
Schlifli polynomials 39.
Wave equation 154.
Sectorial harmonics 53.
Weber-Sonine 3.
Sinus amplitudinis 102. Weyrich 34.
Sommerfeld-Kneser 26.
Whipple 11
Sommerfeld, (cylindrical functions)34 Wroriskian determinant
.
.
0
(lAguerre functions)94.
sone 29.
4onine-Dougall 37. Zeta function of Jacobi
Sonine-Gegenbauer 38. Zonal harmonics2#.

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Formas andTheorem

CHELSEA PUBLLSHING COMPANY

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1. T1w hyptargeomet ic series

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ftCapscr: Seriral harmoni

Representation byIf 9 bY pergeometric functions. P. 59.:

7? Ringor to:oidal functions..

of the confluent hypett rIC

a) ?he Lad functions. P. 94.b) The parabolic cyl-

Sevewb Cbster: Theta-functions, elliptic functions and integrals 98

The jacobian ellifunctions. 102

Several examples of integral .equations of the first kind. .- . . a 1P _,; 139

Niwb Cbepter: Coordinate-transformations

The function' r(&) )isisan analytic meromorphic function of:with

r(x)r(}+w ) j'(s+:).r(z+)((2 x)r(M)

r( 0 Z=f(ln:) .(Re s>0),

(Re a>0Re x>0Re>1)

(Re x>}}.Re y>0)

(x, y real x>0y>1)

(x, y real and positive;0<y<2).

(x, y real and positive;0<y<I)

(act (2 r!) =2!:r (x + Y) I'(x - y)

where Re x>0 ar.d are tg w _:takem over e re1 ear

forproti; cCparmims fov(x) for urge : oclues of If arm.u . 1

Here eve take j i.5g:{<the. numbers Da. are the BernouPi'nnumberS,

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Definite integrals connected with the Cafunction. One defines

(Re x>Re y>0;real and positive)

(Re:>:Re>Re" -" -}- }s; >1

(Re>0Re x>}}. Re y>1)

(Re x>.} Re y>off,

r!' + 1.r1 r(Y)

(x, y real and positive;0<y<2)

Of (=r1)(got or&:'(x + y) r(Ar -- r)n! x)

34.8 .1{r + rijA+.

L `w1 -}- :I} + .J

Integrals with integrands involving the Gamma-f une6ons 0CCU.

F(a,;;;+a b Y &(a -}- 1) b (b + 1 SM `P ! + c (C + t) }` 21 `t`

hypergedrnetric series is the unit

Re(+bc)<0(Absolute)convergel"Ice on the eni-I"re unit

For x=1 we have in the case Re (a+f?c)<0

.-- ~x) =cos(marc

flay;;z) r(c) r(c - a - b) F (ar(c - a) r(c - b);++1;1:+

( T-C - I;; (C+I)F(ab+1;1;)+

Fs; ;)cb) Na, b; c + I;:)bFta, b+ 1;+I":) . .

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In diis notation .we get F(.6;C;;C;.f);harther we

}$; (a1(s -}-

(k)"r. ( 1.1;1 "comsplete elliptic integral of the

(c)x&-4 -1 (1z)'IF, (a;=11

(a. b, C.'a7+ I, a+1, s)

!F1(b:C; ) P(C)r(A) r;c O

Thefunctions j, N,, IV" "with the exc of the functions