PactasuntservandaTheinternationalagreementsmustbeperformedingoodfaith.

Atreaty
engagementisnotameremoralobligationbutcreatesalegallybindingobligationonthe
parties.Astatewhichhascontractedavalidinternationalagreementisboundtomakeinits
legislationsuchmodificationasmaybenecessarytoensurefulfillmentoftheobligation
undertaken.

Statesconsenttobebound

Customarylawobjectiveandsubjectiveelements

OpinioJuris(Opiniojurissivenecessitates)b eliefthatacertainbehaviorisobligatory.

DoctrineofCustomarylawm eansageneralandconsistentpracticeofstatesfollowedby
themtermfromsenseofthelegalobligation.
Isapracticethathasgrownb/wstatesandhascometobeacceptedasbindingbymere
factofpersistentusageoveralongperiodoftime.

Peremptorynorms(juscogens)Ajuscogensnormisanormacceptedandrecognizedby
theinternationalcommunityofStatesasawholeasanormfromwhichnoderogationis
permittedandwhichcanbemodifiedonlybyasubsequentnormofgeneralinternationallaw
havingthesamecharacter.

E.g.theprohibitionagainsttheuseofforceundertheUNCharter(Outlawingofactsof
aggression)OutlawingofgenocideBasichumanrights,includingprotectionfromslaveryand
racialdiscriminationprincipleofselfdetermination,crimesagainsthumanity,prohibitionagainst
slaveryandslavetrade,andpiracy.

ObligatioergaomnesItisanobligationofeveryStatetowardstheinternationalcommunity
asawhole.Allstateshavealegalinterestinitscompliance,andthusallStatesareentitledto
invokeresponsibilityforbreachofsuchanobligation.

Distinguishbetweenergaomnesfromanobligationinterse(whichaStateowestoanother
State)?

A:Ergaomnes,bytheirnature,aretheconcernofallStates.AllStatescanbeheldtohavea
legalinterestintheirprotection.

Eg.Outlawingofactsofaggression,andofgenocide,asalsofromtheprinciplesandrules
concerningthebasicrightsofthehumanperson,includingprotectionfromslaveryandracial
discrimination.

UniversalJurisdictionisalegaldoctrinewhichpermitsdomesticcourtstotryand
punishperpetratorsofsomecrimessoheinousthattheyamounttocrimesagainstthe
wholeofhumanity,regardlessofwheretheyoccurredorthenationalityofthevictimor
perpetrator

ActiopopularisisaLatintermthatmeansalawsuitbroughtbyathirdpartyintheinterestof
thepublicasawhole.ItderivesfromRomanpenallaw.Forexample,itissometimesusedin
thecontextofgenocideandterrorismprosecutionunderinternationallaw.

GeneralprinciplesoflawThesearerulesderivedmainlyfromnaturallaw,observedand
recognizedbycivilizednations,e.g.,resjudicata,prescription,pactasuntservandaand
estoppel,rebussicstantibus.SeeAgustinvs.Edu,wherethedoctrineofpactasuntservanda
wasappliedbytheCourtrelativetothevalidityoftheadministrativerulerequiringtheuseof
earlywarningdevice,aspartoftheViennaConventiononRoadSignsandSignals.

[Note:Tothesemaybeaddedtheprincipleofexaequoetbono(whatisgoodandjust),
providedthatthepartiestothedisputeagreethereto,asprovidedinArt.38(1),Statuteofthe
InternationalCourtofJustice.]

YogyakartaPrinciplesT heYogyakartaPrinciplesensurethefullenjoymentofallhuman
rightsbyallpersonsregardlessofsexualorientationandgenderidentity.Theywereput
togetherbyadistinguishedgroupofhumanrightsexpertsinNovember2006atYogyakarta,
IndonesiaandhavesincebeenintroducedformallytotheUnitedNations(UN)system,
translatedintothesixofficialUNlanguagesandlaunchedinseveralcountries.

AppliesinPhil.?WearenotpreparedtodeclarethattheseYogyakartaPrinciplescontainnorms
thatareobligatoryonthePhilippines.Therearedeclarationsandobligationsoutlinedinsaid
Principleswhicharenotreflectiveofthecurrentstateofinternationallaw,anddonotfindbasis
inanyofthesourcesofinternationallawenumeratedunderArticle38(1)oftheStatuteofthe
InternationalCourtofJustice

IncorporationClausein1987Constitution Underthisdoctrine,rulesofinternationallaw
formpartofthelawofthelandandnofurtherlegislativeactionisneededtomakesuchrules
applicableinthedomesticsphere.Thedoctrinedecreesthatrulesofinternationallawaregiven
equalstandingwith,butarenotsuperiorto,nationallegislativeenactments.

InternationalcourtofJusticeItistheprimaryjudicialorganoftheUnitedNations
TheCourtdecidescontentiouscases,andrendersadvisoryopinions.Onlystates,including
nonmembersoftheUN,maybepartiesincontentiouscases.ThejurisdictionoftheCourtis
basedontheconsentofthepartiesinaccordancewiththeoptionaljurisdictionclauseandthe
Courtmaydecideoninterpretationoftreaties,anyquestionofinternationallaw,theexistenceof
factsconstitutingbreachofinternationalobligations,

AllmembersoftheUnitedNationsareipsofactopartiestotheStatuteoftheICJ.A
nonmembermaybecomeapartyonconditionstobedeterminedineachcasebytheGeneral
AssemblyupontherecommendationoftheSecurityCouncil.

TheFUNCTION:

1.Torenderadvisoryopinionsand
2.Todecidecontentiouscaseswhichincludes:
a.Theinterpretationofanytreaty,anyquestionofinternationallaw,
b.Theexistenceofanyfactwhichifestablishedwouldconstituteabreachofinternational
obligationand
c.Thenatureandextentofreparationtobemadeforthebreachofinternationalobligation.

InternationalCriminalCourtT heICCisanindependentjudicialinstitutioncreatedbythe
treatyknownasRomeStatutewiththepowertotryandpunishindividualsforthemostserious
crimesofinternationalconcern:

1.Genocide
2.Crimesagainsthumanity
3.Crimesofaggression,and
4.Warcrimes.

InternationalCriminalCourt InternationalCourtofJustice

Astowhat RomeStatute USCharter

createdeach

Astojurisdiction Hascriminaljurisdiction Doesnthavecriminaljurisdiction

Toprosecuteindividuals toprosecuteindividuals
Astoparties Individuals States

Astoindependence TheICCisindependentoftheUN TheICJisthe

principaljudicial
organoftheUN

Adhoccriminaltribunals

MartensClause/PrincipleofhumanityIncasesnotcoveredbyotherinternational
agreements,civiliansandcombatantsremainundertheprotectionandauthorityoftheprinciples
ofinternationallawderivedfromestablishedcustom,fromtheprinciplesofhumanityandfrom
thedictatesofpublicconscience.